-e

From archaic forms ending in e, from Middle English -e, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from Old English.

Silent.

-e

1. Used for archaizing.
   • 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:

     YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.

   • 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:

     Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.

   • 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <7k1f5j$607$1@news5.svr.pol.co.uk>:

     Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?

   • 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:

     “Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. […]”

Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

• Englishe
• olde
• shoppe

• -eth

From Dutch -en.

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e

1. The plural ending of many nouns.

• Generally, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
• A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
  • A short stem vowel may be lengthened: ‎skip (“ship”) + ‎-e → ‎skepe.
  • Final -d- may be replaced with -i-: ‎pad (“path”) + ‎-e → ‎paaie.
  • Final -g- may be lost: ‎dag (“day”) + ‎-e → ‎dae.
  • An underlying final -t- may resurface: ‎nag (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎nagte.

From Proto-Albanian *-jā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ ~ *-yéh₂s.

-e (definite -ja, plural -e)

1. forms the feminine forms for many adjectives
2. forms feminine equivalents of nouns

   Synonyms: -éshë, -ónjë

   ‎mik (“male friend”) + ‎-e → ‎mike (“female friend”)

   ‎gjysh (“grandfather”) + ‎-e → ‎gjyshe (“grandmother”)

• -en (see usage notes below)

From Middle High German -en, from a merger of various Old High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German -ōm, -ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-mi.

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e

1. A common noun plural ending, especially in feminines.
2. A common adjectival declension ending, especially in the masculine nominative/accusative and the weak dative of all genders.
3. A common conjugation ending, especially in the infinitive, first-person singular and plural, and third-person plural.

Inherited from Old Czech -ě.

-e (adverb-forming suffix)

1. used to form adverbs from adjectives

   ‎jednoduchý (“simple”) + ‎-e → ‎jednoduše (“simply”)

Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

-e n (noun-forming suffix)

1. forms diminutive nouns, usually terms for young animals

   ‎pták + ‎-e → ‎ptáče

   ‎zvěř + ‎-e → ‎zvíře

Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ě.

-e

1. desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns

   ‎sestra (“sister”) + ‎-e → ‎sestře

2. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns

   ‎kostrč (“tailbone”) + ‎-e → ‎kostrče

3. desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns

   ‎pan (“Mr, Sir”) + ‎-e → ‎pane

4. desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns

   ‎muž (“man”) + ‎-e → ‎muže

5. desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns

   ‎les (“forest”) + ‎-e → ‎lese

6. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns

   ‎stroj (“machine”) + ‎-e → ‎stroje

• -ě
• -ně
• -y

• -e/-ě in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

-e

1. Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
2. Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
3. Marks the plural of some nouns.

Borrowed from French -e.

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e

2. Used to form the female equivalent of occupations or other identifying traits.

   Synonyms: -es, -in

   ‎agent (“police officer”) + ‎-e → ‎agente (“female police officer”)

• IPA^(key): /də/, /stə/ (like the ordinal written in full)

-e

1. Placed after a number written in digits, to form its corresponding ordinal number.

   2e = tweede

   8e = achtste

   Synonyms: -de, -ste

The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2^e, 8^e), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.^[1]

From various suffixes of the Middle Dutch [Term?] adjective inflection.

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e

1. Used to create the inflected form of an adjective, which is used after a definite determiner, or before masculine, feminine, and plural nouns in general.

See Appendix:Dutch parts of speech

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e m or f

2. Used to form nouns from adjectives, denoting a person that possesses the quality of the adjective.

   ‎volwassen (“adult”) + ‎-e → ‎volwassene (“an adult”)

-e f

1. Attached to geographical adjectives to indicate a female inhabitant.

   ‎Amerikaans (“American”) + ‎-e → ‎Amerikaanse (“a female American”)

From Middle Dutch -e, from Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e f

1. (archaic, rare) Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives; the nouns express the quality of the adjective.

   Synonyms: -te, -heid

   ‎koud (“cold”) + ‎-e → ‎koude (“the cold”)

From Middle Dutch -e, the ending of the first and third person singular subjunctive.

• IPA^(key): /ə/

-e

1. (archaic) Used to form the singular subjunctive of a verb.

From the Latin and Italian adverbial suffix -e (as in bene (“well”)), perhaps reinforced by Russian -е (-e) and Polish -e.

• Audio:

  (file)

-e

1. -ly; used to form adverbs

   ‎bona (“good”) + ‎-e → ‎bone (“well”)

   ‎unu (“one”) + ‎-e → ‎unue (“firstly”)

2. the ending for correlatives of place

From Proto-Finnic *-ëk and Proto-Finnic *-ëh. Cognate to Finnish -e.

-e (genitive -e, partitive -et)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   ‎katma (“to cover”) + ‎-e → ‎kate (“cover”)

   ‎astuma (“to step”) + ‎-e → ‎aste (“a step”)

   ‎võtma (“to take”) + ‎-e → ‎võte (“trick, mode, way”)

   ‎mõtlema (“to think”) + ‎-e → ‎mõte (“thought”)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-e (genitive -me, partitive -et)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   ‎liikuma (“to move”) + ‎-e → ‎liige (“member”)

   ‎astuma (“to step”) + ‎-e → ‎aste (“step, grade”)

   ‎kastma (“to dip”) + ‎-e → ‎kaste (“sauce”)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-e (genitive -eda, partitive -edat)

1. Derives adjectives.

   ‎lamama (“to lay down”) + ‎-e → ‎lame (“flat”)

   ‎krõbisema (“to crunch”) + ‎-e → ‎krõbe (“crunchy”)

   ‎tobu (“fool”) + ‎-e → ‎tobe (“silly, dumb”)

Conflated:

• Proto-Finnic *-ëk, from Proto-Uralic *-ek
• Proto-Finnic *-ëh, from Proto-Uralic *-eš; cognate with Proto-Samic *-ës

Historically, the former (*-ëk) was deverbal, while the latter (*-ëh) was denominal.

• IPA^(key): /-eˣ/, [-e̞(ʔ)]

-e

1. Used for forming nouns from verbs or adjectives.

   ‎ottaa (“to take (hold of)”) + ‎-e → ‎ote (“grip”)

   ‎paha (“bad, evil”) + ‎-e → ‎pahe (“vice”)

   ‎ääntää (“to pronounce, enunciate”) + ‎-e → ‎äänne (“sound (in phonetics)”)

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved, but very often inverted.

• -ke
• -ine
• -nne
• -re

• silent; causing previous silent consonant to become pronounced, and causing nasal vowels to become replaced by oral vowels + nasal consonants

-e f

1. forms the feminine of adjectives and nouns

   ‎fort + ‎-e → ‎forte

   ‎garçon + ‎-e → ‎garçonne

In the third person, from Latin -at; in the first person generally by analogy.

-e

1. inflection of -er:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. first-person singular present subjunctive
   3. third-person singular present indicative
   4. third-person singular present subjunctive
2. inflection of -re:
   1. first-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular present subjunctive

From Latin -ā (imperative).

-e

1. second-person singular imperative of -er

-^e (plural -^es)

1. abbreviation of -ième when an ordinal number is written with Arabic or Roman numerals

   deuxième → 2^e

-e

1. forms the perfect participle of a verb

   Skul re·e anga nengbea

   After going to school I was tired

• IPA^(key): /ə/, [ə], [ɘ], (chiefly southern also) [e], (Austria also) [ɛ]

From Middle High German -e, from Old High German -ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

-e

1. (now chiefly unproductive) used to form nouns from adjectives, sometimes with umlaut of the root vowel; the nouns express the quality of the adjective

   ‎stark (“strong”) + ‎-e → ‎Stärke (“strength”)

From Middle High German -e, a merger of various Old High German vocalic endings.

-e

1. used to form the plural of some nouns; in masculines and feminines, but not in neuters, usually triggering umlaut of the root vowel

   ‎Baum (“tree”) + ‎-e → ‎Bäume (“trees”)

   ‎Nacht (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎Nächte (“nights”)

   ‎Wort (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎Worte (“words”)

3. (chiefly archaic outside of set phrases) used to form the dative of strong masculine and neuter nouns ending in a stressed syllable

   das Haus (“house”) → dem Hause (usually: dem Haus)

4. used to form various declined adjective forms, notably the nominative/accusative feminine singular

   schön → die schöne Frau

5. used to form the 1st person singular present indicative (and subjunctive) of a verb

   gehen (geh- + -en) → ich gehe (colloquial or poetic: ich geh)

6. used to form the 3rd person singular present subjunctive of a verb

   gehen → er gehe

7. used to form the 1st and 3rd person singular past subjunctive of a verb

   ging → ich ginge, er ginge

/d/ coalesces with /t/ of -st, unstressed /u/ weakens to /ə/. See also pronunciation notes at du.

-e

2. (colloquial) Contraction of du after 2nd person singular forms of a verb.

   hast du → haste

   wärst du → wärste

   hattest du → hatteste, hattste, hatste

Masculine weak noun endings attached to a stem, diachronically from Proto-Germanic *-ô. -in is used as a female equivalent, see there.

• -∅ (zero derivation; for the masculine nominative singular form, other forms are the same)

-e m (weak, genitive -en, plural -en, feminine -in)

1. derives nouns referring to a person with a trait specified by the stem, from adjective or noun stems, often from toponyms

   schwedisch or Schweden→ Schwede, Schwedin

   Latin catholicus → Katholik, Katholikin

   jung → Junge

   chinesisch → Chinese, Chinesin (surface analysis)

   Schwaben → Schwabe, Schwäbin

   Synonym: -er (which of the two suffixes is used is not entirely predictable, they may be interchangeable in some cases)

See -in for the feminine forms.

• IPA^(key): [ɛ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛ

-e

2. Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
   1. (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …

      ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)

   2. (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)

      Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)

   3. (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)

      a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)

   4. (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.

      Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt, e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt

   5. (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.

      Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)

   6. (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)

      Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül

      jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)

      legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

4. (personal suffix) [from the end of the 12th century]
   1. Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel verbs. Today it can be found in the third-person singular definite forms (indicative past and imperative conjugations) as part of the suffix -ja/-je, -ta/-te.

      tud (“to know”) → tudta (“he/she knew it”)

      tud → tudja (“he/she knows it (indicative mood)”)

      tud → tudja (“he/she should know it (subjunctive mood)”)

      kér (“to request, ask for sth”) → kérte (“he/she requested it”)

      kér → kérje (“he/she should request it (subjunctive mood)”)

   2. Third-person singular personal suffix in back-vowel conjugated infinitives and in the declined and postposition forms of the third-person personal pronoun ő (“he/she/it”).

      tanulni (“to study”) → tanulnia kell (“he/she must study”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to study”)

      kérni (“to request, ask for”) → kérnie kell (“he/she must request [it]”, literally “it is necessary for him/her to request”)

      -ról (“about”) → róla (“about him/her/it”)

      -től (“from”) → tőle (“from him/her/it”)

      után (“after”) → utána (“after him/her/it”)

      fölött (“above”) → fölötte (“above him/her/it”)

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.

  -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.

  • This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words

  -e is added to front-vowel words

Note that the corresponding (third-person singular) indicative mood of front-vowel verbs is -i, e.g. kéri (“s/he requests it”).

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

• From e (“this”).
• From Proto-Finno-Ugric *-ë (interrogative particle).

• -é (rare, mostly dialectal)

-e (clitic)

2. whether, if

   Nem tudom, [hogy] voltál-e már Budapesten. ― I don't know if you've ever been in Budapest.

3. (folksy) Suffix for yes/no tag questions. Always optional since word order and intonation make the question clear.

   Látod-e már a mezőket? ― Can you see the fields yet?

   • 1857, János Arany, A walesi bárdok (The Bards of Wales), translated by Watson Kirkconnell^[1]

     Van-e ott folyó és földje jó? / Legelőin fű kövér? / Használt-e a megöntözés: / A pártos honfivér?

     Are stream and mountain fair to see? / Are meadow grasses good? / Do corn-lands bear a crop more rare / Since wash’d with rebel’s blood?

     (Note: From a grammatical point of view, the Hungarian text could also include -e at “…földje jó-e?” and “…fű kövér-e?” or alternatively, all instances of -e could be removed without changing the meaning.)

Always written with a hyphen. Used in tag (yes/no) questions, but not all such questions use -e: in most cases a question is indicated only by emphasis and question mark. Always attached to the main word (usually the verb) of the predicate of the phrase.

• ugye

-e

2. (personal suffix, archaic) Used to form the third-person singular indicative past indefinite, for front-vowel verbs. The back-vowel version is -a. The suffix currently used in this place is -t, -tt, -ett or -ött. For the full paradigm, see the usage template.

See at -a.

-e

2. (obsolete participle suffix) Synonym of -ő (present-participle suffix) The back-vowel version is -a. Sometimes it also occurs as -é or -i.

• (whether, if): -e in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
• (whether, if): -e in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

• IPA^(key): /e/

Borrowed from Esperanto -e, from Latin -ē.

-e

2. -ly; used to form adverbs

Any adjective can be converted into an adverb by swapping the -a suffix by -e.

-e

2. ending for names of consonants

Conflated:

• From Proto-Finnic *-ëk.
• From Proto-Finnic *-ëh.

Cognates include Finnish -e and Estonian -e.

The two suffixes do retain a distinct inflection in the Soikkola, Hevaha and Ylä-Laukaa dialects.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-e/, [-e̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-e/, [-e̞]

-e

1. Used to form nouns from either verbs or adjectives.

   ‎lähtiä (“to begin”) + ‎-e → ‎lähe (“spring”)

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-iyā, from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂.

-e f

1. Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives

Simplification of *-nn-ne.

-e

1. Alternative form of -ne (used after -nn in pronouns)

From Old Irish -e, from Proto-Celtic *-yās, from Proto-Indo-European *-yeh₂-s.

-e

1. Used to form the genitive singular of second-declension nouns
2. Used to form the feminine genitive singular of first-declension adjectives

From a variety of Old Irish nominative and accusative plural endings including -i in masculine and feminine i-stems and in feminine ī-stems, -e in neuter i-stems, and -ea in some consonant stems; from various Proto-Celtic endings.

-e

1. Used to form the plural of certain nouns

From Old Irish -iu, from Proto-Celtic *-yūs, from Proto-Indo-European *-yōs.

-e

1. Used to form the comparative degree of adjectives

• IPA^(key): /e/ (stress falls on the preceding syllable)
• Hyphenation: -e

-e (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. used with a stem to form the third-person present of regular -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that don't take "isco"

-e

1. Rōmaji transcription of え

From Old Latin -ēd (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?), from Proto-Italic *-ēd, probably from a combination of Proto-Indo-European suffixes, but morphologically opaque. Compare perhaps Proto-Germanic *-ê and Proto-Slavic *-ě (adverbial suffixes), though these are also of disputed derivation. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /eː/, [eː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /e/, [ɛː]

-ē (comparative -ius, superlative -issimē)

1. -ly; used to form adverbs from adjectives.

   Synonyms: -iter, -ō, -ter

The suffix -ē is usually added to a first/second-declension adjective stem to form an adverb of manner.

Examples:

‎clārus (“famous, clear”) + ‎-ē → ‎clārē (“famously, clearly”)

‎pulcher (“beautiful”) + ‎-ē → ‎pulchrē (“beautifully”)

• → Esperanto: -e

A regularly declined form of -us.

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /e/, [ɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /e/, [ɛː]

-e

1. vocative masculine singular of -us

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

-e

1. ablative singular of -s

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-e

1. Used to derive feminine nouns from masculine nouns (like English -ess).
2. Used to form (feminine) nouns from verb stems.

   ‎iestādīt + ‎-e → ‎iestāde

   ‎skatīt + ‎-e → ‎skate

• -a

From Proto-Slavic *-ę.

-e n

1. Noun suffix, mostly used for young animals.

   ‎robel (“sparrow”) + ‎-e → ‎roble (“baby sparrow”)

From Old Dutch -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.

-e f

1. Used to form abstract nouns from adjectives, mostly those expressing physical properties.

   Synonyms: -ede, -heit

This suffix originally triggered umlaut of the root vowel. This is seen in some words (kelde, from cout), but not in others (coude).

• Dutch: -e

From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.

• IPA^(key): /-(ə)/

-e

1. Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.

• “-e, suf.(3).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.

• IPA^(key): /-eː/, /-ɛi̯/

-e (no longer productive)

1. Forms nouns denoting an office or function.
2. Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:
   1. Forms nouns denoting the presence of something.
   2. Forms nouns denoting one who an action is done to.
   3. Forms nouns denoting something made or applied.

      ‎fige (“fig”) + ‎-e → ‎figee (“fig pudding”)

• English: -ee, -y
• Scots: -ee, -y

From Old English -a.

• IPA^(key): /-(ə)/

-e (no longer productive)

1. Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.

• “-e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-24.

-e

1. Alternative form of -y

-e

1. Alternative form of -yf

-e

1. Alternative form of -ie

-e

1. first person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to this (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)

   ‎rais (“rice”) + ‎-e → ‎raisse (“this rice”)

This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

• Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977

• IPA^(key): [-ɛ]

-e

1. Classifier with no specific meaning.

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[2], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 195

• IPA^(key): [-ɛ˧]

-e

1. Used to form ingressive verbs.

• Štěpán Pavlík (2017) The Description of Namuzi Language‎^[3], Prague: Charles University (PhD Thesis), page 49

-e

1. an incorporating final

• bakade
• bebezhigooganzhii
• manise
• moosewiingwe
• naadoobii
• naawakwe
• ozhige

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/e-final-1287

• IPA^(key): /e/

From West Germanic *-ā, from Proto-Germanic *-ê, which survives otherwise only in Gothic (and possibly Old Norse).

-e

2. forming adverbs from adjectives; -ly

   ‎beorht (“bright, clear”) + ‎-e → ‎beorhte (“brightly, clearly”)

• -a, -æ — Northumbrian

From Proto-West Germanic *-ī. Beyond that, generally from Proto-Germanic *-ijaz. Note though that -wintre is from Proto-Germanic *-wintruz, since Proto-Germanic u-stem adjectives became ja-stems in West Germanic. Other suffixes derived from u-stem nouns, such as -flēre, might also have been zero derivations in Proto-Germanic.

-e

2. forms adjectival suffixes from nouns, often with the meaning "having" (typically causes i-umlaut)

   ‎ān (“one”) + ‎willa (“will”) + ‎-e → ‎ānwille (“stubborn”)

   ‎fela (“many”) + ‎word (“word”) + ‎-e → ‎felawyrde (“long-winded”)

   ‎fīf (“five”) + ‎flōr (“floor”) + ‎-e → ‎fīfflēre (“five-story”)

   ‎fiþer- (“four”) + ‎sċēat (“corner”) + ‎-e → ‎fiþersċīete (“square”)

   ‎forþ (“forward”) + ‎gang (“going”) + ‎-e → ‎forþgenġe (“progressive”)

   ‎īdel (“empty”) + ‎hand (“hand”) + ‎-e → ‎īdelhende (“empty-handed”)

   ‎lang (“long”) + ‎līf (“life”) + ‎-e → ‎langlīfe (“long-lived”)

   ‎ofer- (“over-”) + ‎ǣt (“eating”) + ‎-e → ‎oferǣte (“gluttonous”)

   ‎or- (“out of”) + ‎blōd (“blood”) + ‎-e → ‎orblēde (“bled out”)

   ‎sċeolh (“crooked”) + ‎ēage (“eye”) + ‎-e → ‎sċeolhīeġe (“crosseyed”)

   ‎sīd (“hanging down”) + ‎feax (“hair on the head”) + ‎-e → ‎sīdfiexe (“long-haired”)

   ‎twelf (“twelve”) + ‎winter (“year”) + ‎-e → ‎twelfwintre (“twelve years old”)

   ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎eċġ (“edge”) + ‎-e → ‎twieċġe (“double-edged”)

   ‎twi- (“two”) + ‎fōt (“foot”) + ‎-e → ‎twifēte (“bipedal”)

   ‎un- (“un-”) + ‎ċēap (“cost”) + ‎-e → ‎unċīepe (“free”)