CN1087147C - 冷冻食品 - Google Patents
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- CN1087147C CN1087147C CN98805077A CN98805077A CN1087147C CN 1087147 C CN1087147 C CN 1087147C CN 98805077 A CN98805077 A CN 98805077A CN 98805077 A CN98805077 A CN 98805077A CN 1087147 C CN1087147 C CN 1087147C
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Classifications
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- A23G9/32—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G9/38—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing peptides or proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23G—COCOA; COCOA PRODUCTS, e.g. CHOCOLATE; SUBSTITUTES FOR COCOA OR COCOA PRODUCTS; CONFECTIONERY; CHEWING GUM; ICE-CREAM; PREPARATION THEREOF
- A23G9/00—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor
- A23G9/32—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds
- A23G9/42—Frozen sweets, e.g. ice confectionery, ice-cream; Mixtures therefor characterised by the composition containing organic or inorganic compounds containing plants or parts thereof, e.g. fruits, seeds, extracts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/3463—Organic compounds; Microorganisms; Enzymes
- A23L3/3526—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/36—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling
- A23L3/37—Freezing; Subsequent thawing; Cooling with addition of or treatment with chemicals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
- C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
- C12N15/8273—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for drought, cold, salt resistance
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Molecular Biology (AREA)
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Seeds, Soups, And Other Foods (AREA)
- General Preparation And Processing Of Foods (AREA)
Abstract
一种制作含有AFP的冷冻食品的方法,其中的制品至少在基本无AFP下经部分预冷冻,然后向其中加入游离的AFP。
Description
发明所属技术领域
本发明涉及一种制作含有AFP的食品的方法以及含有AFP的食品。
背景技术
有人指出抗冻结肽(AFP)能改进食品的耐冻性。为达到本发明的目的,术语AFP指的是现有技术中已知的含意,例如参见“抗冻结蛋白及其在冷冻食品中的潜在应用”,Marilyn Griffiths等人,《生物技术进展》(Biotechnology Advances),13卷,375-402页,1995。
WO90/13571公开了用化学法制备的或用DNA重组技术从植物中制得的抗冻结肽。AFP适于用在诸如冰淇淋等食品中。
WO92/22581公开了源自植物的AFP,它可以用于控制冰淇淋中的冰晶生长。这篇文献还公开了一种从植物的细胞间隙提取多肽成分的方法,该方法是不使植物细胞破裂,将叶子浸润在提取介质中进行萃取。
WO94/03617公开了从酵母中制作AFP及其在冰淇淋中的可能用途。WO96/11586公开了用微生物制备的鱼AFP。
WO9639878公开了含有AFP的冷冻食品,包括冰淇淋。WO9639878指出这种含AFP的冷冻食品在储藏之前无需经受常规的硬化步骤。
但迄今为止AFP尚没有应用到市售食品中。一个原因是目前已经证明重复制作具有理想结构和食用特性的冷冻食品是困难的。
本发明的目的是提出解决这些问题的办法。具体来说,本发明的目的是提供含有AFP和不脆结构的冷冻食品,所述结构可以在长时间的低温储藏下保持下去。
PCT/EP97/03635(尚未公开)涉及了通过适当选择产品中冰晶的长宽比来制造含有AFP并具有较硬脆性结构的冷冻食品的方法。
PCT/EP97/03636(尚未公开)涉及了通过调节产品中冰晶的长宽比来制造含有AFP其结构尽管脆但又相对软的冷冻食品的方法。
令人惊异地发现,只要精心选择制作含有AFP的食品的方法就可以得到含有AFP而不脆的冷冻食品。
因此,第一方面,本发明涉及一种制作含有AFP的冷冻食品的方法,其中该产品在基本没有游离AFP的情况下,经过至少部分预冷冻,然后将游离AFP包括进去。
虽不受任何理论的限制,但申请人确信产品的理想结构性质可以解释为:如果产品经预冷冻,则冰晶在整个产品中形成。一般,如果游离的AFP在这之后进入经预冷冻的产品中,则即使产品在储藏过程中经受温度的变化,晶体也可以保持最初形成时的形状和大小。但游离AFP的存在仅在冷冻过程的较后阶段出现,即在至少部分冰晶形成之后,这似乎可以使终产品中冰晶间的聚集减少,从而得到脆度较低的产品。
为实现本发明的目的,术语游离AFP包括能够与冰晶相互作用的所有形式的AFP。没有游离AFP,既指在系统中没有AFP存在,也指有AFP存在,但其是不能与冰晶作用的形式。游离AFP的存在可以通过用诸如实施例中例举的重结晶抑制试验来证明。
许多消费者喜欢不太脆的冷冻食品或成分,如冰淇淋或冰果子露。我们惊异地发现AFP给我们提供了这样的机会,即配制出一方面不太脆另一方面在经受保温储藏(storage abuse)中能保持重结晶和耐温性能改进的冷冻食品的机会。
本发明产品的特征在于与相同组成的产品相比,布氏硬度明显较低,在冷冻之前其中存在有游离AFP。优选在如实施例的测量中,-18℃下,使(部分)冷冻之前存在有游离AFP的产品位移2mm的力(N)至少是相同组成、但游离AFP仅在(部分)预冷冻之后存在的产品位移2mm的力(N)的1.5倍。更优选该力为2.0-4.0倍于本发明产品的力。如上所述测量,本发明产品的力优选为5-100N,更一般的为7-40N,更特别的是10-30N。
本发明方法生产的制品中冰晶的长宽比优选低于2.0,例如1.0-1.9。冰晶的长宽比定义为冰晶的长度和宽度的平均比例。低于2.0的长宽比意味着冰晶略圆,不是长型的。晶体的长宽比可以用任何适宜的方法测定。优选的方法是实施例中例举的方法。
本发明的冷冻产品优选是不脆的。优选可以观察到破裂现象的最小层厚大于10mm,更优选大于50mm。破裂特性可以通过制备不同厚度的层,并测量破裂发生时的最小厚度来测定,也可以按实施例中所述由杨氏模量计算。
在食品的配制和随即的冷冻中,有几个参数可影响所形成的冰晶的长宽比。影响长宽比的因素的例子在下面给出。申请人确信本领域技术人员有能力选择各种条件使冰晶的长宽比落入理想的范围。
影响冰晶长宽比的一个因素是产品的冷冻速度。一般来说,冷冻速度的提高可以使冰晶长宽比降低。
影响冰晶长宽比的另一个因素是冷冻过程中产品的流动性。例如,如果要冷冻液体的冰果子露或冰淇淋混合物,静止冷冻将使冰晶的长宽比相当高,而搅拌使长宽比较低。高剪切混合将导致更低的长宽比。
影响冰晶长宽比的另一个因素是产品中的成分及其含量。例如,趋于在产品中形成网状结构的成分(如胶或脂肪)的存在可导致比没有这些成分的产品长宽比低。其它成分也可以使长宽比较低,例如高固体含量,如高糖含量,可使长宽比较低。对冰来说高的相体积也可导致较高的长宽比。
最后,产品中的AFP的性质和量可导致长宽比的变化。某些AFP似乎有利于形成较低的长宽比,而其它的AFP似乎促使形成较高的长宽比。AFP量的变化也导致长宽比的改变。
本发明方法包括在游离AFP出现之前将产品至少部分预冷冻。此部分预冷冻优选将预混合物中的水至少冷冻20wt%,如30-100wt%,优选40-80wt%。此预冷冻可用任何适宜的方法进行。但特别优选在一个可同时进行冷冻和充气(如果需要)的装置中进行部分预冷冻。为此,适宜的装置例如是刮板式表面热交换器,食品在其中在例如-2--6℃的温度下预冷冻。
在本发明的第一个实施方案中,在无AFP下进行预冷冻。预冷冻之后使游离AFP包含到产品中如添加到预冷冻产品中,例如用在静态混合器中混合的办法将AFP溶液混合到预冷冻产品中。或者,可将要冷冻的混合物分成两股或多股物料流,其中至少一股没有AFP的物料经预冷冻随即与剩下的含有AFP的物料流混合。另一种适宜的实施方案包括连续使用两个或多个冷冻机,以便在两个冷冻机之间将AFP加入到系统中。
在本发明的第二个实施方案中,预冷冻是在有非游离AFP存在的情况下进行的。预冷冻之后使AFP出现在产品中,如通过确保非游离AFP释放成游离状态,这可以通过改变操作条件,如将AFP的包封打开释放出AFP来达到。或者,可将以非游离态AFP的复合物加以改变,使游离AFP释放出来。
如上所述,AFP可以以多种形式添加。
如果AFP以游离态添加,如以原样或溶液形式或物流的一部分,则根据本发明它在产品经至少部分预冷冻之后添加。
如果AFP以非游离态添加,则AFP也可以在部分预冷冻之前添加,只要AFP系统的性质和所选择的操作条件能使基本上在(部分)预冷冻之前没有游离的AFP变成可以利用的即可。
在本发明非常优选的实施方案中,AFP被包含在胶凝颗粒中形成非游离状态的。可以使用任意的胶凝剂。优选将凝胶强度选择为以通常冷冻机中剪切条件下胶体会破裂而将AFP释放为游离状态为准。适宜的胶体例如可以是基于食用胶凝剂的胶体,如藻酸盐、ι或κ角叉菜胶、洁冷胶、琼脂、果胶、丹麦琼脂、瓜尔胶、槐树豆胶,特别优选的是藻酸盐胶体。
优选将胶体的胶强度、颗粒大小和形状加以选择使之能使该凝胶颗粒在冷冻操作中破裂。通常,凝胶强度可以通过改变胶凝剂的量来改变。形状不规则的颗粒比圆形的颗粒更容易破裂。技术人员可以自己设计条件获得理想的颗粒。
非游离AFP的另一种形式为将AFP结合到结晶液体结构中,如结合到脂质体中,脂质体经过选择使其在产品部分预冷冻之后能将AFP释放为游离态。适宜的脂质体结构可以基于食用表面活性剂材料,如单-或双-甘油酯。
其它技术也可以用来制备非游离AFP。它们的例子是包胶囊的AFP,将AFP包含在乳液体系中等。
在预冷冻产品中有游离AFP后,视情况可将产品进一步处理,如可以进一步冷冻(后硬化,如到低于-18℃的温度),可以加入其它成分,产品可以包装、成型、挤压等。但优选在有游离AFP之后,产品的温度不至高到大部分冰晶融化的程度。
本发明的方法可以应用于任何含有AFP的冷冻食品。可含有AFP的冷冻食品的例子是冷冻的焙烤制品等,加工产品如面团、稀面糊、蛋糕等,冷冻烹调制品,如汤、沙司、匹萨,冷冻果蔬制品,如煮熟的糖渍水果、马铃薯泥、番茄酱等。本发明中非常优选的食品是冷冻甜食。
为达到本发明的目的,术语“冷冻甜食”,包括含乳冷冻甜食,如冰淇淋、冷冻酸奶、冰糕、清凉果汁饮料、冰牛乳和冷冻蛋奶糕、冰果子露、冰霜和冻果泥。本发明特别优选的制品是冰淇淋和冰果子露。
申请人发现本发明方法中使用的AFP可以有多种来源,如植物、鱼类、昆虫和微生物。可以使用天然存在的品种或者通过基因改性得到的品种。例如微生物或植物可以基因改性以表达AFP,其AFP可以用于本发明。
可以用于制作AFP的基因操作技术如下:一个适宜的宿主细胞或微生物可以由含有所需多肽的基因结构加以转化。编码多肽的核苷酸序列,可以插入编码转录和转译必须元件的适宜表达载体中,用这种方式,它们可以在适宜的条件下表达(如在适宜的取向和正确的阅读框架和适宜的靶和表达序列)。构建这些表达载体所需的方法对本领域技术人员来说是已知的。
可以用许多表达系统来表达多肽编码序列。这些系统包括(但不限于)细菌、酵母昆虫细胞系统、植物细胞培养系统和用所有适宜的表达载体转化的植物。
许许多多植物和植物细胞系统可以用所需多肽的核酸结构转化。优选的实施方案包括(但不限于)玉米、番茄、烟草、胡萝卜、草莓、油菜籽和甜菜。
为实现本发明目的,优选的一组AFP源自鱼类。特别优选使用III型鱼类蛋白,最优选我们的WO97/02343中所述的HPLC12。另一个优选的AFP可以得自植物,如草或冬黑麦,如我们的尚未公开的PCT/EP97/03634中所述,或胡萝卜,如我们的尚未公开的申请PCT/EP97/06181中所述。特别优选使用植物AFP。
某些AFP的天然来源可以由两种或多种不同的AFP组成。
优选对这些AFP进行选择,使其具有明显的冰重结晶抑制性质,这可以按照实施例来测量。
如上所述,使用AFP的优选冷冻产品是冷冻的甜食产品如冰淇淋或冰果子露。优选AFP的含量为终产品的0.0001-0.5wt%。
我们惊异地发现本发明组合物可以含有含量非常低的AFP并仍然有很好的质量。
优选冷冻甜食中的固形物含量(如糖、脂肪、风味剂等)多于3wt%,更优选4-70wt%。
实施例1按下面配方制备冰淇淋:
成分,wt% A B C
脱脂乳粉 10.00
蔗糖 13.00
麦芽糖糊精(MD40) 4.00
槐树豆胶 0.14
奶油 8.00
甘油单酯(棕榈酸酯) 0.30
香兰素 0.01
AFP(III型HPLC-12) 0.005 0.005 无
水 补足量
注:AFP(III型HPLC-12)如WO97/02343所述
制备方法如下:
对于配方B和C(对照),将所有成分混合并在刮板式热交换器中冷冻至挤出温度-6.1℃。膨胀度为94%(B)或113%(C),然后在普通鼓风冷库中后硬化到-35℃。和其它配方一样配方A成分经混合和预冷冻,但在挤出之后添加AFP并在静态混合器中使其均匀混合到制品中。产品的膨胀度为96%。在挤出温度时产品含有约40wt%冰,相应有约60%的水冻结。混入AFP之后产品A也在鼓风冷库中于-35℃温度下后硬化。
产品经受保温储藏:在-10℃下放置10天。
产品试样在Prolan环境室中于-18℃下平衡约12小时。从薄玻璃板的中心涂一薄层冰淇淋制备显微玻片。
将每一玻片转移到控温显微镜台上(-18℃),在那里收集冰晶的图像(约400个单个的冰晶)并通过电视摄像器传送给图像储存和分析系统。
沿存储的冰晶图像周围手工拉动使其图像置于最亮处,然后使整个晶体显亮。置于亮处的结晶图像用图像分析软件测定,计数构成最长直线(长)、最短直线(宽)所需的像素数目,及长宽比(长/宽)。
计算晶体的平均长宽比。
所得结果如下:
表1
操作阶段 | ICS | A | B | C |
挤出 | 长度(μm) | 15.1 | 18.3 | 13 |
宽度(μm) | 9.4 | 7.0 | 8.1 | |
长宽比 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 1.7 | |
硬化 | 长度(μm)) | 35.1 | 32.4 | 34.3 |
宽度(μm) | 22.9 | 14.4 | 24.9 | |
长宽比 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.4 | |
保温储藏 | 长度(μm) | 37.9 | 35 | 51.4 |
宽度(μm) | 23 | 15.5 | 35 | |
长宽比 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.5 |
用布氏硬度试验法对硬化试样(保温储藏之前)的硬度进行测定,将冰淇淋试样(-18℃)插入英斯特朗通用试验仪(Instron Universaltester)中,将球(直径15mm)以恒定速度(5mm/min)推进冰淇淋中,测量运动的阻力。对于试样A而言,位移2mm的力为18N,对试样B而言,为约47N,对试样C而言,为约15N。
实施例II
通过计算冰淇淋的破裂性质可以测得实施例1冰淇淋的脆度。用3-点弯曲试验测定杨氏模量。
杨氏模量可以如下测定:制备冰淇淋条,在冷冻室中平衡18小时并转移到控温室。将冰淇淋条放在3-点弯曲装置中,如《塑料试验方法手册》(第二版),R.P.Brown,George Godwin Ltd,1981所述。在变形速度为50m/min时立即进行试样测定。由力-变形曲线测得初始斜率,并用来按下面等式计算杨氏模量:
其中L=束跨度(110mm),B=试样宽度,W=试样高度。通常测定8个试样得到杨氏模量平均值。
用Williams & Cawood在《聚合物试验》,9,15-26(1990)中所述的计算法计算出断裂韧性。
结果如下:配方A(根据本发明)比配方B和作为对比的配方C的脆度明显要低。
实施例III
重复实施例I和II,用含有4wt%AFP的胡萝卜汁代替鱼AFP,胡萝卜汁的制法是在水中用力擦洗寒冷水土生长的新拔出的胡萝卜,去掉顶部,用家用榨汁机提取汁液。该胡萝卜汁用作AFP的来源来代替鱼AFPHPLC12。
实施例IV
重复进行实施例I和II,用0.015wt%冬黑麦AFP代替鱼AFP HPLC12。
冬黑麦是在一月份(平均温度3.5℃)收割的,将其组织迅速转移至实验室进行进一步处理,用水充分洗涤去掉尘土。将其修剪成400g的块,在Warren捣碎机中加800g水均质直至组织完全破裂。通过4层平纹细布过滤,收集富含AFP的汁液。将汁液煮制10分钟。以15000离心20分钟将上层清液与沉淀分离。然后冷冻干燥分离AFP。
实施例V
如下测定AFP对冰重结晶的抑制性能:
将含AFP的制品试样调节到蔗糖含量为30wt%(如果试样的初始含量高于30%,就进行稀释,如果初始含量较低,则添加到30%的蔗糖含量)。
将3μL一滴的试样置于22mm的载玻片上。然后将一个16mm直径的盖玻片放在上面,再在试样上放置200g重量,确保载玻片厚度均匀。片的边缘用清洁指甲油封住。
将载玻片放在Linkham THM600控温显微镜台上。镜台被迅速冷却(50℃/分钟)到-40℃,以便产生大量的小结晶。然后将镜台的温度迅速(50℃/分钟)升高到-6℃,并保持在此温度下。
在-6℃下用Leica Aristoplan显微镜观察冰相。用偏振光调节器结合λ板来增强冰晶的对比度。用35mm显微照相机在T=0和T=1小时时记录冰相的状态(冰晶的大小)。通过沿结晶周围描绘测定冰晶的大小(长度)。将一批冰淇淋的各单个冰晶的最大长度输入展开图,在此,数据组经分析找到平均值和标准偏差。
一般来说,这一试验适用于任何适宜的含有AFP和水的制品。一般,在这样的试验制品中AFP的含量不是非常严格,例如可以是0.0001-0.5wt%,更优选0.0005-0.1wt%,最优选0.001-0.05wt%,例如0.01wt%。
任何含有AFP和水的适宜制品均可以用来进行试验。但一般不需要得到纯态的AFP。对于具体的用途,一般它应当足以制备天然原料的液体提取物或汁,这些提取物或汁液可以进行试验。
如果AFP具有足够的冰重结晶抑制性质,上述重结晶试验可以用来进行测定。为此目的,良好的重结晶抑制性质可由冰晶的长度(数均)小于15μm,例如5-15μm来证明。
上述的重结晶试验也可以用来检查系统中是否存在有游离的AFP。如果AFP是以游离态存在的,上述试验一般会显示出冰晶的(数均)长度为小于15μm,例如5-15μm。如果系统中没有AFP或仅含有非游离态的AFP,一般长度为大于15μm,例如25μm或更大。
实施例VI
制备配方如下的冰淇淋。
K:实施例I的组合物C(对比)
L:实施例I组合物C,包括10%藻酸盐珠粒(见下面),相应较少的水(对比)
M:实施例I的组合物B,包括10%的藻酸盐珠粒(见下面),相应较少的水(对比)
N:实施例I的组合物C,包括10%含AFP的藻酸盐珠粒(见下面)和相应较少的水(本发明)。
藻酸盐珠粒是将0.333wt%的藻酸钠溶液滴到0.123wt%的CaCl2溶液中制得的。
含有AFP的藻酸盐珠粒是将0.333wt%的藻酸钠溶液和0.05wt%AFP(III型HPLC-12)滴到0.123wt%的CaCl2溶液中制得的。
CaCl2溶液经充分搅拌,通过用鼓风机喷洒气溶胶雾来控制藻酸盐珠粒的大小,确保液滴在长得太大之前被吹走。
配方K-N在刮板式表面热交换器中冷冻到挤出温度约-5.4℃,膨胀度为约97%。在冷冻过程中藻酸盐珠粒破裂。
在挤出和硬化到-25℃之后,测定(按照实施例I)制品的平均长度、宽度和长宽比。
按照实施例I测定试样的布氏硬度。
结果如下:
组合物 K L M N
长度(μm) 34.6 35.5 21.3 23.1
宽度(μm) 24.7 26.2 12.3 16.2
长宽比 1.40 1.36 1.73 1.42
硬度测定显示出制品M和N比制品K和L要硬。但制品N明显没有制品M硬。
这些结果显示出,如果AFP是仅在部分预冷冻发生之后以释放的方式添加(组合物N),它使结晶的形状(长宽比)类似于没有AFP的制品(组合物K和L)。但组合物N的长宽比明显低于组合物M的长宽比,其中在冷冻过程开始之前存在有游离态的AFP。组合物M和N都具有理想的较小结晶尺寸,但组合物N的优点是与组合物M相比硬度明显降低。
Claims (9)
1、一种制造含有AFP的冷冻食品的方法,其中该产品在基本没有游离AFP的情况下至少经过部分预冷冻,然后将游离AFP包括进去。
2、根据权利要求1的方法,其中该AFP是以非游离形式加入到产品中的,选择所述非游离形式和操作条件,使AFP能在至少部分预冷冻之后释放为游离形式。
3、根据权利要求2的方法,其中以非游离形式包括到产品中的AFP是将其包裹在凝胶颗粒、脂质体或胶囊中。
4、根据权利要求3的方法,其中的AFP被包裹在基于藻酸盐的凝胶颗粒中。
5、根据权利要求1的方法,其中存在的水至少20wt%在游离AFP被包括进来之前冻结。
6、根据权利要求1的方法,其中AFP的含量为终产品的0.0001-0.5wt%。
7、根据权利要求1的方法,其中的冷冻食品为冷冻甜食制品。
8、一种含有AFP的冷冻食品,其可以观察到破裂特性的最小层厚为10mm以上。
9、根据权利要求1方法制得的冷冻食品,其冰晶的长宽比小于2.0。
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EP1158865B8 (en) * | 1999-03-10 | 2004-12-15 | Unilever Plc | Ice confection with antifreeze protein |
US20040120990A1 (en) * | 2002-08-12 | 2004-06-24 | Cushman John C. | Absorbent proteins and methods for using same |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1255833A (zh) | 2000-06-07 |
ID23393A (id) | 2000-04-20 |
JP3410739B2 (ja) | 2003-05-26 |
EP0966206B1 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
TR199902202T2 (xx) | 1999-12-21 |
HUP0001550A3 (en) | 2001-02-28 |
BR9808009B1 (pt) | 2009-01-13 |
SK122399A3 (en) | 2000-07-11 |
IL131679A0 (en) | 2001-03-19 |
WO1998041106A3 (en) | 1998-12-17 |
AU733352B2 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
PL335640A1 (en) | 2000-05-08 |
ES2241130T3 (es) | 2005-10-16 |
EP0966206A2 (en) | 1999-12-29 |
US6200622B1 (en) | 2001-03-13 |
AR013632A1 (es) | 2001-01-10 |
CA2283751C (en) | 2003-02-18 |
HUP0001550A2 (hu) | 2000-08-28 |
JP2000512858A (ja) | 2000-10-03 |
ZA982153B (en) | 1999-09-13 |
DE69830304D1 (de) | 2005-06-30 |
DE69830304T2 (de) | 2005-10-20 |
PT966206E (pt) | 2005-10-31 |
DK0966206T3 (da) | 2005-07-25 |
ATE296036T1 (de) | 2005-06-15 |
PA8448601A1 (es) | 2000-05-24 |
BR9808009A (pt) | 2000-03-08 |
AU6831698A (en) | 1998-10-12 |
CA2283751A1 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
WO1998041106A2 (en) | 1998-09-24 |
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