research-article

Understanding, Discovering, and Mitigating Habitual Smartphone Use in Young Adults

Authors:

Alberto Monge Roffarello,

Luigi De RussisAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), Volume 11, Issue 2

Article No.: 13, Pages 1 - 34

https://doi.org/10.1145/3447991

Published: 21 July 2021 Publication History

Abstract

People, especially young adults, often use their smartphones out of habit: They compulsively browse social networks, check emails, and play video-games with little or no awareness at all. While previous studies analyzed this phenomena qualitatively, e.g., by showing that users perceive it as meaningless and addictive, yet our understanding of how to discover smartphone habits and mitigate their disruptive effects is limited. Being able to automatically assess habitual smartphone use, in particular, might have different applications, e.g., to design better “digital wellbeing” solutions for mitigating meaningless habitual use.

To close this gap, we first define a data analytic methodology based on clustering and association rules mining to automatically discover complex smartphone habits from mobile usage data. We assess the methodology over more than 130,000 phone usage sessions collected from users aged between 16 and 33, and we show evidence that smartphone habits of young adults can be characterized by various types of links between contextual situations and usage sessions, which are highly diversified and differently perceived across users. We then apply the proposed methodology in Socialize, a digital wellbeing app that (i) monitors habitual smartphone behaviors in real time and (ii) uses proactive notifications and just-in-time reminders to encourage users to avoid any identified smartphone habits they consider as meaningless. An in-the-wild study with 20 users (ages 19–31) demonstrates that Socialize can assist young adults in better controlling their smartphone usage with a significant reduction of their unwanted smartphone habits.

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Cited By

Terzimehić NHuber JAragon-Hahner SMayer S(2024)Real-World Winds: Micro Challenges to Promote Balance Post Smartphone OverloadProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642583(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642583
Haliburton LGrüning DRiedel FSchmidt ATerzimehić N(2024)A Longitudinal In-the-Wild Investigation of Design Frictions to Prevent Smartphone OveruseProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642370(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642370
Roffarello APurohit APurohit S(2024)Trigger-Action Programming for Wellbeing: Insights From 6590 iOS ShortcutsIEEE Pervasive Computing10.1109/MPRV.2024.341669823:3(49-56)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/MPRV.2024.3416698
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Understanding, Discovering, and Mitigating Habitual Smartphone Use in Young Adults
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Machine learning
    1. Learning paradigms
      1. Unsupervised learning
        Cluster analysis
2. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Empirical studies in HCI
    2. HCI design and evaluation methods
      1. User models
  2. Ubiquitous and mobile computing
    1. Empirical studies in ubiquitous and mobile computing
    2. Ubiquitous and mobile devices
      1. Smartphones

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cover image ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems

ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems Volume 11, Issue 2

June 2021

267 pages

ISSN:2160-6455

EISSN:2160-6463

DOI:10.1145/3465444

Editor:
Michelle X. Zhou
Juji, Inc., USA

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Publication History

Published: 21 July 2021

Accepted: 01 January 2021

Revised: 01 January 2021

Received: 01 June 2020

Published in TIIS Volume 11, Issue 2

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Cited By

Terzimehić NHuber JAragon-Hahner SMayer S(2024)Real-World Winds: Micro Challenges to Promote Balance Post Smartphone OverloadProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642583(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642583
Haliburton LGrüning DRiedel FSchmidt ATerzimehić N(2024)A Longitudinal In-the-Wild Investigation of Design Frictions to Prevent Smartphone OveruseProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642370(1-16)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642370
Roffarello APurohit APurohit S(2024)Trigger-Action Programming for Wellbeing: Insights From 6590 iOS ShortcutsIEEE Pervasive Computing10.1109/MPRV.2024.341669823:3(49-56)Online publication date: 1-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/MPRV.2024.3416698
Islambouli RIngram SGillet D(2024)Understanding Digital Wellbeing Through Smartphone Usage Intentions and Regrettable Patterns2024 IEEE 12th International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI)10.1109/ICHI61247.2024.00061(426-435)Online publication date: 3-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICHI61247.2024.00061
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