CN107002048A - 包含外源抗原的人巨细胞病毒 - Google Patents
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Abstract
公开了包含异源抗原的人巨细胞病毒载体。来源于TR毒株的载体是更昔洛韦敏感的,包含活性US2、US3、US6、US7和UL131A基因,并且在UL82基因中具有阻止pp71表达的有害或失活突变。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2014年7月16日提交的题为HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS COMPRIZINGEXOGENOUS ANTIGENS的美国临时申请No.62/025,348的优先权,其公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。
技术领域
总体来说,所述领域涉及疫苗平台。更具体地,所述领域涉及表达外源抗原的重组人巨细胞病毒载体。
背景技术
动物实验已经证明,载有巨细胞病毒(CMV)的疫苗是独特的,因为它们:a)诱导并维持高频率的超淋巴样T细胞(extralymphoid T cell)应答(所谓的效应记忆性T细胞);b)超感染CMV阳性宿主;以及c)即使当宿主向宿主(host-to-host)扩散缺陷时仍保持免疫原性。此外,动物模型中的实验已经表明,来源于动物CMV的疫苗载体诱导针对感染性疾病和癌症的保护性免疫应答(US 20080199493;US 20100142823;US 20130136768和US20140141038;所有这些通过引用并入本文)。特别引人注目的是以下发现:载有恒河猴CMV(RhCMV)的猴免疫缺陷病毒(S1V)疫苗不仅能够预防非人灵长类动物中的AIDS,而且能够最终治愈这些动物的SIV(Hansen SG等,Nature 502,100-104(2013);通过引用并入本文)。
在巨细胞病毒疫苗的开发中使用减毒株(attenuated strain)是重要的,因为未弱化的毒株可以从宿主向宿主扩散,并且至少在免疫受损个体中可能是病理性的。之前,弱化的人CMV(HCMV)毒株未能a)建立潜伏感染(Plotkin SA和Huang ES,J Infect Dis 152,395-397(1985);通过引用并入本文);b)诱导长持续时间的免疫力(Jacobson MA等,J ClinVirol 35,332-337(2006);通过引用并入本文);c)再次感染显著比例的之前已被CMV天然感染过的群体(Heineman TC等,J Infect Dis 193,1350-1360(2006),通过引用并入本文);或d)产生持续感染(WO2013/036465,通过引用并入本文)。此外,当在成纤维细胞中生长时,HCMV基因组的临床毒株在体外高度不稳定,导致成纤维细胞适应(adaptation),例如UL131A的缺失。
这样的适应对组织培养物在体内执行载体功能能力的影响大多是未知的。除了需要弱化以在体外和体内稳定之外,重要的是这些载体可以被制造为具有可重现的结果。最稳定的弱化策略是基因缺失。然而,这通常需要产生互补细胞系(complementing cellline),这对用于生长巨细胞病毒的原代细胞来说是难以实现的。
发明内容
本文公开了来自HCMV-TR3的严重弱化、扩散缺陷(即,细胞向细胞扩散缺陷)的载体,HCMV-TR3是HCMV TR毒株的遗传修饰形式。所公开的载体建立并维持持续感染,诱导并维持针对异源抗原的效应记忆T细胞,并再次感染CMV血清阳性宿主。所述载体包含异源抗原,例如非CMV病原体特异性抗原或肿瘤抗原。
特别地,将TR3工程化为更昔洛韦敏感的。在一个实例中,这是由于添加了活性UL97基因(其在TR3的原始临床分离株中突变)。将TR3进一步工程化以包含活性US2、US3、US6和US7基因,这些基因在TR3的原始临床分离株的BAC克隆期间被移除。TR3的另外的形式包括编码pp71之UL82基因中的有害(即失活)突变,其在本文中可以称为TR3Δpp71或另称为TR3ΔUL82。
在载体的另一些实例中,编码异源抗原的基因的表达可以由UL82启动子或另一种病毒启动子如UL7、UL38、UL45或US13启动子驱动。在另一些实例中,可以插入编码异源抗原的多个基因来代替UL82和另一种病毒基因如UL7、UL38、UL45或US13,以使得病毒基因启动子驱动异源抗原基因的表达。
本文还公开了产生缺少功能性pp71蛋白(由UL82基因编码)的HCMV的方法。所述方法涉及用缺少功能性pp71蛋白的HCMV感染细胞,其中所述细胞包含使DAXX基因沉默的siRNA。在另一些实施方案中,所述方法涉及用缺少功能性pp71蛋白的HCMV感染细胞,其中通过本领域已知的其他技术使细胞中DAXX基因的表达在蛋白质或RNA水平下调,例如通过RNA干扰(如微小RNA打靶和短发夹RNA(shRNA)打靶)、核酶切割、通过条件或诱导型启动子调节的表达、DAXX结合蛋白的表达,或靶向用于泛素化和降解的DAXX或DAXX蛋白复合物。使用这些方法,有效地产生HCMV而不需要互补。细胞可以是任何细胞,包括人成纤维细胞。
附图说明
本文中的一些附图在以彩色呈现时更好理解,这在专利申请公开中不可用。然而,申请人认为彩色附图是原始公开的一部分,并且保留在后面的程序中呈现本文附图的彩色版本的权利。
图1A和1B共同显示,与其他HCMV毒株相比,HCMV TR在建立潜伏期和从潜伏期再活化(+G-CSF)方面更优越。图1A是在图1B中使用的HCMV克隆的基因组结构的图。HCMV基因组的侧翼是使长独特序列(unique long,UL)区和短独特序列(unique short,US)区分离的末端重复(TRL和TRS,如所示)和内部重复(IRS)。每个构建体中BAC盒的位置由标识为B的区域指示。由于BAC盒的插入,HCMV TR的US区域缺少US2-7。除缺少US2-7外,TRΔ4缺少基因UL128-UL150。UL131A基因在AD169中缺陷,但在AD169BAD UL131A中被修复(Wang和Schenk,2005,下文)。Toledo具有UL133-128区域的倒置,在UL128中具有缺失(Murphy等,2003下文)。图1B是总结了植入有人CD34+干细胞并用指定HCMV毒株感染的人成纤维细胞腹膜内接种的NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null(NSG)小鼠的结果的图。感染后4周,通过粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)处理动员人造血干细胞,并通过定量PCR在肝中测量病毒载量。
图2是HCMV-TR3基因组的图示,其示出了针对存在于原始HCMV TR毒株中的开放阅读框(ORF)的变化。为了赋予更昔洛韦敏感性,将HCMV TR的UL97替代为HCMV AD169的UL97。BAC盒侧翼为loxP位点,并且在cre介导的自切除后,单个loxP位点保留在基因组中。由于HCMV-TR BAC缺少US2-7,插入来自HCMV AD169的相应基因。示出了末端(ab和c′a)重复和内部重复(b′a′c)。
图3是显示HCMV-TR3对更昔洛韦(GCV)敏感而HCMV-TR则对更昔洛韦(GCV)不敏感的图。用HCMV TR3、HCMV TB40E和原始HCMV TR(MOI为1PFU/细胞)感染生长停滞的人胎儿成纤维细胞MRC-5细胞或模拟感染。如果指出,在感染后90分钟用增加浓度的GCV处理细胞,直到在未处理的对照中观察到广泛的病毒细胞病变效应(感染后4天)。然后通过MRC-5细胞上的标准噬斑减少测定来测定细胞培养物上清液的感染性。将噬斑的数目作为药物浓度的函数作图,并测定IC50。值是两次独立测定的平均值。
图4A和4B显示,HCMV-TR3出人意料地维持感染内皮细胞的能力并在多次传代后维持基因组稳定性。图4A是示出了以下的凝胶图像:在MRC-5细胞上重建HCMV-TR3BAC,然后在原代人成纤维细胞上体外传代20次。在第1、5、10、15和20代,从感染的细胞中提取病毒DNA,并对UL128-131区域进行限制性消化分析和PCR测序,UL128-131区域是由于多次传代而频繁突变的区域(Dargan等,2010,下文)。图4B是显示在MRC-5细胞上多次传代后人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)中TR3的感染性的图。在第10代时制备纯化的病毒原液,并用于以MOI=0.5感染HUVEC。同时,也用HCMV实验室改造毒株AD169作为对照感染HUVEC。在感染后(postinfection,pi)5、10、15和20天收获上清液和细胞,并通过在MRC-5细胞上的噬斑测定法滴定。随时间的滴度增加表明HCMV TR3能够在HUVEC上生长,与完整的UL131A-128区域一致,而HCMV AD169不生长。
图5是显示UL128-131的存在不降低无细胞HCMV-TR3的产量的图。使用经HCMV-TR3和与TR3相同但具有UL128-131缺失的毒株(HCMVΔUL128-131)以MOI 0.01感染的MRC-5细胞进行多步生长曲线分析。在感染后2、5、10、15和20天,在MRC-5细胞上通过标准噬斑测定法测量感染细胞和上清液的滴度。
图6A是一组两幅图,示出了当使用BAC诱变将EF1α启动子控制下的SIVgag插入HCMV-TR3基因组中时的结果,如Hansen SG等,Nat Med 15,293-299(2009)(通过引用并入本文)中所述。用105噬斑形成单位(PFU)的表达SIVgag的HCMV-TR的接种对于CMV血清阳性的恒河猴(Rhesus macaques,RM)。示出了响应于HCMV裂解物(菱形)或重叠的SIVgag(正方形)肽的外周血单核细胞(PMBC)中的%记忆T细胞。注意到经典CM9肽(圆圈)不存在T细胞,表明由HCMV诱导的T细胞应答与对RhCMV描述的其他载体的不同(Hansen等,Science2013下文)。左侧的图显示CD4+T细胞应答。右图显示了CD8+T细胞应答。
图6B是一组两幅图,示出了用在UL78启动子的控制下表达HIVgag且具有UL128-131缺失的HCMV(ΔUL128-131HCMVgag)或在UL82启动子的控制下表达HIVgag且具有完整UL128-131的HCMV(Δpp71HCMVgag)接种的RM中的HIVgag特异性T细胞应答。当将106PFU的ΔUL128-131载体接种到RM中时,未观察到针对HIVgag的CD4+或CD8+T细胞应答。相比之下,使用Δpp71HCMVgag载体观察到HIVgag特异性T细胞应答。左侧的图显示CD4+T细胞应答,右侧的图显示CD8+T细胞应答。
图7A是说明在用野生型HCMV感染期间,被膜蛋白(tegument protein)pp71如何降解细胞辅抑制物DAXX的图。在没有pp71的情况下,DAXX抑制病毒基因表达,从而抑制溶胞复制(lytic replication)。然而,当用DAXX特异性siRNA通过基因敲减消除DAXX mRNA时,即使不存在pp71,病毒基因表达也可以正常进行。
图7B是用DAXX特异性siRNA转染并在转染后24小时(h)用TR3和TR3Δpp71HIVgag以MOI=0.05感染的MRC-5细胞的图。在感染后指定的时间,分别收获细胞和上清液,并在表达pp71的互补细胞上滴定。
图8A和8B是显示HCMVTR3ΔUL82(Δpp71)在人源化小鼠中建立潜伏期但是其再活化和传播能力缺陷的图。对于这两个图,用TR3或TR3ΔUL82病毒感染的成纤维细胞对移植有CD34+干细胞的NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null(NSG)小鼠进行腹膜内接种。感染后4周,通过G-CSF处理动员人造血干细胞,通过定量PCR在骨髓(TR3,图8A)和肝(TR3ΔUL82,图8B)中测量病毒载量。
图9是一组图,其显示表达HIVgag的pp71缺失的HCMV-TR3保持在非人灵长类动物中诱导HIVgag特异性效应记忆T细胞的能力。通过用HIVgag替代UL82(pp71)基因构建表达HIVgag但缺少pp71的HCMV。使用DAXX siRNA回收所得病毒。将106或105PFU的所得病毒皮下接种到RM中,并在指定天通过细胞内细胞因子染色测定针对HIVgag的T细胞应答。示出了响应于重叠HIVgag肽的外周血单核细胞(PMBC)中的CD4+(左)和CD8+(中央)记忆T细胞的百分比。右图表明响应性T细胞展示效应记忆表型。
图10A是一组六个图,其显示表达SIVenv和SIVpol两者的双重RhCMV载体的结果。如下构建双重表达载体:首先用SIVenv替代Rh110(pp71的RhCMV同源物)。接着,用SIVpol替代HCMV基因的同源物UL7(Rh19)、UL78(Rh107)或US13(Rh191)。在表达pp71的恒河猴成纤维细胞中回收所得载体。将5×106PFU的每种载体分别接种到两只RM中(一只RM显示为实线,另一只RM显示为点状线)。在指定天使用对应于SIVpol或SIVenv的重叠15聚体肽在PBMC中测量CD4+和CD8+T细胞应答。示出了T细胞记忆库内的SIV特异性T细胞百分比。
图10B是SDS-PAGE凝胶的图像,示出了当以MOI 0.5模拟感染或用TR3ΔUL7HIVgag、TR3ΔUL45HIVgag或TR3ΔUL78HIVgag感染MRC-5细胞时的结果。在感染后96小时(hour post-infection,hpi)制备蛋白质提取物。在10%SDS-PAGE上分离20微克蛋白质,并用抗Gag(p24)抗体修饰免疫印迹。
图11是一组两幅图,其示出了在EFlα启动子控制下的SIVgag的结果。如Hansen SG等,NatMed 15,293-299(2009)(通过引用并入本文)中所述,使用BAC诱变将SIVgag插入HCMV-TR3基因组中。用105噬斑形成单位(PFU)的表达SIVgag的HCMV-TR3接种对于CMV血清阳性的恒河猴(RM)。示出了响应于重叠SIVgag肽的外周血单核细胞(PMBC)中的%CD4+(左图)和%CD8+(右图)T细胞。应注意图示出了超过接种后378天的两只恒河猴(Rh31017,Rh31219)的稳定免疫应答。
图12绘制了用TR3ΔUL78HCMV/HIVgagΔUL128-130接种的两个RM的T细胞免疫应答。不同于包含UL131A缺失的构建体,将缺失限制于UL128-130导致持续的CD4+和CD8+T细胞应答。
图13是比较在DAXX siRNA存在(圆圈)或不存在(菱形)的情况下,在一定范围的感染性颗粒/细胞的野生型TR3(正方形)对比于ΔUL82(pp71)HIVgag的生长动力学的图。在临床相关的低MOI下,生长缺陷变得可见,其中用DAXX-特异性siRNA转染并在转染后24小时用TR3和TR3Δpp71HIVgag转染的MRC-5细胞在功能上被siRNA补充或在不存在DAXX siRNA的情况下不能复制。在低MOI下缺少复制表明病毒在细胞向细胞扩散方面是有缺陷的。在感染后指定的时间,收获上清液,并在pp71互补条件(DAXX siRNA转染的MRC-5细胞)下滴定。
图14是一组三幅图,证明HCMVTR3ΔUL82(Δpp71)在人源化小鼠中建立潜伏期,但缺少其再活化和传播的能力。用TR3、TR3ΔUL82或TR3ΔUL82ΔUL128-130病毒感染的成纤维细胞对移植有CD34+干细胞的NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ-null(NSG)小鼠进行腹膜内接种。感染后4周,通过G-CSF处理动员人造血干细胞,并在骨髓(左上图)、肝(右上图)和脾(下图)中测量病毒载量。基于定量PCR绘制相对病毒拷贝数作为DNA总微克数的函数。在不存在粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF)时的值代表潜伏的病毒载量,G-CSF刺激后的值代表从潜伏期中出现的病毒的再活化。pp71缺失的构建体建立了潜伏感染,但不能响应G-CSF刺激,如通过病毒基因组DNA的拷贝测量的。
图15是表征用TR3/HCMVΔpp71(HIVgag)构建体接种的3个RM的免疫应答的一组三个图。载体在siRNA的存在下生长并被滴定,并浓缩用于皮下接种。示出了响应于重叠HIVgag肽的外周血单核细胞(PMBC)中的CD4+(左图)和CD8+(中图)记忆T细胞的百分比。对不同剂量的构建体的应答绘制至接种后294天。右图证明Δpp71(HIVgag)TR3/HCMV的CD8+应答与T效应记忆表型一致。
图16图示了与BAC克隆序列相比,通过9次传代的HCMV/TR3ΔUL82(pp71)HIVgag的序列比对。开放阅读框(ORF)描绘为箭头,其中自切除BAC用白色箭头描绘,病毒ORF用灰色箭头描绘,代替UL82ORF的HIVgag插入序列用黑色箭头描绘。内部和末端重复用灰色椭圆描绘。没有观察到显著的多态性LOD 1%。
图17a和17b证实了在几个感染周期中的gag插入序列的表达和同质性(homogeneity)。图17a描述了复合Western印迹,其确认在ΔUL82(pp71)构建体中pp71蛋白的表达不存在和HIVgag(p24)表达的存在。包括HCMV表达的阳性对照(pp28)和对β-肌动蛋白的上样对照。图17b显示了通过这些早期传代gag插入片段的序列是稳定的,通过Sanger测序没有检测到多态性。
图18是显示替选插入位点和启动子如何影响插入序列稳定性的实例的图。在本实例中,驱动SIVgag插入序列的EF1α启动子已被置于UL36基因座中。该构建体显示高于背景水平的多态性的出现。在这种情况下,G>T替换的出现产生终止密码子,从而截短所载抗原。
序列表
SEQ ID NO:1是HCMV TR3ΔUL82BAC的核酸序列。
SEQ ID NO:2是使DAXX沉默的siRNA有义链的核酸序列。
SEQ ID NO:3是使DAXX沉默的siRNA反义链的核酸序列。
智人DAXX mRNA包括多种剪接变体。剪接变体的实例包括以下GenBank条目:AB015051;CR457085;AF006041;NM_001254717.1;NM_001350;NM_001141969;NM_001141970;HQ436529;HQ436528;所有这些通过引用并入本文。
发明详述
术语
如本文所用,术语“抗原”是指能够在对象中诱导免疫应答的物质,通常是蛋白质。该术语还指在以下意义上具有免疫活性的蛋白质:一旦施用于对象(直接地或通过向对象施用编码该蛋白质的核苷酸序列或载体),能够引起针对所述蛋白质的体液和/或细胞类型的免疫应答。
如本文所用,术语“核苷酸序列”和“核酸序列”是指脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)或核糖核酸(RNA)序列,包括但不限于信使RNA(mRNA)、DNA/RNA杂交体或合成核酸。核酸可以是单链,或者部分或完全双链(双链体)。双链体核酸可以是同源双链体或异源双链体。
如本文所用,术语“小干扰RNA”(“siRNA”)(在本领域中也称为“短干扰RNA”)是指RNA试剂,优选双链试剂,其长度为约10-50个核苷酸(术语“核苷酸”包括核苷酸类似物),优选长度为约15-25个核苷酸,例如长度为约20-24或21-23个核苷酸,更优选长度约15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23、24或25个核苷酸,所述链任选地具有包含例如1、2或3个突出核苷酸(或核苷酸类似物)的突出末端,其能够引导或介导RNA干扰。天然存在的siRNA通过细胞的RNAi机制(例如,Dicer或其同源物)由更长的dsRNA分子(例如,长度>25个核苷酸)产生。
术语“蛋白质”、“肽”、“多肽”和“氨基酸序列”在本文中可互换使用,是指任何长度的氨基酸残基的聚合物。聚合物可以是直链或支链的,其可以包含修饰的氨基酸或氨基酸类似物,并且其可以被除氨基酸之外的化学部分中断。该术语还包括已经天然或通过干预修饰的氨基酸聚合物;例如二硫键形成、糖基化、脂化、乙酰化、磷酸化或任何其他操作或修饰,例如与标记或生物活性成分缀合。
如本文所用,术语“重组”是指通过使用重组DNA技术产生的核苷酸或蛋白质分子,产生不在自然界中存在的核苷酸或蛋白质分子。重组核酸的一个实例是编码表达异源(非CMV)抗原的HCMV载体的核酸。
如本文所用,术语“载体”包括允许或促进核酸分子从一种环境转移到另一种环境的任何生物分子,包括病毒,例如CMV病毒。
应当理解,蛋白质和编码它们的核酸可以不同于本文所示和描述的确切序列。因此,本发明考虑了所示序列的缺失、添加、截短和替换,只要不同的HCMV载体仍然能够产生对异源抗原的免疫应答,同时,a)诱导和维持高频率的超淋巴样效应记忆T细胞应答(所谓的效应记忆T细胞);b)再感染CMV阳性个体;和c)保持免疫原性,同时保持扩散缺陷(即,从一个对象或宿主向另一个对象或宿主的扩散缺陷)。
在这方面,替换可以是自然界保守性的,即在氨基酸家族内发生的那些替换。例如,氨基酸通常分为四个家族:(1)酸性-天冬氨酸和谷氨酸;(2)碱性-赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸;(3)非极性-丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、甲硫氨酸、色氨酸;以及(4)不带电极性的-甘氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、半胱氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸。苯丙氨酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸有时被分类为芳香族氨基酸。可合理地预测,在以下情况下将不会对生物活性具有大的影响:用异亮氨酸或缬氨酸独立地替代亮氨酸,或反之亦然;用谷氨酸替代天冬氨酸或反之亦然;用丝氨酸替代苏氨酸,或反之亦然;或用结构相关的氨基酸替代某氨基酸的类似保守置换。因此具有与所示和描述的序列基本上相同的氨基酸序列但具有不实质影响载体活性的小的氨基酸替换的蛋白质在本发明的范围内。
或者,同源物可以根据相对于所述蛋白质或核酸序列的百分比同源性表示。相对于本文所述的HCMV载体和/或异源抗原,同源物可具有至少50%、至少55%、至少60%、至少65%、至少70%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少86%、至少87%、至少88%、至少89%、至少90%、至少91%、至少92%、至少93%、至少94%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%或至少99%的同源性或同一性。
可以通过比较比对时的序列来确定序列同一性或同源性,以使重叠和同一性最大化,同时使序列空位最小化。特别地,可以使用多种数学算法中的任何一种来确定序列同一性。用于比较两个序列的数学算法的非限制性实例是Karlin和Altschul,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 87,2264-2268(1990)的算法,在Karlin和Altschul,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 90,5873-5877(1993)中进行了改进。
用于比较序列的数学算法的另一个实例是Myers和Miller,CABIOS4,11-17(1988)的算法。将这种算法并入作为GCG序列比对软件包的一部分的ALIGN程序(版本2.0)中。当使用ALIGN程序比较氨基酸序列时,可以使用PAM120权重残基表,空位长度罚分12和空位罚分4。用于鉴定局部序列相似性和比对的区域的另一种有用的算法是如Pearson和Lipman,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 85,2444-2448(1988)中所述的FASTA算法。
用于比较生物序列的方法的其他实例(包括使用BLAST算法的那些)可在美国国家生物技术信息中心网站(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中容易地获得。
HCMV载体
本文公开了人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)载体。将载体工程化以防止病毒从对象向对象扩散(即细胞向细胞扩散),但仍然持续感染先前用HCMV天然感染的对象。载体产生针对异源抗原的持久的免疫应答,并对药物更昔洛韦敏感。
在具体实例中,载体来源于HCMV TR毒株并且已经工程化以包括活性UL97基因(不存在于原始TR临床分离株中)以及活性US2、US3、US6和US7基因(在克隆过程中从原始TR-BAC中移除)。具有这些变化的TR毒株载体的一个实例在本文中称为TR3。TR3包含UL97以及来自AD169毒株的US2、US3、US6和US7基因。在一些实施方案中,来源于HCMV TR毒株的载体还包含活性UL131A基因。TR3包含完整的UL131A基因。
另外的TR3变体在包含UL82(其编码pp71蛋白)、UL7、UL45、UL78和/或US13的一种或更多种其他病毒基因中具有有害或失活突变。有害或失活突变可以是导致基因编码的蛋白质功能丧失的任何突变,包括涉及基因的编码序列和/或启动子的部分或完全缺失的突变。有害或失活突变还包括基因的编码序列和/或启动子的点突变和移码突变,其导致基因编码的蛋白质功能丧失。
TR3变体还可以表达异源抗原,例如病原体特异性抗原或肿瘤抗原。这些异源抗原可以由任何启动子表达,包括内源HCMV启动子,包括UL82、UL7、UL45、UL78和/或US13启动子或HCMV立即早期启动子。在一些相关的TR3变体中,异源抗原替代病毒的UL82、UL7、UL45、UL78和/或US13基因。在另一些相关的TR3变体中,第一异源抗原替代UL82基因,第二异源抗原替代病毒UL7、UL45、UL78或US13基因。
在TR3变体的另一些实例中,异源抗原提供有来自除HCMV以外的CMV(例如MCMV-IE或RhCMV-IE)的启动子,提供有来自除CMV以外的疱疹病毒、除疱疹病毒以外的病毒的启动子,或提供有非病毒启动子如EF1a。
在一些实施方案中,启动子包含对应于最小启动子和上游调节序列的DNA序列的结合。最小启动子包括CAP位点加上TATA盒。这些是用于基础的不受调节的转录的最小序列。上游调节序列包括上游元件例如增强子序列。截短的启动子是来自已从中除去全长启动子的某些部分的启动子。
本文还公开了编码本文所述的任何HCMV载体的核酸。虽然提供了示例性核酸序列,但是本领域技术人员可以理解,由于遗传密码中的简并性,许多不同的核酸序列可以编码相同的蛋白质序列。还公开了包含HCMV载体和/或编码HCMV载体的核酸序列的细胞。这样的细胞可以是哺乳动物或人细胞,例如人胎儿成纤维细胞和其他细胞。在一些实例中,可以工程化细胞以表达使特定基因(例如DAXX基因)的表达沉默的siRNA。
本文还公开了在细胞(例如,分离的细胞)中产生弱化HCMV载体的方法。所述方法包括用弱化HCMV载体感染细胞。细胞用表达使基因沉默的siRNA转染或表达siRNA,否则所述基因将阻止弱化HCMV载体在细胞中生长。在一个实例中,HCMV载体包含有害或失活突变,例如pp71中的缺失,并且siRNA使DAXX基因的表达沉默。还公开了在细胞(例如,分离的细胞)中产生缺少功能性pp71蛋白的弱化HCMV载体的方法,其中通过本领域已知的其他技术使细胞中DAXX基因的表达在蛋白质或RNA水平下调,例如通过RNA干扰(例如,微小RNA打靶和短发夹RNA(shRNA)打靶)、核酶切割、条件或诱导型启动子的调节表达、DAXX结合蛋白的表达,或用于泛素化和降解的靶向DAXX或DAXX蛋白复合物。
可以使用合成的寡核苷酸引入本文所述类型的定点突变。这些寡核苷酸含有在所需突变位点侧翼的核苷酸序列。在Morinaga等,Biotechnology2,646-649(1984)中公开了合适的方法。将突变引入酶编码核苷酸序列的另一种方法描述于Nelson和Long,Analytical Biochemistry 180,147-151(1989)。用于BAC的定点诱变方法描述于ChadburnA等,Histopathology53,513-524(2008);Lee E等,Genomics 73,56-65(2001);和Yu D等,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97,5978-5983(2000);所有这些通过引用并入本文。
RNA干扰(RNAi)是通过直接引入双链RNA(dsRNA)诱导的转录后基因沉默的方法,并且已经作为敲除多种生物体中特定基因表达的有用工具而出现。RNAi由Fire等,Nature391,806-811(1998)(通过引用并入本文)描述。一种这样的方法包括通过转染将siRNA(小干扰RNA)引入细胞。其他系统,例如特异性质粒载体系统导致细胞中稳定的siRNA表达(例如,pSUPER系统-Brummelkamp TR等,Science 296,550-553(2002);通过引用并入本文)。设计可有效沉默任何基因的siRNA的方法是本领域已知的。
异源抗原
异源抗原可以来源于在HCMV中不天然表达的任何蛋白质,并且包括病原体特异性抗原、肿瘤抗原、标志物(例如荧光蛋白或酶)、生长因子、融合蛋白或可以产生针对其的免疫应答的任何其他蛋白质或其片段(例如MHC I类或II类限制性肽)。
本文所述的HCMV载体中的异源抗原可以是病原体特异性抗原。例如,可以使用来自病毒病原体的蛋白质。病毒病原体包括但不限于腺病毒、柯萨奇病毒、甲型肝炎病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、鼻病毒、单纯疱疹1型、单纯疱疹2型、水痘带状疱疹病毒、Epstein-Barr病毒、卡波西氏肉瘤疱疹病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、黄热病病毒、登革病毒、西尼罗病毒、人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、流感病毒、麻疹病毒、腮腺炎病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、人偏肺病毒、人乳头瘤病毒、狂犬病病毒、风疹病毒、人博卡病毒和细小病毒B19。在一些实施方案中,HCMV载体中的异源抗原可以是HIV抗原,包括gag、pol、env、rev、tat和nef。有利地,HIV抗原包括但不限于在美国公开No.2008/0199493A1和2013/0136768 A1中讨论的HIV抗原,两者通过引用并入本文。
或者,异源抗原可以是来自细菌病原体的蛋白质。细菌病原体包括:百日咳杆菌(Bordetella pertussis)、伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)、流产布鲁氏菌(Brucella abortus)、犬布鲁氏菌(Brucella canis)、羊布鲁氏菌(Brucellamelitensis)、猪布鲁氏菌(Brucella suis)、空肠弯曲杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni)、肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae)、沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)、鹦鹉热衣原体(Chlamydophila psittaci)、肉毒杆菌(Clostridium botulinum)、艰难梭菌(Clostridiumdifficile)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)、破伤风梭菌(Clostridiumtetani)、白喉杆菌(Corynebacterium diphtheriae)、粪肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecalis)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、土拉弗朗西斯菌(Francisella tularensis)、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)、嗜肺军团菌(Legionella pneumophila)、钩端螺旋体(Leptospira interrogans)、单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)、结核杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)、溃疡分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium ulcerans)、肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae)、淋球菌(Neisseriagonorrhoeae)、脑膜炎双球菌(Neisseria meningitidis)、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)、立氏立克次体(Rickettsia rickettsii)、伤寒杆菌(Salmonella typhi)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、宋内氏志贺氏菌(Shigella sonnei)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)、无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)、梅毒密螺旋体(Treponema pallidum)、霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholera)和鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)。
或者,异源抗原可以是来自寄生生物体的蛋白质。寄生生物体包括但不限于引起疾病的原生动物,例如棘阿米巴病(Acanthamoeba)、巴贝虫病(Babesiosis)、小袋虫病(Balantidiasis)、囊状囊肿(Blastocystosis)、球孢子菌病(Coccidioides)、Dientamoebiasis、阿米巴病(Amoebiasis)、贾第虫病(Giardia)、等孢子球虫病(Isosporiasis)、利什曼病(Leishmaniasis)、原发性阿米巴脑膜脑炎(Primary amoebicmeningoencephalitis,PAM)、疟疾(Malaria)、鼻孢子虫病(Rhinosporidiosis)、弓形体病(Toxoplasmosis)、寄生虫性肺炎(Parasitic pneumonia)、滴虫病(Trichomoniasis)、昏睡病(Sleeping sickness)和查加斯病(Chagas disease)。
或者,异源抗原可以是来自蠕虫生物体的蛋白质。蠕虫生物体包括但不限于:钩虫(hookworm)、蛔虫(roundworm)、绦虫(tapeworm),麦地那龙线虫(guinea worm)、肝吸虫(liver fluke)、肠吸虫(intestinal fluke)、肺吸虫(lung fluke)、血吸虫(Schistosomosa)和鞭虫(whipworm)。
或者,异源抗原可以是源自肿瘤的蛋白质。
异源抗原可以是密码子优化的。许多病毒(包括HIV和其他慢病毒)使用大量的稀有密码子,并且通过改变这些密码子以对应于所需对象(例如,人)中常用的密码子,可以实现增强的抗原表达。例如,在HIV蛋白中使用的稀有密码子可以突变为在高表达的人基因中频繁出现的那些(Andre等,J Virol 72,1497-1503,(1998)。另外,抗原可以是含有来自不同病原体毒株的序列片段的共有序列或嵌合抗原。
免疫组合物
本文公开了含有所公开的重组HCMV载体和可药用载体或稀释剂的免疫原性组合物。含有重组HCMV载体的免疫原性组合物引发免疫应答。应答可以但不必是保护性的。疫苗组合物引发保护性应答,通常涉及免疫记忆的发展。
还公开了在对象中诱导免疫应答的方法。这样的方法涉及向对象施用包含所公开的重组HCMV载体和可药用载剂或稀释剂的免疫原性或疫苗组合物。出于本说明书的目的,术语“对象”包括所有动物和人。
免疫原性或疫苗组合物可以通过肠胃外途径(皮内、肌内或皮下)施用。其他施用可以通过粘膜途径,例如经口、经鼻、经生殖器等。
免疫原性或疫苗组合物可以根据药学领域技术人员熟知的标准技术进行配制和施用。组合物可以单独施用,或者可以与其他HCMV载体或与其他免疫原性、疫苗或治疗组合物共同施用或顺序施用。
这样的组合物的实例包括液体制剂,例如用于可注射施用的制剂——例如经胃肠外、皮下、皮内、肌内或静脉内施用——例如无菌混悬剂或乳剂。在这样的组合物中,HCMV载体与合适的载剂、稀释剂或赋形剂如无菌水、生理盐水、葡萄糖等混合。
免疫原性或疫苗组合物可含有佐剂。明矾(磷酸铝或氢氧化铝)是典型的佐剂。皂苷及其纯化组分QuilA、弗氏完全佐剂、弗氏不完全佐剂和其他佐剂经常用于研究和兽医应用。
组合物可以包装在用于注射施用或其他施用的单一剂型中,其中根据组合物的性质、表达产物的性质和其他因素确定有效剂量和施用途径。所公开的HCMV载体的剂量可以以噬斑形成单位(pfu)表示,包括大于102pfu、大于103pfu、大于104pfu、大于105pfu、大于106pfu或大于107pfu的剂量。
实施例
以下实施例说明所公开的方法。根据本公开内容,本领域技术人员将认识到,在无需过度实验的情况下,所公开方法的这些实施例和其他实施例的变化是可能的。
实施例1.HCMV-TR3载体平台
效应记忆T细胞诱导性CMV载体的临床使用需要这样的载体:其遗传稳定并且维持持续感染,但缺乏向免疫受损对象(其中HCMV可致病)的能力。进入临床试验的HCMV变体的之前弱化策略依赖于病毒在成纤维细胞中的连续传代(Plotkin SA等,J Infect Dis 134,470-475(1976);通过引用并入本文),弱化与非弱化HCMV毒株的重组(Heineman J等2006,同上)或复制缺陷型重组载体的产生(WO2013/036465;通过引用并入本文)。然而,所得病毒保留致病性或丧失有益特征,例如在之前被CMV天然感染的对象中建立潜伏感染或继发感染的能力。
本文公开了克服这些限制的HCMV载体平台——HCMV-TR3。HCMV TR3是分子克隆HCMV-TR的经修饰形式(Murphy E等,Proc NatlAcad Sci USA 10014976-14981(2003);通过引用并入本文)。在体内,HCMV TR在建立潜伏期和持久性方面优于其他HCMV毒株。HCMV-TR在体外也优于HCMV的其他临床分离株,因为其在多次传代时不显示HCMV典型的成纤维细胞适应。改变TR3以使其对更昔洛韦敏感,以使其能够再感染先前感染的对象,并有助于CMV载体从细菌人工染色体(BAC)系统中的回收。
具体地,从TR3中缺失UL82基因(其编码pp71蛋白)导致扩散缺陷(即细胞向细胞扩散有缺陷)载体的产生。然而,缺少pp71表达的之前病毒表现为在体外生长时需要互补(Bresnahan,W.A.和T.E.Shenk.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14506-11(2000);通过引用并入本文)。UL82病毒体蛋白激活人巨细胞病毒感染细胞中立即早期病毒基因的表达,这继而导致病毒将恢复为具有活性pp71的野生型的风险。因此,开发了一种生长缺少pp71的HCMV载体的新方法,并在下面详细描述。
非人灵长类动物模型进一步证明pp71缺失的HCMV-TR3保持诱导和维持效应记忆T细胞应答的能力,而HCMV-TR3的向性缺陷形式(具有通常通过成纤维细胞的传代导致的病毒适应)不能这样。
此外,pp71缺失的HCMV-TR3载体保持潜伏感染,但缺乏在人源化小鼠中再活化的能力。
此外,公开了可用于插入和表达异源抗原的内部表达位点。这些可以用于产生包括多种异源抗原的HCMV载体。
实施例2.HCMV-TR在建立潜伏感染中优于其他HCMV毒株
允许研究HCMV潜伏期和再活化的人源化小鼠模型在Smith MS等,Cell HostMicrobe 8,284-291(2010)(通过引用并入本文)中描述。该模型用于证明HCMV-TR在建立持续感染中优于其他HCMV毒株(AD169、Toledo)。持续感染对于效应记忆T细胞的诱导是重要的。产生持续感染的能力不依赖于UL128-150区域,其在许多HCMV毒株中突变,包括以前在HCMV疫苗的临床试验中使用的所有毒株(AD169、Towne和Toledo)。AD169毒株中UL131A的修复不能恢复建立潜伏期的能力,但缺少UL128-150的HCMV-TRΔ4毒株保持建立潜伏期的能力(图1B)。注意,这些以前的临床试验不涉及包含异源抗原的HCMV。这些毒株的遗传图谱显示在图1A中。
实施例3.HCMV-TR3对更昔洛韦敏感并且包含US2-7区域,而原始HCMV-TR不是这样
通过BAC重组工程从对抗病毒药物更昔洛韦具有抗性的病毒分离株克隆HCMV TR(Smith IL等,J Infect Dis 176,69-77(1997);通过引用并入本文)。在HCMV载体中更昔洛韦抗性不是期望的性状,因为用更昔洛韦治疗在由基于HCMV的载体引起的CMV相关疾病的情况下是重要的。更昔洛韦抗性的确认示出在图3中。
将完整的UL97基因插入HCMVTR(图2)中以产生更昔洛韦敏感的载体。进一步修饰HCMV-TR的分子克隆。在HCMV TR的原始克隆过程中插入BAC盒导致US2-7区域的缺失(Murphy等,2003,同上)。US2-7随后被确定为对于CMV阳性个体的再感染是必需的区域(Hansen SG等,Science 328,102-106(2010);通过引用并入本文)。产生修饰形式的HCMV-TR,其中插入HCMV毒株AD169的US2-7区域以修饰BAC盒。进行这种修饰,因为在原始HCMV TR克隆中,当通过转染成纤维细胞重建病毒时不能除去BAC盒(Lauron E等,J Virol88,403-416(2014);通过引用并入本文)。因此,HCMV-TR3还包括AD169的US2-7区域和在病毒重建时US7和US8之间的loxP位点,如通过全基因组测序所示(图2)。
实施例4。HCMV-TR3在通过成纤维细胞多次传代时显示出优异的基因组稳定性
HCMV在成纤维细胞中的传代导致优先选择在UL128-131A区域(Dargan DJ等,JGen Virol91,1535-1546(2010);通过引用并入本文)和RL13基因(Stanton RJ等,J ClinInvest 120,3191-208;(2010);通过引用并入本文)中具有有害(即失活)突变的载体。然而,通过成纤维细胞的传代导致在产生疫苗时最高的病毒产量。图4A显示,出人意料地,甚至在成纤维细胞中传代20次后,HCMV-TR3的基因组仍保持稳定。
实施例5.与其他HCMV毒株不同,UL128-131A的存在不降低无细胞HCMV-TR3的产量
对于疫苗制备,优选细胞上清液而不是细胞沉淀以分离疫苗载体。在大多数HCMV毒株中,当基因UL131A、UL130和UL128完整时,来自成纤维细胞的无细胞病毒的产量急剧降低(Wang D和Shenk T,J Virol79,10330-10338(2005);通过引用并入本文)。出人意料的是,移除UL131A-128不影响HCMV-TR3的无细胞病毒与细胞结合病毒的比率(图5)。
实施例6.HCMV-TR3在猴中诱导效应记忆T细胞,而缺少UL128-131区域的HCMV突变体不能这样做
表达SIV的Gag抗原的HCMV-TR3能够针对非人灵长类动物(non-human primate,NHP;图6A)中的Gag诱导效应记忆T细胞应答。重要的是,这种效应记忆T细胞应答随时间维持(图11)。相比之下,缺少基因UL128-131(在体外通过连续传代弱化的HCMV毒株中经常突变的基因区域)的HCMV-TR3不能这样做(图6B)。这也是HCMV载体在非人灵长类动物模型中诱导针对异源抗原的免疫应答的第一个已知的证明。该基因组区域中的进一步缺失证明缺少UL128和UL130的病毒能够在体内引发对异源抗原的免疫应答,类似于亲代载体(图12)。因此,我们得出结论UL131A是HCMV感染必不可少的。
实施例7.使用DAXX siRNA产生不互补的pp71缺失的HCMV-TR3。生长没有互补或FKBP-融合的弱化病毒的方法
制备缺少必需基因或缺少体外最佳复制所需基因的HCMV的主要限制是需要互补,即在生产细胞系中外源表达缺失的基因。众所周知,生产细胞系难以制备和维持,特别是在GMP疫苗制备的情况下。
用于互补的一种方法是将必需基因融合至降解结构域(例如FKBP),这是WO2013/036465(通过引用并入本文)中描述的策略。尽管FKBP融合可用于制备在体内复制缺陷的非持续性疫苗,但是在本文所述的突变体HCMV的情况下,存在着降解结构域将被突变并因此失去弱化、使得HCMV能够从宿主向宿主扩散的风险。
本文公开了涉及使用例如siRNA沉默抗病毒宿主细胞因子的方法。结果是不需要互补的细胞系,因为突变体HCMV可以在体外生长,即使其在体内保持弱化。该过程的实例在图7A中示出。如上所述,缺少编码磷蛋白71(pp71)之UL82基因的HCMV-TR3不能在成纤维细胞中生长。然而,当抗病毒蛋白DAXX的表达被在成纤维细胞中表达的siRNA沉默时,HCMV-TR3ΔUL82可以以高产量生长(图7B和图13)。
实施例8.缺少UL82(pp71)的HCMV-TR3保持了体内的持续性,但缺少从潜伏期再活化的能力
人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)在宿主细胞中建立通过时序表达病毒基因调节的潜伏感染。HCMV pp71是被膜蛋白,其抵消细胞蛋白Daxx(死亡结构域相关蛋白)的宿主内在免疫降解(Penkert,RR和RF Kaleita,Future Virol 7,855-869(2012);通过引用并入本文)。pp71对Daxx的降解是最佳的立即早期基因表达和溶胞复制所必需的。体外数据表明,HCMV通过将pp71隔离在感染细胞的细胞质中,在潜伏期建立期间防止pp71介导的Daxx降解。然而,pp71在HCMV持久性、维持潜伏期和再活化方面的体内作用仍然未知。我们以前表明用HCMV感染植入在免疫缺陷小鼠(HU-NSG)中的人造血干细胞(HSC)导致病毒潜伏期,其在G-CSF处理后可以再活化。虽然这个模型是重要的,但是HU NSG小鼠缺少成熟人T细胞。相比之下,移植有与人胎肝和胸腺结合的HSC的NSG小鼠(BLT小鼠)形成了功能性人免疫系统所必需的所有人造血细胞谱系,包括成熟CD4和CD8T细胞。在这种新的人源化小鼠模型中,证明与HU-NSG小鼠类似,HCMV建立潜伏期和再活化。潜在感染的小鼠也产生人IgG以及HCMV特异性T细胞应答。重要的是,对条件性表达pp71(TR UL82-FKBP)或pp71敲除(TR(Δ)UL82)的BLT小鼠感染导致感染的建立,但不能再活化。这些数据表明pp71在HCMV再活化中起重要作用,并且复制缺陷型病毒可以产生T细胞应答。体外复制的能力不是病毒是否可以建立潜伏期的良好预测因子,如图1B所示。例如,AD169在体外很好地复制,但不能建立潜伏期,如图1B所示。然而,在表达DAXX siRNA的MRC-5细胞上生长的HCMV-TR3ΔUL82在人源化小鼠中建立潜伏期,但不会再活化或传播(图8)。对于HCMV-TR3ΔUL82和HCMV-TR3ΔUL82ΔUL128-130,在NSG小鼠中获得类似的结果(图14)。
实施例9.pp71-缺失的表达HIVgag的HCMV-TR3保持体内诱导HIVgag特异性效应记忆T细胞的能力
由于其大的基因组,HCMV提供了将多种异源抗原插入病毒载体的机会。通过HCMV表达多种异源抗原需要鉴定可用于插入外来序列而不影响载体功能的内源基因。以前,转座子分析在体外鉴定HCMV基因组中的所有非必需基因(Yu D等,ProcNatl Acad Sci USA100,12396-12401(2003);通过引用并入本文)。
然而,这并不提供关于以下的预测:哪些在体外的非必需基因在体内也是非必需的,并且进一步地,当用被替代基因的启动子驱动异源抗原表达时,用编码异源抗原的基因替代病毒基因是否会诱导免疫应答。图9和图15显示用HIVgag替代UL82(pp71)在体内引起并维持效应记忆型T细胞免疫应答。
用异源抗原替代的其他位点包括HCMV UL7、UL78和US13。当在已经携带用抗原(SIVenv)替代pp71-ORF的载体中用异源抗原(SIVpol)替代它们中的每一个时,每次产生免疫应答。结果总结在图10A中。图10B显示在HCMV中用HIVgag替代UL7、UL45和UL78导致体外HIVgag表达。
实施例10.通过在条件性互补下的生长和生产,pp71缺失的HCMV-TR3的稳定性
以前的工作表明,当在成纤维细胞中生长时,HCMV的临床分离株在体外进行快速适应。特别地,即使在组织培养物中少量传代后,也可以产生移码突变,导致RL13中过早的终止密码子和一种或更多种五聚体复合物蛋白(UL128、UL130和UL131A)的表达丧失(Stanton RJ等,J Clin Invest 120(9),3191-3208(2010);通过引用并入本文)。在BAC中重建完整的人巨细胞病毒基因组揭示,RL13是强力的复制抑制剂(同上)。因此,先前在临床研究中使用的所有HCMV毒株(AD169、Towne、Toledo)显示多重重排和缺失(Murphy,ED等,Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A.100(25),14976-14981(2003);通过引用并入本文)。这些成纤维细胞适应可能导致UL131A的缺失,如在AD169中观察到的,因此使得病毒在体内是非感染性的。为了确定在用DAXX siRNA处理的成纤维细胞中生长的UL82缺失的HCMV-TR3/HIVgag是否将在多次传代时类似地显示不稳定性,我们通过下一代测序(NGS)分析病毒基因组。
具体地,在引入到成纤维细胞中之前对重组细菌人工染色体DNA进行测序,并且在成纤维细胞中重建时,在第5代和第9代分离病毒DNA。通过20%蔗糖垫层进行病毒纯化后,通过Hirt提取从感染的人成纤维细胞的上清液中分离基因组DNA(Hirt B.J Mol Biol.26(2):365-369(1967);通过引用并入本文)。使用TruSeq DNA样品制备试剂盒产生DNA文库,并将具有已知引物结合位点的接头连接到DNA片段的每个末端。在IlluminaMiSeq NGS测序仪上使用MiSeq试剂盒v2进行300个循环来进行配对末端测序,在未知DNA的每个末端分析150bp。将得到的序列读数导入到Geneious 8.1.4中,并用最低可能的错误概率极限0.001进行修剪,意味着删除了每个具有0.1%的较高错误概率的碱基对。用250,000至1,000,000读数进行从头序列组装,以无偏差的方式确定DNA序列。与预测的序列相比,没有观察到主要的插入、缺失或基因组重排。接下来,使用从头序列作为参照来进行所有读数的参照引导的组装,以确定完整和正确的多数序列。平均最小覆盖率>150倍。
图16示出了所得序列的比对。在自切除BAC盒中编码的开放阅读框(ORF)用白色箭头描述,病毒ORF用灰色箭头描述。黄色箭头描绘替代UL82ORF的HIVgag ORF。灰色椭圆描绘内部和末端重复。非编码区显示为如黑色条所示的编码区的中断。如所预期的,在组织培养物中的病毒重建后切除BAC盒。然而,多数序列中的所有其他核苷酸与预测序列(共有序列)相同。重要的是,即使通过9次传代,在ORF中也没有观察到任何氨基酸的变化。这包括编码UL128-131A基因、RL13以及AD169衍生的基因UL97和US2-7的ORF。这些观察表明UL82缺失的HCMV-TR3的出人意料的稳定性,尽管在DAXX siRNA存在下在成纤维细胞中多次传代。
重要的是,编码由UL82启动子表达的HIVgag的ORF没有变化。通过对UL82(pp71)缺失的HCMV-TR3重建后的第5、6和7代的HIVgag插入序列的免疫印迹和Sanger测序独立地证实了这一点。图17A显示来自用指定病毒感染的成纤维细胞的裂解物的免疫印迹。通过SDS-PAGE分离裂解物,转移到尼龙膜上并与对pp71、HIVgag(p24)和病毒蛋白pp28以及细胞蛋白质肌动蛋白特异性的抗体反应。如所预期的,pp71存在于亲代TR3病毒中,但不存在于HIVgag表达载体中,因为用HIVgag替代了UL82。重要的是,HIVgag在每次传代时稳定表达。图17B显示了基于跨越HIVgag基因并在指定的传代中从病毒DNA获得的PCR片段的序列分析的比对。没有观察到核苷酸变化。
与由内源性UL82启动子表达的HIVgag出人意料地稳定表达相反,用异源启动子表达异源抗原在多次传代时通常不稳定。例如,RhCMV68-1.2载体中的由异源EFlα启动子表达的SIVgag显示出由于点突变造成的编码区的过早破坏。图18显示了与参照序列相比较的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的频率,其来自对来源于RhCMV68-1.2克隆(其使用EF1a启动子表达SIVgag)的UL36缺失的RhCMV载体的下一代测序分析。大约38%的基因组在SIVgag序列中显示过早的终止密码子。
Claims (51)
1.重组人巨细胞病毒(HCMV),其包含:
(1)至少一种异源抗原;
(2)UL82基因中的失活突变;和
(3)活性US2、US3、US6、US7和UL131A基因;
其中所述重组HCMV来源于HCMV的TR毒株;并且
其中所述重组HCMV是更昔洛韦敏感的。
2.权利要求1的重组HCMV,其还包含活性UL97基因。
3.权利要求1或2的重组HCMV,其中所述活性US2、US3、US6和US7基因来源于HCMV的AD169毒株。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原的表达由UL82启动子、UL7启动子、UL45启动子、UL78启动子或US13启动子驱动。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项的重组HCMV,其中UL82基因中的失活突变是UL82基因的全部或部分缺失。
6.权利要求5的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原替代UL82基因的全部或部分。
7.权利要求6的重组HCMV,其中替代UL82基因的全部或部分的所述至少一种异源抗原的表达由UL82启动子驱动。
8.权利要求1至7中任一项的重组HCMV,其还包含选自以下的HCMV基因中的失活突变:UL7、UL38、UL45和US13。
9.权利要求8的重组HCMV,其中UL7基因中的失活突变是UL7基因的全部或部分缺失。
10.权利要求9的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原替代UL7基因的全部或部分。
11.权利要求10的重组HCMV,其中替代UL7基因的全部或部分的所述至少一种异源抗原的表达由UL7启动子驱动。
12.权利要求8的重组HCMV,其中UL38基因中的失活突变是UL38基因的全部或部分缺失。
13.权利要求12的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原替代UL38基因的全部或部分。
14.权利要求13的重组HCMV,其中替代UL38基因的全部或部分的所述至少一种异源抗原的表达由UL38启动子驱动。
15.权利要求8的重组HCMV,其中UL45基因中的失活突变是UL45基因的全部或部分缺失。
16.权利要求15的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原替代UL45基因的全部或部分。
17.权利要求16的重组HCMV,其中替代UL45基因的全部或部分的所述至少一种异源抗原的表达由UL45启动子驱动。
18.权利要求8的重组HCMV,其中US13基因中的失活突变是US13基因的全部或部分缺失。
19.权利要求18的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原替代US13基因的全部或部分。
20.权利要求19的重组HCMV,其中替代US13基因的全部或部分的所述至少一种异源抗原的表达由US13启动子驱动。
21.权利要求1至20中任一项的重组HCMV,其还包含UL128基因或UL130基因中的失活突变。
22.权利要求21的重组HCMV,其中所述重组HCMV包含UL128基因和UL130基因中的失活突变。
23.权利要求1至22中任一项的重组HCMV,其中所述至少一种异源抗原是病原体特异性抗原或肿瘤抗原。
24.权利要求1至23中任一项的重组HCMV,其中编码所述重组HCMV基因组和所述至少一种异源抗原的核酸序列在通过成纤维细胞多次传代时是稳定的。
25.权利要求1至23中任一项的重组HCMV,其还包含第二异源抗原。
26.权利要求25的重组HCMV,其中所述第一异源抗原替代UL82基因的全部或部分,并且其中所述第二异源抗原替代选自UL7、UL45、UL78和US13的HCMV基因的全部或部分。
27.权利要求26的重组HCMV,其中所述第一异源抗原的表达由UL82启动子驱动,并且其中所述第二异源抗原的表达由UL7启动子、UL45启动子、UL78启动子或US13启动子驱动。
28.权利要求25至27中任一项的重组HCMV,其中所述第一异源抗原是病原体特异性抗原或肿瘤抗原。
29.权利要求28的重组HCMV,其中所述第二异源抗原是不同于所述第一异源抗原的病原体特异性或肿瘤抗原。
30.权利要求25至29中任一项的重组HCMV,其中编码所述重组HCMV基因组以及所述第一和第二异源抗原的核酸序列在通过成纤维细胞多次传代时是稳定的。
31.免疫原性组合物,其包含权利要求1至24中任一项的重组HCMV和可药用载剂。
32.在对象中诱导免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括:
向所述对象施用有效量的权利要求31的免疫原性组合物。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中所述重组HCMV的施用诱导并维持针对所述至少一种异源抗原的长期效应记忆性T细胞应答。
34.免疫原性组合物,其包含权利要求25至30中任一项的重组HCMV和可药用载剂。
35.在对象中诱导免疫应答的方法,所述方法包括:
向所述对象施用有效量的权利要求34的免疫原性组合物。
36.权利要求35的方法,其中所述重组HCMV的施用诱导并维持针对所述第一和第二异源抗原的长期效应记忆T细胞应答。
37.编码权利要求1-30的重组HCMV的分离的多核苷酸。
38.权利要求37的多核苷酸,其中所述多核苷酸包含与SEQ ID NO:1具有至少50%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%、至少96%、至少97%、至少98%或至少99%同一性的序列。
39.分离的细胞,其包含权利要求37或38的多核苷酸。
40.权利要求39的分离的细胞,其中所述分离的细胞还包含使DAXX基因表达沉默的siRNA。
41.权利要求40的分离的细胞,其中所述DAXX siRNA包含与SEQ ID NO:2同一性为至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或100%的有义链,以及与SEQ ID NO:3同一性为至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或100%的反义链。
42.权利要求39至41中任一项的分离的细胞,其中所述分离的细胞是哺乳动物细胞。
43.权利要求42的分离的细胞,其中所述分离的细胞是人细胞。
44.权利要求39至43中任一项的分离的细胞,其中所述分离的细胞是成纤维细胞。
45.产生pp71缺陷型HCMV的方法,所述方法包括:
(1)用pp71缺陷型HCMV感染细胞,其中所述细胞包含使DAXX表达沉默的siRNA;
(2)孵育所述细胞;以及
(3)收集pp71缺陷型HCMV。
46.权利要求45的方法,其中所述pp71缺陷型HCMV具有UL82基因中的失活突变。
47.权利要求46的方法,其中UL82基因中的失活突变是UL82基因的全部或部分缺失。
48.权利要求45至47中任一项的方法,其中所述DAXX siRNA包含与SEQ ID NO:2同一性为至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或100%的有义链,以及与SEQ IDNO:3同一性为至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%或100%的反义链。
49.权利要求45至48中任一项的方法,其中所述细胞是哺乳动物细胞。
50.权利要求49的方法,其中所述细胞是人细胞。
51.权利要求45至50中任一项的方法,其中所述细胞是成纤维细胞。
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