CN101203241B - 人源化抗-cd70结合物和其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了CD70结合物,如人源化抗-CD70抗体及其片段和衍生物,它们对CD70表达细胞产生细胞毒、细胞抑制和免疫调节作用,还公开了包含所述抗体、片段或衍生物的药物组合物和药盒。也公开了治疗表达CD70的癌症和免疫病的方法,所述方法包括给予对象所述CD70结合物或药物组合物。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2005年4月19日提交的美国临时专利申请60/673,070的优先权,将其全部内容纳入本文作参考。
发明背景
CD70是各种正常和恶性细胞类型表达的细胞膜-结合性分泌分子的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)家族成员。CD70的一级氨基酸(AA)序列预测了跨膜II型蛋白,其羧基端暴露于细胞外,氨基端在质膜的胞浆一侧(Bowman等,1994,J.Immunol.152:1756-61;Goodwin等,1993,Cell 73:447-56)。人CD70由20AA胞质结构域、18AA跨膜结构域和含有两个可能的N连接糖基化位点的155AA胞外结构域组成(Bowman等,同上;Goodwin等,同上)。用抗-CD70抗体对表达同位素标记的CD70的细胞进行特异性免疫沉淀,产生29和50kDa的多肽(Goodwin等,同上;Hintzen等,1994,J.Immunol.152:1762-73)。根据它与TNF-α和TNF-β的同源性(尤其是结构链C、D、H和I),预计CD70具有三聚体结构(Petsch等,1995,Mol.Immunol.32:761-72)。
最初的免疫组织学研究揭示出,CD70在生发中心B细胞和扁桃体、皮肤和内脏中的罕见T细胞上表达(Hintzen等,1994,Int.Immunol.6:477-80)。后来,有报道称CD70在最近抗原活化的T和B淋巴细胞的细胞表面上表达,去除抗原刺激后其表达降低(Lens等,1996,Eur.J.Immunol.26:2964-71;Lens等,1997,Immunology90:38-45)。在淋巴系统中,活化的天然杀伤细胞(Orengo等,1997,Clin.Exp.Immunol.107:608-13)和小鼠成熟外周血树突细胞(Akiba等,2000,J.Exp.Med.191:375-80)也表达CD70。在非淋巴谱系中,在胸腺髓状上皮细胞中检测到CD70(Hintzen等,1994,同上;Hishima等,2000,Am.J.Surg.Pathol.24:742-46)。
正常非造血细胞上不表达CD70。在生理条件下,CD70表达大多限于最近抗原活化的T和B细胞,抗原刺激终止后其表达下调。来自动物模型的证据表明,CD70可能会引起免疫病,如类风湿性关节炎(Brugnoni等,1997,Immunol.Lett.55:99-104)、牛皮癣性关节炎(Brugnoni等,1997,Immunol.Lett.55:99-104)和狼疮(Oelke等,2004,Arthritis Rheum.50:1850-60)。除可能在炎症反应中起作用外,CD70也表达于各种转化细胞,包括淋巴瘤B细胞、霍奇金和里-施细胞、神经来源的恶性细胞和许多癌。
因此,需要可对CD70-表达细胞产生临床上有用的细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用的,特别是不会对非CD70表达细胞产生不良影响的抗-CD70抗体和其它CD70结合物。这种化合物是表达CD70的癌症或CD70-表达细胞介导的免疫病的有用治疗剂。(本申请中对任何参考文献的引用并不意味着承认该参考文献是本申请的现有技术。)
发明概述
本发明提供了CD70抗体和相关性CD70结合物,以及有关用这种结合物预防或治疗表达CD70的癌症和存在CD70-表达细胞的免疫病的方法。单独的CD70结合物或与治疗剂联用时,对CD70-表达细胞产生细胞毒、细胞抑制和/或免疫调节作用。
一方面,提供了CD70结合物。CD70结合物可以是(例如)抗体。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物包括至少介导对象的ADCC、ADCP或CDC应答的至少一种效应物结构域。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物在没有偶联于治疗剂的情况下行使细胞抑制、细胞毒或免疫调节作用。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物偶联于具有细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用的治疗剂。该抗体可与单克隆抗体1F6或2F2竞争结合CD70。
在另一方面,提供了一种治疗对象的表达CD70的癌症的方法。所述方法通常包括给予所述对象有效量的CD70结合物。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物包括至少介导对象产生ADCC、ADCP或CDC应答的至少一种效应物结构域。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物在没有偶联于治疗剂的情况下行使细胞抑制、细胞毒或免疫调节作用。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物偶联于具有细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用的治疗剂。
所述CD70结合物可以是(例如)抗体。所述抗体可包括例如人IgM或IgG抗体的效应物结构域。IgG抗体可以是(例如)人IgG1或IgG3亚型。在一些实施方式中,所述抗体包括人恒定区。在一些实施方式中,所述CD70结合物与单克隆抗体1F6或2F2竞争结合CD70。在其它实施方式中,所述抗体是人源化1F6。在其它实施方式中,所述抗体是人源化2F2。所述抗体可以是(例如)单价、二价或多价。
表达CD70的癌症可以是:肾肿瘤、B细胞淋巴瘤、结肠癌、霍奇金病、多发性骨髓瘤、瓦尔登斯特伦巨球蛋白血症、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、套细胞淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、鼻咽癌、脑肿瘤或胸腺癌。肾肿瘤可以是(例如)肾细胞癌。脑肿瘤可以是(例如)胶质瘤、成胶质细胞瘤、星形细胞瘤或脑膜瘤。所述对象可以是(例如)哺乳动物,如人。
在另一方面,提供了一种治疗免疫病的方法。所述方法包括给予对象有效量的CD70结合物。在一些实施方式中,该结合物包括至少介导对象产生ADCC、ADCP或CDC应答的至少一种效应物结构域。在一些实施方式中,该结合物在没有偶联于治疗剂的情况下行使细胞抑制、细胞毒或免疫调节作用。在一些实施方式中,所述结合物偶联于具有细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用的治疗剂。所述CD70结合物可以是(例如)抗体。该抗体可包含(例如)人IgM或IgG抗体的效应物结构域。所述IgG抗体可以是(例如)人IgG1或IgG3亚型。在一些实施方式中,该抗体包括人恒定区。
所述免疫病可以是(例如)T细胞-介导的免疫病。在一些实施方式中,所述T细胞介导的免疫病涉及表达CD70的活化T细胞。在一些实施方式中,给予抗体-药物偶联物不会大量消耗静息T细胞。T细胞-介导的免疫病也可以是(例如)类风湿性关节炎、牛皮癣性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、I型糖尿病、哮喘、特应性皮炎、过敏性鼻炎、血小板减少性紫癜、多发性硬化、牛皮癣、舍格伦综合征、桥本甲状腺炎、格雷夫斯病、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、韦格纳肉芽肿病、结核病或移植物抗宿主病。在其它实施方式中,所述免疫病是活化B-淋巴细胞病。所述对象可以是(例如)哺乳动物,如人。
在一个相关方面,也提供了用于治疗表达CD70的癌症或免疫病的药物组合物。所述组合物包含CD70结合物和至少一种药学相容性成分。还提供了一种药盒,其包括含有CD70结合物的容器和含有药学上可接受的稀释剂的第二容器,其中所述结合物是冻干的。
参照以下发明详述、本发明具体实施方式的非限制性实施例以及附图和序列表可以更全面地理解本发明。
附图简要说明
图1是人源化1F6VH人源化变体hVHE和hVHJ与1F6mVH和人种系VH外显子VH1-2和JH外显子JH6的比对。在比对中,<·>表示该氨基酸与鼠残基相同。hVHJ的H46上突出显示的赖氨酸残基(K)表示突变回鼠残基。下划线的氨基酸残基表示根据Kabat定义在CDR1和CDR2中的位置,而框内残基表示用Chothia定义鉴定的相应CDR中的位置。位置37、39、45、47、95和97上的<^>表示参与VH/VL接界面的残基。
图2是人源化1F6VH人源化变体hVHH和hVHM与1F6mVH和人种系VH外显子VH1-18和JH外显子JH6的比对。在比对中,<·>表示该氨基酸与鼠残基相同。hVHM的H46、H67、H68、H69、H70和H71上突出显示的残基表示突变回鼠残基。相似地,hVHH的H67、H68、H69、H70、H71、H80、H81、H82和H82A上突出显示的残基表示突变回鼠残基。下划线的氨基酸残基表示根据Kabat定义在CDR1、CDR2和CDR3中的位置,而框内残基表示用Chothia定义鉴定的相应CDR中的位置。位置37、39、45、47、98和100上的<^>表示参与VH/VL接界面的残基。
图3是人源化1F6VL变体hVLA与1F6mVL和人种系Vκ外显子B3和Jκ外显子Jκ-1的比对。在比对中,<·>表示该氨基酸与鼠残基相同。下划线的氨基酸残基表示根据Kabat定义在CDR1、CDR2和CDR3中的位置,而框内残基表示用Chothia定义鉴定的相应CDR中的位置。位置42、44、50、52和93上的<^>表示参与VH/VL接界面的残基。
图4A和4B显示人源化1F6抗-CD70抗体介导抗体-依赖性细胞毒作用(ADCC)。用抗体包被Na2 51CrO4-标记的靶细胞(WIL2-S B淋巴样干细胞、786-O肾细胞癌细胞和769-P肾细胞癌细胞),并以10个CD16+(FcγIII受体)细胞比1个靶细胞的效应物:靶点比与外周血单核细胞(PBMC)一起孵育。4小时后,在闪烁计数器上测定裂解细胞的上清液。用下式计算特异性裂解百分数{(受试样品cpm-自发性cpm)÷(总cpm-自发性cpm)}×100。点代表一式三份样品的平均值±标准差。图4A显示了与非结合抗体对照hIgG1和鼠1F6抗体相比,人源化1F6变体HHLA、HJLA和HELA介导的ADCC活性。图4B显示了嵌合1F6和人源化1F6变体HJLA和hIgG1介导的肾细胞癌细胞系的抗体导向的裂解。
图5显示了人源化1F6抗-CD70变体HJLA介导补体依赖性细胞毒作用(CDC)。在人血清作为补体来源的情况下将LP-1、MHH PreB-1和WIL-S靶细胞与嵌合1F6、人源化1F6(HJLA)或非结合性人Ig混合。37℃孵育2小时后,加入碘化丙锭,通过流式细胞术测定细胞活力,计算裂解活性的量。柱代表一式三份样品的平均值±标准差。
图6显示了人源化1F6抗-CD70抗体介导抗体-依赖性细胞吞噬作用(ADCP)。用红色荧光细胞膜染料(PKH26,Sigma-Aldrich,Inc.,密苏里州圣路易斯)标记786-OCD70+肾细胞癌靶细胞,然后用嵌合1F6、人源化1F6(HJLA)或非结合性人Ig在冰上包被30分钟。标记的经抗体处理的靶细胞与单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞混合,37℃处理1小时,混合比为1个巨噬细胞比4个靶细胞。巨噬细胞用Alexa Fluor488(Molecular Probes,Inc.,Eugene,OR)抗-CD11b抗体染色,流式细胞术分析时,通过发双荧光的巨噬细胞百分数确定细胞吞噬活性百分数。
图7显示了人源化1F6抗-CD70抗体能延长弥散性淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤异种移植瘤模型小鼠的存活期。(A)注射Raji细胞并用人源化1F6抗体或对照非结合性抗体治疗的小鼠的存活期。在注射肿瘤细胞1天后开始治疗,通过腹膜内注射给药,每四天给药一次,共给药6次(n=10只/组)。(B、C,左侧)注射L363-或MM.1S-细胞和植入细胞1天后开始用人源化1F6治疗的小鼠的存活期。通过静脉内注射每周给予一次抗体,共给予5次。每周监测小鼠两次,表现出疾病后处死动物(n=7只/组)。(B、C,右侧)分析由注射L363-或MM.1S-细胞的小鼠收集的血清中λ轻链浓度。分别在注射肿瘤后第35天和第42天收集样品。在所有研究中,给出的p值在人源化1F6-治疗组和未治疗组之间。
图8显示了人源化1F6介导消耗抗原-特异性CD8+/Vβ17+细胞。用M1肽刺激来自正常HLA-A0201供体的PBMC。(A)肽-刺激的培养物不处理或通过同时加入梯度剂量的人源化1F6抗体处理,如图所示。9天后用流式细胞术测定CD8+/Vβ17+细胞百分数。(B)第0天,在不存在(实心柱)或存在(阴影柱)10μg/ml FcγRIII(CD16)特异性抗体的情况下不处理或用1μg/ml人源化1F6处理肽-刺激的培养物。9天后用流式细胞术测定CD8+/Vβ17+细胞的百分数。
图9显示了抗-CD701F6抗体对旁观(bystander)静息T细胞的影响极小。在存在或不存在1μg/mL c1F6的情况下不处理(无刺激)或用M1肽刺激(肽刺激)来自正常HLA-A0201供体的PBMC。培养9天后,用IOTestB Mark TCR VβRepertoire试剂盒以流式细胞术分析各组中CD4和CD8细胞中VβTCR的代表数量(representation)。
图10显示了肾细胞癌的小鼠异种移植瘤模型。(A)通过植入约30mm3的肿瘤片段在裸小鼠中产生皮下786-O肿瘤(N=5或6只/组)。建立肿瘤生长,当各组中平均肿瘤大小约为100mm3时开始治疗。从植入肿瘤后第17天开始以q4dx4方案给予所示剂量的h1F6-mcMMAF4或h1F6-vcMMAF4,如箭头所示。交叉斜杠表示肿瘤>1000mm3的动物被处死的时间。(B)植入786-O肿瘤和开始治疗的详情与(A)相同。植入肿瘤后第13天开始以q4dx4或q4dx10方案给予小鼠组(N=5-7只)0.17mg/kg的h1F6-mcMMAF4或h1F6-vcMMAF4。Kaplan-Meier曲线代表肿瘤生长。与第13天治疗开始时相比小鼠肿瘤大小达到4倍时记录一个事件。检查第43天实验结束时肿瘤大小仍未达到4倍的小鼠。用对数秩检验产生治疗组和未治疗组的p值。
图11显示了多发性骨髓瘤的小鼠异种移植瘤模型。(A)将一千万个MM-1S细胞静脉内注射给各SCID小鼠。小鼠组(N=8-10只)不接受治疗,或以q7dx5方案接受特定剂量的IgG-vcMMAF4、IgG-mcMMAF4、h1F6-vcMMAF4或h1F6-mcMMAF4,如箭头所示。处死出现后肢瘫痪、弓状体态、颅肿胀和/或皮毛不整洁症状的小鼠,对各组的存活百分数作图。用对数秩检验产生治疗组和未治疗组的p值。(B)从由于上述疾病症状或在植入肿瘤细胞后第122天实验结束时处死的小鼠的股骨回收骨髓细胞。用流式细胞术测定各小鼠股骨中表达CD138的MM-1S细胞的百分数。用Mann-Whitney检验获得所示组之间的p值。
图12显示了多发性骨髓瘤的小鼠异种移植瘤模型。(A)将一千万个L363细胞静脉内注射给各SCID小鼠。小鼠组(N=7只)不接受治疗,或以q7dx5方案接受特定剂量的IgG-vcMMAF4或h1F6-vcMMAF4,如箭头所示。处死可触知肿瘤的小鼠,对各组的存活百分数作图。用对数秩检验产生治疗组与未治疗组的p值。(B)在肿瘤植入后40天获得小鼠的血清样品。用ELISA测定各小鼠的血清中人λ轻链的浓度。用Mann-Whitney检验获得所示组之间的p值。
发明详述
本发明提供了CD70结合物和将这种结合物用于预防或治疗表达CD70的癌症和免疫病的方法。所述CD70结合物特异性结合于CD70(如胞外结构域)。该结合物可包括介导ADCC、ADCP和/或CDC应答的至少一种效应物结构域。该结合物可以在没有偶联于治疗剂的情况下行使细胞抑制、细胞毒或免疫调节作用。所述结合物可偶联于具有细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用的治疗剂。
一方面,所述组合物和方法涉及CD70结合物,如抗体和抗体衍生物。抗-CD70抗体可以是单克隆、嵌合或人源化抗体,或其片段或衍生物。在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体包括抗体恒定区或结构域。所述抗体恒定区或结构域可以是(例如)IgG亚型的抗体恒定区或结构域。在示范性实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体、其片段或衍生物与鼠单克隆抗体(mAb)1F6或2F2竞争结合CD70,并含有人抗体恒定区序列。在另一示范性实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体、其片段或衍生物具有效应物结构域(如Fc部分),该效应物结构域可与效应物细胞或补体相互作用以介导细胞毒、细胞抑制和/或免疫调节作用,导致消耗表达CD70的细胞或抑制其增殖。在另一示范性实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体缺少效应物功能。在另一示范性实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体偶联于治疗剂。
本发明也包括包含CD70结合物(如人源化抗-CD70抗体)的药盒和制品。
为了不以限制方式阐明本发明,将发明详述分成以下小部分。
I.定义和缩写
除非另有定义,本文所用的所有科技术语的含义与所述方法和组合物所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的含义相同。本文使用商品名时,申请人想要独立地包括该商品名的产品配方、该商品名产品的非专利药和活性药物成分。本文所用的以下术语和短语具有属于它们的含义,除非另有说明。
本文所用术语“CD70结合物”和“抗-CD70结合物”指抗-CD70抗体、抗-CD70抗体的衍生物或片段,或者结合于CD70并含有至少一个CD70结合抗体的CDR或可变区的其它物质或其衍生物。
术语“特异性结合”指该结合物以高度选择性方式与其相应抗原相互作用,而不与多种其它抗原(如非-CD70分子)相互作用。
在CD70结合物的内容中,本文所用术语“功能性”指该结合物能够结合于CD70。
本文所用术语“抑制”指降低可检测的量,或完全阻止。
提到CD70结合物对表达CD70的细胞的影响时,术语“消耗”指表达CD70的细胞数量减少或消失。
本文将“完整抗体”和“完整免疫球蛋白”定义为异源四聚体糖蛋白,一般约为150,000道尔顿,由两条相同的轻链(L)和两条相同的重链(H)组成。各轻链通过二硫键共价连接于重链,从而形成异源二聚体。通过此异源二聚体的两条相同重链之间的共价二硫键连接形成异源四聚体。虽然轻链和重链通过二硫键连接在一起,但两条重链之间的二硫键数量随不同免疫球蛋白(Ig)同种型而变化。各条重链和轻链也含有规则间隔的链内二硫桥键。各条重链的氨基端含有可变区(VH),后接三个或四个恒定区(CH1、CH2、CH3和/或CH4),以及CH1和CH2之间的铰链(J)区。各轻链含有两个结构域,即氨基端可变区(VL)和羧基端恒定区(CL)。VL结构域与VH结构域非共价连接,而CL结构域通常通过二硫键共价连接于CH1结构域。相信特定氨基酸残基在轻链和重链可变区之间形成界面(Chothia等,1985,J.Mol.Biol.186:651-663)。
术语“高变”指在抗体之间序列广泛不同的可变区内的某些序列,它含有直接参与各具体抗体与其特异性抗原决定簇的结合和特异性的残基。轻链和重链可变区内的高变性集中在称为互补决定区(CDR)或高变环(HVL)的三个部分。Kabat等,1991,《免疫学感兴趣的蛋白质的序列》(Sequences ofProteins ofImmunological Interest),第5版,Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health,马里兰州贝塞斯达,其中通过序列比较确定了CDR,而如Chothia和Lesk,1987,J.Mol.Biol.196:901-917所述按照可变区的三维结构从结构上确定了HVL。这两种方法鉴定的CDR略有不同时,优选结构定义。如Kabat所述(参见Kabat等,“免疫学感兴趣的蛋白质的序列”(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest),第5版,出版号91-3242,美国健康和人类服务部,马里兰州贝塞斯达,1991),在轻链可变区中,CDR-L1大概位于残基24-34处,CDR-L2大概位于残基50-56处,CDR-L3大概位于残基89-97处;在重链可变区中,CDR-H1大概位于31-35处,CDR-H2大概位于50-65处,CDR-H3大概位于95-102处。
各条重链和轻链中的三个CDR由构架区(FR)隔开,构架区含有不大容易变化的序列。从重链和轻链可变区的氨基端至羧基端以下述顺序分布着FR和CDR:FR1、CDR1、FR2、CDR2、FR3、CDR3和FR4。FR的大β-折叠构型使各链的CDR互相接近,并且接近其它链的CDR。得到的构象有助于产生抗原结合位点(参见Kabat等,1991,NIH出版号91-3242,第I卷,第647-669页),但不是所有CDR残基一定会直接参与抗原结合。
FR残基和Ig恒定区一般不直接参与抗原结合,但可能有助于抗原结合或介导抗体效应物功能。一些FR残基可能通过至少以下三种方式对抗原结合施加显著影响:直接非共价结合于表位、与一个或多个CDR残基相互作用、影响轻链和重链之间的接界面。恒定区介导各种Ig效应物功能,如抗体参与抗体依赖性细胞毒作用(ADCC)、补体依赖性细胞毒作用(CDC)和/或抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用(ADCP)。
根据恒定区的氨基酸序列,将脊椎动物免疫球蛋白的轻链分为两种明显不同的类型κ和λ。与其相比,按照恒定区的序列将哺乳动物免疫球蛋白的重链分为五种主要类型:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG和IgM。IgG和IgA进一步分为亚型(同种型),如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgA和IgA2。对应于不同类型的免疫球蛋白的重链恒定区分别称为α、δ、ε、γ和μ。天然免疫球蛋白类型的亚基结构和三维构型是众所周知的。
术语“抗体”、“抗-CD70抗体”、“人源化抗-CD70抗体”和“变体人源化抗-CD70抗体”在本文中以最广泛的含义使用,具体包括全长和天然抗体、单克隆抗体(包括全长单克隆抗体)、多克隆抗体、多特异性抗体(如双特异性抗体)和抗体或其抗原结合片段,如具有所需生物学活性如CD70结合性的抗体的可变区和其它部分。
术语“单克隆抗体”(mAb)指获自基本均一抗体群体的抗体;即,群体中所含的单个抗体相同,但可能存在少量天然产生的突变。单克隆抗体的特异性高,对抗一种抗原决定簇,也称为表位。修饰词“单克隆”表明是对抗相同表位的基本均一的抗体群体,并且不应理解为要求用任何具体方法来产生该抗体。可通过本领域已知的任何技术或方法制备单克隆抗体;例如,本领域已知首先由Khler等,1975,Nature 256:495描述的杂交瘤方法,或者重组DNA法(参见例如,美国专利号4,816,567)。在另一个实施例中,也可采用Clackson等,1991,Nature 352:624-628和Marks等,1991,J.Mol.Biol.222:581-597所述的技术从噬菌体抗体文库分离单克隆抗体。
相反,多克隆抗体制剂中的抗体一般是异源免疫球蛋白同种型和/或类型的群体,并具有各种表位特异性。
本文所用术语“嵌合”抗体是一种单克隆抗体类型,其中重链和/或轻链的一个或多个区域或结构域中部分或全部氨基酸序列与来自另一物种或属于另一种免疫球蛋白类型或同种型的单克隆抗体的相应序列相同、同源或是其变体,或来自共有序列。嵌合抗体包括这种抗体的片段,条件是该抗体片段具有其母体抗体的所需生物学活性,如结合于同一表位(参见例如美国专利号4,816,567;和Morrison等,1984,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 81:6851-6855)。本领域已知生产嵌合抗体的方法。(参见例如Morrison,1985,Science 229:1202;Oi等,1986,BioTechniques 4:214;Gillies等,1989,J.Immunol.Methods 125:191-202;美国专利5,807,715;4,816,567;和4,816,397.)
术语“抗体片段”、“抗-CD70抗体片段”、“人源化抗-CD70抗体片段”和“变体人源化抗-CD70抗体片段”指保留了可变区或功能能力如特异性CD70表位结合的全长抗-CD70抗体的一部分。抗体片段的例子包括但不限于:Fab、Fab’、F(ab’)2、Fd、Fv、scFv和scFv-Fc片段、双抗体、三抗体、四抗体、线性抗体、单链抗体和由抗体片段形成的其它多特异性抗体。(参见Holliger和Hudson,2005,Nat.Biotechnol.23:1126-1136.)
“单链Fv”或“scFv”抗体片段是含有抗体的VH和VL结构域的单链Fv变体,其中该结构域以单链多肽的形式存在,能够识别和结合抗原。scFv多肽任选地含有位于VH和VL结构域之间的多肽接头,此接头使scFv能够形成用于结合抗原的三维结构(参见例如,Pluckthun,1994,《单克隆抗体的药理学》(The Pharmacology of MonoclonalAntibody),第113卷,Rosenburg和Moore编,Springer-Verlag,纽约,第269-315页)。
术语“双抗体”指含有两个抗原-结合位点的小抗体片段。各片段含有重链可变区(VH)和轻链可变区(VL),VH和VL连接形成VH-VL或VL-VH多肽。采用对于同一条链上两个结构域之间配对来说太短的接头,强迫连接的VH-VL结构域与另一条链的互补结构域配对,产生两个抗原-结合位点。例如,EP 404097;WO 93/11161;和Hollinger等,1993,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:6444-6448中更详细地描述了双抗体。
术语“线性抗体”指含有能形成一对抗原结合区的一对串联Fd节段(VH-CH1-VH-CH1)的抗体。线性抗体可以是双特异性或单特异性,如Zapata等,1995,Protein Eng.8(10):1057-1062所述。
“人源化抗体”指能够结合预定抗原并包含一可变区多肽链的免疫球蛋白氨基酸序列变体或其片段,该可变区多肽链包含主要具有人免疫球蛋白氨基酸序列的构架区和主要具有非人免疫球蛋白氨基酸序列的CDR。
通常,人源化抗体含有从非人来源引入其中的一个或多个氨基酸残基。这些非人氨基酸残基在本文中称为″输入″残基,它们一般取自″输入″抗体结构域,具体是可变区。输入的残基、序列或抗体具有所需的亲和力和/或特异性,或其它所需抗体生物学活性,如本文所述。
通常,人源化抗体包含基本上所有的至少一个、一般是两个可变区,其中所有或基本上全部CDR区均对应于非人免疫球蛋白的CDR区,并且所有或基本上全部构架区都是人免疫球蛋白序列的构架区,如来自共有或种系序列。人源化抗体也任选地含有免疫球蛋白,一般是人免疫球蛋白的Fc结构域的至少一部分。例如,抗体可含有轻链,并且至少含有重链的可变区。抗体也可适当地包括重链的CH1、铰链(J)、CH2、CH3和/或CH4区域。
人源化抗体可选自任何类型的免疫球蛋白(包括IgM、IgG、IgD、IgA和IgE)或者任何同种型(包括IgG1、IgG2、IgG3和IgG4)。当需要人源化抗体具有细胞毒活性时,恒定区或结构域可包括(例如)补体结合性恒定区(如IgG1)。不需要这种细胞毒活性时,恒定区可以来自另一类型(如IgG2)。人源化抗体可包含来自一种以上类型或同种型的序列,本领域普通技术人员能通过选择具体的恒定区来优化所需的效应物功能。
人源化抗体的FR和CDR区不需要准确对应于母体序列,例如:可通过取代、插入或缺失至少一个残基改变输入CDR或共有FR,以使该位点的CDR或FR残基不对应于共有或输入抗体。一般不会广泛发生这种突变。通常,至少75%、更常见至少90%、最常见大于95%的人源化抗体残基对应于母体FR和CDR序列的残基。
本文所用术语“抗体效应物功能”指Ig的Fc结构域产生的功能。这种功能可以是(例如)抗体-依赖性细胞毒作用、抗体-依赖性细胞吞噬作用或补体依赖性细胞毒作用。可通过(例如)Fc效应物结构域结合于具有细胞吞噬或裂解活性的免疫细胞上的Fc受体或者Fc效应物结构域结合于补体系统的成分来实现这种功能。一般地,Fc-结合细胞或补体成分介导的作用导致抑制和/或消耗CD70靶向细胞。不想受限于任何具体理论,抗体的Fc区可征集表达Fc受体(FcR)的细胞,并使它们与抗体-包被的靶细胞并列(juxtapose)。表达IgG的表面FcR(包括FcγRIII(CD16)、FcγRII(CD32)和FcγRIII(CD64))的细胞可用作破坏IgG-包被细胞的效应物细胞。这种效应物细胞包括单核细胞、巨噬细胞、天然杀伤(NK)细胞、嗜中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞。IgG结合FcγR能激活抗体依赖性细胞毒作用(ADCC)或抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用(ADCP)。由CD16+效应物细胞通过分泌膜孔道形成蛋白和蛋白酶而介导ADCC,由CD32+和CD64+效应物细胞介导细胞吞噬作用(参见《基础免疫学》(FundamentalImmunology),第4版,Paul编,Lippincott-Raven,纽约,1997,第3、17和30章;Uchida等,2004,J.Exp.Med.199:1659-69;Akewanlop等,2001,Cancer Res.61:4061-65;Watanabe等,1999,Breast Cancer Res.Treat.53:199-207)。除ADCC和ADCP外,细胞结合抗体的Fc区也可激活补体经典通路,以引发补体依赖性细胞毒作用(CDC)。与抗体与抗原结合时,补体系统的Clq结合于抗体的Fc区。Clq结合于细胞-结合抗体可启动级联反应,包括C4和C2的蛋白水解激活从而产生C3转化酶。由C3转化酶将C3切割成C3b能够激活最终的补体成分,包括C5b、C6、C7、C8和C9。总之,这些蛋白在抗体包被的细胞上形成膜-攻击复合物孔。这些孔破坏了细胞膜的完整性,从而杀死靶细胞(参见《免疫生物学》(Immunobiology),第6版,Janeway等,Garland Science,纽约,2005,第2章)。
术语“抗体依赖性细胞毒作用”或ADCC是根据抗体-包被的靶细胞与具有裂解活性的免疫细胞(也称为效应物细胞)相互作用而诱导细胞死亡的机制。这种效应物细胞包括天然杀伤细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞。效应物细胞连接于Ig的Fc效应物结构域,Ig通过其抗原结合位点结合于靶细胞。效应物细胞活性引起抗体-包被的靶细胞的死亡。
术语“抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用”或ADCP指通过结合于Ig的Fc效应物结构域的细胞吞噬性免疫细胞(如巨噬细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和树突细胞)使抗体-包被的细胞被内化(完全或部分)的过程。
术语“补体依赖性细胞毒作用”或CDC指靶点结合抗体的Fc效应物结构域激活一系列酶反应,导致在靶细胞膜中形成孔洞的细胞死亡诱导机制。一般地,抗原-抗体复合物如抗体-包被的靶细胞上的复合物结合并激活补体成分Clq,进而激活补体级联反应导致靶细胞死亡。补体的激活也可导致补体成分沉积在靶细胞表面上,通过结合白细胞上的补体受体(如CR3)而有助于ADCC。
本文所用术语“免疫细胞”指参与调节免疫应答的造血谱系细胞。在典型的实施方式中,免疫细胞是T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞/巨噬细胞或树突细胞。
本文所用术语“效应物细胞”指表达免疫球蛋白Fc结构域的表面受体(FcR)的细胞。例如,表达IgG的表面FcR包括FcγRIII(CD16)、FcγRII(CD32)和FcγRIII(CD64)的细胞可用作效应物细胞。这种效应物细胞包括单核细胞、巨噬细胞、天然杀伤(NK)细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞。
“治疗剂”是对癌细胞、活化免疫细胞或其它靶细胞群体产生细胞毒、细胞抑制和/或免疫调节作用的物质。治疗剂的例子包括细胞毒剂、化疗药、细胞抑制剂和免疫调节剂。
“细胞毒作用”指消耗、消除和/或杀伤靶细胞。“细胞毒剂”指对细胞有细胞毒作用的物质。该术语应包括放射性同位素(如I131、I125、Y90和Re186)、化疗药和毒素,如细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的酶活性毒素,以及它们的片段。这种细胞毒剂可偶联于抗体,如人源化抗-CD70抗体,并用于(例如)治疗需要用该抗体治疗的患者。在一个实施方式中,“细胞毒剂”包括单克隆抗体,例如与本文所述人源化抗体联用的抗体。
“化疗药”是用于治疗癌症的化合物。化疗药的例子包括烷化剂,如硫替派和环磷酰胺(CYTOXANTM);烷基磺酸酯如白消安、英丙舒凡和哌泊舒凡;吖丙啶如苯佐替派、卡波醌、美妥替哌和乌瑞替派;氮丙啶和甲蜜胺,包括六甲蜜胺、曲他胺、三亚乙基磷酰胺、三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺和三甲蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);多聚乙酰(特别是布拉它辛(bullatacin)和布拉它辛酮(bullatacinone));喜树碱(包括合成类似物拓扑替康);苔藓抑素;海绵他汀(callystatin);CC-1065(包括其合成类似物阿多来新、卡折来新和比折来新)和其衍生物;自念珠藻环肽类(cryptophycine)(具体是自念珠藻环肽1和自念珠藻环肽8);多拉司他汀,耳他汀类(auristatin)(包括类似物单甲基-耳他汀E和单甲基-耳他汀F(参见例如2005年10月27日公开的美国公开申请号2005-0238649,全文纳入本文作参考);多卡霉素(duocarmycin)(包括合成类似物KW-2189和CBI-TMI);艾榴塞洛素(eleutherobin);水鬼蕉碱(pancratistatin);sarcodictyin;软海绵素(spongistatin);氮芥如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、氯磷酰胺、雌莫司汀、异环磷酰胺、双氯乙基甲胺、盐酸氧氮芥、美法仑、新恩比兴、苯乙酰胆固醇氮芥、泼尼莫司汀;曲磷胺、乌拉莫司汀;亚硝基脲如卡莫司汀、吡葡亚硝脲、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀、雷莫司汀;抗生素如烯二炔(enediyne)抗生素(如卡奇霉素,具体是卡奇霉素γ1I和卡奇霉素phiI1,参见例如,Agnew,Chem.Intl.Ed.Engl.,33:183-186;达内霉素(dynemicin),包括达内霉素A;二膦酸盐,如氯屈膦酸盐;埃斯波霉素(esperamicin);以及新抑癌蛋白生色团和相关的色蛋白烯二炔抗生素生色团)、阿柔比星、放线菌素、安曲霉素、偶氮丝氨酸、博来霉素、放线菌素c、卡拉比星(carabicin)、洋红霉素、嗜癌霉素、色霉素、放线菌素d、道诺霉素、地托比星、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、多柔比星(阿霉素TM)(包括吗啉代-多柔比星、氰基吗啉代-多柔比星、2-吡咯啉-多柔比星和脱氧多柔比星)、表柔比星、依索比星、黄胆素、马赛罗霉素、丝裂霉素如丝裂霉素C、霉酚酸、诺拉霉素、橄榄霉素、培洛霉素、波非罗霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素、罗多比星、链黑霉素、链佐星、块菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁、佐柔比星;抗代谢剂如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物如二甲叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶罗呤、三甲曲沙;嘌呤类似物如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、二脱氧尿苷、去氧氟尿苷、依诺他滨、氟尿苷;雄激素如卡普睾酮、丙酸屈他雄酮、环硫雄醇、美雄烷、睾内酪;抗肾上腺药如氨鲁米特、米托坦、曲洛司坦;叶酸补充剂如叶烷酸;醋葡醛内酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷;氨基乙酰丙酸;恩尿嘧啶;安吖啶;bestrabucil;比生群;伊达曲沙;地磷酰胺(defofamine);地莫考辛(democolcine);地吖醌;艾夫尼辛(elfornithine);依利醋胺;大环内酯;依托格鲁;硝酸镓;羟基脲;蘑菇多糖;氯尼达明;类美坦西醇如美登素和安丝菌素;米托胍腙、米托蒽醌;莫哌达醇;二胺硝吖啶;喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥;吡柔比星;洛索蒽醌;鬼臼酸;2-乙基酰肼;丙卡巴肼;PSK;雷佐生;根霉素;西佐喃;锗螺胺;细交链孢菌酮酸;三亚胺醌;2,2′,2″-三氯三乙胺;单端孢霉烯族毒素类(具体是T-2毒素、verracurin A、杆孢菌素A和蛇形菌素);乌拉坦;长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露莫司汀;mitabronitol;二溴卫矛醇;哌泊溴烷;加胞嘧啶;阿糖胞苷(″Ara-C″);环磷酰胺;硫替派;紫杉烷类,如紫杉醇(泰素,Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology,新泽西州普林斯顿)和多西他赛(TAXOTERE,Rhne-Poulenc Rorer,法国安东尼市);苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他滨(GemzarTM);6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯基嘌呤;甲氨蝶呤;铂类似物如顺铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊甙(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨(诺维本TM);二羟基蒽醌;替尼泊苷;依达曲沙;道诺霉素;氨蝶呤;适罗达;伊班膦酸盐;CPT-11;拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);类视黄醇如视黄酸;卡培他滨;以及上述任何物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。此定义也包括用于调节或抑制激素对肿瘤的作用的抗激素药,如抗雌激素药和选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs),包括例如:他莫昔芬(包括NolvadexTM)、雷洛昔芬、屈洛昔芬、4-羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬、雷洛昔芬(keoxifene)、LY117018、奥那司酮和托瑞米芬(FarestonTM);抑制芳香酶的芳香酶抑制剂,它能调节肾上腺中的雌激素生产,例如4(5)-咪唑、氨鲁米特、乙酸甲地孕酮(MegaceTM)、依西美坦、福美坦、法倔唑、伏氯唑(RivisorTM)、来曲唑(FemaraTM)和阿那曲唑(ArimidexTM);和抗雄激素药如氟他胺、尼鲁米特、比卡鲁胺、亮丙瑞林和戈舍瑞林;以及上述任何物质的药学上可接受的盐、酸或衍生物。
本文所用术语“前药”指与母体药物相比对肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性较低并能够被酶激活或转变成活性更高的母体形式的药学活性物质的前体或衍生物形式。参见例如Wilman,1986,“Prodrugs in Cancer Chemotherapy(癌症化疗中的前药)”,BiochemicalSociety Transactions(生物化学界交易),14,第375-382页,第615届贝尔法斯特会议;和Stella等,1985,“Prodrugs:A Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery(前药:靶向药物递送的化学方法)”,Directed Drug Delivery(定向药物递送),Borchardt等,(编),第247-267页,Humana Press。有用的前药包括但不限于可转变为活性更高的细胞毒性游离药物的含磷酸的前药、含硫代磷酸的前药、含硫酸的前药、含肽的前药、D-氨基酸-修饰的前药、糖基化的前药、含β-内酰胺的前药、含任选取代的苯氧基乙酰胺的前药和含任选取代的苯基乙酰胺的前药、5-氟胞嘧啶和其它5-氟尿苷前药。可衍生成前药形式的细胞毒药物的例子包括但不限于上述化疗药。
“细胞抑制作用”指抑制细胞增殖。“细胞抑制剂”指对细胞有细胞抑制作用,从而抑制特定的细胞亚组生长和/或扩增的物质。
本文所用术语“免疫调节作用”指刺激(免疫刺激)或抑制(免疫抑制)免疫应答的发生或维持。可通过(例如)清除免疫细胞(如T或B淋巴细胞);诱导或产生可调节(如下调)其它细胞的功能能力的免疫细胞;诱导免疫细胞的不应答状态(如不应性);或提高、降低或改变免疫细胞的活性或功能,包括例如,改变这些细胞表达蛋白质的模式(如改变某些类型的分子如细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子、转录因子、激酶、共刺激分子或其它细胞表面受体等的产生和/或分泌)实现抑制。“免疫调节剂”指对细胞有免疫调节作用的物质。在一些实施方式中,免疫调节剂对促进免疫应答的免疫细胞有细胞毒或细胞抑制作用。
术语“标记”指直接或间接偶联于抗体的可检测的化合物或组合物。该标记本身可以被检测到(如放射性同位素标记或荧光标记),或者,在酶标记的情况下,该标记可催化底物化合物或组合物发生可检测的化学改变。可制备标记的抗-CD70抗体并用于各种应用,包括体外和体内诊断。
“分离的”核酸分子是从通常在天然来源的核酸中与其结合的至少一种污染性核酸分子中分离鉴定到的核酸分子。分离的核酸分子并非其天然发现的形式或情形。因此,分离的核酸分子不同于天然细胞中存在的核酸分子。然而,当(例如)核酸分子在染色体上的位置不同于天然细胞时,分离的核酸分子包括通常表达抗体的细胞中所含的核酸分子。
术语“控制序列”指在具体的宿主生物体中表达操作性连接的编码序列所必需的多核苷酸序列。适用于原核细胞的控制序列包括例如:启动子、操纵子和核糖体结合位点序列。真核控制序列包括但不限于:启动子、聚腺苷酸化信号和增强子。这些控制序列可用于在原核和真核宿主细胞中表达和生产抗-CD70结合物。
一核酸序列与另一核酸序列形成功能性关联时,它们“操作性连接”。例如,如果表达为参与多肽分泌的前蛋白,则核酸前序列或分泌前导物操作性连接于编码多肽的核酸;如果影响了编码序列的转录,则启动子或增强子操作性连接于编码序列;或者如果核糖体结合位点的定位有利于翻译,则核糖体结合位点操作性连接于编码序列。通常,“操作性连接”指连接的DNA序列毗连,在分泌性前导物的情况下,毗连并且在阅读框中。然而,增强子任选为毗连的。可通过在方便的限制性位点连接来实现连接。如果不存在这种位点,可采用合成寡核苷酸衔接子或接头来连接DNA序列。
术语“多肽”指氨基酸聚合物和其等同物,不指特定长度的产物;因此,多肽的定义包括“肽”和“蛋白质”。多肽的定义也包括本文所述的“抗体”。“多肽区”指多肽节段,该节段可含有(例如)一个或多个结构域或基序(如抗体的多肽区可含有(例如)一个或多个互补决定区(CDR))。术语“片段”指一般含有该多肽的至少20个毗连或至少50个毗连氨基酸的多肽部分。“衍生物”是相对于第二种多肽,含有一个或多个非保守性或保守性氨基酸取代的多肽或其片段;或者通过共价连接第二种分子,例如连接异源性多肽,或通过糖基化、乙酰化、磷酸化等修饰的多肽或其片段。“衍生物”的定义还包括例如,含有一种或多种氨基酸类似物(如非天然氨基酸等)的多肽、含有未取代连接以及本领域已知的其它(天然或非天然)修饰的多肽。
″分离的″多肽是从天然环境的组分中分离鉴定到和/或回收的多肽。其天然环境的污染组分是会干扰该多肽的诊断或治疗应用的物质,可包括酶、激素和其它蛋白性或非蛋白性溶质。分离的多肽包括分离的抗体,或其片段或衍生物。“抗体”包括重组细胞内的原位抗体,因为抗体天然环境的至少一种组分不存在。
在某些实施方式中,将抗体纯化至(1)按照Lowry法测定,纯化至95重量%以上,在其它方面纯化至99重量%以上,(2)足以用转杯顺序分析仪获得N末端或内部氨基酸序列的至少15个残基的程度,或者(3)在还原或非还原条件下用考马斯蓝或优选的银染料对SDS-PAGE染色时呈现均一性。
提到多肽时,术语“异源”指与另一多肽相比来自不同来源(如细胞、组织、生物体或物种),因此两种多肽不同。一般地,异源多肽来自不同物种。
提到免疫球蛋白多肽或其片段时,“保守取代”指基本不降低免疫球蛋白多肽或其片段与抗原的特异性结合(例如用KD测定)的一个或多个氨基酸取代(即经标准结合实验如ELISA测定,能提高结合亲和力、不显著改变结合亲和力或使结合亲和力降低不超过约40%、一般不超过约30%、更一般不超过约20%、更一般不超过约10%、或者最一般不超过约5%的取代)。
提到两种或多种核酸或多肽序列时,术语“相同”或“相同性百分数”指比较和比对最大对应性时,两种或多种序列或子序列相同或其中特定百分数的核苷酸或氨基酸残基相同。为了测定相同性百分数,出于最优比较目的比对序列(如可将缺口引入第一种氨基酸序列或核酸序列中,以与第二种氨基或核酸序列进行最优比对)。然后比较相应氨基酸位置或核苷酸位置上的氨基酸残基或核苷酸。如果第一种序列中的位置被与第二种序列的相应位置上相同的氨基酸残基或核苷酸占据,那么这两种分子在该位置上相同。两种序列的相同性百分数是序列共有的相同位置数量的函数(即%相同性=相同位置的数量/位置总数(如重叠位置)×100)。在一些实施方式中,这两种序列长度相同。
提到两种核酸或多肽时,术语“基本相同”指两种或多种序列或子序列的相同性为至少50%、至少55%、至少60%或至少65%;一般为至少70%或至少75%;更一般为至少80%或至少85%;更一般为至少90%、至少95%或至少98%(例如用下述方法之一测定)。
提到两种或多种多肽序列时,术语“相似”或“相似性百分数”指采用下述方法之一比较和比对最大对应性时,两种或多种序列或子序列中特定百分数的氨基酸残基相同或被保守取代。例如,与第一种序列所含氨基酸数量相同的氨基酸比较时,或与通过(例如)下述方法之一进行的多肽比对比较时,如果第一种氨基酸序列与第二种氨基酸序列中至少50%、60%、70%、75%、80%、90%或95%相同或被保守取代,则可认为第一种氨基酸序列与第二种氨基酸序列相似。
提到多肽序列时,术语“基本相似”指多肽区序列与参比序列的序列相似性为至少70%,一般为至少80%,更一般为至少85%,或至少90%或至少95%。例如,当两种肽的差别仅在于一个或多个保守取代时,该多肽与第二种多肽基本相似。
经过本领域已知或本文所述的各种标准免疫试验测定,提到抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物时,含有与抗-CD70抗体的一种或多种抗原结合区(如重链或轻链可变区,或者重链或轻链CDR)基本相同或基本相似的一个或多个多肽区的蛋白质能保持与抗-CD70抗体识别的CD70表位的特异性结合。
可用数学算法确定两种序列之间的相同性百分数或相似性百分数。用于比较两种序列的数学算法的优选非限制性例子是经Karlin和Altschul,1993,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:5873-5877改进的Karlin和Altschul,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA87:2264-2268所述的算法。将这种算法整合到Altschul等,1990,J.Mol.Biol.215:403-410的NBLAST和XBLAST程序中。可用NBLAST程序、评分=100、字长=12进行BLAST核苷酸搜索,以获得与编码感兴趣蛋白的核酸同源的核苷酸序列。可用XBLAST程序、评分=50、字长=3进行BLAST蛋白质搜索,以获得与感兴趣蛋白同源的氨基酸序列。为了获得用于比较目的的缺口比对,可采用缺口BLAST,如Altschul等,1997,Nucleic Acids Res.25:3389-3402所述。或者,可采用PSI-Blast进行迭代搜索,其检测分子之间的距离关系(Id.)。采用BLAST、缺口BLAST和PSI-Blast程序时,可利用各程序(如XBLAST和NBLAST)的默认参数。用于比较序列的数学算法的另一非限制性例子是Myers和Miller,CABIOS(1989)的算法。将这种算法整合到作为GCG序列比对软件包的一部分的ALIGN程序(2.0版)中。利用ALIGN程序比较氨基酸序列时,可使用PAM120重量残基表、缺口长度罚分12和缺口罚分4。本领域已知用于序列分析的其它算法,包括如Torellis和Robotti,1994,Comput.Appl.Biosci.10:3-5所述的ADVANCE和ADAM;以及Pearson和Lipman,1988,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85:2444-8所述的FASTA。在FASTA中,ktup是设定搜索的灵敏度和速度的控制选项。如果ktup=2,通过观察比对残基对发现所比较两种序列的相似区域;如果ktup=1,则检查单个比对氨基酸。对于蛋白质序列ktup可设定为2或1,对于DNA序列可设定为1-6。如果没有特别设定,ktup默认设定为2(蛋白质)和6(DNA)。或者,可用CLUSTAL W算法进行蛋白质序列比对,如Higgins等,1996,Methods Enzymol.266:383-402所述。
本文所用术语“细胞”、“细胞系”和“细胞培养物”可互换使用,所有这些表述均包括其后代。因此,“转化子”和“转化细胞”包括原代对象细胞和由其产生的培养物,而不管转移次数。也应理解,由于有意或天然产生的突变,所有后代的DNA含量不一定完全相同。包括其功能或生物学活性与在最初转化细胞中筛选的功能或生物学活性相同的突变后代。使用不同名称时,应能从文中明确理解。
出于治疗目的,术语“对象”指任何动物,具体是分类为哺乳动物的动物,包括人、圈养动物和家畜、动物园动物、运动动物或玩赏动物,如犬、马、猫、牛等。对象优选为人。
本文所用术语“疾病”和“CD70-相关性失调”和“CD70-相关性疾病”指能够得益于本文所述抗-CD70结合物治疗的任何疾病。“CD70-相关性失调”和“CD70-相关性疾病”一般在细胞表面上表达CD70或其片段。它包括慢性和急性失调或疾病,包括使哺乳动物易患所研究疾病的病理学状态。按本文治疗的疾病的非限制性例子包括癌症、血液恶性肿瘤、良性和恶性肿瘤、白血病和淋巴恶性肿瘤、癌以及炎性疾病、血管新生性疾病或免疫病。下文中公开了疾病的具体例子。
本文所用术语“治疗”和“疗法”等应包括引起任何临床上需要或有益的作用的治疗和预防或抑制疾病或失调的方法,所述作用包括但不限于改善或缓解一种或多种症状、消退、减慢或终止疾病或失调的进展。因此,例如,术语治疗包括在发生疾病或失调的症状之前或之后给予药物,从而预防或消除该疾病或失调的所有病征。另一个例子是,该术语包括在该疾病有临床表现后给予药物,以抵抗该疾病的症状。另外,给药影响该疾病或失调的临床参数,如组织损伤程度或转移的量或程度、治疗是否导致改善疾病时,在发病后或临床症状后给予药物是本文所述的“治疗”或“疗法”。
本文所用术语“预防”指在表达CD70的癌症或免疫病出现临床或诊断症状前给予对象抗-CD70结合物(如给予具有患表达CD70的癌症或免疫病的倾向或高风险的个体),以(a)阻断表达CD70的癌症或免疫病,或者其临床或诊断症状的出现或发病,(b)抑制表达CD70的癌症或免疫病发病的严重性,或(c)降低表达CD70的癌症或免疫病发病的可能性。
术语“静脉内输注”指在大于约15分钟,通常约30-90分钟的时间内将药物如治疗剂引入动物或人患者的静脉内。
术语“静脉内推注”或“静脉内推”指在约15分钟或更短,通常为5分钟或更短的时间内将药物给予动物或人的静脉内,以使机体接受该药物。
术语“皮下给药”指通过从药物容器相对缓慢、持续递送将药物如治疗剂引入动物或人患者皮肤以下,一般引入皮肤和下层组织之间的袋状空间(pocket)内。捏起或拉起皮肤、使其离开下层组织能产生所述袋状空间。
用术语“药品说明书”指通常包含在治疗产品的市售包装中的说明书,它含有关于使用这种治疗产品的适应症、用途、给药、禁忌征和/或警告的信息。
″脂质体″是由各种类型的脂质、磷脂或表面活性剂组成的小囊泡,可用于将药物(如抗体)递送给哺乳动物。脂质体的组分通常排列成双层构象,类似于生物膜的脂质排列形式。
术语“皮下输注”指采用包括但不限于:30分钟或更短或者90分钟或更短的时间通过从药物容器相对缓慢、持续递送将药物引入动物或人患者皮肤以下,优选引入皮肤和下层组织之间的袋状空间内。任选地,可通过在动物或人患者的皮肤下皮下植入药物递送泵进行这种输注,其中该泵在预定的时间如30分钟、90分钟,或在跨越整个治疗方案的时间上递送预定量的药物。
术语“皮下推注”指向动物或人患者的皮肤下给药,其中推注药物递送短于约15分钟;在另一方面,短于5分钟,在另一方面,短于60秒。另一方面,可以给予皮肤和下层组织之间的袋状空间内,所述袋状空间是通过捏起或拉起皮肤、使其离开下层组织而产生的。
术语“有效量”指在对象中足以抑制或缓解表达CD70的癌症或免疫病的一种或多种临床或诊断症状的抗-CD70结合物(如抗体或衍生物或其它结合物)的量。按照本文所述方法以“有效方案”给予有效量的药物。术语“有效方案”指足以治疗或预防表达CD70的癌症或免疫病的药物量和给药频率的组合。
用术语“治疗有效量”指产生有益患者效果,例如细胞的生长阻滞作用或消除的治疗剂的量。一方面,治疗有效量具有凋亡活性,或者能够诱导细胞死亡。另一方面,治疗有效量指能有效地(例如)减缓疾病进展的目标血清浓度。可以用常规方式测定效能,这取决于治疗的疾病。例如,在特征是表达CD70的细胞的癌症疾病或失调中,可通过评价至疾病进展时间(TTP)或测定反应速率(RR)来测定效能。
本文所用术语“药学上可接受的”指联邦或州证据的管理机构批准的或美国药典或其它普遍认可的药典所列的用于动物,更具体是人的物质。术语“药学相容性成分”指与其一起给予抗-CD70结合物的药学上可接受的稀释剂、佐剂、赋形剂或载体。
本文所用术语“药学上可接受的盐”指药学上可接受的抗-CD70结合物或治疗剂的有机或无机盐。抗-CD70结合物或治疗剂含有至少一个氨基,因此可用此氨基或其它合适基团形成酸加成盐。示范性盐包括但不限于:硫酸盐、柠檬酸盐、乙酸盐、草酸盐、氯盐、溴盐、碘盐、硝酸盐、硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、酸性磷酸盐、异烟酸盐、乳酸盐、唾液酸盐、酸性柠檬酸盐、酒石酸盐、油酸盐、鞣酸盐、泛酸盐、酒石酸氢盐、抗坏血酸盐、琥珀酸盐、马来酸盐、龙胆酸盐、延胡索酸盐、葡糖酸盐、葡糖醛酸盐、蔗糖盐、甲酸盐、苯甲酸盐、谷氨酸盐、甲磺酸盐、乙磺酸盐、苯磺酸盐、对甲苯磺酸盐和棕榈酸盐扑酸盐(即1,1’亚甲基双-(2羟基3萘甲酸盐))。药学上可接受的盐可包含另一分子如乙酸根离子、琥珀酸根离子或其它抗衡离子。抗衡离子可以是稳定母体化合物上的电荷的任何有机或无机部分。而且,药学上可接受的盐的结构中可带有一个以上的带电原子。多个带电原子作为药学上可接受的盐的一部分时,它可含有多个抗衡离子。因此,药学上可接受的盐可包含一个或多个带电原子和/或一个或多个抗衡离子。
“药学上可接受的溶剂合物”或“溶剂合物”指一种或多种溶剂分子和抗-CD70结合物和/或治疗剂的结合。形成药学上可接受的溶剂合物的溶剂的例子包括但不限于:水、异丙醇、乙醇、甲醇、DMSO、乙酸乙酯、乙酸和乙醇胺。
缩写“AFP”指二甲基缬氨酸-缬氨酸-dolaisoleuine-dolaproine-苯丙氨酸-对苯二胺。
缩写“MMAE”指单甲基耳他汀E。
缩写“AEB”指耳他汀E与对乙酰基苯甲酸反应产生的酯。
缩写“AEVB”指耳他汀E与苯甲酰戊酸反应产生的酯。
缩写“MMAF”指dovaline-缬氨酸-dolaisoleunine-dolaproine-苯丙氨酸。
缩写“fk”和“phe-lys”指接头苯丙氨酸-赖氨酸。
II.抗-CD70抗体和其衍生物
本文所述的组合物和方法包括采用特异性结合于CD70的CD70结合物。CD70结合物可对表达CD70的癌细胞、活化的免疫细胞或其它靶细胞产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。CD70结合物可以是(例如)抗-CD70抗体、抗-CD70抗体的抗原结合片段、其衍生物、或含有至少一个CD70结合抗体的互补决定区(CDR)的其它CD70结合物。
一方面,CD70结合物的一个或多个互补决定区(CDR)与单克隆抗体1F6的一个或多个CDR相同、基本相同或基本相似。(SEQ ID NO:1和SEQ ID NO:2以及SEQID NO:21和SEQ ID NO:22分别列出了1F6的重链和轻链可变区的核酸和氨基酸序列,它们公开于国际专利公开号WO 04/073656;将其内容纳入本文作参考)。例如,该结合物可包含与mAb 1F6的相应重链CDR(H1、H2或H3区)或相应轻链CDR(L1、L2或L3区)相同或基本相同或基本相似的重链CDR和/或轻链CDR。在典型实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物含有与mAb 1F6的相应重链和/或轻链CDR相同、基本相同或基本相似的两个或三个重链CDR和/或两个或三个轻链CDR。
例如,在一些实施方式中,当抗-CD70结合物含有至少一个与mAb 1F6的重链CDR基本相同或基本相似的重链CDR时,该结合物还可含有至少一个与mAb 1F6的轻链CDR基本相同或基本相似的轻链CDR。
在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物包含重链或轻链可变区,所述可变区含有(a)与mAb 1F6的相应CDR相同、基本相同或基本相似的一组三个CDR,和(b)一组四个来自人免疫球蛋白的可变区构架区。例如,抗-CD70抗体可包含重链和/或轻链可变区,该可变区含有一组三个CDR,其中CDR组来自单克隆抗体1F6,和(b)一组四个衍生自人IgG的构架区。该抗体任选含有绞链区。在示范性实施方式中,所述抗-CD70抗体是完全人源化抗体。
另一方面,该CD70结合物包含与单克隆抗体2F2的一个或多个CDR基本相同或基本相似的一个或多个互补决定区(CDR)。(SEQ ID NO:27和SEQ ID NO:28以及SEQ ID NO:29和SEQ ID NO:30分别列出了2F2的重链和轻链可变区的核酸和氨基酸序列,它们公开于国际专利公开号WO 04/073656;将其内容纳入本文作参考)。例如,该结合物可包含与mAb 2F2的相应重链CDR(H1、H2或H3区)或相应轻链CDR(L1、L2或L3区)相同或基本相同或基本相似的重链CDR和/或轻链CDR。在典型实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物含有与mAb 2F2的相应重链和/或轻链CDR相同、基本相同或基本相似的两个或三个重链CDR和/或两个或三个轻链CDR。
例如,在一些实施方式中,当抗-CD70抗体含有至少一个与mAb 2F2的重链CDR基本相同或基本相似的重链CDR时,该抗体或其衍生物还可含有至少一个与mAb2F2的轻链CDR基本相同或基本相似的轻链CDR。
在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物包含重链或轻链可变区,所述可变区含有(a)与mAb 2F2的相应CDR相同、基本相同或基本相似的一组三个CDR,和(b)一组四个来自人免疫球蛋白的可变区构架区。例如,抗-CD70抗体可包含重链和/或轻链可变区,该可变区含有一组三个CDR,其中CDR组来自单克隆抗体2F2,和(b)一组四个衍生自人IgG的构架区。该抗体任选含有绞链区。在示范性实施方式中,所述抗-CD70抗体是完全人源化抗体。
在一些实施方式中,构架区选自人种系外显子VH、JH、Vκ和Jκ序列。例如,用于人源化c1F6VH结构域的FR的接受体(acceptor)序列可选自种系VH外显子VH1-18(Matsuda等,1993,Nature Genetics 3:88-94)或VH1-2(Shin等,1991,EMBO J.10:3641-3645),就绞链区(JH)而言,是外显子JH-6(Mattila等,1995,Eur.J.Immunol.25:2578-2582)。在其它例子中,种系Vκ外显子B3(Cox等,1994,Eur.J.Immunol.24:827-836)和Jκ外显子Jκ-1(Hieter等,1982,J.Biol.Chem.257:1516-1522)可选作用于c1F6VL结构域人源化的接受体序列。
在一些实施方式中,人源化抗-CD70抗体的构架区序列包含所用的接受体人种系外显子的衍生物,包括再次引入小鼠供体残基的衍生物。这些残基包括在VH的以下一个或多个位置上再次引入小鼠供体残基:H46、H67、H68、H69、H70、H71、H80、H81、H82、H82A和H91(按照Kabat编号规则编号)。
下表说明各SEQ ID NO.所对应的人源化1F6的区域。
表1
分子 | 核苷酸或氨基酸 | SEQ ID NO |
c1F6重链可变区 | 核苷酸 | 1 |
c1F6重链可变区 | 氨基酸 | 2 |
h1F6hVH-D+hIgG1恒定区 | 核苷酸 | 3 |
h1F6hVH-D+hIgG1恒定区 | 氨基酸 | 4 |
h1F6hVH-E | 核苷酸 | 5 |
h1F6hVH-E | 氨基酸 | 6 |
h1F6hVH-E+hIgG1恒定区 | 核苷酸 | 7 |
h1F6hVH-E+hIgG1恒定区 | 氨基酸 | 8 |
h1F6hVH-H | 核苷酸 | 9 |
h1F6hVH-H | 氨基酸 | 10 |
h1F6hVH-H+hIgG1恒定区 | 核苷酸 | 11 |
h1F6hVH-H+hIgG1恒定区 | 氨基酸 | 12 |
h1F6hVH-J | 核苷酸 | 13 |
h1F6hVH-J | 氨基酸 | 14 |
h1F6hVH-J+hIgG1恒定区 | 核苷酸 | 15 |
h 1F6hVH-J+hIgG1恒定区 | 氨基酸 | 16 |
h1F6hVH-M | 核苷酸 | 17 |
h1F6hVH-M | 氨基酸 | 18 |
h1F6hVH-M+hIgG1恒定区 | 核苷酸 | 19 |
h1F6hVH-M+hIgG1恒定区 | 氨基酸 | 20 |
c1F6轻链可变区 | 核苷酸 | 21 |
c1F6轻链可变区 | 氨基酸 | 22 |
hVLA | 核苷酸 | 23 |
hVLA | 氨基酸 | 24 |
hVLA+人恒定区 | 核苷酸 | 25 |
hVLA+人恒定区 | 氨基酸 | 26 |
c2F2重链可变区 | 核苷酸 | 27 |
c2F2重链可变区 | 氨基酸 | 28 |
c2F2轻链可变区 | 核苷酸 | 29 |
c2F2轻链可变区 | 氨基酸 | 30 |
在一些实施方式中,CD70结合物可以是抗体1F6或2F2的人源化抗体或抗原结合片段。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含含有以下氨基酸序列的多肽链:SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18或SEQID NO:4的氨基酸20-137。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含含有氨基酸序列SEQ ID NO:24的多肽链。
在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列至少80%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ IDNO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列至少85%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列至少90%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ IDNO:14、SEQ ID NO:18或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列至少95%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:6、SEQID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列至少99%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,该多肽不含抗体1F6或2F2的重链可变区的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列至少80%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ IDNO:24的氨基酸序列至少85%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列至少90%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列至少95%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,抗体或抗原结合片段包含与SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列至少99%相同的多肽链。在一些实施方式中,该多肽不含抗体1F6或2F2的轻链可变区的氨基酸序列。
在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物与单克隆抗体1F6或2F2竞争结合于人CD70。在一些实施方式中,CD70结合物结合于CD70时不诱导激动性或拮抗性信号(如不刺激增殖)。在一些实施方式中,CD70结合物将CD27与CD70的结合阻断了至少20%、至少30%、至少40%、至少50%、至少60、至少70%、至少80%或至少90%。
CD70结合物可任选地包含介导或刺激对表达CD70的靶细胞的ADCC、ADCP和/或CDC应答的抗体效应物结构域。效应物结构域可以是(例如)Ig分子的Fc结构域。这种CD70结合物在(例如)治疗表达CD70的癌症或免疫病时可分别对表达CD70的癌细胞产生细胞毒或细胞抑制作用,或者对活化的淋巴细胞或树突细胞产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。一般地,CD70结合物征集和/或激活细胞毒性白细胞(如天然杀伤(NK)细胞、吞噬细胞(如巨噬细胞)和/或血清补体成分)。
抗-CD70抗体可以是人源化抗体、单链抗体、scFv、双抗体、Fab、小抗体、scFv-Fc、Fv等。在一些实施方式中,CD70抗原结合区可连接于效应物结构域,例如免疫球蛋白的铰链-CH2-CH3结构域或者具有效应物功能的效应物结构域的一部分或片段。抗原结合性抗体片段(包括单链抗体)可包含(例如)可变区以及整个或一部分效应物结构域(如单独的CH2和/或CH3结构域或与CH1、绞链区和/或CL结构域组合)。另外,抗原结合片段可包含效应物结构域的任何组合。在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体可以是包含连接于铰链-CH2-CH3结构域的CD70-结合性可变区的单链抗体。
抗-CD70抗体的效应物结构域可来自任何合适的人免疫球蛋白同种型。例如,人免疫球蛋白介导CDC和ADCC/ADCP的能力通常分别为以下顺序:IgM≈IgG1≈IgG3>IgG2>IgG4和IgG1≈IgG3>IgG2/IgM/IgG4。CD70-结合性多肽可表达为包含合适恒定区,以产生所需的效应物功能的重组融合蛋白。结合于靶细胞后,抗-CD70抗体或衍生物可通过抗体效应物功能如ADCC、CDC和ADCP引发体外和体内的靶细胞破坏。
CD70结合物可任选地偶联于治疗剂,如细胞毒剂、细胞抑制剂或免疫调节剂。本文描述了合适的治疗剂。
在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体可以是含有人或非人Fc区或其一部分的嵌合抗体。例如,该抗体可包含非人来源的Fc结构域或部分,这些来源有(例如)啮齿动物(如小鼠或大鼠)、驴、绵羊、兔、山羊、豚鼠、羊驼、马、鸡或猴(如猕猴、恒河猴等)。
抗-CD70结合物如抗体可以是单特异性、双特异性、三特异性或更多特异性的。多特异性抗体可以对CD70不同表位特异和/或可以对CD70以及异源蛋白特异。(参见例如PCT公开WO 93/17715、WO 92/08802、WO 91/00360和WO 92/05793;Tutt等,1991,J.Immunol.147:60-69;美国专利4,474,893;4,714,681;4,925,648;5,573,920;和5,601,819;Kostelny等,1992,J.Immunol.148:1547-1553)。用于实施本文所述方法的多特异性抗体,包括双特异性和三特异性抗体是免疫特异性结合于CD70(包括但不限于含有单克隆抗体2F2和1F6的CDR的抗体)和介导ADCC、ADCP和/或CDC的第二种细胞表面受体或受体复合物,如CD16/FcγRIII、CD64/FcγRI、杀伤抑制性或激活性受体或补体控制蛋白CD59的抗体。在一些实施方式中,多特异性抗体的某部分与第二种细胞表面分子或受体复合物结合能提高抗-CD70抗体或其它CD70结合物的效应物功能。
也可根据其与CD70的结合亲和力描述或说明抗-CD70抗体和其衍生物和其它结合物。典型的结合亲和力包括解离常数或Kd小于5×10-2M、10-2M、5×10-3M、10-3M、5×10-4M、10-4M、5×10-5M、10-5M、5×10-6M、10-6M、5×10-7M、10-7M、5×10-8M、10-8M、5×10-9M、10-9M、5×10-10M、10-10M、5×10-11M、10-11M、5×10-12M、10-12M、5×-13M、10-13M、5×10-14M、10-14M、5×10-15M或10-15M的亲和力。
可用本领域已知方法产生抗体。例如,可用各种技术制备单克隆抗体,例如,采用杂交瘤、重组技术和噬菌体呈现技术,或它们的组合。通常,杂交瘤技术可参见例如,Harlow等,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(抗体:实验室手册)(Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press,第2版,1988);和Hammerling等,MonoclonalAntibodies andT-CellHybridomas(单克隆抗体和T细胞杂交瘤),第563-681页(Elsevier,纽约,1981)。可用于制备抗-CD70抗体的噬菌体呈现法的例子包括例如:Hoogenboom和Winter,1991,J.Mol.Biol.227:381;Marks等,1991,J.Mol.Biol.222:581;Quan和Carter,2002,The rise of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics in Anti-IgE and AllergicDisease(开始将单克隆抗体用作抗-IgE和变应性疾病的治疗剂),Jardieu和Fick Jr.编,Marcel Dekker,纽约州纽约市,第20章,第427-469页;Brinkman等,1995,J.Immunol.Methods 182:41-50;Ames等,1995,J.Immunol.Methods 184:177-186;Kettleborough等,1994,Eur.J.Immunol.24:952-958;Persic等,1997,Gene187:9-18;Burton等,1994,Advances in Immunology 57:191-280;PCT申请号PCT/GB91/01134;PCT公开WO 90/02809、WO 91/10737、WO 92/01047、WO92/18619、WO 93/11236、WO 95/15982、WO 95/20401和美国专利5,698,426;5,223,409;5,403,484;5,580,717;5,427,908;5,750,753;5,821,047;5,571,698;5,427,908;5,516,637;5,780,225;5,658,727;5,733,743和5,969,108所述的方法(将其内容纳入本文作参考)。
可用于产生单链抗体的技术的例子包括美国专利4,946,778和5,258,498;Huston等,1991,Methods in Enzymology(酶学方法)203:46-88;Shu等,1993,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90:7995-7999;和Skerra等,1988,Science 240:1038-1040所述的技术。
本领域已知制备双特异性抗体的方法。全长双特异性抗体的传统生产方法基于共同表达两种免疫球蛋白重链-轻链对,其中这两种链特异性不同(参见例如Milstein等,1983,Nature 305:537-39)。由于随机分配免疫球蛋白重链和轻链,这些杂交瘤(四体杂交瘤)会产生10种不同的抗体分子的潜在混合物,其中一些抗体分子具有正确的双特异性结构。国际公开号WO 93/08829和Traunecker等,1991,EMBO J.10:3655-59中公开了相似的方法。
按照不同的方法,将具有所需结合特异性(抗体-抗原结合位点)的抗体可变区融合于免疫球蛋白恒定区序列。该融合物一般具有免疫球蛋白重链恒定区,含有铰链、CH2和CH3区域的至少一部分。在一些实施方式中,该融合物包含含有轻链结合必需位点的第一种重链恒定区(CH1),其出现于至少一种融合物中。将具有编码免疫球蛋白重链融合物和(如果需要)免疫球蛋白轻链的序列的核酸插入不同的表达载体中,并用它们共转染合适的宿主生物体。在将不等比例的三种多肽链用于构建过程中以产生最优产量的实施方式中,这将为调整三种多肽片断的相互比例提供极大的灵活性。然而,当相等比例的至少两种多肽链的表达导致高产量,或比例不是特别重要时,有可能将两种或者全部三种多肽链的编码序列插入同一表达载体。
在此方法的一个实施方式中,双特异性抗体的一条臂上含有具有第一结合特异性的杂交免疫球蛋白重链,另一条臂上含有杂交免疫球蛋白重链-轻链对(提供第二结合特异性)。这种不对称结构有利于从不想要的免疫球蛋白链组合中分离所需双特异性化合物,因为仅在一半双特异性分子中存在免疫球蛋白轻链便于分离(参见例如,国际公开号WO 94/04690,在此整体作为本文参考文献)。
关于双特异性抗体的进一步讨论参见例如,Suresh等,1986,Methods inEnzymology 121:210;Rodrigues等,1993,J.Immunology 151:6954-61;Carter等,1992,Bio/Technology 10:163-67;Carter等,1995,J.Hematotherapy 4:463-70;Merchant等,1998,Nature Biotechnology 16:677-81。利用此类技术,如本文所述,可制备用于治疗或预防疾病的双特异性抗体。
欧洲专利公开号EPA 0105360也描述了双功能抗体。如该参考文献所公开,杂交或双功能抗体可衍生自生物学方法即细胞融和技术,或者化学方法,特别是利用交联剂或二硫桥形成试剂,这种抗体还可包含整个抗体或其片段。例如国际公开WO83/03679和欧洲专利公开号EPA 0 217 577均公开了获得这种杂交抗体的方法,两者作为参考文献纳入本文。
在一些实施方式中,人构架区的构架残基将被CDR供体抗体的对应残基取代,从而改变,优选提高抗原结合。鉴别此类构架取代的方法为本领域所熟知,如建立CDR和构架残基的相互作用的模型以鉴定抗原结合的重要构架残基,并建立序列比较的模型以鉴定在特定位置上的特殊构架残基(参见例如,美国专利号5,585,089;Riechmann等,1988,Nature 332:323.)。可利用本领域熟知的多种技术进行抗体的人源化,例如,CDR-嫁接(参见例如,EP 0239400;PCT公开WO 91/09967;美国专利5,225,539、5,530,101和5,585,089)、镶面或表面重建(参见例如,EP 0 592 106;EP 0 519 596;Padlan,1991,Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498;Studnicka等,1994,Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814;Roguska等,1994,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA91:969-973)和链改组(参见例如,美国专利号5,565,332)(将所有这些参考文献纳入本文作参考)。
人源化单克隆抗体可通过本领域熟知的DNA重组技术进行生产,例如利用国际公开号WO 87/02671;欧洲专利公开号0 184 187;欧洲专利公开号0 171 496;欧洲专利公开号0 173 494;国际专利公开号WO 86/01533;美国专利号4,816,567;欧洲专利公开号0 012 023;Berter等,1988,Science 240:1041-43;Liu等,1987,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 84:3439-43;Liu等,1987,J.Immunol.139:3521-26;Sun等,1987,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 84:214-18;Nishimura等,1987,Cancer Res.47:999-1005;Wood等,1985,Nature 314:446-449;Shaw等,1988,J.Natl.Cancer Inst.80:1553-59;Morrison,1985,Science 229:1202-07;Oi等,1986,BioTechniques4:214;美国专利号5,225,539;Jones等,1986,Nature 321:552-25;Verhoeyan等,1988,Science 239:1534;和Beidler等,1988,J.Immunol.141:4053-60所述的方法;将上述各文献以全文纳入本文作参考。
如上所述,CD70结合物可以是抗-CD70抗体的衍生物。通常,抗-CD70抗体衍生物包含抗-CD70抗体(包括例如,抗原结合片段或保守取代多肽)和与抗-CD70抗体异源的至少一个多肽区或其它部分。例如,抗-CD70抗体可通过与任何类型的分子共价连接加以修饰。典型的修饰包括例如:糖基化、乙酰化、聚乙二醇化、磷酸化、酰胺化、通过已知保护/封端基团衍生化、蛋白水解切割、连接至细胞配体(如清蛋白-结合分子)或其它蛋白等。可通过已知技术,包括但不限于特异性化学切割、乙酰化、甲酰化和衣霉素代谢合成等进行多种化学修饰。
在一些实施方式中,这些共价连接不干扰效应物功能,如阻止抗体衍生物通过抗原结合区或其衍生区特异性结合于CD70,或阻止效应物结构域特异性结合于Fc受体。
在一些实施方式中,抗体衍生物为包含一个或多个单体的多聚体,如二聚体,其中各单体包括(i)抗-CD70抗体的抗原结合区或其衍生的多肽区(如用一个或多个氨基酸保守取代)和(ii)多聚化(如二聚化)多肽区,从而使该抗体衍生物形成特异性结合于CD70的多聚体(如同源二聚体)。在典型的实施方式中,通过重组或化学方法使抗-CD70抗体的抗原结合区或其衍生的多肽区与异源蛋白融合,其中所述异源蛋白包含二聚或多聚结构域。在将抗体衍生物给予对象用于治疗或者预防免疫病或表达CD70的癌症之前,将衍生物置于可形成同源二聚体或异源二聚体的条件下。本文所用的异源二聚体可包含相同的二聚化结构域而不包含不同的CD70抗原结合区,包含相同的CD70抗原结合区而不包含不同的二聚化结构域,或者包含不同的CD70抗原结合区和二聚化结构域。
典型的二聚化结构域是起源于转录因子的二聚化结构域。在一个实施方式中,二聚化结构域是碱性区亮氨酸拉链(“bZIP”)的二聚化结构域(参见Vinson等,1989,Science 246:911-916)。有用的亮氨酸拉链结构域包括例如,酵母转录因子GCN4、哺乳动物转录因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白C/EBP和癌基因产物的核转化物Fos和Jun的亮氨酸拉链结构域。(参见例如,Landschultz等,1988,Science 240:1759-64;Baxevanis和Vinson,1993,Curr.Op.Gen.Devel.3:278-285;O’Shea等,1989,Science243:538-542)。在另一实施方式中,二聚化结构域为碱性区螺旋-环-螺旋(“bHLH”)蛋白的二聚化结构域。(参见例如,Murre等,1989,Cell 56:777-783。也参见Davis等,1990,Cell 60:733-746;Voronova和Baltimore,1990,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA87:4722-26)。尤其有用的hHLH蛋白是myc、max和mac。
在另一实施方式中,二聚化结构域为免疫球蛋白恒定区,如重链恒定区或其结构域(如CH1结构域、CH2结构域和/或CH3结构域)。(参见例如,美国专利5,155,027、5,336,603、5,359,046和5,349,053;EP 0367166;和WO 96/04388.)。
已知Fos和Jun之间(Bohmann等,1987,Science 238:1386-1392)、ATF/CREB家族成员之间(Hai等,1989,Genes Dev.3:2083-2090)、C/EBP家族成员之间(Cao等,1991,Genes Dev.5:1538-52;Williams等,1991,Genes Dev.5:1553-67;Roman等,1990,Genes Dev.4:1404-15)以及ATF/CREB和Fos/Jun家族成员之间(Hai和Curran,1991,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88:3720-24)形成异源二聚体。因此,当CD70-结合蛋白作为含有不同二聚化结构域的异源二聚体给予对象时,可采用上述任何组合。
在其它实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体衍生物是偶联于第二抗体的抗-CD70抗体(“抗体异源偶联物”)(参见例如美国专利号4,676,980)。用于实施本发明方法的异源偶联物包含结合于CD70的抗体(如含有单克隆抗体2F2或1F6的CDR和/或重链的抗体)和结合于介导ADCC、吞噬作用和/或CDC的表面受体或受体复合物,如CD16/FcgRIII、CD64/FcgRI、杀伤细胞活化或抑制受体或者补体控制蛋白CD59的抗体。在典型的实施方式中,多特异性抗体部分与第二种细胞表面分子或受体复合物的结合能提高抗-CD70抗体的效应物功能。在其它实施方式中,所述抗体可以是治疗剂。本文描述了合适的抗体治疗剂。
在一些实施方式中,经过本领域已知的任何竞争性结合测定法(如本文所述的免疫试验)测定,抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物竞争性抑制mAb 1F6或2F2与CD70的结合。在典型的实施方式中,该抗体将1F6或2F2与CD70的结合竞争性抑制了至少50%、至少60%、至少70%或至少75%。在其它实施方式中,该抗体将1F6或2F2与CD70的结合竞争性抑制了至少80%、至少85%、至少90%或至少95%。
可用任何已知方法测定抗体与CD70的特异性结合。可以采用的免疫测定包括例如:采用以下技术的竞争性和非竞争性测定系统:如Western印迹、放射性免疫试验、ELISA(酶联免疫吸附实验)、“夹心”免疫试验、免疫沉淀试验、沉淀素反应、凝胶扩散沉淀素反应、免疫扩散试验、凝集试验、补体结合试验、免疫放射试验、荧光免疫试验和蛋白A免疫试验。这些试验是本领域的常规和熟知试验。(参见例如,Ausubel等编,Short Protocols in Molecular Biology(分子生物学小方法)(John Wiley &Sons,Inc.,纽约,第四版,1999);Harlow和Lane,Using Antibodies:A LaboratoryManual(使用抗体:实验室手册)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold SpringHarbor,纽约,1999.)
另外,可采用竞争性结合试验测定抗体与CD70的结合亲和力和抗体CD70相互作用的解离速率。竞争性结合试验的一个例子是放射性免疫试验,其包括在递增量的未标记CD70存在下用感兴趣抗体培育标记(如3H或125I)的CD70,并检测结合于标记CD70的抗体。然后,可由Scatchard作图分析的数据测定抗体与CD70的亲和力和结合解离速率。也可采用放射性免疫试验测定与第二抗体(如mAb 1F6或2F2)的竞争。在这种情况下,在递增量的未标记第二抗体存在下用偶联于标记(如3H或125I)化合物的感兴趣抗体培育CD70。或者,可通过表面等离振子共振法测定抗体与CD70的结合亲和力以及抗体-CD70相互作用的结合速率和解离速率。在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物可靶向或累积在表达CD70的细胞的细胞膜上。
可用本领域已知的蛋白合成方法,一般是(例如)重组表达技术产生抗-CD70抗体和其衍生物。结合于CD70的抗体或其衍生物的重组表达一般包括构建含有编码该抗体或其衍生物的核酸的表达载体。可通过重组DNA技术用本领域已知技术产生用于生产蛋白质分子的载体。可采用标准技术,例如下述文献所述的技术进行核酸重组、核酸合成、细胞培养、转基因掺入和重组蛋白表达:Sambrook和Russell,MolecularCloning:A Laboratory Manual(分子克隆:实验室手册)(Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryPress,Cold Spring Harbor,纽约,第3版,2001);Sambrook等,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual(分子克隆:实验室手册)(Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,Cold Spring Harbor,纽约,第2版,1989);Short Protocols in Molecular Biology(分子生物学小方法)(Ausubel等,John Wiley&Sons,纽约,第4版,1999);和Glick和Pasternak,Molecular Biotechnology:Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA(分子生物技术:重组DNA的原理和应用)(ASM Press,华盛顿特区,第2版,1998)。
例如,在抗-CD70抗体的重组表达中,表达载体可编码操作性连接于启动子的重链或轻链,或重链或轻链可变区。表达载体可包括例如,编码抗体分子的恒定区的核苷酸序列(参见例如PCT公开WO 86/05807;PCT公开WO 89/01036;和美国专利号5,122,464),可将抗体的可变区克隆入这种载体中用于表达完整的重链或轻链。用常规技术将表达载体转移到宿主细胞中,然后用常规技术培养转染细胞以产生抗-CD70抗体。在用于表达双链抗体的典型实施方式中,编码重链和轻链的载体可以在宿主细胞中共同表达,以表达出完整的免疫球蛋白分子。
可利用多种原核和真核宿主-表达载体系统表达抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物。一般地,真核细胞(特别是就完整重组抗-CD70抗体分子而言)可用于表达重组蛋白。例如,哺乳动物细胞如中华仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO)与载体如人巨细胞病毒的主要中间早期基因启动子元件组合时,是有效产生抗-CD70抗体和其衍生物的表达系统(参见例如,Foecking等,1986,Gene 45:101;Cockett等,1990,Bio/Technology 8:2)。
其它宿主-表达系统包括例如:细菌细胞中基于质粒的表达系统(参见例如,Ruther等,1983,EMBO 1,2:1791;Inouye和Inouye,1985,Nucleic Acids Res.13:3101-3109;Van Heeke和Schuster,1989,J.Biol.Chem.24:5503-5509);昆虫系统如在草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)细胞中采用苜蓿夜蛾(Autographacalifornica)核多角体病毒(AcNPV)表达载体;以及哺乳动物细胞中基于病毒的表达系统,如基于腺病毒的系统(参见例如Logan和Shenk,1984,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 81:355-359;Bittner等,1987,Methods in Enzymol.153:51-544)。
此外,可选择以所需的特定方式调节插入序列的表达、或者修饰和加工基因产物的宿主细胞系。可选择合适的细胞系或宿主系统以保证正确地修饰和加工(如糖基化、磷酸化和切割)所表达的蛋白质。为此,可采用含有能够适当加工初级转录物和基因产物的细胞机器的真核宿主细胞。这种哺乳动物宿主细胞包括例如:CHO、VERO、BHK、HeLa、COS、MDCK、293、3T3和W138。
一般用稳定的表达系统进行重组抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物或其它CD70结合物的长期、高产率生产。例如,可通过用合适表达控制元件(如启动子和增强子序列、转录终止子、聚腺苷酸化位点)控制的DNA和选择性标记转化宿主细胞,然后在选择性培养基中培养转化细胞,从而工程改造稳定表达抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的细胞系。选择性标记对选择产生抗性,并允许细胞将其DNA稳定地整合到其染色体中,生长形成细胞灶,进而可被克隆和扩增成细胞系。可采用许多选择系统,包括例如:单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶、次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶和腺嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶基因,可将它们分别用于tk-、hgprt-或aprt-细胞。抗代谢剂抗性也可用作以下基因的选择基础:产生甲氨蝶呤抗性的dhfr;产生霉酚酸抗性的gpt;产生氨基葡糖苷G-418抗性的neo;和产生潮霉素抗性的hygro。通常,可采用本领域通常已知的重组DNA技术方法选择所需的重组克隆,这种方法参见例如,Current Protocols inMolecular Biology(新编分子生物学方法)(Ausubel等编,John Wiley & Sons,纽约,1993);Kriegler,Gene Transfer and Expression,A Laboratory Manual(基因转移和表达,实验室手册)(Stockton Press,纽约,1990);Current Protocols in Human Genetics(新编人类基因组方法)(Dracopoli等编,John Wiley & Sons,纽约,1994,第12和13章);和Colberre-Garapin等,1981,J.Mol.Biol.150:1。
可通过载体扩增提高抗体或其衍生物的表达水平。(通常参见例如:Bebbington和Hentschel,The Use of Vectors Based on Gene Amplification for the Expression ofCloned Genes in Mammalian Cells in DNA Cloning(将基于哺乳动物细胞中表达克隆基因所用的基因扩增的载体用于DNA克隆),第3卷(Academic Press,纽约,1987))。当表达抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的载体系统中的标记物可扩增时,提高宿主细胞培养基中存在的抑制剂水平能选择具有高拷贝数的标记物基因、从而对该抑制剂产生抗性的宿主细胞。相关抗体基因的拷贝数也会增加,从而提高了抗体或其衍生物的表达(参见Crouse等,1983,Mol.Cell.Biol.3:257)。
当抗-CD70抗体包含重链和轻链或其衍生物时,可用两种表达载体共同转染宿主细胞,其中第一种载体编码重链蛋白,第二种载体编码轻链蛋白。这两种载体可含有相同的选择性标记物,它们能够使重链和轻链蛋白的表达量相等。或者,可采用编码并能表达重链和轻链蛋白的一种载体。在这种情况下,轻链一般位于重链之前,以避免毒性游离重链过多(参见Proudfoot,1986,Nature 322:52;Kohler,1980,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 77:2197)。重链和轻链的编码序列可包含cDNA或基因组DNA。
一旦抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物产生(如由动物、化学合成或重组表达产生)后,可用任何合适的蛋白质纯化方法进行纯化,包括例如层析(例如,离子交换或亲和层析(如用于纯化具有完整Fc区的抗体的蛋白A层析))、离心、差异溶解性或任何其它蛋白质纯化标准技术。抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物可以(例如)融合于标记物序列如肽,以帮助用亲和层析进行纯化。合适的标记物氨基酸序列包括例如:六-组氨酸肽(如pQE载体(凯杰公司(QIAGEN,Inc.),Chatsworth,CA,91311)中提供的标签)和“HA”标签(对应于衍生自流感血凝素蛋白的表位)(Wilson等,1984,Cell 37:767)和“flag”标签。
一旦抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物产生后,可用下述或本领域已知的方法测定它对表达CD70的癌细胞的细胞抑制或细胞毒作用或者对表达CD70的免疫细胞的免疫调节作用。
为了最大程度降低抗-CD70抗体对活化的免疫细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞之外细胞的活性,可采用特异性结合于细胞膜结合性CD70、而非溶解态CD70的抗体,以便使该抗-CD70抗体在活化的免疫细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞的细胞表面上浓缩。
一般地,抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物是基本纯化的(如基本不含限制其作用或产生不良副作用的物质)。在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的纯度为至少约40%,至少约50%,或至少约60%。在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的纯度为至少约60-65%、65-70%、70-75%、75-80%、80-85%、85-90%、90-95%或95-98%。在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的纯度约为99%。
III.其它CD70结合物
其它CD70结合物包括与异源蛋白(一般为至少10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90或至少100个氨基酸)的融合蛋白(即通过重组方法融合或化学方法偶联,包括共价和非共价偶联的蛋白质)。这种CD70结合物可包括结合于CD70和免疫球蛋白效应物结构域或其功能等同物的部分。本文所用的免疫球蛋白效应物结构域的功能等同物结合于具有吞噬细胞或裂解细胞活性的免疫细胞上的Fc受体,或者使Fc效应物结构域结合于补体系统的成分。该融合蛋白不一定需要是直接连接,可通过接头序列连接。
例如,可通过将抗-CD70抗体的一个或多个CDR或可变区的编码区框内融合于编码异源蛋白的序列而重组产生CD70结合物。异源蛋白可包括例如:效应物结构域、其功能等同物或其它功能结构域,以提供以下一种或多种特征:促进稳定表达;提供有助于高产率重组表达的方式;提供细胞抑制、细胞毒或免疫调节活性;和/或提供多聚化结构域。
在一些实施方式中,CD70结合物可包括来自结合于CD70并且无需偶联于细胞毒剂即能单独消耗表达CD70的细胞或抑制其增殖的抗体的一个或多个CDR。
IV.改进抗-CD70靶向剂的效应物功能的方法
在一些实施方式中,可采用本领域已知的一种或多种抗体工程方法改进其效应物功能,从而增强CD70结合物的效应物功能。下面提供这类方法的说明性、非限制性例子。
ADCC和ADCP是由细胞-结合抗体与效应物细胞上表达的Fcγ受体(FcγR)相互作用介导的。IgG Fc区的糖基化状态和一级氨基酸序列对Fcγ-FcγR相互作用有功能性影响。Fcγ-FcγR相互作用较强与效应物细胞杀伤靶细胞的能力更高相关联。
共价连接于保守性Asn297的寡糖参与了IgG Fc区与FcγR的结合(Lund等,1996,J.Immunol.157:4963-69;Wright和Morrison,1997,Trends Biotechnol。15:26-31)。工程改造IgG上的此种糖形式可显著提高IgG介导的ADCC。将等分N-乙酰基葡糖胺修饰(Umana等,1999,Nat.Biotechnol.17:176-180;Davies等,2001,Biotech.Bioeng.74:288-94)加入此糖形式或从此糖形式中去除岩藻糖(Shields等,2002,J.Biol.Chem.277:26733-40;Shinkawa等,2003,J.Biol.Chem.278:6591-604;Niwa等,2004,Cancer Res.64:2127-33)是能改善IgG Fc和FcγR的结合,从而提高Ig-介导的ADCC活性的IgG Fc工程改造的两个例子。
系统取代人IgG1Fc区接触溶剂的氨基酸会产生FcγR结合亲和力改变的IgG变体(Shields等,2001,J.Biol.Chem.276:6591-604)。与母体IgG1相比,在Thr256/Ser298、Ser298/Glu333、Ser298/Lys334或Ser298/Glu333/Lys334上用Ala取代的这些变体的亚组显示出与FcγR的结合亲和力和ADCC活性升高(Shields等,2001,J.Biol.Chem.276:6591-604;Okazaki等,2004,J.Mol.Biol.336:1239-49)。
抗体-介导的CDC从Clq结合于细胞结合性IgG分子开始。已经报道了人IgG1上负责Clq结合的特定氨基酸残基和Clq结合的物种特异性差别(Idusogie等,2000,J.Immunol.164:4178-4184)。在Lys326和Glu333上的取代能改进抗体的补体结合活性;例如,这种取代可改进人IgG1抗体利妥昔单抗的Clq结合和CDC活性(Idusogie等,2001,J.Immunol.166:2571-2575)。在人IgG2主链上的相同取代可将与Clq结合性能差和补体活化活性严重缺陷的抗体同种型转变为可同时结合Clq和介导CDC的同种型(Idusogie等,2001,J.Immunol.166:2571-75)。也利用几种其它方法改进抗体的补体结合活性。例如,将IgM的18-氨基酸羧基-末端尾部分嫁接于IgG的羧基端能显著提高其CDC活性。即使采用通常检测不到CDC活性的IgG4也能观察到这种现象(Smith等,1995,J.Immunol.154:2226-36)。同时,用Cys取代接近IgG1重链羧基端的Ser444能诱导IgG1发生尾对尾二聚化,其CDC活性比单体IgG1高200倍(Shopes等,1992,J.Immunol.148:2918-22)。此外,具有Clq特异性的双特异性双抗体构建物也产生CDC活性(Kontermann等,1997,Nat.Biotech.15:629-31)。
抗体的体内半衰期也可能影响其效应物功能。在一些实施方式中,需要延长或缩短抗体的半衰期,以改变其治疗活性。FcRn是结构上类似于非共价结合于β2-微球蛋白的MHC I类抗原的受体。FcRn调节IgG的异化作用和其跨组织胞运作用(Ghetie和Ward,2000,Annu.Rev.Immunol.18:739-766;Ghetie和Ward,2002,Immunol.Res.25:97-113)。IgG-FcRn相互作用在pH 6.0(胞内小泡的pH)时发生,但在pH 7.4(血液pH)时不发生;这种相互作用使IgG能够循环回循环系统(Ghetie和Ward,2000,Ann.Rev.Immunol.18:739-766;Ghetie和Ward,2002,Immunol.Res.25:97-113)。对参与FcRn结合的人IgG1上的区域作图(Shields等,2001,J.Biol.Chem.276:6591-604)。人IgG1的位置Pro238、Thr256、Thr307、Gln311、Asp312、Glu380、Glu382或Asn434上发生的丙氨酸取代能增强FcRn结合(Shields等,2001,J.Biol.Chem.276:6591-604)。预计带有这些取代的IgG1分子具有较长的血清半衰期。因此,与未修饰IgG1相比,这些修饰的IgG1分子可能在长时间内进行其效应物功能,从而行使其治疗功效。
V.细胞毒、细胞抑制和免疫调节活性的试验
测定抗体是否介导对抗靶细胞的效应物功能的方法是已知的。这种方法的说明性例子如下所述。
为了测定抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物是否介导对抗活化免疫细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞的抗体依赖性细胞毒作用,可采用在抗体和效应物免疫细胞的存在下测定靶细胞死亡的试验。用于测定此类细胞毒作用的试验可基于在效应物细胞和靶点特异性抗体存在下培育后测定代谢标记的靶细胞释放的51Cr(参见例如,Perussia和Loza,2000,Methods in Molecular Biology 121:179-92;和“51Cr Release Assay ofAntibody-dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity(ADCC)(抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作用(ADCC)的51Cr释放试验)”,Current Potocols in Immunology(新编免疫学方法),Coligan等编,Wileyand Sons,1993)。例如,可用不同浓度的抗-CD70抗体处理用Na2 51CrO4标记并以5,000个细胞/孔接种于96孔板的活化的免疫细胞(如活化的淋巴细胞)或表达CD70的癌细胞30分钟,然后与正常人外周血单核细胞细胞(PBMC)混合4小时。伴随靶细胞死亡的膜破坏会将51Cr释放到培养物上清液中,可收集这些上清液并测定其放射性,从而确定其细胞毒活性。测定ADCC的其它试验可包括非放射性标记或基于诱导释放特定酶。例如,基于时间分辨的荧光测定术的非放射性试验是市售的(Delphia,Perkin Elmer)。此试验基于在靶细胞上加载荧光增强配体的乙酸基甲酯(BATDA),其能透过细胞膜、然后水解形成不能透过膜的亲水性配体(TDA)。与靶点特异性抗体和PBMC效应物细胞混合时,裂解细胞释放TDA,并与铕混合时可形成发强荧光的螯合物。经过时间分辨的荧光测定法测定,该信号与细胞裂解量相关联。
为了确定抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物是否介导对抗活化免疫细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞的抗体依赖性细胞吞噬作用,可采用测定效应物免疫细胞(如新鲜培养的巨噬细胞或已建立的巨噬细胞-样细胞系)内化靶细胞的实验(参见例如,Munn和Cheung,1990,J.Exp.Med.172:231-37;Keler等,2000,J.Immunol.164:5746-52;Akewanlop等,2001,Cancer Res.61:4061-65)。例如,靶细胞可用亲脂性膜染料如PKH67(Sigma)标记,用靶点特异性抗体包被,并与效应物免疫细胞混合4-24小时。然后,可采用吞噬细胞表面标记物(如CD14)的特异性荧光染料标记抗体复染、并用双色流式细胞术或荧光显微术分析细胞,从而鉴定效应物细胞。双阳性细胞代表含有内化的靶细胞的效应物细胞。在这些实验中,效应物细胞可以是衍生自用M-CSF或GM-CSF培养5-10天分化为巨噬细胞的PBMC的单核细胞(参见例如,Munn和Cheung,同上)。获自ATCC的人巨噬细胞样细胞系U937(Larrick等,1980,J.Immunology 125:6-12)或THP-1(Tsuchiya等,1980,Int.J.Cancer 26:171-76)可用作另一种吞噬细胞来源。
也知道确定抗体结合于靶细胞后是否介导补体依赖性细胞毒作用的方法。可用相同的方法确定CD70结合物是否介导对活化免疫细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞的CDC。这类方法的说明性例子如下所述。
有效补体的来源可以是正常人血清或纯化自实验室动物,包括兔。在标准测定中,在补体存在下CD70结合物与表达CD70的活化免疫细胞(如活化淋巴细胞)或表达CD70的癌细胞一起培育。可以用几种读数测定这类CD70结合物介导细胞裂解的能力。在一个实施例中,采用Na51CrO4释放实验。在此实验中,用Na51CrO4标记靶细胞。洗掉未掺入的Na51CrO4,以合适密度,一般是5,000-50,000个细胞/孔将细胞接种于96孔板。一般在正常血清或纯化补体的存在下用CD70结合物37℃、5%CO2气氛下培育2-6小时。用γ射线计数法测定等份的培养物上清液中释放的放射性,表明细胞裂解程度。通过释放掺入的Na51CrO4确定去污剂(0.5-1%NP-40或Triton X-100)处理引起的细胞裂解最大值。在仅有补体而没有任何CD70结合物的孔中测定自发性背景细胞裂解。按照下式计算细胞裂解百分数:(CD70结合物诱导的裂解-自发性裂解)/细胞裂解最大值。第二个读数是活细胞的代谢染料如Alamar Blue减少。在此实验中,用CD70结合物和补体培育靶细胞,培育方法如上所述。培育结束时,加入1/10体积的Alamar Blue(Biosource International,加利福尼亚州卡马里奥)。继续在37℃、5%CO2气氛下培育16小时。用激发光530nm和发射光590nm的荧光分析测定Alamar Blue(代表有代谢活性的活细胞)减少。第三个读数是细胞膜对碘化丙锭(PI)的通透性。由于补体激活在质膜上形成孔洞有利于PI进入细胞中,PI在细胞中会扩散至核并结合DNA。结合于DNA后,600nm处的PI荧光显著增强。用CD70结合物和补体处理靶细胞的过程如上所述。培育结束时,加入PI,使其终浓度为5μg/ml。接着用流式细胞术检测细胞悬液,采用488nm氩气激光器进行激发。用600nm处的荧光发射检测裂解细胞。
VI.免疫病或表达CD 70的癌症的动物模型
可在免疫病或表达CD70的癌症的动物模型中检测或评价抗-CD70结合物,如抗体或其衍生物。本领域技术人员已知许多已经建立的免疫病或表达CD70的癌症的动物模型,其中任何一种均可用于测定抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的效能。这类模型的非限制性例子如下所述。
下述文献描述了系统性和器官特异性自身免疫病、包括糖尿病、狼疮、全身性硬化、舍格伦综合征、实验性自身免疫脑脊髓炎(多发性硬化)、甲状腺炎、重症肌无力、关节炎、葡萄膜炎和炎性肠病的动物模型的例子:Bigazzi,“Animal Models ofAutoimmunity:Spontaneous and Induced(自身免疫的动物模型:自发性和诱导性)”,The Autoimmune Diseases(自身免疫病)(Rose和Mackay编,Academic Press,1998)和“Animal Models for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disease(自身免疫和炎性疾病的动物模型)”,Current Protocols in Immunology(新编免疫学方法)(Coligan等编,Wiley和Sons,1997)。
也可用啮齿动物建立变应性疾病如哮喘和皮炎的模型。可以用卵清蛋白(Tomkinson等,2001,J.Immunol.166:5792-800)或曼氏裂头吸虫(Schistosoma mansoni)卵抗原(Tesciuba等,2001,J.Immunol.167:1996-2003)在小鼠中诱导呼吸道超敏反应。Nc/Nga小鼠品系显示出血清IgE显著增加并自发性发生特应性皮炎样损伤(Vestergaard等,2000,Mol.Med.Today 6:209-10;Watanabe等,1997,Int.Immunol.9:461-66;Saskawa等,2001,Int.Arch.Allergy Immunol.126:239-47)。
将免疫健全供体的淋巴细胞注射到致死性辐射的组织不相容性宿主中是在小鼠中诱导GVHD的经典方法。或者,亲本B6D2F1鼠模型提供了诱导急性和慢性GVHD的系统。在此模型中,B6D2F1小鼠是亲本C57BL/6和DBA/2小鼠品系杂交的F1后代。将DBA/2淋巴细胞转移到未辐射B6D2F1小鼠中会引起慢性GVHD,而转移C57BL/6、C57BL/10或B10.D2淋巴细胞会引起急性GVHD(Slayback等,2000,BoneMarrow Transpl.26:931-938;Kataoka等,2001,Immunology 103:310-318)。
此外,人造血干细胞和成熟的外周血淋巴细胞可移植给SCID小鼠,这些人淋巴-造血细胞在SCID小鼠中仍有功能(McCune等,1988,Science 241:1632-1639;Kamel-Reid和Dick,1988,Science 242:1706-1709;Mosier等,1988,Nature335:256-259)。这为直接检测人淋巴细胞的潜在治疗剂提供了小动物模型系统。(参见例如,Tournoy等,2001,J.Immunol.166:6982-6991)。
而且,可通过将表达CD70的人肿瘤细胞系植入合适的免疫缺陷型啮齿动物品系,如无胸腺裸小鼠或SCID小鼠中,建立检测抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物的体内效能的小动物模型。表达CD70的人淋巴瘤细胞系的例子包括例如,Daudi细胞(Ghetie等,1994,Blood 83:1329-36;Ghetie等,1990,Int.J.Cancer 15:481-85;de Mont等,2001,Cancer Res.61:7654-59)、HS-Sultan细胞(Cattan和Maung,1996,CancerChemother.Pharmacol.38:548-52;Cattan和Douglas,1994,Leuk.Res.18:513-22)、Raji细胞(Ochakovskaya等,2001,Clin.Cancer Res.7:1505-10;Breisto等,1999,Cancer Res.59:2944-49)和CA46细胞(Kreitman等,1999,Int.J.Cancer 81:148-55)。表达CD70的霍奇金淋巴瘤细胞系的非限制性例子是L428细胞(Drexler,1993,Leuk.Lymphoma 9:1-25;Dewan等,2005,Cancer Sci.96:466-473)。表达CD70的人肾细胞癌细胞系的非限制性例子包括786-O细胞(Ananth等,1999,Cancer Res.59:2210-16;Datta等,2001,Cancer Res.61:1768-75)、ACHN细胞(Hara等,2001,J.Urol.166:2491-94;Miyake等,2002,J.Urol.167:2203-08)、Caki-1细胞(Prewett等,1998,Clin.Cancer Res.4:2957-66;Shi和Siemann,2002,Br.J.Cancer87:119-26)和Caki-2细胞(Zellweger等,2001,Neoplasia 3:360-67)。表达CD70的鼻咽癌细胞系的非限制性例子包括C15和C17(Busson等,1988,Int.J.Cancer42:599-606;Bernheim等,1993,Cancer Genet.Cytogenet.66:11-5)。表达CD70的人胶质瘤细胞系的非限制性例子包括U373细胞(Palma等,2000,Br.J.Cancer82:480-7)和U87MG细胞(Johns等,2002,Int.J.Cancer 98:398-408)。多发性骨髓瘤细胞系的非限制性例子包括MM.1S细胞(Greenstein等,2003,ExperimentalHematology 31:271-282)和L363细胞(Diehl等,1978,Blut 36:331-338)。(也参见Drexler和Matsuo,2000,Leukemia Research 24:681-703)。可以在免疫缺陷型啮齿动物宿主中建立这些肿瘤细胞系,具体是皮下注射形成实体瘤或静脉内注射形成弥散性肿瘤。一旦在宿主中建立后,可用这些肿瘤模型评价抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物对调节体内肿瘤生长的疗效(如本文所述)。
VII.CD 70-相关性疾病
本文所述的抗-CD70结合物(如抗体和衍生物)可用于治疗或预防特征是通过不适当地激活免疫细胞(如淋巴细胞或树突细胞)表达CD70的癌症或免疫病。这种CD70表达可能是由于(例如)细胞表面上CD70蛋白水平提高和/或表达的CD70抗原性改变。通过给予需要治疗或预防的对象有效量的抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物按照本文所述方法治疗或预防免疫病,其中所述抗体或其衍生物(i)结合于表达CD70并与疾病状态有关的活化免疫细胞和(ii)对活化免疫细胞产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。在一些实施方式中,在不偶联于细胞毒剂、细胞抑制剂或免疫调节剂的情况下产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。在一些实施方式中,通过偶联于细胞毒剂、细胞抑制剂或免疫调节剂产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。
特征是不适当地激活免疫细胞并且可用本文所述方法治疗或预防的免疫病可根据引起该疾病的超敏反应类型分类。这些反应一般分为四种类型:过敏性反应、细胞毒(细胞溶解)反应、免疫复合物反应或细胞介导的免疫(CMI)反应(也称为延迟型超敏(DTH)反应)。(参见例如,Fundamental Immunology(基础免疫学)(William E.Paul编,Raven Press,纽约,第三版,1993).)
这类免疫病的具体例子包括:类风湿性关节炎、牛皮癣性关节炎、自身免疫性脱髓鞘病(如多发性硬化、变应性脑脊髓炎)、内分泌性眼病、葡萄膜视网膜炎、系统性红斑狼疮、重症肌无力、格拉夫斯病、肾小球肾炎、自身免疫性肝病、炎性肠病(如,克罗恩氏病)、过敏反应、变态反应、舍格伦综合征、I型糖尿病、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、韦格纳肉芽肿病、纤维肌痛、多肌炎、皮肌炎、多发性内分泌衰竭、Schmidt综合征、自身免疫性葡萄膜炎、艾迪生病、肾上腺炎、甲状腺炎、桥本甲状腺炎、自身免疫性甲状腺病、恶性贫血、胃萎缩、慢性肝炎、狼疮样肝炎、动脉粥样硬化、亚急性皮肤红斑狼疮、甲状旁腺功能减退症、Dressler综合征、自身免疫性血小板减少、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、溶血性贫血、寻常性天疱疮、天疱疮、疱疹样皮炎、斑秃、类天疱疮、硬皮病、进行性系统性硬化病、CREST综合征(钙质沉着、雷诺现象、食管张力减低、指趾硬化和毛细血管扩张)、男性和女性自身免疫性不育、强直性脊柱炎、溃疡性结肠炎、混合型结缔组织病、结节性多动脉炎、全身坏死性血管炎、特应性皮炎、特应性鼻炎、肺出血-肾炎综合征、查加斯病、结节病、风湿热、哮喘、习惯性流产、抗磷脂抗体综合征、农夫肺、多形性红斑、心脏切开术后综合征、库欣综合征、自身免疫性慢性活动性肝炎、鸟商肺、中毒性表皮坏死松解症、Alport综合征、肺泡炎、变应性肺泡炎、纤维性肺泡炎、间质性肺病、结节性红斑、坏疽性脓皮病、输血反应、高安动脉炎、风湿性多肌痛、暂时性动脉炎、血吸虫病、巨细胞性动脉炎、蛔虫病、曲霉病、Sampter综合征、湿疹、淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病、Behcet病、Caplan综合征、川崎病、登革热、脑脊髓炎、心内膜炎、心内膜心肌纤维化、眼内炎、持久性隆起性红斑、牛皮癣、骨髓成红血细胞增多症、嗜酸性筋膜炎、Shulman综合征、费尔蒂综合征、丝虫病、睫状体炎、慢性睫状体炎、异时性睫状体炎、Fuch睫状体炎、IgA肾病、Henoch-Schonlein紫癜、移植物抗宿主病、移植排斥、心肌病、Eaton-Lambert综合征、复发性多软骨炎、冷球蛋白血症、瓦尔登斯特伦巨球蛋白血症、伊文综合征和自身免疫性性腺衰竭。
因此,本文所述方法包括治疗B淋巴细胞病(如系统性红斑狼疮、肺出血-肾炎综合征、类风湿性关节炎和I型糖尿病)、Th1-淋巴细胞病(如类风湿性关节炎、多发性硬化、牛皮癣、舍格伦综合征、桥本甲状腺炎、格拉夫斯病、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、韦格纳肉芽肿病、结核病或移植物抗宿主病)或者Th2-淋巴细胞病(如特应性皮炎、系统性红斑狼疮、特应性哮喘、鼻结膜炎、过敏性鼻炎、Omenn综合征、全身性硬化或慢性移植物抗宿主病)。通常,涉及树突细胞的疾病包括Th1-淋巴细胞病或Th2-淋巴细胞病。
在一些实施方式中,所述免疫病是T细胞-介导的免疫病,如T细胞病,其中与疾病相关的活化T细胞表达CD70。可给予抗-CD70结合物(如抗体或衍生物),以消耗这种表达CD70的活化T细胞。在一个具体实施方式中,给予抗-CD70抗体或衍生物可消耗表达CD70的活化T细胞,而所述抗-CD70或衍生物基本不消耗静息T细胞。在本文中,“基本不消耗”指少于约60%、或少于约70%或少于约80%的静息T细胞未被消耗。
抗-CD70结合物(如抗体和衍生物)也可用于治疗或预防表达CD70的癌症。通过给予需要治疗或预防的对象有效量的抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物按照本文所述方法治疗或预防表达CD70的癌症,其中所述抗体或其衍生物(i)结合于表达CD70的癌细胞和(ii)产生细胞毒或细胞抑制作用以消耗或抑制表达CD70的癌细胞增殖。在一些实施方式中,在不偶联于细胞毒剂、细胞抑制剂或免疫调节剂的情况下产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。在一些实施方式中,通过偶联于细胞毒剂、细胞抑制剂或免疫调节剂产生细胞毒、细胞抑制或免疫调节作用。
可用本文所述方法治疗或预防的表达CD70的癌症包括例如:非霍奇金淋巴瘤的不同亚型(缓和性(indolent)NHL、滤泡性NHL、小淋巴细胞性淋巴瘤、淋巴浆细胞性NHL或边缘区NHL);霍奇金病(如里-施细胞);B-细胞谱系的癌症,包括例如弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤、滤泡性淋巴瘤、伯基特淋巴瘤、套细胞淋巴瘤、B-细胞淋巴细胞性白血病(如急性淋巴细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病);EB病毒阳性B细胞淋巴瘤;肾细胞癌(如透明细胞和乳头细胞);鼻咽癌;胸腺癌;胶质瘤;成胶质细胞瘤;成神经细胞瘤;星形细胞瘤;脑膜瘤;瓦尔登斯特伦巨球蛋白血症;多发性骨髓瘤;以及结肠、胃和直肠癌。所述癌症可以是(例如)新诊断的、预先治疗的癌症,或者是不应性或复发性癌症。在一些实施方式中,表达CD70的癌症的每个细胞含有至少约15,000、至少约10,000或至少约5,000个CD70分子。
VIII.含有抗-CD70抗体和衍生物的药物组合物及其给药
将含有CD70结合物(如抗-CD70抗体或衍生物)的组合物给予患有免疫病或表达CD70的癌症或处于患免疫病或表达CD70的癌症的风险中的对象。本发明还提供了将CD70结合物(如抗-CD70抗体或衍生物)用于制备预防或治疗表达CD70的癌症或免疫病的药物中的应用。本文所用术语“对象”指可给予CD70结合物的任何哺乳动物患者,包括例如人和非人哺乳动物,如灵长动物、啮齿动物和犬。特别考虑用本文所述方法治疗的对象包括人。抗体或衍生物可单独给药或与其它组合物联合给药,以预防或治疗免疫病或表达CD70的癌症。
已知各种递送系统,可用于给予CD70结合物。引入方法包括但不限于:皮内、肌肉内、腹膜内、静脉内、皮下、鼻内、硬膜外和口服途径。可通过(例如)输注或推注(如静脉内或皮下)、通过上皮或粘膜表层吸收(如口腔粘膜、直肠和肠道粘膜等)给予CD70结合物,并可与其它生物活性剂如化疗药一起给药。给药可以是全身给药或局部给药。
在特定实施方式中,通过注射、导管、栓剂或植入物给予CD70结合物组合物,所述植入物是多孔性、非多孔性或明胶状材料,包括膜如硅橡胶膜或纤维。一般地,给予该组合物时,采用抗-CD70结合物不吸附的材料。
在其它实施方式中,用控释系统递送抗-CD70结合物。在一个实施方式中,可采用泵(参见Langer,1990,Science 249:1527-1533;Sefton,1989,CRC Crit.Ref.Biomed.Eng.14:201;Buchwald等,1980,Surgery 88:507;Saudek等,1989,N.Engl.J.Med.321:574)。在另一实施方式中,可采用聚合材料。(参见Medical Applications ofControlled Release(控释的医学应用)(Langer和Wise编,CRC Press,Boca Raton,Florida,1974);Controlled Drug Bioavailability,Drug Product Design and Performance(控制的药物生物利用度、药物产品设计和性能)(Smolen和Ball编,Wiley,纽约,1984);Ranger和Peppas,1983,Macromol.Sci.Rev.Macromol.Chem.23:61。也参见Levy等,1985,Science 228:190;During等,1989,Ann.Neurol.25:351;Howard等,1989,J.Neurosurg.71:105.)。其它控释系统参见例如Langer,同上。
CD70结合物(如抗-CD70抗体或衍生物)可作为含有治疗有效量的结合物和一种或多种药学相容性成分的药物组合物进行给药。例如,该药物组合物一般含有一种或多种药物载体(例如无菌液体如水和油,包括石油、动物、植物或合成来源的无菌液体,如花生油、大豆油、矿物油、芝麻油等)。静脉内给药时,水是更一般的载体。也可将盐水溶液以及右旋糖和甘油水溶液用作液体载体,具体用于注射液。合适的药物赋形剂包括例如:淀粉、葡萄糖、乳糖、蔗糖、明胶、麦芽、稻米、面粉、白垩、硅胶、硬脂酸钠、单硬脂酸甘油酯、滑石粉、氯化钠、脱脂奶粉、甘油、丙烯、二醇、水、乙醇等。如果需要,该组合物也可含有少量湿润剂或乳化剂,或pH缓冲剂。这些组合物可以取溶液剂、悬液剂、片剂、丸剂、胶囊、粉末、缓释制剂等形式。也可用传统的粘合剂和载体如甘油三酯将该组合物配制成栓剂。口服制剂可包含标准载体如药物级的甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉、硬脂酸镁、糖精钠、纤维素、碳酸镁等。合适的药物载体的例子参见E.W.Martin的“Remington’s PharmaceuticalSciences”(雷明顿药物科学)。这种组合物含有治疗有效量的蛋白质(一般是纯化形式)和合适量的载体,以便提供适于给予患者的形式。该制剂对应于给药方式。
在典型的实施方式中,按照常规方法将药物组合物配制成适合静脉内给予人的药物组合物。一般地,静脉内给药的组合物是用无菌等渗水性缓冲液配制的溶液。需要时,该药物也可包含增溶剂和局部麻醉剂如利多卡因,以减轻注射部位的疼痛。通常,这些成分分别提供或者混合在单位剂型中,例如,以冻干粉末或无水浓缩物的形式在标明活性物质的量的密封容器如安瓿或药囊(sachette)中提供。准备通过输注给药时,可用含有无菌药物级水或盐水的输注瓶配制药物。准备注射给药时,可提供含有无菌注射用水或盐水的安瓿,以便在注射前混合成分。
另外,可以药盒的形式提供药物组合物,所述药盒包含(a)含有冻干形式的CD70结合物(如抗-CD70抗体或衍生物)的容器和(b)含有药学上可接受的注射用稀释剂(如无菌水)的第二容器。药学上可接受的稀释剂可用于重建或稀释冻干的抗-CD70抗体或衍生物。所述容器可任选地与一告知单结合,该告知单的形式由管理药品和生物制品的生产、使用和销售的政府部门指定,该告知单应反映出制造、使用或销售管理部门批准该药品用于给予人类的信息。
可利用标准临床技术确定能有效治疗或预防免疫病或表达CD70的癌症的CD70结合物(如抗-CD70抗体或衍生物)的用量。此外,可任选地利用体外试验帮助确定最优剂量范围。用于制剂的准确剂量也取决于给药途径和免疫病或表达CD70的癌症的状况,应按照医师的判断和各患者的情况来确定。可由获自体外或动物模型测试系统的剂量反应曲线外推得到有效剂量。
例如,可用测定LD50(使50%群体死亡的剂量)和ED50(在50%群体中有效治疗的剂量)的标准药学方法测定抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物在细胞培养物或实验动物中的毒性和疗效。毒性和疗效的剂量比为治疗指数,可表示为LD50/ED50。优选治疗指数大的CD70结合物(如抗-CD70抗体或衍生物)。CD70结合物具有毒性副作用时,可采用使CD70结合物靶向患病组织位点的递送系统,以最大程度降低对不表达CD70的细胞的潜在损伤,从而减小副作用。
可将获自细胞培养试验和动物研究的数据用于形成人用剂量范围。CD70结合物的剂量一般在包括ED50但毒性很小或无毒性的循环浓度范围内。在此范围内,剂量可取决于所用剂型和所用的给药途径。就用于此方法的CD70结合物而言,最初可通过细胞培养试验估计治疗有效剂量。可在动物模型中确定一个剂量,以使循环血浆浓度范围包含细胞培养中测定的IC50(即对症状实现半数最大抑制的测试化合物浓度)。可用此信息更准确地确定人用剂量。可采用(例如)高效液相色谱测定血浆中的浓度。
通常,给予患有免疫病或表达CD70的癌症的患者的抗-CD70抗体或衍生物的剂量约为0.1mg/kg体重-100mg/kg体重。更一般地,给予对象的剂量为0.1mg/kg体重-50mg/kg体重,更一般为1mg/kg-30mg/kg、1mg/kg-20mg/kg、1mg/kg-15mg/kg、1mg/kg-12mg/kg、1mg/kg-10mg/kg、or1mg/kg-7.5mg/kg体重。通常,由于对外来蛋白的免疫应答,人抗体在人体内的半衰期长于其它物种来源的抗体。因此,常常可能采用较低剂量的含有人源化或嵌合抗体的抗-CD70抗体或衍生物和较低的给药频率。
抗-CD70结合物的剂量可以(例如)每天、每周一次(每周)、每周两次、每周三次、每周四次、每周五次、每两周、每月或其它需要的频率给药。
在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物的剂量对应于次优剂量(即低于抗-CD70结合物(如抗体药物偶联物)的EC50)。例如,抗-CD70结合物的剂量可包括选自治疗窗口的最低25%、最低15%、最低10%或最低5%的剂量。本文所用术语“治疗窗口”指提供安全有效治疗的药物剂量范围或其在身体系统中的浓度范围。
在一些实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物(如抗体药物偶联物)的剂量为约0.05mg/kg-1mg/kg,或约0.1mg/kg-0.9mg/kg,或约0.15-0.75mg/kg体重。此剂量可每周给药1-约15次。各剂量可以相同或不同。例如,约0.15mg/kg抗-CD70结合物的剂量可每四天、每五天、每六天或每七天给予1-10次。
在一些实施方式中,含有CD70结合物的药物组合物还可包含治疗剂(如非偶联的细胞毒剂或免疫调节剂,例如,本文所述的那些)。抗-CD70结合物也可与一种或多种治疗剂联合给药,以治疗或预防免疫病或表达CD70的癌症。例如,联合治疗可包括治疗剂(如细胞抑制剂、细胞毒剂或免疫调节剂,如未偶联的细胞抑制剂、细胞毒剂或免疫调节剂,如通常用于治疗癌症或免疫病的药物)。联合治疗也可包括例如,给予靶向活化淋巴细胞、树突细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞的表面上除CD70以外的受体或受体复合物的药物。这种药物的例子包括结合于活化淋巴细胞、树突细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞的表面分子的第二种非-CD70抗体。另一个例子包括靶向此种受体或受体复合物的配体。一般地,这种抗体或配体结合于活化淋巴细胞、树突细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞上的细胞表面受体,并通过将细胞抑制或细胞毒性信号递送给活化的淋巴细胞、树突细胞或表达CD70的癌细胞而提高抗-CD70抗体的细胞毒或细胞抑制作用。这种联合给药可以对疾病参数(如症状严重程度、症状数量或复发频率)产生加成或协同作用。
提到联合给药的治疗方案,在一个具体实施方式中,抗-CD70结合物与治疗剂同时给药。在另一具体实施方式中,在给予抗-CD70抗体或衍生物之前或之后至少1小时、至多数月,例如在给予抗-CD70抗体或衍生物之前或之后至少1小时、5小时、12小时、1天、1周、1个月或3个月给予该治疗剂。在一些实施方式中,在给予抗-CD70结合物、任选给予该治疗剂后监测对象。
该治疗剂可以是(例如)对癌细胞或活化免疫细胞产生疗效的任何物质。一般地,该治疗剂是细胞毒剂或免疫调节剂。这种联合给药可对疾病参数(如症状严重程度、症状数量或复发频率)产生加成或协同作用。
细胞毒或免疫调节剂的有用种类包括,例如:抗微管剂、耳他汀、DNA小沟结合剂、DNA复制抑制剂,烷化剂(如,铂复合物如顺铂、单(铂)、双(铂)和三环铂复合物以及卡铂)、蒽环类抗生素、抗生素、抗叶酸、抗代谢剂、化疗增敏剂、多卡霉素(duocarmycin)、依托泊甙、氟嘧啶、离子载体、lexitropsins、亚硝基脲、顺铂顺氯氨铂、预成化合物(pre-forming compound)、嘌呤抗代谢剂、嘌呤霉素、放疗增敏剂、类固醇、紫杉烷,拓扑异构酶抑制剂,长春花属生物碱等。
单独的细胞毒或免疫调节剂包括,例如:雄激素、氨茴霉素(AMC)、天冬酰胺酶、5-氮杂胞苷、硫唑嘌呤、博来霉素、白消安、丁硫氨酸硫酸亚胺、喜树碱、卡铂、卡莫司汀(BSNU)、CC-1065、苯丁酸氮芥、顺铂、秋水仙素、环磷酰胺、阿糖胞苷、胞苷阿糖胞苷、松胞菌素B、达卡巴嗪、放线菌素d(放线菌素)、道诺霉素、德卡巴嗪(decarbazine)、多西他赛、多柔比星、雌激素、5-氟脱氧尿苷、5-氟尿嘧啶、短杆菌肽D、羟基脲、黄胆素、异环磷酰胺、伊立替康、洛莫司汀(CCNU)、双氯乙基甲胺、美法仑、6-巯基嘌呤、甲氨蝶呤、光神霉素、丝裂霉素C、米托蒽醌、硝基咪唑、紫杉醇、普卡霉素、丙卡巴肼、雷帕霉素(西罗莫司)、链脲霉素、替诺泊甙(tenoposide)、6-硫鸟嘌呤、硫替派、拓扑替康、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨、VP-16和VM-26。
在典型的实施例中,治疗剂为细胞毒剂。合适的细胞毒剂包括,例如:多拉司他汀(如耳他汀E、AFP、MMAF、MMAE)、DNA小沟粘合剂(如烯二炔和lexitropsin)、多卡霉素、紫杉烷(如紫杉醇和多西他赛)、嘌呤霉素、长春花属生物碱、CC-1065、SN-38、拓扑替康、吗啉代-多柔比星、根霉素、氰基吗啉代-多柔比星、棘霉素、考布他汀、纺锤菌素、大环内酯A和B、雌莫司汀、隐花素(cryptophysin)、西马多丁、类美坦西醇、discodermolide、五加素(eleutherobin)和米托蒽醌。
在一些实施方式中,细胞毒剂为常规化疗药,如:多柔比星、紫杉醇、美法仑、长春花属生物碱、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素C或依托泊甙。在一些实施方式中,治疗剂可为组合疗法,如:CHOP(环磷酰胺、多柔比星、泼尼松龙和长春新碱)、CHOP-R(环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱、泼尼松龙和利妥昔单抗)或ABVD(多柔比星、博来霉素、长春碱和达卡巴嗪)。试剂如CC-1065同系物、卡奇霉素、美登素、多拉司他汀10的同系物、根霉素和水螅毒素可与抗-CD70抗体或其衍生物连接。
在特定实施方式中,细胞毒或细胞抑制剂为耳他汀E(本领域也称为多拉司他汀-10)或其衍生物。一般地,耳他汀E衍生物为,如耳他汀E与酮酸形成的酯。例如,耳他汀E可与对乙酰苯甲酸或苯甲酰戊酸反应分别产生AEB和AEVB。其它典型耳他汀衍生物包括AFP、MMAF和MMAE。耳他汀E及其衍生物的合成和结构参见美国专利申请公开号20030083263和20050009751),国际专利申请号PCT/US03/24209,国际专利申请号PCT/US02/13435和美国专利号6,323,315;6,239,104;6,034,065;5,780,588;5,665,860;5,663,149;5,635,483;5,599,902;5,554,725;5,530,097;5,521,284;5,504,191;5,410,024;5,138,036;5,076,973;4,986,988;4,978,744;4,879,278;4,816,444;和4,486,414中。
在特定实施方式中,细胞毒剂为DNA小沟结合物(参见例如,美国专利号6,130,237)。例如,在一些实施方式中,小沟结合物为CBI化合物。在其它实施方式中,小沟结合物为烯二炔(如卡奇霉素)。
抗微管剂包括但不限于:紫杉烷(如泰素(紫杉醇)、泰索帝(多西他赛))、T67(Tularik)、长春碱(如长春新碱、长春碱、长春地辛和长春瑞滨)和多拉司他汀(如耳他汀E、AFP、MMAF、MMAE、AEB、AEVB)。其它抗微管剂包括,例如:浆果赤霉素衍生物、紫杉烷类似物(如大环内酯A和B)、诺考达唑、秋水仙素和秋水仙胺、雌莫司汀、隐花素、西马多丁、类美坦西醇、考布他汀、discodermolide和五加素。
在一些实施方式中,细胞毒剂为类美坦西醇,它是另一类抗微管剂。例如,在特定实施方式中,类美坦西醇为美登素或DM-1(ImmunoGen,Inc.;参见Chari等,1992,CancerRes.52:127-131)。
在一些实施方式中,治疗剂不是放射性同位素。在一些实施方式中,治疗剂不是蓖麻毒蛋白或皂草毒蛋白。
在某些实施方式中,治疗剂为抗VEGF试剂,如阿瓦斯汀(贝伐单抗)或多吉美(索拉非尼);PDGF阻断剂,如SUTENT(苹果酸舒尼替尼);或激酶抑制剂,如多吉美(甲苯磺酸索拉非尼)。
在一些实施方式中,细胞毒或免疫调节剂为抗代谢剂。抗代谢剂可以是(例如)嘌呤拮抗剂(如氮杂硫代嘌呤(azothioprine)或麦考酚酸吗乙酯)、二氢叶酸还原酶抑制剂(如,甲氨蝶呤)、阿昔洛韦、更昔洛韦、齐多夫定、阿糖腺苷、利巴韦林、叠氮胸苷、胞苷阿糖胞苷、金刚烷胺、脱氧尿苷、二氯脱氧尿苷、poscarnet或三氟尿苷。
在其它实施方式中,细胞毒或免疫调节剂为他克莫司、环孢霉素或雷帕霉素。在另一实施方式中,细胞毒剂为阿地白介素、阿来组单抗、阿利维A酸、别嘌醇、六甲蜜胺、氨磷汀、阿那曲唑、三氧化二砷、蓓萨罗丁、蓓萨罗丁、卡普睾酮、卡培他滨、塞来考昔、克拉屈滨、Darbepoetin alfa、地尼白介素-毒素连接物、右雷佐生、丙酸屈他雄酮、表柔比星、阿法依伯汀、雌莫司汀、依西美坦、非格司亭、氟尿苷、氟达拉滨、氟维司群、吉西他滨、吉妥单抗、戈舍瑞林、黄胆素、异环磷酰胺、甲磺酰伊马替尼、干扰素α-2a、伊立替康、来曲唑、甲酰四氢叶酸、左咪唑、meclorethamine或氮芥、甲地孕酮、巯乙磺酸钠、甲氨蝶呤、甲氧沙林、丝裂霉素C、米托坦、苯丙酸诺龙、奥普瑞白介素、奥沙利铂、帕米膦酸二钠、培加酶、培门冬酶、pegfilgrastim、喷司他丁、哌泊溴烷、普卡霉素、卟芬姆钠、丙卡巴肼、奎吖因、拉布立酶、沙莫司亭、链佐星、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、睾内酪、硫鸟嘌呤、托瑞米芬、托西莫单抗、曲妥珠单抗、维A酸、乌拉莫司汀、戊柔比星、长春碱、长春新碱、长春瑞滨或唑来膦酸盐。
在其它实施方式中,治疗剂为抗体,如人源化抗HER2单克隆抗体,美罗华(利妥昔单抗;基因泰克公司(Genentech);嵌合抗CD20单克隆抗体);OVAREX(阿尔他雷克斯公司(AltaRex Corporation),MA);PANOREX(葛兰素卫康公司(GlaxoWellcome),NC;鼠IgG2a抗体);西妥昔单抗爱必妥(依克隆系统公司(ImcloneSystems Inc.),NY;抗EGFR IgG嵌合抗体);Vitaxin(药物免疫公司(MedImmune,Inc.),MD;Campath I/H(瘤克斯公司(Leukosite),MA;人源化IgG1抗体);SmartMI95(蛋白设计实验室公司(Protein Design Labs,Inc.),CA;人源化抗CD33IgG抗体);LymphoCide(免疫医学公司(Immunomedics,Inc.),NJ;人源化抗CD22IgG抗体);Smart ID10(蛋白设计实验室公司(Protein Design Labs,Inc.),CA;人源化抗HLA-DR抗体);Oncolym(替尼克隆公司(Techniclone,Inc.),CA;放射性标记的鼠抗HLA-Dr10抗体);Allomune(生物移植物公司(BioTransplant),CA;人源化抗CD2mAb);阿瓦斯汀(基因泰克公司(Genentech,Inc.),CA;抗VEGF人源化抗体);依帕珠单抗(免疫医学公司(Immunomedics,Inc.),NJ和Amgen,CA;抗CD22抗体);CEAcide(免疫医学公司(Immunomedics),NJ;人源化抗CEA抗体);或抗CD40抗体(如美国专利号6,838,261所公开)。
其它合适的抗体包括但不限于:抗下列抗原的抗体:CA125、CA15-3、CA19-9、L6、Lewis Y、Lewis X、甲胎蛋白、CA 242、胎盘碱性磷酸酶、前列腺特异性膜抗原、前列腺酸性磷酸酶、表皮生长因子、MAGE-1、MAGE-2、MAGE-3、MAGE-4、抗转铁蛋白受体、p97、MUC1-KLH、CEA、gp100、MART1、前列腺特异性抗原、IL-2受体、CD20、CD52、CD30、CD33、CD22、人绒毛膜促性腺素、CD38、CD40、粘液素、P21、MPG和Neu癌基因产物。
在一些实施方式中,治疗剂为免疫调节剂。免疫调节剂可为(例如)更昔洛韦、依那西普、他克莫司、环孢霉素、雷帕霉素、REVLIMID(来那度胺)、环磷酰胺、硫唑嘌呤、麦考酚酸吗乙酯或甲氨蝶呤。或者,免疫调节剂可为(例如)糖皮质激素(如氢化可的松或醛固酮)或糖皮质激素同系物(如氯泼尼松或地塞米松)。
在通常的实施方式中,免疫抑制剂为消炎剂,如芳基羧基衍生物、含吡唑的衍生物、奥昔康衍生物和烟碱酸衍生物。消炎剂类包括例如,环加氧酶抑制剂、5-脂肪氧合酶抑制剂和白三烯受体拮抗剂。在一些实施方式中,免疫调节剂为细胞因子,如G-CSF、GM-CSF或IL-2。
合适的环加氧酶抑制剂包括甲氯芬那酸、甲芬那酸、卡洛芬、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、芬布芬、非诺洛芬、布洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、萘丁美酮、萘普生、舒林酸、替诺昔康、托美丁和乙酰基水杨酸。
合适的脂肪氧合酶抑制剂包括氧化还原抑制剂(如邻苯二酚丁烷衍生物、去甲二氢愈创木酸(NDGA)、马索罗酚、菲尼酮、Ianopalen、吲唑啉酮、那法扎琼、呋喃酚、烷基羟胺)和非氧化还原抑制剂(如羟基噻唑、甲氧基烷基噻唑、苯并吡喃及其衍生物、甲氧基四氢吡喃、乳香酸和乳香酸乙酰基化衍生物和环烷基取代的喹啉甲氧基苯基乙酸)和氧化还原抑制剂前体。
其它合适的脂肪氧合酶抑制剂包括抗氧化剂(如苯酚、没食子酸丙酯、类黄酮和/或天然产生的含类黄酮底物、黄酮羟基化衍生物、黄酮醇、二氢五羟黄酮、毛地黄黄酮、毛地黄黄酮、二羟四氢黄酮、查耳酮衍生物、4,2’,4’-三羟基查耳酮、邻氨基苯酚、N-羟基脲、呋喃酚、依布硒以及提高还原含硒酶活性的物质)、离子螯合剂(如氧肟酸及其衍生物、N-羟基脲、2-苄基-1-萘酚、邻苯二酚、羟胺、camosol trolox C、邻苯二酚、萘酚、柳氮磺吡啶、zyleuton、5-羟基邻氨基苯甲酸和4-(ω-芳基烷基)苯基链烷酸)、含咪唑化合物(如酮康唑和伊曲康唑)、吩噻嗪和苯并吡喃衍生物。
其它合适的脂肪氧合酶抑制剂还可包括二十酸抑制剂(如十八碳四烯酸、二十碳四烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸、二十碳六烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸及其酯、PGE1(前列腺素E1)、PGA2(前列腺素A2)、维前列醇、15-单羟基二十碳四烯酸、15-单羟基-二十碳三烯酸和15-单羟基二十碳五烯酸和白三烯B5、C5和D5)、干扰钙流的化合物、吩噻嗪、二苯基丁基胺、维拉帕米、fuscoside、姜黄素、氯原酸、咖啡酸、5,8,11,14-二十碳四烯酸(ETYA)、羟基苯基维胺脂、Ionapalen、七叶苷、二乙基乙胺嗪、菲咯啉(phenantroline)、黄芩素、普昔罗米、硫醚、二烯丙基一硫醚和二-(1-丙烯基)硫。
白三烯受体拮抗剂包括骨化三醇、昂唑司特、Bayer Bay-x-1005、Ciba-GeigyCGS-25019C、依布硒、Leo Denmark ETH-615、Lilly LY-293111、Ono ONO-4057、Terumo TMK-688、Boehringer Ingleheim BI-RM-270、Lilly LY 213024、Lilly LY264086、Lilly LY 292728、Ono ONO LB457、Pfizer 105696、Perdue Frederick PF10042、Rhone-Poulenc Rorer RP 66153、SmithKline Beecham SB-201146、SmithKline Beecham SB-201993、SmithKline Beecham SB-209247、SearleSC-53228、Sumitamo SM 15178、American Home Products Way 121006、BayerBay-o-8276、Warner-Lambert CI-987、Warner-Lambert CI-987BPC-15LY 223982、Lilly LY 233569、Lilly LY-255283、MacroNex MNX-160、Merck and Co.MK-591、Merck and Co.MK-886、Ono ONO-LB-448、Purdue Frederick PF-5901、Rhone-Poulenc Rorer RG 14893、Rhone-Poulenc Rorer RP 66364、Rhone-PoulencRorer RP 69698、Shionoogi S-2474、Searle SC-41930、Searle SC-50505、SearleSC-51146、Searle SC-52798、SmithKline Beecham SKandF-104493、Leo DenmarkSR-2566、Tanabe T-757和Teijin TEI-1338。
通过下述实施例进一步描述本发明,它们不应限制本发明的范围。下述实施例中所述细胞系培养于美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC)或德国不伦瑞克的德国生物材料资源中心有限公司(Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH,Braunschweig,Germany)(DMSZ)所限定的条件或其它已知培养条件下。细胞培养试剂获自加利福尼亚州卡尔斯巴德的英杰公司(Invitrogen Corp.)。
实施例1:人源化抗-CD70抗体变体的生产
SEQ ID NO:1、2、21和22分别列举了抗CD70鼠单克隆抗体1F6及其嵌合变体c1F6的核苷酸和氨基酸序列。(另参见2005年1月19日提交的美国专利申请号60/645,355)。人源化c1F6的人接受体序列选自人种系外显子VH、JH、Vκ和Jκ序列。c1F6 VH结构域人源化的接受体序列选自种系VH外显子VH1-18(Matsuda等,1993,Nature Genetics 3:88-94)或VH1-2(Shin等,1991,EMBO J.10:3641-3645)和JH外显子JH-6(Mattila等,1995,Eur.J.Immunol.25:2578-2582)。种系Vκ外显子B3(Cox等,1994,Eur.J.Immunol.24:827-836)和Jκ外显子Jκ-1(Hieter等,1982,J.Biol.Chem.257:1516-1522)选作c1F6 VL结构域人源化的接受体序列。将根据Kabat定义确定的1F6鼠CDR移植到所选人种系模板中。简要说,产生跨越人源化VH或VL结构域的合成重叠寡核苷酸并利用PCR重叠延伸来组装各结构域。利用掺入PCR产物的限制性位点将VH和VL结构域定向克隆到pCMV表达载体中,分别与人IgG1恒定区或κ恒定区处于同一阅读框中。
选择数个框架位置以重新引入小鼠供体残基。根据Kabat编号规则,它们是VH结构域中的H46、H67、H68、H69、H70、H71、H80、H81、H82、H82A和H91位置。尽管选择小鼠L25和L33位置上CDR1残基用来引入该位置的人接受体残基,但没有改变VL结构域中的框架位置。
可通过在VH结构域中掺入小鼠框架供体残基或在VL结构域中掺入人CDR残基的不同组合产生数种人源化1F6变体。下表2和表3中小结了这些变体。
表2
VH变体 | VH外显子接受体序列 | 供体构架残基 |
hVH A | VH1-18 | H71、H91 |
hVH B | VH1-18 | H71 |
hVH C | VH1-18 | H91 |
hVH D | VH1-18 | 无 |
hVH E | VH1-2 | 无 |
hVH F | VH1-18 | H67、H68、H69、H70、H71 |
hVH G | VH1-18 | H80、H81、H82、H82A |
hVH H | VH1-18 | H67、H68、H69、H70、H71、H80、H81、H82、H82A |
hVH I | VH1-18 | H46、H71、H91 |
hVH J | VH1-2 | H46 |
hVH K | VH1-2 | H71 |
hVH L | VH1-2 | H46、H71 |
hVH M | VH1-18 | H46、H67、H68、H69、H70、H71 |
hVH N | VH1-18 | H69、H70、H71、H80 |
表3
VL变体 | 接受体CDR残基 |
hVL A | 无 |
hVL B | L25 |
hVL C | L33 |
hVL D | L25,L33 |
图1和图2显示具有鼠和人VH序列的一些人源化变体间的差别。图1显示人源化1F6 VH变体hVHE和hVHJ与1F6mVH和人种系VH外显子VH1-2和JH外显子JH6间的比对。图2显示人源化1F6VH变体hVHH和hVHM与1F6mVH和人种系VH外显子VH1-18和JH外显子JH6间的比对。图3显示人源化1F6VL变体hVLA与1F6mVL和人种系Vκ外显子B3和Jκ外显子Jκ-1间的比对。
实施例2:人源化1F6变体的结合亲和力
选择人源化1F6变体HDLA(hVHD和hVLA)、HHLA(hVHH和hVLA)和HJLA(hVHJ和hVLA)进行结合亲和力分析。在293细胞中瞬时表达人源化抗体和c1F6各1mg,采用Eu-N1碘代乙酰胺基螯合物(Perkin Elmer)以铕标记。评估各标记抗体与一系列CD70阳性细胞系的饱和结合。选择的细胞系是ACHN、Caki-2、Caki-1和786-O,经定量流式细胞术(或荧光活化的细胞分选即FACS)测定,抗原拷贝数/细胞分别为30,000、99,000、235,000和252,000。
在96孔板中将不同浓度的铕-标记抗体与细胞一起4℃培育1小时。培育后,通过将细胞重悬于增强缓冲液(Perkin Elmer)释放铕。用Fusion HT平板阅读器以顶部检测器形式以及335nm的激发光和620nm的发射光读出荧光。用GraphPad Prism 4将数据拟合至单结合位点双曲线。结果见下表4。
表4
表观结合亲和力KD(nM) | |||||
细胞系 | 抗原/细胞 | c1F6 | h1F6 HDLA | h1F6 HHLA | h1F6 HJLA |
ACHN | 30,000 | 0.30 | 1.44 | 0.29 | 0.68 |
Caki-1 | 235,000 | 1.28 | 1.29 | 1.22 | 1.36 |
Caki-2 | 99,000 | 0.26 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 0.37 |
786-O | 252,000 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.28 | 0.46 |
人源化变体的KD值与c1F6对所有测试细胞系的KD值非常类似,这验证了该人源化方法不显著降低抗原结合活性。
实施例3:人源化1F6的ADCC活性
采用标准51Cr释放试验测定人源化1F6抗体变体介导对抗CD70+细胞系WIL2-S、786-O和769-P的ADCC的能力。人源化1F6的HHLA、HJLA和HELA变体以剂量依赖性方式等同地裂解了WIL-2S靶细胞。相反,用CD70结合性鼠1F6(m1F6)或非结合性对照人Ig(hIg)处理的肿瘤细胞未被杀死(图4A)。相似地,人源化1F6以与嵌合1F6相当的方式介导两种肾细胞癌靶点的裂解(图4B)。
实施例4:人源化1F6的CDC活性
用多发性骨髓瘤细胞系(LP-1)和两种淋巴瘤细胞系(MHH PreB-1和WIL2-S)检测人源化1F6介导CDC的能力。在正常人血清存在下用梯度剂量的嵌合1F6、人源化1F6HJLA或非结合性人Ig对照处理靶细胞。37℃培育2小时后,加入碘化丙锭(5μg/mL)后用流式细胞术鉴定裂解的细胞。认为被碘化丙锭染色的细胞由于抗体介导的补体活化和膜攻击复合物的形成,已失去膜完整性。用此试验,嵌合1F6和人源化1F6以等同方式介导各靶点的剂量依赖性裂解(图5)。
实施例5:人源化1F6的ADCP活性
用红色荧光膜染料预标记的CD70+肾细胞癌细胞系786-O检测人源化1F6介导细胞吞噬的能力。用梯度剂量的嵌合1F6、人源化1F6HJLA或非结合性人Ig对照处理靶细胞,然后将靶细胞与获自GM-CSF中培养的贴壁外周血单核细胞的巨噬细胞混合。37℃培育1小时后,用巨噬细胞细胞表面标记物CD11b的绿色荧光抗体检测巨噬细胞。经流式细胞术检测,通过红色和绿色荧光双染来鉴定吞噬了肿瘤细胞的巨噬细胞。用荧光显微镜术验证了双阳性群体中巨噬细胞内存在肿瘤细胞的情况。如图6所示,嵌合和人源化1F6有助于以抗体-剂量依赖性方式吞噬靶细胞,并达到相同程度。相反,用非结合性对照抗体培育的靶细胞很少被巨噬细胞吞噬。
实施例6:人源化1F6变体药物偶联物的体外细胞毒活性
人源化1F6变体HELA(hVHE和hVLA)、HHLA、HJLA和HMLA(hVHM和hVLA)和c1F6在293细胞中瞬时表达,将它们偶联于vcMMAF(参见美国序列号10/983,340;作为美国专利公开号2005-0238649于2005年10月27日公开),加样水平为每个抗体平均对应8个药物单位。检测得到的偶联物h1F6HELA-F8、h1F6HHLA-F8、h1F6HJLA-F8、h1F6HMLA-F8和c1F6-F8对两种表达CD70的细胞系786-O和Caki-1的细胞毒作用。将该偶联物与细胞一起培育92小时,然后加入50μM刃天青。培育4小时后,用Fusion HT荧光平板阅读器(Packard Instruments,康涅狄格州梅里登)检测染料还原。三复孔的结果见下表5。在两种测试细胞系上,所有四种人源化变体的IC50值在c1F6的IC50值的两倍以内,强度排序为c1F6-F8>h1F6HHLA-F8>h1F6HMLA-F8>h1F6HJLA-F8>h1F6HELA-F8。
表5
h1F6-vcMMAF | 小鼠FR残基数目 | Caki-1IC50[ng/ml] | 786-OIC50[ng/ml] |
h1F6HELA-F8 | 0 | 3.4(平均值=2.87,n=3) | 5.2(平均值=3.9,n=3) |
h1F6HHLA-F8 | 9 | 1.4(平均值=1.87,n=3) | 2.3(平均值=1.93,n=3) |
h1F6HJLA-F8 | 1 | 2.2(平均值=2.3,n=3) | 3.4(平均值=3.03,n=3) |
h1F6HMLA-F8 | 6 | 1.8(平均值=2.07,n=3) | 2.8(平均值=2.03,n=3) |
c1F6(293)-F8 | 0 | 1.8(平均值=2.17,n=3) | 2.4(平均值=1.45,n=3) |
实施例7:人源化1F6药物偶联物的体内筛选
人源化1F6变体HDLA、HHLA、HJLA和HELA在293细胞中瞬时表达,将它们偶联于mcMMAF(参见美国序列号10/983,340;作为美国专利公开号2005-0238649于2005年10月27日公开),加样水平为每个抗体对应8个药物单位。在裸小鼠的786-O肾细胞癌实体瘤模型中进行了单一剂量3mg/kg或10mg/kg的效能研究。在肿瘤植入后80天中定期测定肿瘤体积。结果表明,与未治疗小鼠相比,所有治疗小鼠的肿瘤体积显著减小,偶联于mcMMAF的所有人源化1F6变体与c1F6mcMMAF的效能相当。
实施例8:在弥散性淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤的SCID小鼠异种移植瘤模型中人源化1F6的体内活性
在弥散性淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤异种移植瘤小鼠模型中检测了人源化1F6(HJLA)的体内抗肿瘤活性。为了建立弥散性疾病,将1×106Raji或1×107MM1.S或L363细胞注射到C.B.-17SCID小鼠的尾静脉中。将人源化1F6(HJLA)或对照非结合性抗体通过腹膜内(i.p.)注射给予小鼠(Raji),每四天给药一次,共给药6次,或者通过静脉内注射到侧尾静脉中给予小鼠(MM.1S和L363),从植入细胞1天后开始每周给药一次,共给药4周。需要处死的疾病表现为弓状体态以及缺少理毛行为、体重下降、颅肿胀和后肢瘫痪,或者在L363荷瘤小鼠中发生可触知的淋巴组织相关肿瘤。
结果显示,各肿瘤模型中(图7A、7B和7C),与未治疗的小鼠或接受非结合性对照抗体的小鼠相比,用人源化1F6治疗的小鼠的存活期显著延长。通过测定单个小鼠血清中肿瘤衍生的单克隆蛋白(λ轻链)的水平在多发性骨髓瘤异种移植瘤(L363和MM.1S细胞)中进一步评估了人源化1F6治疗的作用。如图7B和7C(右侧)所示,与未治疗的小鼠相比,用人源化1F6治疗的小鼠的循环λ轻链浓度显著较低。用人源化1F6治疗的L363荷瘤小鼠的λ轻链的平均血清浓度为0.006μg/mL,而未治疗小鼠的血清浓度为0.10μg/mL。相似地,人源化1F6治疗的MM.1S荷瘤小鼠的λ轻链浓度为0.03μg/mL,而未治疗小鼠为1.25μg/mL。这些结果与小鼠存活率提高相符(图7B和7C,右侧)。
实施例9:人源化1F6抗体体外消耗CD70+抗原-特异性T细胞
为了检验人源化1F6抗体消耗抗原特异性活化T细胞的能力,在存在或不存在不同浓度的人源化抗-CD70抗体的情况下,用M1肽刺激表达HLA-A0201的正常供体的PBMC。如上所述制备人源化1F6抗体(HJLA)。以0.5×106个细胞/ml的浓度将PBMC接种于24孔板,所用培养基为含有5μg/ml M1肽的补充有IL-2和IL-15的2ml培养基。第5天,用含细胞因子的新鲜培养基替代一半培养物上清液。第9天,用流式细胞术分析用FITC-偶联的抗Vβ17-和PE-Cy5-偶联的抗-CD8抗体染色的细胞,从而确定抗原反应性细胞(CD8+/Vβ17+群体)的百分数。
图8A显示,在没有抗体的情况下,抗原特异性CD8+/Vβ17+细胞扩增至占培养的所有活细胞的33%。相反,在第0天向培养物中加入人源化1F6能以抗体-剂量依赖性方式显著限制抗原反应性群体的扩增。这些结果显示,人源化1F6能选择性靶向抗原活化的T细胞并防止其扩增。
在第二项研究中(图8B),在不存在或存在特异性阻断FcγRIII(CD16)的抗体的情况下,不用或用人源化1F6处理M1-肽刺激的培养物。在未处理的培养物中,抗原特异性CD8+Vβ17+群体扩增至占培养物中所有活细胞的39%。加入人源化1F6能显著降低反应性群体的扩增。用抗CD16特异性抗体阻断FcγRIII受体时,很大程度上逆转了这种活性,这表明肽-反应性细胞的缺失是通过人源化1F6与携带FcgRIII的效应物细胞的相互作用介导的。
实施例10:抗-CD70抗体不影响抗原-阴性旁观细胞
为了确定1F6-介导的消耗对抗原阴性旁观T细胞的影响,在用或不用1F6嵌合变体(c1F6)(人IgG1同种型)处理的M1活化培养物上检测CD4和CD8淋巴细胞的TCRVβ家族代表(representation),并与静息的非抗原刺激的PBMC作比较。嵌合和人源化1F6变体的结合亲和力、介导效应物功能的能力和消耗活化CD8+T细胞亚组的能力相当。
如图9所示,用M1肽刺激HLA-A0201+PBMC会引起携带Vβ17TCR的CD8+细胞扩增约30倍,而CD8+细胞中检测的所有其它VβTCR家族和CD4细胞群体中检测的所有家族的改变很小。在对照群体中,细胞扩增仅限于Vβ17+CD8+T细胞亚组,它从<1%CD8+细胞增加至27%;此观察结果验证了M1-肽免疫应答的特异性。与在不存在CD 70-特异性抗体的情况下刺激的T细胞不同,将c1F6抗体加入培养物能防止M1-肽特异性CD8+细胞扩增。在c1F6抗体的存在下,Vβ17+CD8+细胞的百分数与静息的未经肽刺激的细胞相当。c1F6抗体处理不能显著破坏其它CD8+或CD4+VβTCR家族的相对值;没有观察到一组被清除。这些数据表明,接触c1F6抗体能选择性消耗CD70+活化的T细胞,而不对旁观T细胞群体产生可检测的并行损伤。
实施例11:肾细胞癌的小鼠异种移植瘤模型
用786-O皮下异种移植物模型评价以不同剂量和方案给药的抗-CD70ADC的抗肿瘤活性。通过植入约30mm3的肿瘤片段(N=5或6只/组)在裸小鼠中种入皮下786-O肿瘤。使肿瘤建立生长,当平均肿瘤体积约为100mm3时开始治疗。用游标卡尺测定肿瘤大小以监测其生长。用下式计算肿瘤大小:(长×宽2)/2。在不进行任何治疗的情况下,肿瘤植入后40-50天平均肿瘤体积增加到约600mm3(参见图10A)。在接受人源化1F6-mcMMAF4(HJLA,加载水平为每个抗体平均4个药物单元)或人源化1F6-vcMMAF4(HJLA,加载水平为每个抗体平均4个药物单元)的小鼠中观察到肿瘤生长抑制的剂量-依赖性作用。甚至在0.5和0.17mg/kg h1F6-mcMMAF4和h1F6-vcMMAF4中,都分别检测到肿瘤生长的延迟。
也通过肿瘤大小增大为4倍所需的时间来评估肿瘤生长(参见图10B)。用0.17mg/kg的h1F6-mcMMAF4或h1F6-vcMMAF4治疗显著延迟了肿瘤生长。以q4d×4或q4d×10方案给予ADC时观察到这种延迟。然而,与q4d×4方案相比,q4d×10方案所列的增加的给药似乎具有更强的生长抑制活性。
实施例12:CD70在多发性骨髓瘤细胞系上表达
在一系列多发性骨髓瘤细胞系上评估细胞表面的CD70表达(表6)。通过定量流式细胞术,采用QIFIKit(大科公司(Dako),Carpinteria,CA)确定各细胞系表达的CD70分子拷贝数。测定这些细胞对抗-CD70ADC-介导的细胞毒性的反应。在此模型中,嵌合抗-CD70 ADC的活性是人抗-CD70ADC的活性的替代者(proxy)。嵌合1F6(c1F6)-vcMMAF4和c1F6-mcMMAF4都对表达CD70的多发性骨髓瘤细胞有细胞毒作用。用c1F6-vcMMAF4获得的IC50值的范围是1.2-160ng/mL,而用c1F6-mcMMAF4获得的IC50值的范围是1.7-500ng/mL。
表6
嵌合性抗-CD70ADC对多发性骨髓瘤细胞系的细胞毒活性
IC50(ng/mL) | |||
CD70个拷贝/细胞 | c1F6-vcMMAF4 | c1F6-mcMMAF4 | |
MM.1S | 14,000 | 20 | 22 |
MM.1R | 25,000 | 13 | 20 |
AMO-1 | 92,000 | 16 | 38 |
JJN-3 | 19,000 | 46 | 61 |
L363 | 13,000 | 78 | 210 |
LB | 45,000 | 80 | 500 |
U266 | 155,000 | 1.2 | 1.7 |
LP-1 | 34,000 | 160 | 155 |
MOLP-8 | 9,000 | 73 | 33 |
实施例13:多发性骨髓瘤的小鼠异种移植瘤模型
还检测了抗-CD70ADC在多发性骨髓瘤异种移植瘤模型中的体内活性。将人多发性骨髓瘤细胞系MM-1S(图11A和11B)或L363(图12A和12B)重悬于RPMI-1640培养基中,浓度为10×106个细胞/300μL。为了建立肿瘤,通过SCID小鼠尾静脉静脉内注射300μL细胞悬液。在MM-1S模型中,未治疗的小鼠在肿瘤植入约40天后屈服于肿瘤细胞,并表现出症状,包括后肢瘫痪、弓状体态、颅肿胀和/或皮毛不整洁。当小鼠显示出一种或多种上述症状时处死小鼠。与对照未结合的IgG-vcMMAF4和IgG-mcMMAF4相比,h1F6(HJLA)-vcMMAF4和h1F6(HJLA)-mcMMAF4对荷瘤小鼠提供了显著的存活益处(参见图11A)。也通过对表达人CD138(MM-1S细胞表达的浆细胞标记物)的骨髓细胞计数评估MM-1S模型的肿瘤负担。回收由于出现症状或于第122天试验结束时处死的小鼠的骨髓细胞,用流式细胞术测定表达CD138的MM-1S细胞。与未治疗小鼠相比,对照IgG-vcMMAF4和IgG-mcMMAF4不能显著降低骨髓中表达CD138的MM-1S细胞的数量。另一方面,由于与对照ADC相比,骨髓中表达CD138的细胞数量少得多,说明h1F6-vcMMAF4和h1F6-mcMMAF4显著降低了肿瘤负担(参见图11B)。
在L363模型中,不接受治疗的小鼠中多个部位发生弥散性肿瘤,注射肿瘤约40天后,可以触摸到肿瘤,此时处死荷瘤小鼠。与MM-1S模型类似,对照IgG-vcMMAF4没有提供任何存活优势,而h1F6-vcMMAF4显著延长了存活期(参见图12A)。由于L363细胞分泌免疫球蛋白λ轻链(λLC),所以可通过监测荷瘤小鼠血浆中人λLC的浓度来确定肿瘤负担。用ELISA检测分泌的λLC。用100μL/孔以0.1M碳酸钠/碳酸氢钠配制的2μg/mL山羊抗人Ig(南方生物科技(SouthernBiotech)#2010-01,Birmingham,AL)包被96孔平底免疫板(Nunc Maxisorp,#442404,那格国际(Nalge Nunc International),Rochester,NY),4℃过夜。用1X PBST(PBS,0.05%吐温-20)将孔洗涤五次,用200μL/孔的1%BSA/PBST(0.05%吐温-20)室温封闭1小时。用1X PBST洗涤5次后,加入连续稀释的含有人λLC的小鼠血清样品。纯化的人λLC(贝西实验室(Bethyl labs)#P80-127,Montgomery,TX)用作标准品。室温培育1小时后,用1X PBST洗孔5次。加入用1%BSA/PBST 1∶4000稀释的HRP-山羊抗人λ链特异性F(ab′)2(南方生物科技(Southern Biotech)#2072-05)。再于室温下培育1小时后,用1X PBST洗孔5次。用TMB底物100μL/孔(西格马公司(Sigma)#T8665,St.Louis,MO)检测捕获的λLC。图12B显示了L363细胞植入血清后40天的结果。未治疗小鼠和IgG-vcMMAF4-治疗的小鼠的λLC水平相当。相反,h1F6-vcMMAF4治疗小鼠的血清λLC水平明显较低,这确证了抗-CD70 ADC能够降低荷有多发性骨髓瘤异种移植瘤的小鼠的肿瘤负担。
实施例14:霍奇金病细胞系和成胶质细胞瘤细胞系表达CD70
也在一系列霍奇金病(表7)和成胶质细胞瘤细胞系上评估了细胞表面的CD70表达(表8)。用QIFIKit(大科公司(Dako),Carpinteria,CA)以定量流式细胞术分析测定各细胞系表达的CD70分子拷贝数。测定了这些细胞对嵌合抗-CD70ADC-介导的细胞毒作用的应答。在此模型中,嵌合抗-CD70ADC的活性是人抗-CD70ADC的活性的替代者。嵌合1F6(c1F6)-vcMMAF4和c1F6-mcMMAF4都对这些表达CD70的细胞系有细胞毒性。在霍奇金病板块中,用c1F6-vcMMAF4获得的IC50值的范围是0.41-42ng/mL,而用c1F6-mcMMAF4获得的IC50值的范围是5.2-310ng/mL(表7)。在成胶质细胞瘤板块中,用h1F6-vcMMAF4获得的IC50值的范围是2.3-27ng/mL,而用h1F6-mcMMAF4获得的IC50值的范围是15-110ng/mL(表8)。
表7
抗-CD70ADC对霍奇金病细胞系的细胞毒活性
IC50(ng/mL) | |||
CD70拷贝/细胞 | c1F6-vcMMAF4 | c1F6-mcMMAF4 | |
RPMI-6666Hs445L428KMH2SUP-HD-1 | 21,00064,000105,000160,000221,000 | 427.31.40.416.3 | 230310355.253 |
表8
嵌合抗-CD70ADC对成胶质细胞瘤细胞系的细胞毒活性
IC50(ng/mL) | |||
CD70拷贝/细胞 | h1F6-vcMMAF4 | h1F6-mcMMAF4 | |
U251SNB-19U373MGGMS-10DBTRG-05MG | 117,00090,00070,00064,00059,000 | 5.31216272.3 | 15273511020 |
本发明的范围不受本文所述的具体实施方式的限制。实际上,除本文所述的修改以外,本领域技术人员通过理解上述说明书和附图可以对本发明进行各种修改。这类修改应落入所附权利要求的范围内。
本文引用了各种参考文献,包括专利申请、专利和科学文献,将其全部内容纳入本文作参考。
Claims (20)
1.一种特异性结合于人CD70的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含人源化重链可变区氨基酸序列和人源化轻链可变区氨基酸序列,所述人源化重链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18、或SEQID NO:4的氨基酸20-137所列的氨基酸序列构成,或由与SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ IDNO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18、或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137所列的氨基酸序列相同但在构架区有一个保守性氨基酸取代的序列构成;所述人源化轻链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列构成,或由与SEQ ID NO:24相同但在构架区有一个保守性氨基酸取代的序列构成。
2.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述人源化重链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:14的序列构成,所述人源化轻链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:24的序列构成。
3.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述人源化重链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ IDNO:18、或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列构成,所述人源化轻链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列构成。
4.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含人源化重链可变区和人源化轻链可变区,所述人源化重链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-467、SEQ ID NO:8的氨基酸20-467、SEQ ID NO:12的氨基酸20-467、SEQ IDNO:16的氨基酸20-467或SEQ ID NO:20的氨基酸20-467构成,所述人源化轻链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:26的氨基酸21-238构成。
5.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,它是抗原结合片段,其中所述人源化重链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:6、SEQ ID NO:10、SEQ ID NO:14、SEQ ID NO:18、或SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸20-137的氨基酸序列构成,所述人源化轻链可变区的氨基酸序列由SEQ ID NO:24的氨基酸序列构成。
6.如权利要求5所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,所述抗原结合片段是scFv、双抗体、Fab或scFv-Fc。
7.如权利要求1、4和5中任一项所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其包含抗体效应物结构域。
8.如权利要求7所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述抗体效应物结构域介导ADCC、ADCP或CDC。
9.如权利要求8所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述抗体效应物结构域介导ADCP。
10.如权利要求7所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述抗体效应物结构域是人抗体效应物结构域。
11.如权利要求1所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述抗体或其抗原结合片段偶联于治疗剂。
12.如权利要求11所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述治疗剂是化疗药或免疫调节剂。
13.如权利要求12所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述治疗剂是化疗药。
14.如权利要求11所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述治疗剂是MMAE或MMAF。
15.如权利要求12所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,其特征在于,所述治疗剂是免疫调节剂。
16.一种用于治疗表达CD70的癌症或免疫病的药物组合物,所述组合物含有权利要求1-15中任一项所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段和至少一种药学相容性成分,所述表达CD70的癌症或免疫病选自霍奇金病、成胶质细胞瘤、肾细胞癌、鼻咽癌、胶质瘤、骨髓瘤和淋巴瘤。
17.一种编码权利要求1-15中任一项所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段的分离多核苷酸。
18.一种试剂盒,其包含权利要求1-15中任一项所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段,以及使用所述抗体或其抗原结合片段检测生物样品中的CD70蛋白的说明书。
19.权利要求1-15中任一项所述的抗体或其抗原结合片段在制备用于治疗人对象的癌症的药物中的应用,所述癌症选自霍奇金病、成胶质细胞瘤、肾细胞癌、鼻咽癌、胶质瘤、骨髓瘤和淋巴瘤。
20.如权利要求19所述的应用,其特征在于,所述药物还包含治疗剂。
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CA2605507A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
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CA2605507C (en) | 2016-06-28 |
AU2006236225C1 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
CN101203241A (zh) | 2008-06-18 |
US20210002380A1 (en) | 2021-01-07 |
AU2006236225B2 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
US8562987B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 |
DK1871418T3 (da) | 2014-06-10 |
US20090148942A1 (en) | 2009-06-11 |
US20140178936A1 (en) | 2014-06-26 |
AU2006236225A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
JP2012205596A (ja) | 2012-10-25 |
JP2008538292A (ja) | 2008-10-23 |
US20170022282A1 (en) | 2017-01-26 |
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