CN109527171A - 一种无花果果脯的制作方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种无花果果脯的制作方法,涉及一种水果的深加工方法。具体技术方案为:选果、灭菌、微波、浸渍、发酵、烘干。经过发酵处理,无花果中的糖转化为酸,果胶转化为果胶酸,蛋白质分解成小分子肽或AA,更有利于人体吸收;本发明没有普通果脯制作过程中的糖渍过程,加之发酵过程,使得产品果脯糖含量大大降低,适宜需要控制血糖的人群服用;本发明方法制作的无花果果脯,无需加入保鲜剂也可实现长时间保鲜,果脯口感不硬且极具弹性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种水果的深加工方法,具体说是一种保健无花果果脯的制作方法。
背景技术
无花果具有健胃清肠,消肿解毒。治肠炎,痢疾,便秘,痔疮,喉痛,痈疮疥癣,利咽喉,开胃驱虫等功效。可用于食欲不振,脘腹胀痛,痔疮便秘,消化不良,痔疮,脱肛,腹泻、乳汁不足,咽喉肿痛,热痢,咳嗽多痰等症。无花果除鲜食、药用外,还可加工制干、制果脯、果酱、果汁、果茶、果酒、饮料、罐头等。其中,无花果果脯可作零食食用,收到广泛欢迎。
然而目前无花果果脯的制作工艺主要流程为无花果挑选→清洗去柄→护色、硬化→糖煮→浸糖→沥糖→调整风味→摆盘→烘烤整形→下盘→回潮→包装→成品,用上述工艺流程制作的无花果果脯含糖量过高,由于现代人的生活质量及饮食习惯造成需要控制血糖的人群不断增加,而上述果脯不适宜此类人群食用;另外,用上述方法制作的无花果果脯,由于糖的大量使用,破坏了无花果最重要的保健功能之一“清咽利喉”,且果脯保藏期限短,为了增加保质期,多数生产过程中加入保鲜剂,同时,果脯口感较硬,无弹性,营养成分与生食无异。
发明内容
为解决上述无花果果脯含糖量过高,不适宜多数人群食用、保健功能遭到破坏、果脯保藏期限短、果脯口感差、营养成分并无改进等问题,本发明提供了一种无花果果脯的制作方法,具体技术方案如下:
(1)选果:选择表面光滑、大小均匀、无病虫害的无花果;
(2)灭菌:将无花果洗净沥干后,在热水中浸泡;
(3)微波:将无花果沥干,打孔,微波加热;
(4)浸渍:将无花果浸入浸渍液中浸渍;
(5)发酵:向步骤(4)体系中加入发酵菌及无花果果汁,密封发酵;
(6)烘干:发酵后的无花果洗净沥干,热风干燥。
在本发明的一些优选实施方式中,步骤(2)所述热水温度为65-85℃,所述热水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水,步骤(2)所述浸泡时间为20-30min。
在本发明的一些优选实施方式中,步骤(3)所述微波加热的微波功率为3.2-6.5kw,时间为5s-30s。所述打孔,每个无花果打孔1-4个,孔在无花果表面均匀分布,孔直径为0.5mm-2mm。
在本发明的一些优选实施方式中,步骤(4)所述浸渍液制备方法为:取冰糖、荷叶粉、绿茶粉,加水充分混匀并使冰糖完全融化。所述水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;所述浸渍液中,冰糖的质量分数为10%-30%,荷叶粉的质量分数为2%-5%,绿茶粉为2%-5%;所述浸渍液与无花果的比例关系为:无花果在浸渍液中铺平,浸渍液液面没过无花果,液面与无花果最高点距离为0-20cm;所述浸渍时间为12h-24h,浸渍温度为30℃-50℃。
在本发明的一些优选实施方式中,步骤(5)所述无花果果汁的制备方法为:取经过步骤(1)、步骤(2)处理的无花果,切碎,压榨,过滤,取滤液即得到所述无花果果汁。步骤(5)所述发酵菌为乳酸菌。所述无花果果汁的加入质量为步骤(4)中浸渍液质量的50%-200%;所述发酵菌的加入量与(浸渍液与无花果果汁总量)的比例为(1-5)g:(500-2000)mL。步骤(5)所述发酵,发酵温度为30℃-37℃,发酵时间为12h-72h,待发酵体系pH为2-3时,停止发酵。
在本发明的一些优选实施方式中,步骤(6)所述热风干燥,温度为50℃-70℃,干燥至果脯表面不粘。然后取出,冷却至室温后真空包装即可。
有益效果
1)经过发酵处理,无花果中的糖转化为酸,果胶转化为果胶酸,蛋白质分解成小分子肽或AA,更有利于人体吸收;
2)没有普通果脯制作过程中的糖渍过程,加之发酵过程,使得产品果脯糖含量大大降低,适宜需要控制血糖的人群服用;
3)果脯制作过程中使用冰糖,与无花果本身产生协同作用,果脯具备更好的清咽利喉、止咳利肺的功效;
4)果脯制作过程中加入了绿茶粉和荷叶粉,与无花果本身协同作用,降糖、降脂作用更显著;
5)经“灭菌”及“微波”两步处理后,消灭了杂菌,无需加入保鲜剂也可实现长时间保鲜;
6)经“灭菌”及“微波”两步处理后,由于“灭菌”中的热水浸泡,软化了无花果外壳,在“灭菌”操作后,无花果外壳充分吸水,经“微波”操作,由于微波直接对水作用,因此外壳得到进一步深层软化,同时,外壳最外层水分迅速蒸发干燥,干燥的表层在后续步骤中再次软化,增加了表层的弹性及咀嚼度,经过这样的操作后,充分软化无花果外壳,但又不过分软化,果脯口感不硬且极具弹性。
具体实施方式
以下实施方式中试用的乳酸菌、荷叶粉为普通市售商品,使用的绿茶粉为市售抹茶粉。
实施例1
(1)选果:选择表面光滑、大小均匀、无病虫害的无花果;
(2)灭菌:将无花果洗净沥干后,在65℃热水中浸泡20min;所述热水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;
(3)微波:将无花果沥干,每个无花果打孔1个,孔直径为0.5mm;3.2kw微波加热5s;
(4)浸渍:将无花果浸入30℃浸渍液中浸渍12h;
(5)发酵:向步骤(4)体系中加入发酵菌及无花果果汁,30℃密封发酵,待发酵体系pH为2-3时,停止发酵;
(6)烘干:发酵后的无花果洗净沥干,50℃热风干燥至果脯表面不粘;然后取出,冷却至室温后真空包装即可。
所述浸渍液制备方法为:取冰糖、荷叶粉、绿茶粉,加水充分混匀并使冰糖完全融化。所述水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;所述浸渍液中,冰糖的质量分数为10%,荷叶粉的质量分数为2%,绿茶粉的质量分数为为2%。所述浸渍液与无花果的比例关系为:无花果在浸渍液中铺平,浸渍液液面没过无花果,液面与无花果最高点距离为10cm。
所述无花果果汁的制备方法为:取经过步骤(1)、步骤(2)处理的无花果,切碎,压榨,过滤,取滤液即得到所述无花果果汁。所述发酵菌为乳酸菌。所述无花果果汁的加入质量为步骤(4)中浸渍液质量的50%;所述发酵菌的加入量与(浸渍液与无花果果汁总量)的比例为1g:2000mL。
实施例2
(1)选果:选择表面光滑、大小均匀、无病虫害的无花果;
(2)灭菌:将无花果洗净沥干后,在85℃热水中浸泡30min;所述热水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;
(3)微波:将无花果沥干,每个无花果打孔4个,孔在无花果表面均匀分布,孔直径为2mm;6.5kw微波加热30s;
(4)浸渍:将无花果浸入50℃浸渍液中浸渍24h;
(5)发酵:向步骤(4)体系中加入发酵菌及无花果果汁,37℃密封发酵,待发酵体系pH为2-3时,停止发酵;
(6)烘干:发酵后的无花果洗净沥干,70℃热风干燥至果脯表面不粘;然后取出,冷却至室温后真空包装即可。
所述浸渍液制备方法为:取冰糖、荷叶粉、绿茶粉,加水充分混匀并使冰糖完全融化。所述水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;所述浸渍液中,冰糖的质量分数为30%,荷叶粉的质量分数为5%,绿茶粉的质量分数为为5%。所述浸渍液与无花果的比例关系为:无花果在浸渍液中铺平,浸渍液液面没过无花果,液面与无花果最高点距离为cm。
所述无花果果汁的制备方法为:取经过步骤(1)、步骤(2)处理的无花果,切碎,压榨,过滤,取滤液即得到所述无花果果汁。所述发酵菌为乳酸菌。所述无花果果汁的加入质量为步骤(4)中浸渍液质量的200%;所述发酵菌的加入量与(浸渍液与无花果果汁总量)的比例为1g:100mL。
实施例3
(1)选果:选择表面光滑、大小均匀、无病虫害的无花果;
(2)灭菌:将无花果洗净沥干后,在70℃热水中浸泡25min;所述热水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;
(3)微波:将无花果沥干,每个无花果打孔2个,孔在无花果表面均匀分布,孔直径为1.5mm;4kw微波加热15s;
(4)浸渍:将无花果浸入40℃浸渍液中浸渍18h;
(5)发酵:向步骤(4)体系中加入发酵菌及无花果果汁,33℃密封发酵,待发酵体系pH为2-3时,停止发酵;
(6)烘干:发酵后的无花果洗净沥干,60℃热风干燥至果脯表面不粘;然后取出,冷却至室温后真空包装即可。
所述浸渍液制备方法为:取冰糖、荷叶粉、绿茶粉,加水充分混匀并使冰糖完全融化。所述水为经过121℃高温高压灭菌30min的蒸馏水;所述浸渍液中,冰糖的质量分数为20%,荷叶粉的质量分数为4%,绿茶粉的质量分数为为4%。所述浸渍液与无花果的比例关系为:无花果在浸渍液中铺平,浸渍液液面没过无花果,液面与无花果最高点距离为20cm。
所述无花果果汁的制备方法为:取经过步骤(1)、步骤(2)处理的无花果,切碎,压榨,过滤,取滤液即得到所述无花果果汁。所述发酵菌为乳酸菌。所述无花果果汁的加入质量为步骤(4)中浸渍液质量的125%;所述发酵菌的加入量与(浸渍液与无花果果汁总量)的比例为3g:1250mL。
对比例1不进行微波加热
与实施例1的区别在于:省略步骤(3)中的微波加热操作,其他与实施例1相同。
对比例2不进行微波加热
与实施例2的区别在于:省略步骤(3)中的微波加热操作,其他与实施例2相同。
对比例3不进行微波加热
与实施例3的区别在于:省略步骤(3)中的微波加热操作,其他与实施例3相同。
对比例4普通方法制备无花果果脯
1.无花果的挑选。应选择8成熟,无机械伤、无腐烂的无花果。
2.护色、硬化。用0.3%(wt.)的亚硫酸氢钠加上0.2%(wt.)的氯化钙溶液浸2h。
3.糖煮。
①在30%(wt.)糖液中,加入0.5%(wt.)的柠檬酸,在夹层锅中煮沸15分钟,将糖液进行转化。
②将无花果与上述制备的糖水的比例按质量比2∶3的量,加到夹层锅中煮制,直到大火煮沸,用木桨轻轻搅动,以使煮匀。然后隔段加40%(wt.)的步骤①制备的冷糖液使糖液浸没无花果,煮沸时间约40min。此时,观察到无花果有一定的透明度结束。
4.浸糖。将煮好的无花果连同糖液,放入缸内浸泡12h。可适当加入冷糖液或连续翻缸,使温度尽快降为50℃左右,以防将果块闷烂。
5.调整风味。沥糖,喷上0.2%(wt.)的柠檬酸液,增加无花果的酸度,使产品甜酸适口。
6.烘烤。将调味后的无花果,摆盘后,送入烘房,然后调温50℃、65℃进行交替分段烘烤,每个温度短烘烤时间约为10min,烘至无花果不粘手为止,在烘烤过程中注意排潮,以防烘烤时间长或产品颜色过深。
7.回潮。将刚下盘的无花果果脯,堆放在阴凉处,盖上洁净的白布,使产品回潮变软。
产品表征
(1)含糖量
试样经处理后,用高效液相色谱氨基柱分离,示差折光检测器检测,根据蔗糖的折光指数与浓度成正比,外标单点法定量。
经测定,对比例4产品含糖量为47%,实施例1-3、对比例1-3含糖量全部低于7.2%。
(2)营养成分
实施例1-3、对比例1-3产品中果胶酸及小分子氨基酸含量全部高于对比例4,高出比例为20-70%不等。
(3)保鲜
将实施例1-3、对比例1-4产品分别真空包装,放在室温环境下每隔24h观察一次,放置1d、2d、3d及6个月后,均对其进行微生物检验,主要以菌落总数、大肠菌群及霉菌作为保鲜效果的评价指标,每个样品重复检验5次,取平均值。结果见表1-表4。从表1-表4中的数据可以看出,本发明提供的方法制作的无花果果脯保鲜效果好,微生物滋生慢,可以在长期保存过程中防止微生物污染。且实施例1-3、对比例1-4产品在防止6个月后均无明显褐变。
表1放置1d后果脯的微生物检验
表2放置2d后果脯的微生物检验
表3放置3d后果脯的微生物检验
表4放置6个月后果脯的微生物检验
(4)口感
对实施例1-3、对比例1-4产品进行质构特性测定。硬度与感官指标的口感呈显著负相关;弹性与口感呈极显著正相关;咀嚼度与口感呈显著正相关;回复性与口感呈显著正相关。果脯的质构特性测定结果见表5。
表5果脯质构特性结果
样品 | 硬度/g | 弹性 | 咀嚼度/g.sec | 回复性 |
对比例1 | 900.547 | 0.853 | 588.659 | 0.397 |
对比例2 | 921.659 | 0.895 | 580.521 | 0.388 |
对比例3 | 958.668 | 0.910 | 599.698 | 0.359 |
对比例4 | 1206.599 | 0.795 | 511.935 | 0.309 |
实施例1 | 913.102 | 0.929 | 622.987 | 0.429 |
实施例2 | 895.335 | 0.947 | 618.396 | 0.451 |
实施例3 | 881.658 | 0.988 | 628.991 | 0.460 |
可看出,实施例1、2、3在硬度上与对比例1、2、3接近,且略优于对比例1、2、3,显著优于对比例4;实施例1、2、3在弹性上优于对比例1、2、3,显著优于对比例4;实施例1、2、3在咀嚼度上显著优于对比例1、2、3,且对比例1、2、3显著优于对比例4;实施例1、2、3在回复性上显著优于对比例1、2、3,但对比例1、2、3与对比例4接近。可知,本发明方法制作的无花果果脯,弹性好,硬度低,咀嚼度及恢复性均非常好,口感显著优于传统方法制作的无花果果脯。
Claims (10)
1.一种无花果果脯的制作方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)选果:选择表面光滑、大小均匀、无病虫害的无花果;
(2)灭菌:将无花果洗净沥干后,在热水中浸泡;
(3)微波:将无花果沥干,打孔,微波加热;
(4)浸渍:将无花果浸入浸渍液中浸渍;
(5)发酵:向步骤(4)体系中加入发酵菌及无花果果汁,密封发酵;
(6)烘干:发酵后的无花果洗净沥干,热风干燥。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)所述热水温度为65-85℃,所述浸泡时间为20-30min。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述微波加热的微波功率为3.2-6.5kw,时间为5s-30s。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)所述打孔,每个无花果打孔1-4个,孔在无花果表面均匀分布,孔直径为0.5mm-2mm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)所述浸渍液制备方法为:取冰糖、荷叶粉、绿茶粉,加水充分混匀并使冰糖完全融化。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制作方法,其特征在于:所述浸渍液中,冰糖的质量分数为10%-30%,荷叶粉的质量分数为2%-5%,绿茶粉为2%-5%。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制作方法,其特征在于:所述浸渍液与无花果的比例关系为:无花果在浸渍液中铺平,浸渍液液面没过无花果,液面与无花果最高点距离为0-20cm;所述浸渍时间为12h-24h,浸渍温度为30℃-50℃。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)所述无花果果汁的制备方法为:取经过步骤(1)、步骤(2)处理的无花果,切碎,压榨,过滤,取滤液即得到所述无花果果汁;所述无花果果汁的加入质量为步骤(4)中浸渍液质量的50%-200%。
9.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(5)所述发酵菌为乳酸菌;发酵菌的加入量与(浸渍液与无花果果汁总量)的比例为(1-5)g:(500-2000)mL;发酵温度为30℃-37℃,发酵时间为12h-72h,待发酵体系pH为2-3时,停止发酵。
10.根据权利要求1所述的制作方法,其特征在于:步骤(6)所述热风干燥,温度为50℃-70℃,干燥至果脯表面不粘。
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