MARITIME ENGLISH (IMO MODEL COURSE 3.17) Word 97-03
MARITIME ENGLISH (IMO MODEL COURSE 3.17) Word 97-03
MARITIME ENGLISH (IMO MODEL COURSE 3.17) Word 97-03
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ENGLISH IS AS MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
3. IMO MODEL COURSE 317 MARITIME ENGLISH
4. IMO MODEL COURSE 701, 702, 703, 704/ COMPETENCE
5. IMO STANDARD MARINE COMMUNICATION PHRASES
(SMCP)
6. APPLICATION OF IMO MODEL COURSE 317 MARITIME
ENGLISH
A. LANGUAGE SYSTEMS
B. LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS
7. EVALUATION
DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP
PENDIDIKAN DI DALAM/LN
- SEPALA 1985 JAKARTA
- SEDADYA 1993 JAKARTA
- IMO MODEL COURSE 6.09, 1999 JAKARTA
- IMO MODEL COURSE 3.12, 2004 JAKARTA
- IMPROVEMENT OF COMPETENCY FOR
LECTURER 2004, JAKARTA
- DIKLAT WAJIB 2008 JAKARTA
- DLL
MY NAME IS ...
I WORK AT ....
MY POSITION IS AS ......
MY PURPOSES TO ATTEND THE TRAINING ARE...
TO IMPROVE MY KNOWLEDGE
TO GET A CERTIFICATE
TO GET VALUE EXPERIENCE
TO HAVE SIGHTSEEING
TO GET NEW FRIENDS
ETC.
ENGLISH IS AS MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION
GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION
1. Canada in 1497
2. The world since 1584
3. India in 1612
4. Asia in 1786
5. Africa in 1806
6. Australia in 18th Century
7. New Zealand in 1770
POWERFUL ROLE
1. Political power
2. Militery power
3. Economic power
DIPLOMATIC ROLE
1. Asean countries
2. APEC member economies
3. European council
4. AIDA (Australia Indonesia Developing Area),
etc.
Maritime English
Language Systems Air Travel in English : Ground
Services
Grammar Air Travel in English : In-Flight
Vocabulary Services
Phonology The Petroleum industry in English
Computer Programming in English
International Finance in English :
Banking & Money
The Army in English
The Navy in English
Tourism in English
Hotels in English
Language Restaurants & Catering in English
Hospital Service in English
Accounting in English
National Defense in English
Atomic Energy in English
Language Chemical Engineering in English
Civil Engineering in English
Communicative Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Skills in English
Reading Mechanical Engineering in English
The Merchant Marine in English
Writing Advertising & Merchandising in
Speaking English
Listening Mining & Metallurgy in English
International Trade in English
Aviation in English
Agriculture in English etc
GRAMMAR
(PARTS OF SPEECH)
FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT TENSES PAST TENSES
• SIMPLE FUTURE
NOUNS TENSE/ SHALL, WILL
PRONOUNS • PRESENT
VERBS • SIMPLE PAST TENSE
• SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
ADJECTIVES • GOING TO FORM
ADVERBS TENSE • PAST CONTINOUS
• FUTURE WITH
PREPOSITIONS • PRESENT TENSE ATTENTION
CONJUNGTIONS
• PAST PERFECT TENSE • FUTURE CONTINOUS
CONTINOUS
TENSE
TENSE • PAST PERFECT
• FUTURE PERFECT
• PRESENT CONTINOUSTENSE TENSE
• CONDITIONALS
PERFECT TENSE
>PROBLABLE,
• PRESENT IMPROBABLE
AND
PERFECT
IMPOSSIBLE,
CONTINOUS TENSE CONDITIONS
DEFINITIONS
Shipboard Organization
Special Terms
An approaching ship
An incoming ship A proceeding ship A Berthing ship Cargo operation A leaving ship
A pilot/bridge Waiting for berth FEW Agent Concluded cargo operation
Channel/ A safe area Official clearance Stevedores Store loaded
maneuvering Temporary approved by public Ship chandler Official clearance received
speed anchore health document Official Clearance All is in readiness
Restricted waters Tug boats Clearance procedures Signing on/off Shoreside personnel leave the vessel
Custom officers The crew secures the ship for sea
Break waters Docking pilot The need of the
Ships manifest The lines are cost off stand by engines
Other navigational Line handlers on crew
Stevedores and reverse her earliest route
board/shore Medical attention
obstructions Shore deck workers Return to her natural environment the
Mooring lines Currency
sea
Coast guard
Aids to navigation
Vessel traffic control
Rules and regulation to prevent collusions
Pollution abatement
Environmental control
THE ORGANIZATION OF SHIP’S CREW
Master
Cooks Steward
Junior Junior
Ratings Ratings
AB Firemen
EDH Greasers
OS Oilers
QM Wifers
Pump men
IMO MODEL
IMO MODEL COURSE 317 COURSES
MARITIME ENGLISH 701,702,703,704.
(STCW CODE)
( 701 ) MASTER,
LANGUAGE CHIEF OFFICER C
SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT (702) CHIEF
L -GRAMMAR LEVEL ENGINEER AND O
-VOCABULARY
A -PHONOLOGY
SECOND ENGINEER
M
OFFICER
N
P
G
U OPERATIONAL (703) OFFICER IN
E
A LEVEL CHARGE OF A
NAVIGATIONAL T
G WATCH
LANGUAGE E
E (704) OFFICIER IN
COMMUNICATIVE CHARGE OF AN
SKILLS ENGINEERING N
WATCH
-READING
C
-WRITING
-SPEAKING
SUPPORTING STCW CODE E
LEVEL
-LISTENING
Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers in charge of a
navigational watch on ships of 500 gross tonnage or more
T
Deep sea – Tramps
Short sea – Tramps
S
H Specialized Carry particular types
Oil tankers
Vessels of cargoes
I Chemical carriers
P
LNG carriers
COMMUNICATION AT SEAS
COMMUNICATION AT SEAS
Radio communication
on board
Internal telephone Visual Sound
system signals signals
Radio Department
Marine Engines
Distillation plant
Sewage plant To supply domestic needs
Heaters
Air conditions
Thrust shaft
Functions of Intermediate shafts To supply the main power of engines for
Propeller shaft propulsion and maneuvering
Auxiliary Propeller
Rudder
Machinery Steering gears
Fire fighting
equipment To provide for the safety
Fire detection
equipment
Life boat engine
Launching gears
SHIP CONSTRUCTIONS
Steel
Other material used
Cost Labors
Modern shipyards
Fully mechanized process
Use Machines
Naval architect
Shipyards
ship design
Basic design
Design Ship owners
Firms of shipping consultant
Customers
Building Ship
Type of cargo
Routes
Order Desired speed
Price
Rules of classification society
Requirement International regulations
Economic, engineering, safety
factors
Process
Well order sequence of event
Propeller
Axial thrust Controllable
Rudder
Ship Handling
Effect
(at sea, narrow waters)
The axial thrust of the propeller is the force working in fore and off directions
The transverse thrust is the sideways force of the propeller as it rotates
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARGO
Cargo
Bulk General
Liquid bulk Crude oil, fuel oil Tankers Pumped through pipes
Dry bulk Grain, iron ore, coal surer Bulk carriers Conveyor belt, tubes, grabs
Non Containerized Tobacco, rubber, tea, rice Multi deck vessels Cranes, derricks
NAVIGATION
Techniques of coastal
navigation (pilot age)
Ship’s Position In sight of land
Light house
Church spire
Electronic Aids to Radio Direction Finder To indicate the ship’s position by signal
Navigation (RDF)
Decca Direction
To indicate the ship’s position by synchronized
Omega Navigator signals
Loran
Sensors
IMO
1. Approaching port
Introduction
Communication:
MV ”Stortebeker” Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to report to VTS Warnemunde her
principal particulars:
- call sign Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, flag state – Germany,
- position – North East, distance – 9 miles of fairway entrance,
- course – 223 degrees, speed – 18 knots,
- destination – berth no. 63,
- present draft forward - 6 metres, draft aft – 7 metres, air draft – 44 metres,
- ETA in position buoy no.1 – 17 00 hours local time.
External communication
The Officer of Watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS)
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemune Traffic – this is Stortebeker,
Stortebeker, Stortebeker, call sign Yankee Three Charlie Sierra,
come in please – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Stortebeker, Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra,
this is Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic.
Advice. Change to VHF Channel 7 3 – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic – this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Information.
Changing to VHF Channel 7 3 – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
How do you read me – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Answer. I read you good – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Question. What is your call sign. What is your flag state – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker.
Answer. My call sign Yankee-Three-Charlie-Sierra. My flag state Germany – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
What is your position, present course and speed – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Answer. My position is North East, distance 9 miles of fairway entrance.
My present course 2 2 3 degrees, speed 18 knots – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
From what direction are you approaching. What is your destination – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Answer.
I am approaching from North East. My destination berth number 6 3 – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
What is your present draft. What is your air draft – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Answer.
My present draft forward 6 meters, aft 7 meters. My air draft 44 meters – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Question.
What is your ETA in position buoy number 1 – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Answer.
My ETA 17 00 hours local time – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Information.
You may enter fairway in position buoy number 1.
Advice. Report at waypoint 2 nautical miles from Warnemunde breakwater.
Advice. Stand by on VHF Channel 7 3 – over.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra. Information.
Understood. Reporting at waypoint 2 nautical miles from Warnemunde breakwater.
Standing by on VHF Channel 7 3 – over.
3. Situation II
Description:
Vessel is steering into the sea channel. Vessel is passing buoy couple ½.
Communication:
Vessel is passing buoy couple ½.
Vessel has to alter course to port 20 and to steer 140 degrees.
On board communication
The Officer of watch (OOW) and the Helmsman (H) are on the bridge.
OOW:
Port 20. Steer 1 4 0 degrees.
H:
Port 20. Steer 1 4 0 degrees.
H:
Steady 1 4 0 degrees.
OOW:
Steady as she goes.
H:
Steady as she goes.
4. Situation III
Description:
Vessel is steering into the sea channel. Vessel is passing buoy couple 5/6.
Communication:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde:
Position – passing buoy number 5, and has to ask the permission to enter the port.
VTS Warnemunde has to advise Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra to keep her
present course.
External communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS)
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee-Three-Charlie-Sierra.
Information. I am passing buoy number 5.
Question. Have I permission to enter port – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Information. You have permission to enter port. Traffic clearance granted.
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
My present course 1 6 1 degrees, speed 9 knots.
Intention. I will enter port – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Advice. Keep your present course.
Information. Your track is parallel with reference line – out.
5. Situation IV
Description:
Vessel is steering southward up the sea channel on the port side of the reference
line. Vessel is passing Warnemunde breakwater.
Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde about her
data (local time – 16 55 hours, position – breakwater passed, speed – 8 knots).
Vessel has to alter course to 161 degrees, then she has to be steered on leading
lights on port bow.
External communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS) :
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra.
Information. Time 16 55, breakwater passed, speed 8 knots – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker, Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic.
Time 16 55, breakwater passed, speed 8 knots.
Advice. No obstruction to you – over.
On board communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) and the Helmsman (H)
OOW:
Midships.steer 1 6 1.
H:
Midships.steer 1 6 1. Steady on 1 6 1
OOW:
Steer on leading lights on port bow.
H:
Steer on leading lights on port bow.
OOW:
Steady as she goes.
H:
Steady as she goes.
6. Situation V
Description:
Vessel has reached the basin. Vessel has reduced her speed to 3 knots and will
change course to starboard to enter the river Warnow.
Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has reached the basin. She has to alter
course yo starboard 15 and to steer 205 degrees.
On board communication:
The Officer of Watch (OOW) and the Helmsman (H)
OOW:
Starboard 15. Steer 2 0 5 degrees.
H:
Starboard 15. Steer 2 0 5 degrees.
H:
Steady on 2 0 5 degrees.
OOW:
Steady as she goes.
H:
Steady as she goes.
7. Situation VI
Description:
Vessel is turning over the port side bow on River Warnow.
Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde,that she is
starting turning manoeuvre and proceeding at dead slow ahead with both anchors
standing by for let go.
VTS warnemunde has to confirm received information and has to call attention to
berthing.
External communication:
The Officer of watch (OOW) is calling Warnemunde Traffic (VTS) :
OOW:
Warnemunde Traffic, this is Stortebeker,
Yankee-Three-Charlie-Sierra. Intention.
I am starting turning manoeuvre. Information.
I am proceeding at dead slow ahead. Both anchors standing by for let go – over.
VTS:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra, this is Warnemunde Traffic. Understood.
Attention – proceed carefully to berth 6 3 – over.
8. Situation VII
Description:
Vessel is fast on berth 63.
Communication:
Stortebeker Yankee Three Charlie Sierra has to inform VTS Warnemunde, that local
time is 17 55 hours and vessel is fast on berth no. 63.
(PARTS OF SPEECH)
FUTURE TENSES
PRESENT TENSES PAST TENSES
• SIMPLE FUTURE
NOUNS
TENSE/ SHALL, WILL
PRONOUNS
• PRESENT
VERBS
• SIMPLE PRESENT • SIMPLE PAST TENSE CONTINOUS TENSE
ADJECTIVES
ADVERDS TENSE • PAST CONTINOUS • GOING TO FORM
PREPOSITIONS • FUTURE WITH
• PRESENT TENSE
CONJUNGTIONS ATTENTION
CONTINOUS • PAST PERFECT TENSE • FUTURE CONTINOUS
TENSE • PAST PERFECT TENSE
• • FUTURE PERFECT
PRESENT CONTINOUSTENSE
TENSE
PERFECT TENSE
• CONDITIONALS
• PRESENT >PROBLABLE,
PERFECT IMPROBABLE
AND
CONTINOUS TENSE IMPOSSIBLE,
CONDITIONS
Parts of Speech
Words are divided into different kinds or classes, called parts of speech
Parts of speech are eight in number
A. Kinds of nouns
1. A proper noun: Harry, susi
2. A common noun : boy, girl
3. A collection noun : crowd, team, fleet, committee
4. An abstract noun
a) Quality : kindness, darkness, beauty
b) state : childhood, youth, boy hood
c) action : movement, judgment, theft
Abstract nouns are formed : as
a) from adjective : kind - kindness
honest – honestly
b) from verb : as : obey - obedience
grow – growth
c) from common nouns as : child – childhood
slave – slavery
B. Gender
1. Masculine Gender : boy, brother, husband, king
2. Feminine Gender : girl, sister, wife, queen
f] ending : > en
a child – children
an ox – oxen
h] plural
- scissors - glasses
- spectacles - trousers
i] plural forms are used in singular (science)
- mathematics
- linguistics
- economics
j] abstract nouns does not have plural
- kindness
- beauty
k] substances on materials is singular (uncountable nouns)
- wool
- water
- iron
- oil
- chemical
Nouns are used in maritime terms
The Adjective
A. Kinds of adjective
1. Adjective of quality, it shows the quality of a person and thing.
- Titanic was a large ship
- The master is an honest man
- Take great care of your health
2. Adjective of quantity, it shows how much of a thing is meant
- Ships cost a lot of money to build
- There is much cargo to be loaded
- There is a little lime before the ship sail
3. Adjective of number, it shows how many person or things are meant
- All liners carry passengers and cargo
- Nowadays most merchant ships are built to carry cargo
- A large number of merchant ships carry cargo
- Some ships are designed to carry cargo
- A general cargo vessel costs several million pound
- A few ships still carry passengers
- No tankers can carry passengers
- Second officer is responsible for the master
- First officer is responsible for the stowage of the cargo
- Each engineer must be responsible for his/her own job
- This ship is larger than ship
- These ships are new
- Those ships are old
- Every seaman must obey the regulation
Comparison of Adjective
Read these sentences
1. MV. Pelni is big
2. MV. Loyid is bigger than MV. Pelni
3. MV. Blale is the biggest of all
They are called three degree of comparison
1. The adjective big is in positive degree
2. The adjective bigger is in the comparative degree
3. The adjective biggest is in the superlative degree
I me my mine myself
THE VERB
Regular verb
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle
Walk walked walked working
Laugh laughed laughed laughing
Design designed designed designing
Irregular verb
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle
Build built built building
Write wrote written writing
Speak spoke spoken speaking
See saw seen seeing
Put put put putting
Know knew known knowing
Drink drank drunk drinking
Auxiliary verb
As a principle verb
The officer has a lot of money
The ship has many officers and engineers
As auxiliary verb
- the officer have received a lot of money
- the officer must have a lot of money
- the officer shall have a lot of money
- the officer might have a lot of money
-Nowadays they make ships of steel (simple present tense)
-The queen will launch the tanker tomorrow (future tense/auxiliary verb)
-They are painting the hill (present continuous tense)
-The royal navy has ordered two new ships (present perfect tense)
-You can join two piece of metal together by wedding (auxiliary verb)
-People weighed the piece of metal (simple past tense)
-People must prepare the plates properly (auxiliary verb)
-It is also the job of the deck department to see that the cargo is properly stowed in
Kinds of Adverb
year
Master always orders officer
3. Adverb of place : All engineers work in the engine – room
Officers work on the bridge
4. Adverb of manner : Bosun supervises the crew seriously on board
Deck officer’s jobs is to take a ship safety from
place to place as quickly and economically as possible
5. Adverb of degree : The sea is very stormy
He is too careless to do the job
6. Adverb of reason : The second engineer is therefore discharged
7. Adverb of affirmation : Probably, the ship well cross the ocean
The fireman certainly refused the officer
Comparison of Adverb
Formation of Adverb
Adjective Adverb
single singly
ready readily
foolish foolishly
quick quickly
happy happily
The engineer is a quick operator The engineer operates the engine quickly
He is a happy seaman He works happily
The master is a wise man The master behaves wisely
The greaser is a foolish seaman The greaser does the job foolishly
The Preposition
Read
1. There is an engineer in the engine – room
2. Master is fond of coffee
3. Third mate puts the equipment on the table
Sentences 1. Preposition in join a noun ( an engineer) and to another noun (the
engine – room)
Sentences 2. Preposition of joins an adjective (fond) and a noun (coffee)
Sentences 3. Preposition on join a verb (put) and a noun (table)
Kinds of Preposition
1. Simple Preposition
Through across, along, at, by, for, from, in, off, on, out, down, around, till, to, up,
with, away from, out of, by, past, towards, behind, in front of, above, below, over,
under, on top of, underneath.
At - The helmsmen stood at the wheels
- The ship refueled at Denpasar
Away from - The engineer stood away from the flame
- The ship anchored away from other ship
On - The ship stayed on course
- The chart lay on the table
Off - The ship was off course
- The keel was just off the seabed
In - The ship moved in the harbor
Out of - The instrument lay out of their boy
- He stood out of the way of the derrick
Above - The clouds are above the horizon
Below - The cargo is usually stowed below deck
Over - The helicopter hovered over the platform
Under - The student put the flame under the flask
On top of - His suitcase lay on top of his bunk
Underneath - The spanned was found underneath he tarpaulin
To - They took the ferry to Merak
From - MV. Pelni sailed from Belawan
On to - The case fell on to the deck
Off - The launch took off the pilot
Into - The cargo was loaded into the hold
Out of - The cargo was lifted out of the hold
Towards - The ship was driven towards the rocks
Away from - The wood drifted away from the shore
Up - The sailor climbed up the mast
Down - The flag was hauled down
Across - The boat tacked across the bay
Along - The sailed along the coast
Over - The people walked over the bridge
Under - The barge sailed under the bridge
Behind - The plane passed behind the light house
In front of - The gulls flew in front of the light house
(2) Round - The diver swam round the shoal
Through - The diver swam through the shoal
By - The sailors rowed by the buoy
Past - The sailor rowed past the buoy
The Conjunction
Compound Conjunction
In order that : the notice was published in order that all seaman might know the
fact
On condition : I will forgive you on condition that you do not repeat the offence
So that : the seaman saved his money so that he would buy valuable
things for his wife
Provided that : you can borrow the book provided that you return it soon
As well as : the chief mate as well as the chief engineer were present on
board
As soon as : he took off his shoes as soon as he entered the house
As if : he look as if he is poor
Subordination Conjunction
After : after the storm was over the sun shone out again
Although : although he insults me I still trust him
As : as the master was not on board, they spoke to the chief mate
Because : all seamen worked hard because they were well paid
Before : check the cargo before you load it in the holds
If : you will pass the exam if you work hard
Since : since the shipways promises, the seaman believe it`
That : the equipment that he kept was lost
What : I do not know what he had done
Unless : the ship owners will not pay you unless you work seriously on
board
When : when I was a seaman, I could go round the world
Where : he found his watch where he had left it
How : he does not know how it happened
While : the ship sails while the storm is over
Why : I do know why he left us
Who : I do not know who visited the master yesterday
Whom : he was the man whom I met him in the cinema last night
The Interjection
Such word as. Hello, Alas, Hurrah, Ah, Hush, are called Interjections.
I write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
You write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
We write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
They write many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
He writes many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
She writes many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
It writes many letters and reports regularly in the office every week
P V A N C N Adv of Adv of Adv of
manner place time
Maritime English
I Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday
You Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday
We Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class everyday
They Do not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday
He Does not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday
She Does not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday
It Does not write many letters and reports regularly in the class
everyday
- Chief Engineer does not control the main engine and auxiliary engines
regularly
the engine – room every morning
- Officers on watch do not check the cargoes on the holds constantly everyday
Interrogative (?)
Form Do / Does + Subject + Verb + Object + Modifier
Does Chief Engineer control the main engine and auxiliary engines regularly
in the engine – room every morning
Do Officers on watch check the cargoes in the holds constantly everyday
Passive voice (+)
Form Object + to be + Verb3 + By + Subject + Modifier
- Many letters and reports are regularly written by me in class everyday
- Many letters and reports are regularly written by you in class everyday
- Many letters and reports are regularly written by us in class everyday
- Many letters and reports are regularly written by them in class everyday
- The main engine and auxiliary engines are regularly controlled by chief
engineer
- The cargoes are constantly checked by officers on watch
BUILDING SHIP
Ships cost a lot of money to build. A general cargo vessel costs several million
pounds and a giant tanker can cost over £ 40 million pounds, one reason for this is the
high cost of steel and other materials used in shipbuilding. Another reason is the high
cost of labour.
A modern shipyard is designed for building ships as cheaply and quickly as
possible. Many of the old processes have disappeared or been combined into one fully
mechanized process. Machines are now used instead of men. Today, ships can be built in
about sixteen months and costs can be kept to a minimum.
Who designs ships? Ships are designed by naval architects. The largest shipping
companies have their own naval architects. In Europe and Japan, shipyards employ naval
architects to design a ship for a customer, or offer basic designs which can be varied to
suit the customer’s needs. Shipowners may also go to independent firms of shipping
consultants and ask their naval architects to design a ship for them.
When shipowners decide to order a new ship, they tell the naval architect the
cargo they want the ship to carry. They also tell him what routes the ship will play and
the desired speed. They put limits on the ship’s dimensions and on the price that they are
prepared to pay. The ship must also comply with the rules of the classification society and
international regulations. Economic, engineering and safety factors all govern the design
of a ship.