Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
research-article

Interactive example-based terrain authoring with conditional generative adversarial networks

Published: 20 November 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Authoring virtual terrains presents a challenge and there is a strong need for authoring tools able to create realistic terrains with simple user-inputs and with high user control. We propose an example-based authoring pipeline that uses a set of terrain synthesizers dedicated to specific tasks. Each terrain synthesizer is a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network trained by using real-world terrains and their sketched counterparts. The training sets are built automatically with a view that the terrain synthesizers learn the generation from features that are easy to sketch. During the authoring process, the artist first creates a rough sketch of the main terrain features, such as rivers, valleys and ridges, and the algorithm automatically synthesizes a terrain corresponding to the sketch using the learned features of the training samples. Moreover, an erosion synthesizer can also generate terrain evolution by erosion at a very low computational cost. Our framework allows for an easy terrain authoring and provides a high level of realism for a minimum sketch cost. We show various examples of terrain synthesis created by experienced as well as inexperienced users who are able to design a vast variety of complex terrains in a very short time.

Supplementary Material

MP4 File (a228-guerin.mp4)

References

[1]
Connelly Barnes, Eli Shechtman, Adam Finkelstein, and Dan B. Goldman. 2009. Patch-Match: A Randomized Correspondence Algorithm for Structural Image Editing. ACM Transactions on Graphics (Proc. SIGGRAPH) 28, 3 (Aug. 2009).
[2]
Fares Belhadj and Pierre Audibert. 2005. Modeling landscapes with ridges and rivers: bottom up approach. In GRAPHITE. 447--450.
[3]
Bedrich Benes and Rafael Forsbach. 2001. Layered Data Representation for Visual Simulation of Terrain Erosion. In Proceedings of the 17th Spring conference on Computer graphics. 80--85.
[4]
Bedrich Benes, Václav Těšínský, Jan Hornyš, and Sanjiv K. Bhatia. 2006. Hydraulic erosion. Comput. Animat. Virtual Worlds 17, 2 (2006), 99--108.
[5]
Norishige Chiba, Kazunobu Muraoka, and Kunihiko Fujita. 1998. An erosion model based on velocity fields for the visual simulation of mountain scenery. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 9, 4 (1998), 185--194.
[6]
Guillaume Cordonnier, Jean Braun, Marie-Paule Cani, Bedrich Benes, Éric Galin, Adrien Peytavie, and Éric Guérin. 2016. Large Scale Terrain Generation from Tectonic Uplift and Fluvial Erosion. Computer Graphics Forum 35, 2 (2016), 165--175.
[7]
Guillaume Cordonnier, Marie-Paule Cani, Bedrich Benes, Jean Braun, and Eric Galin. 2017a. Sculpting Mountains: Interactive Terrain Modeling Based on Subsurface Geology. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics PP, 99 (2017), 1--1.
[8]
Guillaume Cordonnier, Eric Galin, James Gain, Bedrich Benes, Eric Guérin, Adrien Peytavie, and Marie-Paule Cani. 2017b. Authoring Landscapes by Combining Ecosystem and Terrain Erosion Simulation. ACM Transactions on Graphics 36, 4 (2017).
[9]
Evgenij Derzapf, Björn Ganster, Michael Guthe, and Reinhard Klein. 2011. River Networks for Instant Procedural Planets. Computer Graphics Forum 30, 7 (2011), 2031--2040.
[10]
Alexey Dosovitskiy, Jost Tobias Springenberg, and Thomas Brox. 2015. Learning to Generate Chairs with Convolutional Neural Networks. In CVPR.
[11]
Alain Fournier, Don Fussell, and Loren Carpenter. 1982. Computer rendering of stochastic models. Commun. ACM 25, 6 (1982), 371--384.
[12]
James Gain, Patrick Marais, and Wolfgang Strasser. 2009. Terrain sketching. In Proc. Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games - I3D. ACM, 31--38.
[13]
James E. Gain, Bruce Merry, and Patrick Marais. 2015. Parallel, Realistic and Controllable Terrain Synthesis. Computer Graphics Forum 34, 2 (2015), 105--116.
[14]
Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, and Matthias Bethge. 2015. Texture synthesis and the controlled generation of natural stimuli using convolutional neural networks. CoRR abs/1505.07376 (2015).
[15]
Jean-David Génevaux, Eric Galin, Eric Guérin, Adrien Peytavie, and Bedrich Benes. 2013. Terrain Generation Using Procedural Models Based on Hydrology. ACM Transaction on Graphics 32, 4 (2013), 143:1--143:13.
[16]
Jean-David Génevaux, Eric Galin, Adrien Peytavie, Eric Guérin, Cyril Briquet, François Grosbellet, and Bedrich Benes. 2015. Terrain Modelling from Feature Primitives. Computer Graphics Forum 34, 6 (2015), 198--210.
[17]
Ian J. Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron C. Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Generative Adversarial Nets. In Proc. Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) 2014. 2672--2680.
[18]
Karol Gregor, Ivo Danihelka, Alex Graves, and Daan Wierstra. 2015. DRAW: A Recurrent Neural Network For Image Generation. In ICML.
[19]
Eric Guérin, Julie Digne, Eric Galin, and Adrien Peytavie. 2016. Sparse representation of terrains for procedural modeling. Computer Graphics Forum (Proceedings of Eurographics) 35, 2 (2016), 177--187.
[20]
Houssam Hnaidi, Eric Guérin, Samir Akkouche, Adrien Peytavie, and Eric Galin. 2010. Feature based terrain generation using diffusion equation. Computer Graphics Forum (Proceedings of Pacific Graphics) 29, 7 (2010), 2179--2186.
[21]
Haibin Huang, Evangelos Kalogerakis, Ersin Yumer, and Radomír Mech. 2016. Shape Synthesis from Sketches via Procedural Models and Convolutional Networks. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics PP, 99 (2016), 1--1.
[22]
Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy. 2015. Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift. ICML.
[23]
Phillip Isola, Jun-Yan Zhu, Tinghui Zhou, and Alexei A. Efros. 2016. Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks. arxiv (2016).
[24]
Justin Johnson, Alexandre Alahi, and Li Fei-Fei. 2016. Perceptual Losses for Real-Time Style Transfer and Super-Resolution. Springer, Cham, 694--711.
[25]
Alex Kelley, Michael Malin, and Gregory Nielson. 1988. Terrain simulation using a model of stream erosion. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH. 263--268.
[26]
Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy L. Ba. 2015. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. ICLR.
[27]
Diederik P Kingma and Max Welling. 2014. Auto-encoding variational bayes. In ICLR.
[28]
Peter Krištof, Bedrich Benes, Jaroslav Křivánek, and Ondřej Št'ava. 2009. Hydraulic Erosion Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics. Computer Graphics Forum (Proceedings of Eurographics) 28, 2 (2009), 219--228.
[29]
Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2012. ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25. Curran Associates, Inc., 1097--1105.
[30]
Vivek Kwatra, Arno Schödl, Irfan Essa, Greg Turk, and Aaron Bobick. 2003. Graphcut Textures: Image and Video Synthesis Using Graph Cuts. ACM Transactions on Graphics, SIGGRAPH 2003 22, 3 (2003), 277--286.
[31]
Chuan Li and Michael Wand. 2016. Precomputed Real-Time Texture Synthesis with Markovian Generative Adversarial Networks. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 702--716.
[32]
Elman Mansimov, Emilio Parisotto, Jimmy L. Ba, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. 2016. Generating Images from Captions with Attention. In ICLR.
[33]
Michaël Mathieu, Camille Couprie, and Yann LeCun. 2016. Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error. In ICLR.
[34]
Xing Mei, Philippe Decaudin, and Baogang Hu. 2007. Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU. In Pacific Graphics. IEEE, 47--56.
[35]
Mehdi Mirza and Simon Osindero. 2014. Conditional Generative Adversarial Nets. CoRR abs/1411.1784 (2014).
[36]
Forest K. Musgrave, Craig E. Kolb, and Robert S. Mace. 1989. The synthesis and rendering of eroded fractal terrains. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH. 41--50.
[37]
Kenji Nagashima. 1998. Computer generation of eroded valley and mountain terrains. The Visual Computer 13, 9--10 (1998), 456--464.
[38]
Mattia Natali, Endre M. Lidal, Julius Parulek, Ivan Viola, and Daniel Patel. 2013. Modeling Terrains and Subsurface Geology. In EuroGraphics 2013 State of the Art Reports (STARs). 155--173.
[39]
Gen Nishida, Ignacio Garcia-Dorado, Daniel G. Aliaga, Bedrich Benes, and Adrien Bousseau. 2016. Interactive Sketching of Urban Procedural Models. ACM Trans. Graph. 35, 4 (2016), 130:1--130:11.
[40]
John O'Callaghan and David Mark. 1984. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process 28, 3 (1984), 323--344.
[41]
Deepak Pathak, Philipp Krähenbühl, Jeff Donahue, Trevor Darrell, and Alexei Efros. 2016. Context Encoders: Feature Learning by Inpainting. In CVPR.
[42]
Adrien Peytavie, Eric Galin, Stephane Merillou, and Jerome Grosjean. 2009. Arches: a Framework for Modeling Complex Terrains. Computer Graphics Forum (Proceedings of Eurographics) 28, 2 (2009), 457--467.
[43]
Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz and Marc Hammel. 1993. A fractal model of mountains with rivers. In Graphics Interface. 174--180.
[44]
Alec Radford, Luke Metz, and Soumith Chintala. 2016. Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks.
[45]
Olaf Ronneberger, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox. 2015. U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. Springer International Publishing, 234--241.
[46]
Ron Rubinstein, Alfred M. Bruckstein, and Michael Elad. 2010. Dictionaries for Sparse Representation Modeling. Proc. IEEE 98, 6 (June 2010), 1045--1057.
[47]
Ruben M. Smelik, Tim Tutenel, Rafael Bidarra, and Bedrich Benes. 2014. A Survey on Procedural Modelling for Virtual Worlds. Computer Graphics Forum 33, 6 (2014), 31--50.
[48]
David G. Tarboton, Rafael L. Bras, and Ignacio Rodriguez-Iturbe. 1991. On Extraction of Channel Networks From Digital Elevation Data. Hydrological Processes 5, 3 (1991), 81--100.
[49]
Flora Ponjou Tasse, Arnaud Emilien, Marie-Paule Cani, Stefanie Hahmann, and Adrien Bernhardt. 2014. First Person Sketch-based Terrain Editing. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface. 217--224.
[50]
Flora Ponjou Tasse, James Gain, and Patrick Marais. 2012. Enhanced Texture-Based Terrain Synthesis on Graphics Hardware. Computer Graphics Forum 31, 6 (2012), 1959--1972.
[51]
Dmitry Ulyanov, Vadim Lebedev, Andrea Vedaldi, and Victor S. Lempitsky. 2016. Texture Networks: Feed-forward Synthesis of Textures and Stylized Images. (2016).
[52]
Juraj Vanek, Bedrich Benes, Adam Herout, and Ondřej Št'ava. 2011. Large-Scale Physics-Based Terrain Editing Using Adaptive Tiles on the GPU. Computer Graphics and Applications 31, 6 (2011), 35--44.
[53]
Ondřej Št'ava, Bedrich Benes, Matthew Brisbin, and Jaroslav Křivánek. 2008. Interactive Terrain Modeling Using Hydraulic Erosion. In ACM Siggraph/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation. 201--210.
[54]
Li Xu, Jimmy Ren, Qiong Yan, Renjie Liao, and Jiaya Jia. 2015. Deep Edge-Aware Filters. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research), Francis Bach and David Blei (Eds.), Vol. 37. PMLR, 1669--1678.
[55]
Howard Zhou, Jie Sun, Greg Turk, and James M. Rehg. 2007. Terrain Synthesis from Digital Elevation Models. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 13, 4 (2007), 834--848.
[56]
Jun-Yan Zhu, Philipp Krähenbühl, Eli Shechtman, and Alexei A. Efros. 2016. Generative Visual Manipulation on the Natural Image Manifold. In Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV).

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Research on designers’ behavioral intention toward Artificial Intelligence-Aided Design: integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance ModelFrontiers in Psychology10.3389/fpsyg.2024.145071715Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
  • (2024)Game Level Design to Evoke Spatial Exploration: The Influence of a Secondary TaskCompanion Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3665463.3678811(4-10)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2024
  • (2024)Generative Terrain Authoring with Mid-air Hand Sketching in Virtual RealityProceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3641825.3687736(1-10)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Interactive example-based terrain authoring with conditional generative adversarial networks

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Transactions on Graphics
    ACM Transactions on Graphics  Volume 36, Issue 6
    December 2017
    973 pages
    ISSN:0730-0301
    EISSN:1557-7368
    DOI:10.1145/3130800
    Issue’s Table of Contents
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 20 November 2017
    Published in TOG Volume 36, Issue 6

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. deep learning
    2. procedural modeling
    3. terrain generation

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Funding Sources

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)98
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)28
    Reflects downloads up to 13 Nov 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)Research on designers’ behavioral intention toward Artificial Intelligence-Aided Design: integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Technology Acceptance ModelFrontiers in Psychology10.3389/fpsyg.2024.145071715Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
    • (2024)Game Level Design to Evoke Spatial Exploration: The Influence of a Secondary TaskCompanion Proceedings of the 2024 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play10.1145/3665463.3678811(4-10)Online publication date: 14-Oct-2024
    • (2024)Generative Terrain Authoring with Mid-air Hand Sketching in Virtual RealityProceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology10.1145/3641825.3687736(1-10)Online publication date: 9-Oct-2024
    • (2024)SwipeGANSpace: Swipe-to-Compare Image Generation via Efficient Latent Space ExplorationProceedings of the 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3640543.3645141(675-685)Online publication date: 18-Mar-2024
    • (2024)LLMR: Real-time Prompting of Interactive Worlds using Large Language ModelsProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642579(1-22)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Sketch2Tooncity: sketch-based city generation using neurosymbolic modelInternational Workshop on Advanced Imaging Technology (IWAIT) 202410.1117/12.3018858(80)Online publication date: 2-May-2024
    • (2024)Unerosion: Simulating Terrain Evolution Back in TimeProceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation10.1111/cgf.15182(1-12)Online publication date: 21-Aug-2024
    • (2024)Physically‐based analytical erosion for fast terrain generationComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1503343:2Online publication date: 27-Apr-2024
    • (2024)Learning Based Infinite Terrain Generation with Level of Detailing2024 International Conference on 3D Vision (3DV)10.1109/3DV62453.2024.00077(1048-1058)Online publication date: 18-Mar-2024
    • (2024)LLM enabled generative collaborative design in a mixed reality environmentJournal of Manufacturing Systems10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.04.03074(703-715)Online publication date: Jun-2024
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    Get Access

    Login options

    Full Access

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media