CN106962195B - Cabbage seed production method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a cabbage seed production technology, which adopts the following seed production method: cutting lateral buds from the knots, culturing on a culture medium, and continuously subculturing in a laboratory to obtain an original stock plant; seed reproduction of the sterile line: preparing a cold ridge; preparing a seedling tray; heeling in the stock plant; keeping the system and growing seedlings; planting; pollinating; and (4) ventilating and harvesting: removing the plant rows of the maintenance line in the middle stage of pod setting, increasing the row spacing for ventilation and light transmission, cutting when 70% of pods become yellow to make the pods mature, drying and threshing; and (3) breeding of the male parent: strictly selecting a bud standard, standardizing bud stripping and pollination operations, and making a pollination mark; and (5) breeding the hybrid seeds. The invention provides a seed production technology, the yield reaches 65-75 kg/mu, the bud rate and the bud vigor are as high as more than 85%, the seed yield is high, and a foundation is laid for realizing stable production of the cabbage; after planting, the seeds have obvious advantages in disease resistance, cold resistance, physiological shape and yield compared with other varieties, and are convenient to popularize and popularize for planting.

Description

Cabbage seed production method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetable seed production, and particularly relates to a cabbage seed production technology.

Background

The cabbage, also known as cabbage, belongs to the family of cruciferae, is introduced into China in 16 th century from the north coast of the middle sea of the country of origin, is an important vegetable commonly planted in various places of China, and plays an important role in vegetable cultivation and supply. The vegetable food has strong adaptability, easy cultivation, transportation resistance, high application value and wide edible range, is an indispensable vegetable food on a human dining table, and becomes an important cultivated vegetable variety in the world.

The planting area of the whole world is 2460 ten thousand mu, the area of the common head cabbage in China reaches 1200 ten thousand mu, and the common head cabbage occupies 48.8 percent of the planting area of the whole world. The vegetable is one of the main vegetables in spring, summer and autumn in the northeast, northwest and north China. The perennial planting area of each family is 23 ten thousand mu, which accounts for 2 percent of the vegetable area of the whole country. The vegetable area in our market is 17-20%. Because the temperature difference between day and night of Zhangjiakou is large, the illumination is sufficient, the light quality is good, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is less, the ecological environment is good, the cabbage products are sold all over the country, and the demand for planting yield and seed yield is increased year by year due to the continuous improvement of the demand.

The research of the cabbage hybrid vigor in China begins at the later stage of the 50 th century, and the main research proves that the first generation hybrid has the hybrid vigor in the aspects of yield, stress resistance and the like. In the later period from 60 to 70 years, cabbage self-incompatible breeding and heterosis utilization research are systematically developed, breakthrough progress is achieved, and cabbage first generation hybrids produced in all countries of the world are prepared by utilizing sterile lines and self-incompatible lines.

The research of male sterility of cabbages in China begins in the early stage of 80 years, and the breeding approach of male sterility is actively researched and utilized in order to overcome the defects that the hybridization rate of a self-incompatible line seed production cannot reach 100%, the purity is low, the uniformity is poor, the parents are easy to degenerate after being self-bred for a long time, the cost is high due to artificial pollination in the bud period during the propagation of the parents, the intellectual property is difficult to protect and the like.

Hebei province is used as an important vegetable production area in China, and the produced new cabbage variety represented by 'Zhonggan 21' bred by Chinese academy of agricultural sciences is a sterile line and a self-incompatible line hybrid F1 generation, and is mainly used for breeding seeds by using self-incompatible line parents and F1 hybrids. In the original region, the mode of field sowing in autumn and winter, spring flower subculture by small arched sheds and field fixed-value seed reproduction in spring season is adopted, and the key point is the region from the chenchen platform of the Hebei. Becomes the main producing area of cabbage in China and is also the leading industry of local farmers. There are problems: the production of mature flowering season and the like is in the same period as rain season and haze, continuous overcast and rainy days are not favorable for plant flowering and pollen propagation pollination, and diseases and insect pests are caused by winter in winter and a large amount in early spring, so that the robustness of plants cannot be ensured, particularly the development of lateral branches, and serious difficulty is caused for seed reproduction and seed reproduction. The yield and quality of the produced seeds cannot be guaranteed. Low yield, poor maturity, low bud potential and bud rate. The general yield is 30-40 kg/mu.

The invention creation with patent application number 201410369272.9 discloses a cultivation method for improving the cut flower quantity and seed production quantity of kale, and discloses a cultivation method for improving the cut flower quantity and seed production quantity of kale, which comprises the treatments of adjusting the sowing period, raising seedlings, planting, managing the field, harvesting the cut flowers, treating stems and stalks, treating leaf bulbs, pollinating in time, harvesting in batches and the like, the invention is simple and easy to operate, has obvious effect, can lead the cut-flower kale to harvest the fresh cut-flowers for one time, the yield of the fresh cut flowers is increased by more than 30 percent, the seed yield can be obviously increased, the seed yield is increased by more than 20 percent, the quality of seeds is improved, the production cost is reduced, and the benefit is increased, but the kale in the patent is generally used for appreciation, and the provided method cannot solve the problem that the common head cabbage is low in the aspects of yield, disease resistance, seed production and the like.

The invention patent with application number 94100993.9 discloses a cabbage hybrid seed production method, but the yield per mu after planting is 3300-.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to overcome the problems in the prior art, the cabbage hybrid seed production technology is provided, the cabbage hybrid seed is a cabbage variety prepared by taking a male sterile line TM105-7 as a female parent (a maintainer line 8513-1-2) and taking F07013-5 as a male parent, and the following seed production method is adopted:

(1) propagation of original stock plant

The gene of the original mother plant is MSMS, and is pollinated by external aid to become a hybrid, lateral buds are cut off from the knot part and cultured on a culture medium, and the original mother plant is obtained by continuous subculture in a laboratory;

(2) seed reproduction of sterile line

(2.1) preparation of cold ridges: the ridge is in a sunny field in the north and south directions, the width is 2.0m, the ground is leveled, perlite with the length of 10cm is paved on the surface, and ground cloth is paved on the perlite to improve the ground temperature;

(2.2) preparation of seedling trays: preparing 50-hole seedling trays, and arranging seedling tray matrixes in the seedling trays;

(2.3) temporary planting of the mother plant: in the last ten days of 2 months, placing the test-tube plantlet with strong root and leaf development on the ground of a greenhouse for 5-7 days, uncovering a bottle cover, placing for 5-7 days again, taking out the plantlet after the environment in the bottle is completely fused with the external environment, washing out a culture medium at the root, and planting the plantlet in a plug tray to culture a living stock plant;

(2.4) keeping the strain and raising seedlings: when the female parent is temporarily planted for 10-15 days, sowing the maintainer line seeds in a 50-hole seedling tray, and performing matrix, cold bed and water and fertilizer management on the maintainer line seeds in the same way as the temporary planting of the female parent;

(2.5) field planting: in late 5 month, stock plant: the maintainer line is fixed in the open field in a ratio of 1: 2; the row spacing is 50cm, the plant spacing is 30cm, and the female parent is about 3000 plants; meanwhile, the situation that no cruciferous flowering crops exist within 20km is kept;

(2.6) pollination: 5 boxes of bees are kept pollinating in each mu at the beginning of 7 months, and the pollination period is kept for 1-1.5 months;

(2.7) aeration harvesting: removing the plant rows of the maintenance line in the middle stage of pod setting, increasing the row spacing for ventilation and light transmission, cutting when 70% of pods become yellow to make the pods mature, placing the pods in an air drying chamber, drying and threshing;

(3) and (3) breeding of the male parent: strictly selecting a bud standard, standardizing bud peeling and pollination operations, and making a pollination mark.

(4) Hybrid seed reproduction

(4.1) sowing

Sowing seeds in the greenhouse plug under the dam from 2 late ten days to 3 months, and sowing the male parent and the female parent at the same time;

(4.2) seedling stage management

When 3-5 leaves of the seedling are needed, the vernalization treatment is carried out, the temperature at night is easy to be 1-4 ℃ of the bed temperature when the straw mat is uncovered in the morning, the growth size of the seedling is moderate, the leaves are thick, the stress resistance is strong after planting, and the seed production yield is high;

(4.3) field management

(4.3.1) selecting land

Selecting land with guaranteed water and fertilizer conditions on the dam, and producing seeds in the land without cruciferous vegetables planted for 2-3 years; harvesting the cabbage production field cultivated in the isolation area in time if bolting is indicated;

(4.3.2) preparation of soil

The seed production plot is not suitable for continuous cropping with cruciferous vegetables. Generally applying 3 tons of organic fertilizer as base fertilizer and 60 kilograms of compound fertilizer as base fertilizer per mu, and deeply plowing and raking;

(4.3.3) permanent planting

And (3) in the middle and last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 6 months, the male parent and the female parent are arranged according to the ratio of 1:2, planting in open field, adopting high ridge and drip irrigation cultivation under film, and planting 4500-;

(4.3.4) watering and fertilizing: after the seed plants are bolting and flowering, topdressing is carried out along with water;

(4.3.5) adjusting the flowering phase: adjusting the flowering phase of plants with flowering phase deviation caused by climate reasons; 5-10 boxes of bees are placed in each mu at the early flowering stage for supplementary pollination, so that the yield is increased;

(4.3.6) Pest control: the cabbage flowering period is mainly used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests;

(4.3.7) harvesting: when about half of the pods of the seed plants turn yellow, the seed plants can be harvested in the early morning; in the processes of post-ripening, threshing, cleaning, drying, storing and transporting of the seeds, the disorder of varieties is avoided, and the mechanical mixing is strictly prevented.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, the specific propagation method of the original mother plant in step (1) is: cutting lateral buds from the knots, sterilizing with arsenic and mercury, and inoculating on culture medium to generate callus; inducing the differentiation of the buds; rooting induction, and continuous subculture in laboratory to obtain original mother plant.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, the culture medium is MS culture medium, and the bud differentiation is induced in the culture medium of MS + NAA0.2mg/L +6-BA 2 mg/L; rooting induction is carried out in a culture medium of MS and NAA0.2mg/L, and the original mother strain is obtained by continuous subculture in a laboratory.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, the seedling tray substrate in the seedling tray in the step (2.2) is imported turf.

Preferably, in any scheme, after the parent plant is planted in the step (2.5), the shading rate of 60% needs to be kept, the parent plant is shaded for 3-5 days under strong light, the temperature is controlled to be 15-52 ℃, the plug substrate is kept dry and wet, and 0.3% of special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is applied for 1 time every 7-10 days.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, vernalization is required before the permanent planting in step (2.5).

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, the specific operation method of the vernalization treatment is as follows: the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 0-10 ℃ for 30-40 days, and the temperature is kept until beginning of 5 late ten days to 6 months.

Preferably, in any scheme, after the field planting in the step (2.5), 3 tons of high-quality farmyard manure and 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu.

Preferably, in any scheme, after the planting in the step (2.5), the plant diseases and insect pests are controlled before flowering; after bolting and flowering, applying 10 kg of urea per mu with water and topdressing.

Preferably, in any of the above embodiments, the method for controlling pests comprises: physical control and chemical control.

Preferably, in any of the above embodiments, the physical control method comprises: suspending yellow pest sticking board or yellow lath 25cm × 40cm in field, and coating a layer of machine oil on the board 30-40 blocks/667 m²And trapping and killing aphids.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, the chemical control requires that the chemical is sprayed for 3-4 times before flowering for the above pests at intervals of 5-6 days, and the specific control method comprises: mancozeb and/or propiconazole are used for preventing damping-off, and fenaminosulf and/or diclofop is used for preventing damping-off; the new phytomycin and/or the killed streptomycin sulfate and/or the agricultural streptomycin sulfate are adopted to prevent and treat the black rot; the emamectin benzoate missible oil and/or fipronil suspending agent and/or chlorfenapyr suspending agent are/is adopted to prevent and control cabbage caterpillars and diamondback moths; deltamethrin missible oil and/or imidacloprid and/or Acetamol are adopted to prevent and control aphids.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, after the cabbage in the step (2.7) enters the pod stage, watering is carried out when dry, and 100g/10m of urea is applied with water every time²After the period of podding is full, plants are adjusted by combining ventilation, old leaves and residual leaves at the lower part are removed in time, the ventilation capacity is increased, the morbidity of downy mildew is reduced, meanwhile, the pesticide is sprayed in time to prevent aphids, and the mark is needed during collection.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, the breeding of the male parent is performed according to the following requirements:

(14.1) strict bud selection criteria: selecting buds in a proper period 1 day before blooming to strip the buds;

(14.2) standardized bud stripping and pollination operation: when pollination is carried out for the first time, flowers which are already opened are removed, stamens are taken down and left for pollen taking, then buds are stripped by a tool, the buds are preferably stripped by exposing the stigma for pollination, mechanical damage to the buds is as small as possible when the buds are stripped, then one stamen is taken by the tool and lightly smeared on the exposed stigma, and the pollination is completed;

(14.3) marking pollination: marking the plant line, the number of the seed collecting field, the pollination sequence, the pollinator and the pollination time by using a marking board;

(12.4) covering the inflorescence with a copy paper bag: bagging the inflorescences with stripped buds and pollinated to prevent other cabbage pollen in the air from falling on stigma or washing away stigma pollen after raining;

(14.5) timely removing residual pollen on the instruments and hands: when pollination and plant replacement are finished, 75% medical alcohol is used for chemically killing male parts of instruments and parts infected with pollen, so that the situation that selfing lines are mixed artificially is prevented;

and (14.6) strengthening later-stage management and harvesting and strictly preventing mechanical mixing.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, the bud selection criterion in the step (12.1) is specifically: the bud which has bloomed in the nearest circle from the outermost periphery is selected as the bud suitable for peeling, and the number of buds suitable for peeling is generally not more than 10.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, bed soil is prepared before sowing in the step (4.1): mixing a part of garden soil and a part of decomposed organic fertilizer according to the proportion of 1:1, sieving, and mixing 0.2 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer per 100 kg of nutrient soil.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, in the step (4.2), the temperature is 18-22 ℃ in the daytime after the seedlings are completely removed in the daytime; the vernalization treatment method comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 0-10 ℃ for 30-40 days.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, in the step (4.3.1), the seed production plot needs to be isolated for more than 20 km.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, the organic fertilizer in step (4.3.2) is a coarse fertilizer and a ring fertilizer, and 60 kg of compound fertilizer comprises 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 10 kg of potassium sulfate.

Preferably, in any scheme, water is poured for the first time after the field planting in the step (4.3.3), and watering is carried out after bolting until enough water is poured, so as to facilitate seedling revival.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, in the step (4.3.4), the urea is applied with water and fertilizer, and about 10 kilograms of urea is applied per mu.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, in step (4.3.5), the specific method for adjusting the flowering phase is: and (4) performing re-pinching on the parents with too early bolting to promote the germination of lower lateral branches.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, the method for controlling major pests and diseases in flowering phase of cabbage in step (4.3.6) comprises: physical control and chemical control.

Preferably, in any of the above embodiments, the physical control method comprises: suspending yellow pest sticking board or yellow lath 25cm × 40cm in field, and coating a layer of machine oil on the board 30-40 blocks/667 m²And trapping and killing aphids.

Preferably, in any of the above schemes, the chemical control requires that the chemical is sprayed for 3-4 times before flowering for the above pests at intervals of 5-6 days, and the specific control method comprises: mancozeb and/or propiconazole are used for preventing damping-off, and fenaminosulf and/or diclofop is used for preventing damping-off; the new phytomycin and/or the killed streptomycin sulfate and/or the agricultural streptomycin sulfate are adopted to prevent and treat the black rot; the emamectin benzoate missible oil and/or fipronil suspending agent and/or chlorfenapyr suspending agent are/is adopted to prevent and control cabbage caterpillars and diamondback moths; deltamethrin missible oil and/or imidacloprid and/or Acetamol are adopted to prevent and control aphids.

In any of the above schemes, preferably, in the step (3.7), the seeds not dried in the sun can not be bagged or stored in a large pile, and the seeds can not be thinly exposed on a cement ground in sunny days.

The invention also provides a cabbage high-yield cultivation method, which adopts the cabbage hybrid seed production for cultivation and comprises the following steps:

(15.1) plug seedling: culturing seedlings in 3-5 months with seed amount of 35-50g per mu, loading into a tray, pressing holes with hole depth of 8-10mm, attaching matrix, and covering with mulching film after seeding;

(15.2) post-broadcast management: when the sprouts break the ground, the mulching film is removed in time, and the seedlings can be planted after about 30 days of age;

(15.3) permanent planting: when the seedlings grow to 6-7 true leaves, the seedlings can be transplanted to a field for field planting, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out before field planting, 3000 rotten farmyard manure per mu comprise 4000 kg of gravy plants and 25 kg of diammonium plants, and a plum-blossom-shaped high-density cultivation method is adopted for field planting: ridging and cultivating 110cm of film, covering soil, planting one line of film with the width of 70cm, the row spacing of 40cm and the distance of 10cm from the edge of a ridge in a row manner with the row spacing of 30cm, planting one plant in the centers of four adjacent plants, and so on to realize planting about 6000 plants per mu;

(15.4) harvesting: when the leaf ball is basically packed and the outer layer ball leaf is shiny, the leaf ball can be harvested.

Preferably, before the planting in the step (15.3), hardening off seedlings is also required: hardening the seedlings at low temperature about 10 days before field planting, namely increasing the ventilation volume of a greenhouse, gradually removing the greenhouse film to make the temperature of the seedbed close to the outdoor temperature, and completely uncovering the covering 2-3 days before field planting to make the covering adapt to the environment of field blocks for field planting.

Preferably, the method for preparing the decomposed farmyard manure in the step (15.3) comprises the following steps: storing fresh chicken manure, pig manure and sheep manure in a ratio of 3:2:1 in a septic tank in 6 months every year, covering yellow mud and a film on the upper part of the manure tank in sequence, fermenting for 2-3 months, decomposing farmyard manure at high temperature, uncovering the film after decomposition, stirring, diluting liquid biological bacteria, pouring the diluted liquid biological bacteria into the septic tank, and stirring and mixing for later use.

Advantageous effects

The invention provides a cabbage seed production technology, which has the following advantages:

(1) provides seed production technology, has high seed yield, can lead the seed production yield of Zhanggan 40 to reach 65-75 kg/mu, lays foundation for realizing stable production of the cabbage;

(2) after planting, the seeds have obvious advantages in disease resistance, cold resistance, physiological shape and yield compared with other varieties;

(3) the quality and the quantity of the seeds are ensured, and the requirement of production demonstration is met;

(4) the method is suitable for planting in a plurality of areas, and is convenient for popularization and planting;

(5) the yield reaches 65-75 kg/mu, and the bud rate and the bud potential reach more than 85 percent.

Detailed Description

In order to better understand the technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, the present invention is further described below by way of specific embodiments.

Example 1.1

Terms and definitions

Sterile line is obtained by hybridizing the selected male sterile individual plants with fertile individuals and then carrying out continuous backcross cultivation to obtain the sterile line with male sterility characteristics and uniform quality.

The retention system is as follows: a plant line which when crossed as male parent with a sterile line, enables F1 to maintain male sterility.

Self-incompatible line: refers to a self-sterile property which has complete flowers and can form normal female and male gametes, but lacks the self-pollination fructification capability.

The breeding method of Zhanggan 40 comprises the following steps:

1. sterile line breeding method and technical line

1.1 discovery and conservation of sterile sources

In the autumn of 2003, the 'daminozide' variety is sown in open field, in the same year, the variety is positioned in a greenhouse, and after vernalization treatment, fertility identification is carried out on individual plants of the population during flowering, and the identification standard is that stigma is bright and exposed, and honey glands are developed. The anther is not opened, and no pollen is in the anther cavity after the identification of tabletting and dyeing. Initially selecting 30 single plants in more than 12000 groups, knocking off apical dominance, promoting lateral bud development, and performing tissue culture asexual seed reservation on lateral buds.

1.2 selection of maintainer lines

The maintainer line 8513-1-2 is an inbred line which is obtained by breeding fertile plants of offspring in the sterile line, obtaining more than 30 DH lines through haploid pollen culture and then breeding second-generation strains through the anther culture.

1.3 Breeding of sterile line

1.3.1 homozygote sterile line breeding technical line

The dominant genic male sterility type of the cabbage is controlled by the sterile gene and also influenced by the modifying gene, part of male sterile plants have environmental sensitivity, and some sterile plants have a small amount of viable pollen under certain genetic background and environmental conditions. Separating the homozygous male sterile plant of dominant sterile gene from the selfing progeny of the micro-pollen sterile plant, and hybridizing the progeny of tissue culture propagation with the maintainer line.

1.3.2 transformation of Excellent traits

The sterile plant and the excellent inbred line are firstly hybridized, character transformation is mainly carried out on the sterile line, the inbred line with excellent characters is selected for directional transformation aiming at the poor characters of the sterile line, and the sterility and the advantageous characters of the offspring are integrated.

1.3.3 method and technical route for utilizing hybrid

The hybrid combination was prepared in the Yanling nucleus of the farm institute of Zhangkou city. The field comparison observation is carried out in the Xishun ditch base in Zhangbei county in summer in the same year, and the combined TM105-7 xF 07013-5 has prominent performance. After the variety comparison test is carried out, the formal name is Zhangan 40. And then carrying out production test on five counties on Zhang Jiakou city dam. Accumulated popularization 1219hm till now²。

The invention also provides a cabbage high-yield cultivation method, and the cabbage seed production technology and the high-yield cultivation method are as follows:

2. cabbage seed production technology

The Zhanggan '40' seed production technology includes four parts of sterile line seed reproduction, maintainer line seed reproduction, male parent seed reproduction and hybrid seed production, and utilizes the climatic advantages of local dam and under-dam to research out the unique seed reproduction and production technology, i.e. under-dam seedling cultivation, temporary planting, overwintering vernalization production of nutrient body seed strain, and on-dam pollination seed production to produce parent and hybrid seed.

(1) Propagation of original stock plant

The original mother plant gene is MSMS, has no pollen, becomes a heterozygote as long as foreign pollination exists, and the preservation and propagation of the heterozygote mainly depend on asexual tissue culture, lateral buds are cut off from the knot part, and the original mother plant is obtained by generating callus, inducing the differentiation of buds, inducing roots and carrying out continuous subculture in a laboratory on an MS culture medium.

The specific method comprises the following steps: cutting lateral buds from the knots, sterilizing with arsenic and mercury, and inoculating on MS culture medium to generate callus; MS + NAA0.2mg/L +6-BA 2mg/L culture medium to induce bud differentiation; rooting induction is carried out in a culture medium of MS and NAA0.2mg/L, and the original mother plant is obtained by continuous subculture in a laboratory.

(2) Seed reproduction of sterile line

2.1 preparation of cold ridges: the ridge in the south-north direction is 2.0m wide, the ground is leveled, perlite with the thickness of 10cm is paved on the surface, and ground cloth is paved on the surface, so that the low temperature is improved.

2.2 preparation of seedling tray: 50-hole seedling tray with imported turf as seedling tray matrix

2.3 stock plant temporary planting:

hardening seedlings: in the area of family opening, in the last 2 months every year, the test-tube plantlet with the strong root and leaves of the parent plant is placed on the ground of a greenhouse for 5-7 days, and the bottle cover is uncovered and placed for 5-7 days, so that the environment in the bottle is completely fused with the external environment.

Temporary planting: and (4) taking out the seedlings in the test-tube seedlings from the cold ridges for placing the seedling trays, washing out the culture medium at the roots, and planting the seedlings in the hole trays. Shading rate of 60% under strong light for 3-5 days, controlling temperature at 15-52 deg.C, maintaining the tray matrix to be dry or wet, applying 0.3% special fertilizer for seedling for 1 time every 7-10 days, and culturing to obtain the survival stock plant.

2.4 maintainer line seedling culture:

when the female parent is heeled in for 10-15 days, the seeds of the maintainer line are sowed in a 50-hole seedling tray. The substrate, the cold bed and the water and fertilizer management are the same as those of the temporary planting of the parent plant;

2.5 vernalization treatment:

vernalization is carried out when 3-5 leaves of the stock plant and the maintainer line seedling are left in the beginning of 3 months to 4 months, the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 0-10 ℃ for 30-40 days, and the vernalization is continued to the beginning of 5 months to 6 months;

2.6 field planting:

in late 5 month, stock plant: the holding system is fixed on the open field on the dam (with the elevation of 1400m) at the ratio of 1: 2. The row spacing is 50cm, the plant spacing is 30cm, and the female parent is about 3000 plants. There were no cruciferous flowering crops within 20 km. Applying 3 tons of high-quality farmyard manure and 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer per mu, and carrying out drip irrigation under a film. Water, fertilizer and disease and pest management is the same as seed production;

2.7 pollination:

5 boxes of bees are kept pollinating in each mu at the beginning of 7 months, and the pollination period is kept for 1-1.5 months;

2.8 aeration harvest:

the plant rows of the retaining system are removed in the middle stage of pod setting, and the row spacing is increased to facilitate ventilation and light transmission. Cutting to make the pod become yellow 70%, drying, and threshing;

3. and (3) breeding of the male parent:

the male parent is a self-incompatible line, the breeding is completely the same except that the planting is a single male parent and the breeding is different from the breeding of the sterile line, and the breeding is not repeated here, so 6 strict male parents are required:

first, the bud selection criteria are strict: the buds are stripped by selecting the buds at a proper period, so that the over-small selection or over-full selection of the buds in the bud stripping process can be prevented. The standard of qualified buds is to control that 1 day before blooming, 3-4 buds bloom in each sequence, and one round of buds blossom closest to the outermost periphery are bud-suitable buds, and generally no more than 10 buds.

Secondly, standardizing the operations of stripping and pollinating: when pollination is carried out for the first time, the opened flowers are removed, stamens are taken down and left to be used for taking pollen, and then buds are stripped by using sharp-nose tweezers. When the buds are stripped, the exposed stigmas can be pollinated, and the mechanical damage to the buds is better as the mechanical damage to the buds is smaller, so that the callus time of the buds is shortened. Then, a branch of the stamen is taken out by a nipper and lightly smeared on the exposed stigmas, and pollination is finished.

Thirdly, marking pollination: the number of the seed collecting field, the pollination sequence, the pollinator and the pollination time of the strain are marked by a marking board. Then the marking plate is tied to the main branch of the whole plant, the height of the marking plate is that the marking plate is not contacted with the ground, the marking plate cannot be submerged when watering, and the marking plate is easy to find and is not covered by the bag.

Fourthly, covering the inflorescence with a copy paper bag: and (3) bagging the inflorescences subjected to bud peeling and pollination by selecting proper bags according to the sizes of plants by using copy paper bags of different types so as to prevent other cabbage pollen in the air from drifting down stigma or washing away stigma pollen after raining.

Fifthly, removing residual pollen on the apparatus and the hands in time: when the cabbage flowers bloom, the density of the whole flowers of the plants is high, pollen is easily stained on the bodies and hands, and pollen residues can also be left on tweezers for picking up the pollen. Therefore, 75% medical alcohol is used for carrying out chemical emasculation on instruments and pollen-infected parts when pollination and plant replacement are finished, and the situation that the inbred lines are mixed artificially is prevented.

Sixth, the later management and harvesting are enhanced, after the mechanically mixed cabbage is strictly prevented from entering the pod stage, the water and fertilizer demand is increased, watering is carried out when dryness is achieved, and 100g/10m of urea is applied along with water every time². After the period of podding is full, plants are adjusted by combining ventilation, old leaves and residual leaves at the lower part are removed in time, the ventilation capability is increased, the morbidity of downy mildew is reduced, and meanwhile, the user also needs to pay attention to spraying medicine in time to prevent aphids. When the label is collected, the label is needed to be marked, and the seeds of different labels are forbidden to be mixed together. If the label on the plant is lost, the field number is found and marked again. The field number and the label plate are lost and are determined by a field planting picture.

4. Hybrid breeding

4.1 sowing

Sowing in the greenhouse plug under the dam from 2 late ten days to 3 months, and sowing the male parent and the female parent at the same time. 50-hole tray seedling.

4.2 seedling management

The temperature of the seedlings is 18-22 ℃ in the daytime after the seedlings are discharged completely, and the temperature cannot exceed 26 ℃; when the seedlings have 3-5 leaves, vernalization is carried out, the temperature of the greenhouse is kept at 0-10 ℃, 30-40 days, and the time lasts until beginning of late 5-6 months. The night temperature is 1-4 deg.C when taking off the straw mat in the morning. Ensures that the growth of the seedlings is moderate, the leaves are thick, the stress resistance after the planting is strong, and the seed production yield is high.

4.3 field management

4.3.1 selecting land with water and fertilizer on dam (with an altitude of 1400m) and guaranteed conditions, and isolating over 20km in general when determining the seed production land. In addition, production fields such as cabbages cultivated in the isolation area should be harvested in time if bolting is indicated. The cruciferous vegetables are not planted in the plots for 2-3 years.

4.3.2 the land preparation and seed production plot is forbidden to be continuously cultivated with cruciferous vegetables, and the best choice is selected. Generally, 3 tons of base fertilizer (coarse fertilizer and ring fertilizer) is applied per mu, 50 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer and 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate are used as base fertilizer, and the base fertilizer is deeply ploughed and harrowed.

4.3.3 permanent planting: and (3) in the middle and last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 6 months, the male parent and the female parent are arranged according to the ratio of 1:2, planting in open field, generally adopting high ridge and drip irrigation cultivation under film, watering for the first time after planting, watering after bolting (after adjusting flowering period), and planting 4500-. Watering enough water to facilitate seedling revival.

4.3.4 watering and fertilizing: after the seeds are bolting and flowering, the seeds are generally fertilized with water, and about 10 kilograms of urea is fertilized per mu.

4.3.5 adjusting the flowering phase: if the flowering phase deviation is caused by climatic reasons, re-pinching can be carried out on the parents with too early bolting, so that the lower lateral branches are promoted to germinate, and the flowering phase is adjusted. 5-10 boxes of bees are placed in each mu at the early flowering stage for supplementary pollination, so that the yield is increased.

4.3.6 Pest control: the cabbage flowering period is mainly used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and the prevention and treatment include physical prevention and chemical prevention and treatment.

The physical control method comprises the following steps: suspending yellow pest sticking board or yellow lath 25cm × 40cm in field, and coating a layer of machine oil on the board 30-40 blocks/667 m²And trapping and killing aphids.

The chemical control requires spraying the pesticide once every 5-6 days before flowering, and the pesticide is continuously sprayed for 3-4 times, and the specific control method and the pesticide application type are shown in table 1.

Table 1 general pest control summary table

Control object	Name of pesticide
		Damping-off disease	Mancozeb and pulex
Damping off	Dikesong and Likuling
		Black rot of rice	Agricultural streptomycin sulfate
Cabbage worm and diamondback moth	Emamectin benzoate-methyl-amino-methyl-abamectin emulsion, fipronil suspending agent and nickelix suspending agent
		Aphids	Deltamethrin emulsifiable solution, imidacloprid and Acetat

4.3.7 and (4) harvesting: when about half of the pods of the seed plants turn yellow, the seed plants can be harvested in the early morning. In the processes of after-ripening, threshing, cleaning, drying, storing and transporting of the seeds, the disorder of varieties and mechanical mixing are avoided. The seeds which are not dried in the sun can not be bagged or stored in a large pile, and the seeds can not be spread on cement ground to be exposed to the sun in sunny days.

Zhang Gan '40' is the main cultivated crop in Jibei, the development of variety purity and seed production industry is closely related to the development of the industry of 'three-farmer' and is the local support industry, the seed production technology of the cabbage formulated by the invention is significant for better guiding farmers to develop the seed industry and providing high-quality hybrid seeds for the market. Meanwhile, the problem that continuous overcast and rainy water in south seed production is not favorable for plant blossoming and pollen propagation pollination can be solved; insect pests occur in large quantities in early spring; the robustness of the plant, particularly the development of lateral branches, cannot be ensured; the yield and the quality of the produced seeds can not be ensured, the maturity is poor, the bud vigor and the bud rate are low, and the like.

By the method, the seed yield is high, the seed production yield of Zhanggan 40 can reach 65-75 kg/mu, the yield is high, the produced seeds are full, the purity is high by 100%, the purity is high by more than 95%, the germination rate is more than 85%, and the germination vigor is more than 85%; laying a foundation for realizing stable production of the cabbages; after planting, the yield is high, and the disease resistance, cold resistance, physiological shape and yield have obvious advantages compared with other varieties; the invention ensures the quality and quantity of seeds and meets the requirement of production demonstration; is suitable for planting in a plurality of areas and is convenient for popularization and planting.

5. The invention also provides a method for high-yield cultivation of cabbage

First, seedling raising

The seedling growing period is determined according to the local air temperature and the cultivated variety. In order to improve the planting survival rate and reduce the seedling revival time, an arch shed or a greenhouse and the like can be selected for a facility plug seedling method when the spring cabbage is cultured.

(1) Plug seedling: and in the last ten days of 4 months to 5 months in the area above the dam, and in the area below the dam, seedlings are grown in the protected land in 3 months. The seed amount is 35-50g per mu. Adopting 105-plus 128-hole/disc-specification seedling discs, pretreating the substrate one day in advance, then loading the substrate on the next day, pressing the holes, wherein the hole pressing depth is 8-10mm, putting 1 seed in each hole, attaching the substrate, scraping with a flat plate, evenly stacking the sowed hole discs on a ridge, and covering a mulching film on the ridge after sowing in order to improve the temperature and keep the humidity.

(2) Managing after broadcasting: when the sprouts break the ground, the mulching film is removed in time to avoid burning or growing high-foot seedlings. The substrate is dry and can be sprayed or furrow sprayed. When 3 seedlings grow to have 3 true leaves, 0.3% urea can be applied. The seedlings can be planted after about 30 days. Before planting, watering is controlled and hardening seedlings are started.

(II) cultivation

(1) Hardening seedlings: the seedlings can be planted when growing to 6-7 leaves, and the seedlings are hardened at low temperature about 10 days before the planting. When the temperature is reduced, the temperature is controlled to be about 5 ℃ generally so as to prevent the seedlings from being frozen. Firstly, the ventilation quantity of the greenhouse is increased, then the greenhouse film is gradually removed to make the temperature of the seedbed approach the outdoor temperature, and the covering can be completely removed 2-3 days before field planting, so that the covering is adapted to the environment of the field to be planted.

(2) Planting: when the seedling grows to 6-7 true leaves, the seedling can be transplanted to a field for planting. Before planting, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out, 3000 rotten farmyard manure is fertilized per mu, 4000 kg of the composted farmyard manure and 25 kg of the diammonium. The width of the ridge is determined by the physical and chemical properties of soil, watering conditions and planting density, such as sandy soil and plots with poor watering conditions, and the ridge can be made to be narrow and short. If the soil is sticky and heavy, the cultivation can be performed in ridges, and two lines are planted on the back of each ridge. And (3) digging holes in a staggered manner according to the row spacing during field planting, and planting with soil lump and clear water. The depth is determined by burying the rhizome, and the surrounding soil is compacted to make the root tightly contact with the soil for survival. In early spring, the ridge can be covered with a mulching film. Thus not only can harvest in advance, but also can improve the yield and the product quality. The cultivation is covered by a mulching film, and the herbicide is preferably applied to prevent and control weeds in the mulching film. Before general film covering, 150ml of cynanchum otophyllum or 100-. (5) Planting density: the early-maturing cabbages are suitable for meeting the market demand, the weight of the leaf bulbs is 0.8-1.0 kg, and therefore the planting habit with low density is changed, and the cabbages are planted densely. Generally, the row spacing is controlled to be about 30cm, the plant spacing is 30-35 cm, and the strain per mu is guaranteed to be more than 5500 and 6000, so that the yield is about 6000 kg/mu. In this embodiment, a method of plum blossom-shaped high-density cultivation is adopted for field planting: and (3) ridging cultivation is carried out on 110cm films, the film width is 70cm after soil covering, the ridge distance is 40cm, the distance from the edge of the ridge is 10cm, each field planting is carried out for one line, the plant distance is 30cm, one plant is field planted in the centers of four adjacent plants, and the like, so that about 6000 plants are planted per mu.

(III) field management

In general, in a plot with medium fertility, 15-20 kg of urea is applied to each mu of hole for field planting on the basis of sufficient farmyard manure application. After field planting and seedling reviving, properly squatting seedlings, and after squatting seedlings, additionally applying 15-20 kg of urea per mu in combination with watering. And in the later period of the lotus throne, the cabbage grows vigorously, the supply of fertilizer water is increased, and 20 kg of compound fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are fertilized per mu. The fertilizing amount can be flexibly controlled according to the soil fertility and the plant growth condition. The soil is kept in a wet state, and high yield is facilitated. But the drought resistance is strong in the seedling stage, the water can be properly controlled to squat the seedlings, the functions of controlling the upper part and promoting the lower part and developing the root system are achieved, and the watering in case of drought is realized after the lotus seed seat stage.

(IV) harvesting

Spring cabbage should be harvested early, and when the head is basically covered and the outer layer bulb leaves are shiny, the head can be harvested. If harvesting is not timely, the bulb is often cracked, and the quality and the yield are affected. The regular variety can be harvested for 2-4 times.

6. Procedure of the test

6.1 Breeding of Zhanggan 40 female parent male sterile line TM105-7

The TM105-7 is identified as a dominant genic male sterile line through genetic analysis and fertility. When the 'daminot' variety is introduced, the sterile plant progeny and the fertile plant are subjected to continuous backcross to breed the sterile line 'BX 9-3-1-5', and because the sterile line has more wax and large development degree, the sterile line is subjected to excellent character transformation by using the inbred line of the 'Zhonggan 11' separated progeny. The sterile line TM105-7 with fertility sterility degree of 100% and sterility rate of 100% is directionally bred by more than 6 generations. The sterile line has the average single-bulb weight of 1.3kg, 9-11 outer leaves, the developing degree of 65.0cm, light wax, round balls, 6.2cm of central column, green main vein, slightly sweet taste and low pungency.

6.2. Breeding of Zhanggan 40' female parent maintainer line 8513-1-2

The maintainer line 8513-1-2 is a fertile plant of a sterile line breeding progeny, more than 30 DH lines are obtained by haploid pollen culture, and then an inbred line is obtained by the second generation line breeding of the floral culture, the average weight of a single ball is 1.36kg, 7-9 outer leaves, the developing degree is 48.1cm, the wax is less, the ball, the main vein is dark green, the taste is slightly spicy, the center column is 9.5cm, the sterile rate is 100 percent, and the sterility degree is 100 percent when the inbred line is hybridized with the sterile line M0105-7. The field shows black rot resistance.

6.3 Zhang Gan 40 male parent F07013-5 breeding

The four types of sources are ① new varieties cultivated by hybridization and the like, ② innovative resources and high-generation strains such as g13, g27, g119 and the like, ③ farmhouse excellent varieties such as black leaf little flat head, golden early-maturing, chicken heart cabbage, beef heart cabbage, black leaf, nanmu leaf, two tiger head and the like, ④ foreign introduced resources such as Jinmu, Beijing early maturing, yellow seedling, Danjing early maturing, early autumn, Fuji early maturing and the like.

The male parent F07013-5 is a 'Zhenqi' selfing progeny fertile plant, a selfing line for 6 generations of continuous selfing is adopted, the weight of a single ball is 2.2kg, 9-11 pieces of outer leaves are adopted, the developing degree is 58cm, the wax is less, the ball is round, the main vein is dark green, the taste is slightly spicy, and the stem length is 7.7 cm.

7. Determination of high yield

TABLE 2 comparison test table for cabbage varieties

Note: g-1, g-2, g-3 and g-4 respectively represent Zhang Gan 20, Zhang Gan 40, Zhang Gan 50 and Zhang Gan 60

As can be seen from the table 2, when the planting method of the invention is adopted to plant the medium sweet 21 as a control, the yield per mu of 40 per mu in the medium sweet state reaches 6407.761 kg/mu, respectively exceeds 9.19 percent of the control, the yield increase reaches a significant level, and the inter-species comparison does not reach the significant level. g-2 is located at the first place, and g-4 is located at the second place. The yield per mu of 2 non-over-control samples are g-1 and g-3 respectively, the yield per mu reaches 5518.427 kg/mu and 5472.821 kg/mu, the yield is reduced by-6.02%, -6.80% compared with the control sample, the yield reduction does not reach the significant level, and the yield reduction does not reach the significant level compared with the control sample. Respectively in the fifth and sixth positions. In the contrast, 21 Gancao is positioned at the third place, the yield of Lujia (ck3) is reduced by-0.19% compared with the contrast, the yield of Lujia is positioned at the fourth place, and the yield of No. 4 Tietou is reduced by-8.35% compared with the contrast, and the Lujia is positioned at the seventh place.

8.1 article ratio test

Table 3 uses PLSD analysis of variance.

TABLE 3 comparison of Zhang Gan 40 variety test yield three years results

As can be seen from Table 3, Zhang Gan 40 uses "Tietou four" as a control, and performs a variety comparison test in Xishun ditch base in Zhang Bei county, respectively, and performs three tests in sequence, wherein the tests are arranged in random blocks and repeated for 3 times. The results of the three-year continuous grade test in Table 3 also show that the yield of Zhanggan 40 is increased by 7.8 percent to reach the significant level compared with the control iron head;

8.2 production test

TABLE 4 Zhang gan 40 multipoint region test yield results

Table 4 shows that 5 test points are continuously conducted for two years, production tests are respectively conducted in Zhang Jia city, Shang Yi, Gu Yuan and Chong Li Wu county, and the area of each test point is 333m²。

In 2015, medium sweet 21 was used as a control, and the experimental results show that the yield of Zhanggan 40 is higher than that of medium sweet 21 in any experimental area. In 2016, Zhang Gan 40 is planted by the high-yield cultivation method, and experimental results show that the Zhang Gan 40 yield in the same test area is higher than the Zhang Gan 40 yield planted by a common method in 2015.

Meanwhile, the yield of the multi-point regional test (table 4) is increased by 15.7 percent and 18.1 percent compared with the control in two consecutive years, which fully explains the yield increasing effect of the Zhanggan 40 variety under the matched seed production technology and cultivation technology.

9. Determination of disease resistance

The bolting phenomenon is not seen in the normal year planting of Zhanggan 40 test bases on dams. The method is characterized in that the occurrence condition and the damage degree of continuous cropping serious fields in Chongxian county are investigated, natural disease attack is managed in normal fields, no medicament is used for preventing and treating diseases after disease attack, and the types of the diseases are as follows: black rot, black spot, downy mildew. The investigation method used the zigzag method, and 75 strains were investigated each time. As shown in Table 5, the disease indexes of Zhanggan 40 are 7.46, 16.22 and 23.06, respectively. Indicating high resistance to black rot, black spot and downy mildew.

TABLE 5 comparison of disease resistance of Zhangan 40

10. Measurement of physiological Properties

Determining the dry matter content by adopting a direct drying method; measuring the content of vitamin C by adopting a 2, 6-dichlorophenol indophenol titration method; measuring the content of soluble protein by adopting a Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 method

The dry matter content of the Zhanggan 40 variety is 5.57mg/g, which is 7.48 percent lower than that of the control 6.02mg/g, the dry matter content does not reach the obvious level, the water content is high, the cellulose is low, the quality is fresh, the crispness and the palatability are good; the content of the vitamin C is 0.334mg/g, 11.33 percent higher than that of the control 0.300mg/g, the remarkable level is achieved, and the nutrition is high; soluble protein 0.637mg/g, 22.50% higher than the control 0.520mg/g, reaching a very significant level, and the protein nutrient is higher. (see Table 6).

TABLE 6 comparison of physiological Properties (mg/g)

11. Determination of botanical traits

The maturity stage is compared with the 'iron head four', the investigation method adopts a 'Z' -shaped method, and 15 plants are investigated each time. Measuring main 7 characters of the cabbage: plant height, spread, number of outer leaves (pieces), single ball weight, ball height: wide sphere, high central column and high rhizome.

As shown in Table 7, the height of the Zhanggan 40 variety is 30.19cm, the contrast is high, the developing degree is 56.08cm, the weight of each outer leaf is 9-11, the weight of each single ball is 1.27kg, and the ball height is as follows: the ball width is 14.33:15.01, the height of the central column is 7.1cm, and the height of the rhizome is 3.0 cm.

TABLE 7 Phytology character questionnaire (cm)

The comparison tests show that Zhang Gan 40 has obvious advantages in disease resistance, cold resistance, yield, characters and other aspects, and is convenient for popularization and promotion.

It should be noted that the above embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; and the modifications or the substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims (20)

1. A cabbage seed production method is characterized in that a cabbage variety is prepared by taking a male sterile line TM105-7 as a female parent, 8513-1-2 as a maintainer line and F07013-5 as a male parent, and the method comprises the following steps:

(1) propagation of original stock plant

The original mother plant genotype is MSMS, has no pollen, and the preservation and propagation of the original mother plant mainly depend on asexual tissue culture, the lateral bud is cut from the knot part, and is cultured on a culture medium, and the original mother plant is obtained by continuous subculture in a laboratory, and the specific propagation method comprises the following steps: cutting lateral buds from the knots, sterilizing by mercuric chloride, and inoculating on a culture medium to generate callus; inducing the differentiation of the buds; rooting induction, and carrying out continuous subculture in a laboratory to obtain an original stock plant;

(2) seed reproduction of sterile line

(2.1) preparation of cold ridges: the ridge is in a sunny field in the north and south directions, the width is 2.0m, the ground is leveled, perlite with the length of 10cm is paved on the surface, and ground cloth is paved on the perlite to improve the ground temperature;

(2.2) preparation of seedling trays: preparing 50-hole seedling trays, and arranging seedling tray matrixes in the seedling trays;

(2.3) temporary planting of the mother plant: in the last ten days of 2 months, placing the test-tube plantlet with strong root and leaf development on the ground of a greenhouse for 5-7 days, uncovering a bottle cover, placing for 5-7 days again, taking out the plantlet after the environment in the bottle is completely fused with the external environment, washing out a culture medium at the root, and planting the plantlet in a plug tray to culture a living stock plant;

(2.4) keeping the strain and raising seedlings: when the female parent is temporarily planted for 10-15 days, sowing the maintainer line seeds in a 50-hole seedling tray, wherein the management of the matrix, the cold bed and the water and fertilizer is the same as that of the temporary planting of the female parent;

(2.5) field planting: in late 5 month, stock plant: the maintainer line is fixed in the open field in a ratio of 1: 2; row spacing is 50cm, plant spacing is 30cm, and female parent is 3000; meanwhile, the situation that no cruciferous flowering crops exist within 20km is kept; vernalization is needed before planting, and the specific operation method of vernalization comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 0-10 ℃ for 30-40 days till beginning of late 5-6 months;

(2.6) pollination: 5 boxes of bees are kept pollinating in each mu at the beginning of 7 months, and the pollination period is kept for 1-1.5 months;

(2.7) aeration harvesting: removing the plant rows of the maintenance line in the middle stage of pod setting, increasing the row spacing for ventilation and light transmission, cutting when 70% of pods become yellow to make the pods mature, placing the pods in an air drying chamber, drying and threshing;

(3) and (3) breeding of the male parent: strictly selecting a bud standard, standardizing bud stripping and pollination operations, and making a pollination mark;

(4) hybrid seed reproduction

(4.1) sowing

Sowing seeds in the greenhouse plug under the dam from 2 late ten days to 3 months, and sowing the male parent and the female parent at the same time; preparing bed soil before sowing, uniformly mixing and sieving a part of garden soil and a part of decomposed organic fertilizer according to the proportion of 1:1, and uniformly mixing 0.2 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer in each 100 kg of nutrient soil;

(4.2) seedling stage management

When 3-5 leaves of the seedling are planted, vernalization treatment is carried out, and the vernalization treatment method comprises the following steps: keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 0-10 ℃ for 30-40 days, and setting the night temperature as the bed temperature of 1-4 ℃ when the straw mat is uncovered in the morning to ensure that the seedling growth size is moderate, the leaves are thick, the stress resistance is strong after planting, and the seed production yield is high;

(4.3) field management

(4.3.1) selecting land

Selecting a land block which has guaranteed water and fertilizer conditions on the dam and is not planted with cruciferous vegetables for 2-3 years for seed production; the cabbage production field cultivated in the isolation area has bolting signs and needs to be harvested in time;

(4.3.2) preparation of soil

Continuous cropping of the seed production plots and cruciferous vegetables is avoided, 3 tons of organic fertilizer serving as base fertilizer and 60 kilograms of compound fertilizer serving as base fertilizer are generally applied to each mu of plants, deep ploughing and raking are carried out, the organic fertilizer is coarse fertilizer and ring fertilizer, and the 60 kilograms of compound fertilizer comprises 50 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer and 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate;

(4.3.3) permanent planting

And (3) in the middle and last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 6 months, the male parent and the female parent are arranged according to the ratio of 1:2, planting in open field, adopting high ridge and drip irrigation cultivation under film, and planting 4500-;

(4.3.4) watering and fertilizing: after the seeds are bolting and flowering, topdressing with water, and topdressing with 10 kilograms of urea per mu;

(4.3.5) adjusting the flowering phase: adjusting the flowering phase of plants with flowering phase deviation caused by climate reasons; 5-10 boxes of bees are placed in each mu at the early flowering stage for supplementary pollination, so that the yield is increased;

(4.3.6) Pest control: the cabbage flowering period is mainly used for preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests;

(4.3.7) harvesting: when half of pods of the seed plants turn yellow, cutting and harvesting the seed plants in the early morning; in the processes of after-ripening, threshing, cleaning, drying, storing and transporting of the seeds, the disorder of varieties is avoided, and the mechanical mixing is strictly prevented;

the method for high-yield cultivation of the seeds prepared by the method comprises the following steps:

first, seedling raising

Determining a seedling culture period according to the local air temperature and the cultivated variety, and selecting an arched shed or a greenhouse for carrying out facility plug seedling culture method when the spring cabbage is cultured in order to improve the planting survival rate and reduce the seedling revival time;

(1) plug seedling: in the last ten days of 4 months to 5 months in the upper ten days of the dam, seedlings are grown in a protected area in the area under the dam for 3 months, the seed amount used for each mu is 35-50g, seedling trays with 105-plus 128-hole/tray specifications are adopted, after the matrix is pretreated one day in advance, the tray is arranged the next day, the hole is pressed, the hole pressing depth is 8-10mm, 1 seed in each hole is placed in each hole, the matrix is covered, the flat plate is used for scraping, the hole trays after sowing are evenly stacked on the ridge, and a mulching film is covered on the ridge after sowing in order to improve the temperature and keep the humidity;

(2) managing after broadcasting: removing the mulching film when the sprouts break the soil in time to avoid burning seedlings or growing high-foot seedlings, carrying out dry spraying or ridge spraying on the matrix, dressing 0.3% urea when the seedlings grow to 3 main leaves, field planting the seedlings after 30 days of age, controlling watering and starting hardening the seedlings before field planting;

(II) cultivation

(1) Hardening seedlings: planting when the seedlings grow to 6-7 leaves, and hardening the seedlings at low temperature 10 days before planting; when the temperature is reduced, in order to prevent the seedlings from being frozen, the ventilation rate of a greenhouse is generally controlled to be 5 ℃, then the greenhouse film is gradually removed to ensure that the temperature of a seedbed is close to the outdoor temperature, and the covering is completely uncovered 2 to 3 days before field planting to ensure that the covering is adapted to the environment of field planting blocks;

(2) planting: when the seedlings grow to 6-7 true leaves, the seedlings are transplanted to a field for field planting, soil preparation and fertilization are carried out before field planting, 3000 and 4000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure are applied per mu, and 25 kg of diammonium, and the preparation method of the decomposed farmyard manure comprises the following steps: storing fresh chicken manure, pig manure and sheep manure in a ratio of 3:2:1 in a septic tank in 6 months every year, covering yellow mud and a film on the upper part of the manure tank in sequence, fermenting for 2-3 months, decomposing farmyard manure at high temperature, uncovering the film after decomposition, stirring, diluting liquid biological bacteria, pouring the diluted liquid biological bacteria into the septic tank, and stirring and mixing the liquid biological bacteria for later use; making a plurality of furrows or ridges, wherein the number of the furrows is determined by the physical and chemical properties of soil, watering conditions and planting density, the furrows are sandy soil and land blocks with poor watering conditions, the furrows are made narrow and short, the ridges are formed by sticking soil, and two lines are planted on the back of each ridge; during planting, alternately digging holes according to row spacing, and planting with soil lump and clear water; the depth is based on embedding the rhizome part, and the surrounding soil is compacted to ensure that the root part is tightly contacted with the soil so as to benefit survival; planting in early spring, covering a mulching film on ridges, adopting mulching film to cover and cultivate, and applying a herbicide to prevent and control weeds in the film; (5) planting density: in order to meet market demands, early-maturing cabbages generally have a leaf bulb weight of 0.8-1.0 kg, so that the planting habit with low density needs to be changed, the cabbages are properly densely planted, and a plum blossom-shaped high-density cultivation method is adopted for planting: ridging and cultivating 110cm of film, covering soil, planting in a row with a row spacing of 30cm and a row spacing of 70cm, planting in the centers of four adjacent plants by 10cm away from the edges of the ridge, and so on to realize planting 6000 plants per mu;

(III) field management

In general, in a plot with medium fertility, 15-20 kg of urea is applied to each mu of hole for field planting on the basis of applying enough farmyard manure; after field planting and seedling recovering, properly squatting seedlings, and after the squatting seedlings are watered, additionally applying 15-20 kg of urea per mu; in the later stage of lotus throne, which is the vigorous growth period of the cabbage, the supply of fertilizer water is increased, 20 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is added per mu, the drought resistance in the seedling stage is strong, the water is properly controlled, the squat seedlings play roles in controlling the upper part and promoting the lower part and developing the root system, and the watering in case of drought is performed after the lotus throne stage;

(IV) harvesting

Spring cabbage should be harvested early, and when the head is basically covered and the outer bulb leaves are shiny.

2. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: inducing the bud differentiation in a culture medium of MS + NAA0.2mg/L +6-BA 2 mg/L; rooting induction is carried out in a culture medium of MS and NAA0.2mg/L, and the original mother strain is obtained by continuous subculture in a laboratory.

3. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (3) the seedling tray substrate in the seedling tray in the step (2.2) is imported grass carbon.

4. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (2.5) keeping a shading rate of 60% after the parent plant is planted, shading for 3-5 days under strong light, controlling the temperature at 15-52 ℃, keeping the plug substrate dry and wet, and applying 0.3% of special fertilizer for seedling cultivation for 1 time every 7-10 days.

5. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (3) applying 3 tons of high-quality farmyard manure and 50kg of ternary compound fertilizer to each mu after field planting in the step (2.5).

6. The cabbage seed production technology as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: after the field planting, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests; after bolting and flowering, applying 10 kg of urea per mu with water and topdressing.

7. The cabbage seed production method as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that: the pest control method comprises the following steps: physical control and chemical control.

8. The cabbage seed production method as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: the physical control method comprises the following steps: suspending yellow pest sticking board or yellow lath 25cm × 40cm in field, and coating a layer of machine oil on the board 30-40 blocks/667 m²And trapping and killing aphids.

9. The cabbage seed production method as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that: the chemical control requires that the pesticide is sprayed for 3-4 times for every 5-6 days before flowering, and the specific control method comprises the following steps: mancozeb and/or propiconazole are used for preventing damping-off, and fenaminosulf and/or diclofop is used for preventing damping-off; the new phytomycin and/or the killed streptomycin sulfate and/or the agricultural streptomycin sulfate are adopted to prevent and treat the black rot; the emamectin benzoate missible oil and/or fipronil suspending agent and/or chlorfenapyr suspending agent are/is adopted to prevent and control cabbage caterpillars and diamondback moths; deltamethrin missible oil and/or imidacloprid and/or Acetamol are adopted to prevent and control aphids.

10. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: after the cabbage in the step (2.7) enters the pod stage, watering is carried out when the cabbage is dry, and 100g/10m of urea is applied along with water every time²After the period of podding is full, plants are adjusted by combining ventilation, old leaves and residual leaves at the lower part are removed in time, the ventilation capacity is increased, the morbidity of downy mildew is reduced, meanwhile, the pesticide is sprayed in time to prevent aphids, and the mark is needed during collection.

11. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the breeding of the male parent in the step (3) needs to be operated according to the following requirements:

(14.1) strict bud selection criteria: selecting buds in a proper period 1 day before blooming to strip the buds;

(14.2) standardized bud stripping and pollination operation: when pollination is carried out for the first time, flowers which are already opened are removed, stamens are taken down and left for pollen taking, then buds are stripped by a tool, stigma is exposed for pollination when the buds are stripped, mechanical damage to the buds is as small as possible when the buds are stripped, then a tool is used for taking one stamen and slightly smearing the stamens on the exposed stigma, and the pollination is completed;

(14.3) marking pollination: marking the plant line, the number of the seed collecting field, the pollination sequence, the pollinator and the pollination time by using a marking board;

(14.4) covering the inflorescence with a copy paper bag: bagging the inflorescences with stripped buds and pollinated to prevent other cabbage pollen in the air from falling on stigma or washing away stigma pollen after raining;

(14.5) timely removing residual pollen on the instruments and hands: when pollination and plant replacement are finished, 75% medical alcohol is used for chemically killing male parts of instruments and parts infected with pollen, so that the situation that selfing lines are mixed artificially is prevented;

and (14.6) strengthening later-stage management and harvesting and strictly preventing mechanical mixing.

12. The cabbage seed production method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that: the bud selection standard in the step (14.1) is specifically as follows: the bud which has bloomed in the nearest circle from the outermost periphery is selected as the bud suitable for peeling, and the number of buds suitable for peeling is generally not more than 10.

13. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4.2), the temperature is 18-22 ℃ in the daytime after the seedlings are discharged completely.

14. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4.3.1), the seed production plots are determined to be isolated for more than 20 km.

15. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (4.3.3) watering for the first time after field planting, and watering after bolting until enough water is poured to promote seedling recovery.

16. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (4.3.5), the specific method for adjusting the flowering phase is as follows: and (4) performing re-pinching on the parents with too early bolting to promote the germination of lower lateral branches.

17. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method for preventing and treating main plant diseases and insect pests in the flowering period of the cabbages in the step (4.3.6) comprises the following steps: physical control and chemical control.

18. The cabbage seed production method as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that:the physical control method comprises the following steps: suspending yellow pest sticking board or yellow lath 25cm × 40cm in field, and coating a layer of machine oil on the board 30-40 blocks/667 m²And trapping and killing aphids.

19. The cabbage seed production method as claimed in claim 17, characterized in that: the chemical control requires that the pesticide is sprayed for 3-4 times for every 5-6 days before flowering, and the specific control method comprises the following steps: mancozeb and/or propiconazole are used for preventing damping-off, and fenaminosulf and/or diclofop is used for preventing damping-off; the new phytomycin and/or the killed streptomycin sulfate and/or the agricultural streptomycin sulfate are adopted to prevent and treat the black rot; the emamectin benzoate missible oil and/or fipronil suspending agent and/or chlorfenapyr suspending agent are/is adopted to prevent and control cabbage caterpillars and diamondback moths; deltamethrin missible oil and/or imidacloprid and/or Acetamol are adopted to prevent and control aphids.

20. The cabbage seed production method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (2.7), the seeds which are not dried in the sun can not be bagged or stored in a large pile, and the seeds which are dried in the sun can not be spread on cement ground and exposed to the sun in sunny days.