A Wind Speed Retrieval Model for Sentinel-1A EW Mode Cross-Polarization Images
"> Figure 1
<p>The distributions of NESZ and incidence angle in sub-bands 1 to 5.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The variation of NRCS Std with different calculation resolutions.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The numbers of matching points in different wind ranges and different sub-bands. D1 is an abbreviation of dataset 1 and D2 is an abbreviation of dataset 2.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Relationships between VH NRCS and SMAP wind speed for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5. N is the number of matching points and r stands for the correlation coefficient.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The relationship between VH NRCS and incidence angle under different wind speeds.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The relationships between VH NRCS and wind direction under different wind speeds for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5. (<b>f</b>) The variation of average VH NRCS with wind direction under different wind speeds.</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>The relationships between VH NRCS and wind direction under different wind speeds for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5. (<b>f</b>) The variation of average VH NRCS with wind direction under different wind speeds.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Fitting functions (red curves) between VH NRCS and SMAP wind speeds for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Comparisons between simulated VH NRCS and observed VH NRCS for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5. N, r, Std, Bias represents the number of matching points, correlation coefficient, standard deviation, and bias between observed NRCS and simulated NRCS with the proposed basic model.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Fitting functions (red curves) between VH NRCS and incidence angle for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5.</p> "> Figure 9 Cont.
<p>Fitting functions (red curves) between VH NRCS and incidence angle for (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The empirical functions <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>f</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> for each sub-band under different wind speeds.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The comparison between basic model and corrected model at 10 m/s wind speed.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>SAR-retrieved wind speeds with basic model and corrected model vs SMAP wind speeds in (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5.</p> "> Figure 12 Cont.
<p>SAR-retrieved wind speeds with basic model and corrected model vs SMAP wind speeds in (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Retrieved sea surface wind speed of Tropical Storm Lester using (<b>a</b>) basic model, (<b>b</b>) basic model and corrected model, and (<b>c</b>) SMAP wind observation.</p> "> Figure 13 Cont.
<p>Retrieved sea surface wind speed of Tropical Storm Lester using (<b>a</b>) basic model, (<b>b</b>) basic model and corrected model, and (<b>c</b>) SMAP wind observation.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>SAR-retrieved wind speeds by our model (red points) and MS1A model (blue points) vs SMAP wind speeds in (<b>a</b>) sub-band 1, (<b>b</b>) sub-band 2, (<b>c</b>) sub-band 3, (<b>d</b>) sub-band 4, and (<b>e</b>) sub-band 5.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Dataset
2.1. Sentinel-1A Data
2.2. SMAP Data
3. Data Analyses
4. Wind Retrieval Model
4.1. Basic Model
4.2. Corrected Model
5. Validation and Discussion
5.1. Comparison of Basic Model and Corrected Model
5.2. Model Validation
5.3. Error Analyses
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tropical Cyclone Name | Sensing Time (UTC) | Number of Matching Points | Dataset |
---|---|---|---|
Lester | 2016-08-26 13:39 | 241 | 1 |
Lester | 2016-08-30 14:45 | 202 | 1 |
Lester | 2016-08-31 03:15 | 184 | 1 |
Gaston | 2016-08-27 09:22 | 257 | 2 |
Gaston | 2016-08-29 21:41 | 112 | 2 |
Gaston | 2016-08-29 21:42 | 125 | 2 |
Gaston | 2016-09-01 20:29 | 279 | 2 |
Lionrock | 2016-08-27 20:52 | 225 | 1 |
Lionrock | 2016-08-29 20:34 | 264 | 2 |
Lionrock | 2016-08-29 20:35 | 263 | 1 |
Namtheum | 2016-09-04 09:20 | 253 | 2 |
Hermine | 2016-09-04 22:31 | 279 | 1 |
Hermine | 2016-09-04 22:32 | 282 | 2 |
Karl | 2016-09-23 22:22 | 176 | 1 |
Karl | 2016-09-23 22:23 | 171 | 1 |
Karl | 2016-09-24 10:25 | 154 | 1 |
Karl | 2016-09-24 10:26 | 166 | 1 |
Karl | 2016-09-24 10:27 | 183 | 1 |
Megi | 2016-09-26 09:34 | 232 | 1 |
Sub-Band | r | Std (dB) | Bias (dB) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.83 | 1.19 | 0.06 |
2 | 0.90 | 1.19 | −0.03 |
3 | 0.82 | 1.63 | −0.06 |
4 | 0.80 | 1.62 | −0.07 |
5 | 0.83 | 1.38 | 0.03 |
Sub-Band | ||
---|---|---|
1 | −0.06 | 1.71 |
2 | −0.10 | 2.29 |
3 | −0.09 | 2.04 |
4 | −0.14 | 2.66 |
5 | −0.11 | 2.47 |
Sub-Band | ||
---|---|---|
1 | −1.55 | 41.35 |
2 | −2.63 | 61.28 |
3 | −2.44 | 55.43 |
4 | −3.70 | 72.42 |
5 | −3.02 | 69.70 |
Sub-Band | r | Std (m/s) | Bias (m/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic Model | Corrected Model | Basic Model | Corrected Model | Basic Model | Corrected Model | |
1 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 4.17 | 3.50 | −0.04 | 0.55 |
2 | 0.81 | 0.83 | 3.89 | 3.50 | −0.49 | −0.81 |
3 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 3.75 | 3.18 | −0.39 | −0.31 |
4 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 3.39 | 3.17 | −0.47 | −0.10 |
5 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 3.20 | 3.11 | −0.35 | −0.46 |
Sub-Band | r | Std (m/s) | Bias (m/s) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Our Model | MS1A Model | Our Model | MS1A Model | Our Model | MS1A Model | |
1 | 0.87 | 0.75 | 3.66 | 4.84 | 0.45 | −7.38 |
2 | 0.87 | 0.70 | 3.79 | 5.35 | −0.47 | −3.85 |
3 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 3.10 | 3.41 | −0.36 | −3.47 |
4 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 3.56 | 2.67 | −0.56 | −3.52 |
5 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 3.43 | 2.45 | −0.69 | −3.73 |
Pixel Number | r | Std (m/s) | Bias (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|
8 × 8 | 0.86 | 3.42 | −0.31 |
16 × 16 | 0.88 | 3.51 | −0.3 |
32 × 32 | 0.90 | 3.31 | −0.38 |
64 × 64 | 0.89 | 3.20 | −0.27 |
128 × 128 | 0.87 | 3.40 | −0.30 |
256 × 256 | 0.88 | 3.59 | 0.12 |
512 × 512 | 0.92 | 3.63 | 0.09 |
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Gao, Y.; Guan, C.; Sun, J.; Xie, L. A Wind Speed Retrieval Model for Sentinel-1A EW Mode Cross-Polarization Images. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020153
Gao Y, Guan C, Sun J, Xie L. A Wind Speed Retrieval Model for Sentinel-1A EW Mode Cross-Polarization Images. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(2):153. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020153
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Yuan, Changlong Guan, Jian Sun, and Lian Xie. 2019. "A Wind Speed Retrieval Model for Sentinel-1A EW Mode Cross-Polarization Images" Remote Sensing 11, no. 2: 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11020153