research-article

Public Access

Open source barriers to entry, revisited: a sociotechnical perspective

Authors:

Christopher Mendez,

Hema Susmita Padala,

Zoe Steine-Hanson,

Claudia Hilderbrand,

Margaret BurnettAuthors Info & Claims

ICSE '18: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering

Pages 1004 - 1015

https://doi.org/10.1145/3180155.3180241

Published: 27 May 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Research has revealed that significant barriers exist when entering Open-Source Software (OSS) communities and that women disproportionately experience such barriers. However, this research has focused mainly on social/cultural factors, ignoring the environment itself --- the tools and infrastructure. To shed some light onto how tools and infrastructure might somehow factor into OSS barriers to entry, we conducted a field study with five teams of software professionals, who worked through five use-cases to analyze the tools and infrastructure used in their OSS projects. These software professionals found tool/infrastructure barriers in 7% to 71% of the use-case steps that they analyzed, most of which are tied to newcomer barriers that have been established in the literature. Further, over 80% of the barrier types they found include attributes that are biased against women.

References

[1]

C. Ashcraft and W. Dubow. 2015. The Tricky (And Necessary) Business of Being A Male Advocate For Gender Equality. (May 2015). http://www.fastcompany.com/3046555/strong-femalelead/the-tricky- and- necessary-business- of-being-amale-advocate-for-gender-equ

[2]

M. Burnett, R. Counts, R. Lawrence, and H. Hanson. 2017. Gender HCI and Microsoft: Highlights from a Longitudinal Study (VL/HCC2017).

[3]

M. Burnett, S. D. Fleming, S. Iqbal, G. Venolia, V. Rajaram, U. Farooq, V. Grigoreanu, and M. Czerwinski. 2010. Gender Differences and Programming Environments: Across Programming Populations. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM-IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM '10). ACM, Article 28, 10 pages.

Digital Library

[4]

M. Burnett, A. Peters, C. Hill, and N. Elarief. 2016. Finding Gender-Inclusiveness Software Issues with GenderMag: A Field Investigation. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, 2586--2598.

Digital Library

[5]

M. Burnett, S. Stumpf, J. Macbeth, S. Makri, L. Beckwith, I. Kwan, A. Peters, and W. Jernigan. 2016. GenderMag: A Method for Evaluating Software's Gender Inclusiveness. Interacting with Computers 28, 6 (2016), 760--787.

[6]

M. M. Burnett, L. Beckwith, S. Wiedenbeck, S. D. Fleming, J. Cao, T. H. Park, V. Grigoreanu, and K. Rector. 2011. Gender Pluralism in Problem-solving Software. Interacting with Computers 23, 5 (Sept. 2011), 450--460.

Digital Library

[7]

J. Cao, K. Rector, T. Park, S. Fleming, M. Burnett, and S. Wiedenbeck. 2010. A Debugging Perspective on End-User Mashup Programming. In Proceedings - 2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, VL/HCC 2010. 149--156.

Digital Library

[8]

J. Cassell. 2003. Genderizing Human-Computer Interaction. In The Human-computer Interaction Handbook, Julie A. Jacko and Andrew Sears (Eds.). L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 401--412. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=772072.772100

Digital Library

[9]

A.-M. Cazan, E. Cocoradă, and C. I. Maican. 2016. Computer Anxiety and Attitudes Towards the Computer and the Internet with Romanian High-school and University Students. Comput. Hum. Behav. 55, PA (Feb. 2016), 258--267.

Digital Library

[10]

S. Chang, V. Kumar, E. Gilbert, and L. G.Terveen. 2014. Specialization, Homophily, and Gender in a Social Curation Site: Findings from Pinterest. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work; Social Computing (CSCW '14). ACM, 674--686.

Digital Library

[11]

G. Charness and U. Gneezy. 2012. Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Risk Taking. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 83, 1 (2012), 50--58.

[12]

C. K. Coursaris, S. J. Swierenga, and E. Watrall. 2008. An Empirical Investigation of Color Temperature and Gender Effects on Web Aesthetics. J. Usability Studies 3, 3 (May 2008), 103--117. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2835567.2835569

Digital Library

[13]

S. J. Cunningham, A. Hinze, and D. M. Nichols. 2016. Supporting Gender-Neutral Digital Library Creation: A Case Study Using the GenderMag Toolkit. In 18th International Conference on Asia-Pacific Digital Libraries, ICADL 2016, Atsuyuki Morishima, Andreas Rauber, and Chern Li Liew (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, 45--50.

[14]

B. Dagenais, H. Ossher, R. K. E. Bellamy, M. P. Robillard, and J. P. de Vries. 2010. Moving into a New Software Project Landscape. In Proceedings of the 32Nd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 1 (ICSE '10). ACM, 275--284.

Digital Library

[15]

W. K. Darley and R. E. Smith. 1995. Gender Differences in Information Processing Strategies: An Empirical Test of the Selectivity Model in Advertising Response. Journal of Advertising 24, 1 (1995), 41--56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4188961

[16]

P. A. David and J. S. Shapiro. 2008. Community-based production of open-source software: What do we know about the developers who participate? Information Economics and Policy 20, 4 (2008), 364--398. Empirical Issues in Open Source Software.

[17]

T. Dohmen, D. Huffman, J. Schupp, A. Falk, U. Sunde, and G. Wagner. 2011. Individual Risk Attitudes: Measurement, Determinants, and Behavioral Consequences. Journal of the European Economic Association 9, 3 (2011), 522--550. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25836078

[18]

N. Ducheneaut. 2005. Socialization in an Open Source Software Community: A Socio-Technical Analysis. Comput. Supported Coop. Work 14, 4 (Aug. 2005), 323--368.

Digital Library

[19]

J. Feller and B. Fitzgerald. 2000. A Framework Analysis of the Open Source Software Development Paradigm. In Proceedings of the Twenty First International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS '00). Association for Information Systems, 58--69. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=359640.359723

Digital Library

[20]

A. Fisher and J. Margolis. 2002. Unlocking the Clubhouse: The Carnegie Mellon Experience. SIGCSE Bull. 34, 2 (June 2002), 79--83.

Digital Library

[21]

D. Ford, A. Harkins, and C. Parnin. 2017. Someone Like Me: How Does Peer Parity Influence Participation of Women on Stack Overflow? (VL/HCC2017).

[22]

D. Ford, J. Smith, P. J. Guo, and C. Parnin. 2016. Paradise Unplugged: Identifying Barriers for Female Participation on Stack Overflow. In Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE 2016). ACM, 846--857.

Digital Library

[23]

R. Ghosh, A. Glott, B. Krieger, and B. Robles. 2002. Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study (FLOSS), Final Report, Part IV: Survey of Developers. (2002).

[24]

J. Grudin. 2006. Why Personas Work: The Psychological Evidence. (12 2006), 642--664 pages.

[25]

K. Hartzel. 2003. How Self-efficacy and Gender Issues Affect Software Adoption and Use. Commun. ACM 46, 9 (Sept. 2003), 167--171.

Digital Library

[26]

C. G. Hill, M. Haag, A. Oleson, C. Mendez, N. Marsden, A. Sarma, and M. Burnett. 2017. Gender-Inclusiveness Personas vs. Stereotyping: Can We Have It Both Ways?. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '17). ACM, 6658--6671.

Digital Library

[27]

S. K. Horwitz and I. B. Horwitz. 2007. The Effects of Team Diversity on Team Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of Team Demography. Journal of Management 33, 6 (2007), 987--1015.

[28]

W. Hou, M. Kaur, A. Komlodi, W. G. Lutters, L. Boot, S. R. Cotten, C. Morrell, A. A. Ozok, and Z. Tufekci. 2006. "Girls Don't Waste Time": Pre-adolescent Attitudes Toward ICT. In CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHIEA '06). ACM, 875--880.

Digital Library

[29]

A. Huffman, J. Whetten, and W. Huffman. 2013. Using technology in higher education: The influence of gender roles on technology self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior 29, 4 (July 2013), 1779--1786.

[30]

C. Jensen, S. King, and V. Kuechler. 2011. Joining Free/Open Source Software Communities: An Analysis of Newbies' First Interactions on Project Mailing Lists. In 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 1--10.

Digital Library

[31]

C. Kelleher. 2009. Barriers to Programming Engagement. Advances in Gender andEducation 1 (2009), 5--10. http://www.mcrcad.org/Web_Kelleher.pdf

[32]

D. Laurison and S. Friedman. 2016. The Class Pay Gap in Higher Professional and Managerial Occupations. American Sociological Review 81, 4 (2016), 668--695.

[33]

M. Lee. 2015. Teaching and Engaging with Debugging Puzzles. (2015).

[34]

T. Mahatody, M. Sagar, and C. Kolski. 2010. State of the Art on the Cognitive Walkthrough Method, Its Variants and Evolutions. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 26, 8 (2010), 741--785. arXiv

[35]

J. Meyers-Levy and B. Loken. 2015. Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead. Journal of Consumer Psychology 25, 1 (2015), 129--149.

[36]

J. Meyers-Levy and D. Maheswaran. 1991. Exploring Differences in Males' and Females' Processing Strategies. Journal of Consumer Research 18, 1 (1991), 63--70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2489485

[37]

A. Mockus, R. T. Fielding, and J. D. Herbsleb. 2000. A case study of open source software development: the Apache server. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on on Software Engineering, ICSE 2000, Limerick Ireland, June 4--11, 2000. ACM, 263--272.

Digital Library

[38]

A. Mockus, R. T. Fielding, and J. D. Herbsleb. 2002. Two case studies of open source software development: Apache and Mozilla. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 11, 3 (2002), 309--346.

Digital Library

[39]

D. Nafus. 2012. 'Patches donâĂ&Zacute;t have gender': What is not open in open source software. New Media & Society 14, 4 (2012), 669--683.

[40]

A. O'Leary-Kelly, B. Hardgrave, V McKinney, and D. Wilson. 2004. The influence of professional identification on the retention of women and racial minorities in the IT workforce. In NSF Info. Tech. Workforce & Info. Tech. Res. PI Conf (NSF '04). 65--69. https://www.nsf.gov/cise/cns/cwardle/itwf03.jsp

[41]

PiazzaBlog. 2015. STEM confidence gap. (January 2015). http://blog.piazza.com/stem-confidence-gap/

[42]

I. Qureshi and Y. Fang. 2011. Socialization in Open Source Software Projects: A Growth Mixture Modeling Approach. Organizational Research Methods 14, 1 (Jan. 2011), 208--238.

[43]

R. Riedl, M. Hubert, and P. Kenning. 2010. Are There Neural Gender Differences in Online Trust? An fMRI Study on the Perceived Trustworthiness of Ebay Offers. MIS Q. 34, 2 (June 2010), 397--428. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2017458.2017469

Digital Library

[44]

G. Robles, L. Arjona Reina, A. Serebrenik, B. Vasilescu, and J. M. González-Barahona. 2014. FLOSS 2013: A Survey Dataset About Free Software Contributors: Challenges for Curating, Sharing, and Combining. In Proceedings of the 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR 2014). ACM, 396--399.

Digital Library

[45]

D. Rosner and J. Bean. 2009. Learning from IKEA Hacking: I'M Not One to Decoupage a Tabletop and Call It a Day. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '09). ACM, 419--422.

Digital Library

[46]

A. Sarma, M. A. Gerosa, I. Steinmacher, and R. Leano. 2016. Training the Future Workforce Through Task Curation in an OSS Ecosystem. In Proceedings of the 2016 24th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering (FSE 2016). ACM, 932--935.

Digital Library

[47]

C. B. Seaman. 1999. Qualitative Methods in Empirical Studies of Software Engineering. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 25, 4 (July 1999), 557--572.

Digital Library

[48]

S. J. Simon. 2000. The Impact of Culture and Gender on Web Sites: An Empirical Study. SIGMIS Database 32, 1 (Dec. 2000), 18--37.

Digital Library

[49]

A. Singh, V Bhadauria, A. Jain, and A. Gurung. 2013. Role of gender, self-efficacy, anxiety and testing formats in learning spreadsheets. 29 (05 2013), 739--746.

Digital Library

[50]

R. Spencer. 2000. The Streamlined Cognitive Walkthrough Method, Working Around Social Constraints Encountered in a Software Development Company. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '00). ACM, 353--359.

Digital Library

[51]

I. Steinmacher, A. P. Chaves, T. U. Conte, and M. A. Gerosa. 2014. Preliminary Empirical Identification of Barriers Faced by Newcomers to Open Source Software Projects. In 2014 Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering. 51--60.

Digital Library

[52]

I. Steinmacher, T. Conte, M. A. Gerosa, and D. Redmiles. 2015. Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their First Contribution in Open Source Software Projects. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work; Social Computing (CSCW '15). ACM, 1379--1392.

Digital Library

[53]

I. Steinmacher, T. U. Conte, C. Treude, and M. A. Gerosa. 2016. Overcoming Open Source Project Entry Barriers with a Portal for Newcomers. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE '16). ACM, 273--284.

Digital Library

[54]

I. Steinmacher, I. Wiese, A. P. Chaves, and M. A. Gerosa. 2013. Why do newcomers abandon open source software projects?. In 2013 6th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE). 25--32.

[55]

J. Terrell, A. Kofink, J. Middleton, C. Rainear, E. Murphy-Hill, and C. Parnin. 2016. Gender bias in open source: Pull request acceptance of women versus men. (Jan 2016).

[56]

S. Turkle. 2005. The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit. Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, NY, USA.

[57]

B. Vasilescu, D. Posnett, B. Ray, M. G. van den Brand, A. Serebrenik, P. Devanbu, and V. Filkov. 2015. Gender and Tenure Diversity in GitHub Teams. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '15). ACM, 3789--3798.

Digital Library

[58]

G. von Krogh, S. Spaeth, and K. R. Lakhani. 2003. Community, joining, and specialization in open source software innovation: a case study. Research Policy 32, 7 (2003), 1217--1241.

[59]

E. U. Weber, A-R. Blais, and N. E. Betz. 2002. A domain-specific risk-attitude scale: measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 15, 4 (2002), 263--290.

[60]

C. Wharton, J. Rieman, C. Lewis, and P. Polson. 1994. The Cognitive Walkthrough Method: A Practitioner's Guide. In Usability Inspection Methods, Jakob Nielsen and Robert L. Mack (Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA, 105--140. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=189200.189214

Digital Library

[61]

C. Wohlin, P. Runeson, M. Höst, M. C. Ohlsson, B. Regnell, and A. Wesslén. 2000. Experimentation in Software Engineering: An Introduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA.

Digital Library

[62]

M. Zhou and A. Mockus. 2012. What make long term contributors: Willingness and opportunity in OSS community. In 2012 34th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE). 518--528.

Digital Library

Cited By

Frluckaj HStevens NHowison JDabbish L(2024)Paradoxes of Openness: Trans Experiences in Open Source SoftwareProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870478:CSCW2(1-24)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687047
Tan XGong YHuang GWu HZhang L(2024)How to Gain Commit Rights in Modern Top Open Source Communities?Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering10.1145/36607841:FSE(1727-1749)Online publication date: 12-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3660784
Tiwari DToady TMonperrus MBaudry BRoychoudhury PPaiva AAbreu RStorey MSharif BXia X(2024)With Great Humor Comes Great Developer EngagementProceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society10.1145/3639475.3640099(1-11)Online publication date: 14-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3639475.3640099
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Open source barriers to entry, revisited: a sociotechnical perspective
1. Software and its engineering

Recommendations

Overcoming open source project entry barriers with a portal for newcomers
ICSE '16: Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering

Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are usually self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from distributed volunteers. Newcomer are important to the survival, long-term success, and continuity of these communities. However, ...
Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their First Contribution in Open Source Software Projects
CSCW '15: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing

Newcomers' seamless onboarding is important for online communities that depend upon leveraging the contribution of outsiders. Previous studies investigated aspects of the joining process and motivation in open collaboration communities, but few have ...
Newcomers' Barriers. . . Is That All? An Analysis of Mentors' and Newcomers' Barriers in OSS Projects

Newcomers' seamless onboarding is important for open collaboration communities, particularly those that leverage outsiders' contributions to remain sustainable. Nevertheless, previous work shows that OSS newcomers often face several barriers to ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

ICSE '18: Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering

May 2018

1307 pages

ISBN:9781450356381

DOI:10.1145/3180155

Conference Chair:
Michel Chaudron
Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
,
General Chair:
Ivica Crnkovic
Chalmers University of Technology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
,
Program Chairs:
Marsha Chechik
University of Toronto, Canada
,
Mark Harman
Facebook and University College London, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGSOFT: ACM Special Interest Group on Software Engineering
IEEE-CS: Computer Society

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 27 May 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Funding Sources

NSF

Conference

ICSE '18

Sponsor:

SIGSOFT
IEEE-CS

ICSE '18: 40th International Conference on Software Engineering

May 27 - June 3, 2018

Gothenburg, Sweden

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 276 of 1,856 submissions, 15%

Upcoming Conference

ICSE 2025

2025 IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering

April 26 - May 3, 2025

Ottawa , ON , Canada

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

91
Total Citations
View Citations
1,355
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)232
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)32

Reflects downloads up to 22 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Frluckaj HStevens NHowison JDabbish L(2024)Paradoxes of Openness: Trans Experiences in Open Source SoftwareProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36870478:CSCW2(1-24)Online publication date: 8-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3687047
Tan XGong YHuang GWu HZhang L(2024)How to Gain Commit Rights in Modern Top Open Source Communities?Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering10.1145/36607841:FSE(1727-1749)Online publication date: 12-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3660784
Tiwari DToady TMonperrus MBaudry BRoychoudhury PPaiva AAbreu RStorey MSharif BXia X(2024)With Great Humor Comes Great Developer EngagementProceedings of the 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society10.1145/3639475.3640099(1-11)Online publication date: 14-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3639475.3640099
Sibia NBernuy ASimovic THuang CTan YSeong ENobre CZingaro DLiut MPetersen A(2024)Exploring the Effects of Grouping by Programming Experience in Q&A ForumsProceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 110.1145/3632620.3671107(206-221)Online publication date: 12-Aug-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3632620.3671107
Soliman NKang HLatzke MBragg JChang JZhang AKarger D(2024)Mitigating Barriers to Public Social Interaction with Meronymous CommunicationProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642241(1-26)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642241
Fang HHerbsleb JVasilescu BRoychoudhury APaiva AAbreu RStorey M(2024)Novelty Begets Popularity, But Curbs Participation - A Macroscopic View of the Python Open-Source EcosystemProceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering10.1145/3597503.3608142(1-11)Online publication date: 20-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3597503.3608142
Santos I(2024)Empowering Diversity: Leveraging Cognitive Styles to Support Newcomers in Open Source Projects2024 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)10.1109/VL/HCC60511.2024.00056(380-381)Online publication date: 2-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/VL/HCC60511.2024.00056
Santos IFelizardo KGerosa MSteinmacher I(2024)Game Elements to Engage Students Learning the Open Source Software Contribution Process2024 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC)10.1109/VL/HCC60511.2024.00017(59-70)Online publication date: 2-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/VL/HCC60511.2024.00017
Han JZhang JLo DXia XDeng SWu M(2024)Understanding Newcomers’ Onboarding Process in Deep Learning ProjectsIEEE Transactions on Software Engineering10.1109/TSE.2024.335329750:3(443-460)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TSE.2024.3353297
Feng ZKimura KTrinkenreich BSarma ASteinmacher I(2024)Guiding the way: A systematic literature review on mentoring practices in open source software projectsInformation and Software Technology10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107470171(107470)Online publication date: Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107470
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents