Our Topic For Today Is

"Constellations and
Stars"
B y: Group 9
Constellation
s
 W hat are
AC onstellations?
constellation is a defined area of a sphere.
These areas are grouped based on the
patterns formed by a big and prominent stars
that are near to the another on Earth’s
sky.
There are a few different definitions of constellations,
but many people think of constellations as a group of
stars. The constellations you can see at night depend on
your location on Earth and the time of year.
Constellations were named after objects, animals, and
people long ago. Astronomers today still use
constellations to name stars and meteor showers.
How do you introduce
constellations? "Constellation" is the name
we give to seeming patterns
of stars in the night sky.
"Stella" is the Latin word for
star and a constellation is a
grouping of stars. In
general, the stars in these
groups are not actually
close to each other in
space, they just appear to
be close when viewed from
Earth.
What is the story behind
the constellations ?
The constellations, as described in
Greek mythology, were mostly
god-favoured heroes and beasts
who received a place amongst
the
stars as a memorial of their
deeds. They were regarded as
semi-divine spirits--living,
conscious entities which strode
across the heavens.
W hat are beliefs
about
Manyconstellations?
Christians believe the star
was a miraculous sign to mark the
birth of the Christ. The first use for
Constellations was probably
religious. People thought that the
Gods lived in the heavens and that
they created them. Many cultures
believed that the positions of the
stars were their God's way of
telling stories.
Interesting Facts
about
Constellations
The largest constellation by area
is Hydra which is 3.16% of the
The smallest is Crux which only
sky.
takes up 0.17 percent of the sky.
Small patterns of stars within a
constellation are called
asterisms. ...

The word "constellation" comes from a

Latin term meaning "set with stars."
Examples of The Constellations and
their meanings
 Aquarius
Aquarius is a giant cloud of dust and gas in
space.His job was to keep the wine cups of the gods
full. The constellation itself is one of the most
difficult to find. None of the stars are particularly
bright.

The origins of the word Aquarius comes from Latin

and was used to mean water-bearer. This is why the
constellation is sometimes connected to Ea, a
mythological Babylonian God who was often depicted
carrying a vase with overflowing water.
A quila, T he
Eagle
In Greek mythology, Aquila is identified as the
eagle that carried Zeus' thunderbolts and was once
dispatched by the god to carry Ganymede, the young
Trojan boy Zeus desired, to Olympus to be the cup
bearer of the gods. Ganymede is represented by the
Aquila is a constellation
neighbouring on the
constellation celestial equator. Its
Aquarius.
name is Latin for 'eagle' and it represents the bird
that carried Zeus/Jupiter's thunderbolts in
Greek-Roman mythology.
 Aries, The Ram
The myth behind Aries is based on a golden ram of
Greek mythology. Legend states that Aries,
identified with a golden ram, rescued Phrixus and
took him to Colchis where he sacrificed the ram to
appease the Gods. Later, Phrixus, in the face of
death was saved by a golden ram with wings which
flew him to safety.
Aries has represented a ram since late Babylonian
times. Before that, the stars of Aries formed a
farmhand.
Different cultures have incorporated the stars of Aries
into different constellations including twin inspectors
in China and a porpoise in the Marshall Islands.
 Auriga, The Charioteer
Mythology of the constellation Auriga. AURIGA, The Charioteer, has long been shown as a
shepherd, cradling either a goat or goat and kids, as he rides through the heavens in his
chariot. One variation suggests that the goat in question is Amaltheia, famous for suckling the
infant Zeus.

Auriga, the Latin word for “The Charioteer”, is one of the original 48 constellations named by the
ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd century. Said to be shaped like the helmet of the
chariot driver and is viewable from about 40° south of the equator and throughout the northern
hemisphere.
Boö tes, The Herdsman
The Romans saw the stars of Ursa Major as both the
Triones, a mythical group of oxen, and a plow, and
saw the figure in Boötes as the ox driver and
ploughman. Other Greek legends regard the figure in
Boötes as a keeper or driver or chaser of bears,
represented by the constellations Ursa Major and
Ursa Minor.

Boötes is one of the largest constellations in the sky.

Located in the northern celestial hemisphere, the
constellation is dominated by the Kite, a diamond-
shaped asterism formed by its brightest stars.
 Cancer, the Crab
Cancer, which is Latin for crab, is the dimmest of
the 13 constellations of the Zodiac, having only two
stars above the fourth magnitude.The constellation
of Cancer represents the giant crab that attacked
Hercules during the second of the 12 labors he
performed as penance for killing his family. It was
sent by the jealous goddess Hera to thwart Hercules
as he battled the water serpent Hydra, but he
killed it with his club.
It is believed to represent the crab in the story of the
twelve labors of Hercules. It was sent by the goddess
Hera to distract Hercules while he is fighting the
Hydra.
Canis Major, The Great Dog
Canis Major is famous for the bright star Sirius, the
brightest star in the night sky. With a visual
magnitude of 1.46, it is also the brightest star in
the constellation. Sirius is also known as the Dog
Star.
Its name means “scorching,” which more than likely
refers to the star's unmatched brilliance in the sky.

The story behind the name: Canis Major, "great dog" in

Latin, is a constellation built around Sirius, known as the
Dog Star, the brightest star in the sky.

.
Capricornus, The Sea-Goat
Capricornus is one of the constellations of the
zodiac. Its name is Latin for "horned goat" or "goat
horn" or "having horns like a goat's", and it is
commonly represented in the form of a sea goat: a
mythical creature that is half goat, half fish.
Capricornus gets its name from a Greek myth that
says the god Pan was transformed into a half-goat,
half-fish when he dived into the Nile River to escape
the giant Typhon. Capricornus looks like a large
triangle of fairly bright stars.
 Cassiopeia, The Queen
Cassiopeia is a constellation in the northern sky
named after the vain queen Cassiopeia, mother of
Andromeda, in Greek mythology, who boasted about
her unrivaled beauty.
Cassiopeia (/ˌ
kæsi. oʊˈ
piː. ə/; Ancient Greek:
Κασσιόπεια Kassiópeia or Κασσιόπη Kassiópē) or
Cassiepeia (Κασσιέπεια Kassiépeia), a figure in Greek
mythology, was Queen of Aethiopia and wife of King
Cepheus. She was arrogant and vain, characteristics
that led to her downfall.
 Cygnus, The Swan
Cygnus is a northern constellation on the plane of
the Milky Way, deriving its name from the
Latinized Greek word for swan. Cygnus is one of the
most recognizable constellations of the northern
summer and autumn, and it features a prominent
asterism known as the Northern Cross.
The first friend wanted to rescue the other from the
river but did not know how to swim. He asked Zeus
to turn him into a swan, so that he could dive to the
bottom of the river and save his friend. Moved by
the young man's friendship, Zeus turned him into a
swan.
 Gemini, The Twins
Specifically, Gemini is represented by the twins
Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri. The twins
represent a dual-natured personality: sometimes
contradictory but also adaptable with the capability
to view life from different angles.

Gemini is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is

located in the northern celestial hemisphere. It was one
of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century
AD astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88
modern constellations today.
 Leo, The Lion
Represented by a lion, the term Leo stems from the
Latin word for “lion,” which is spelled the same:
leo. Leo is a fire sign, and those born under it are
as fierce as lions, too. They're often described as
leaders who are determined, assertive, and driven.
Think king or queen of their jungle!
In Greek mythology, Leo was identified as the Nemean
Lion which was killed by Heracles (Hercules to the
Romans) during the first of his twelve labours. The
Nemean Lion would take women as hostages to its lair
in a cave, luring warriors from nearby towns to save the
damsel in distress, to their misfortune.
 Libra, The Scales
The constellation of Libra — Latin for the weighing
scales — is the only constellation of the Zodiac to
be named after an inanimate object rather than a
character or an animal. Libra is located in the
southern sky and has been a strong influence in
mythology, astrology, and hard science.
Libra (September 23 - October 22) Libra is an air
sign represented by the scales (interestingly, the only
inanimate object of the zodiac), an association that
reflects Libra's fixation on balance and harmony. Libra is
obsessed with symmetry and strives to create
equilibrium in all areas of life.
 Lyra, The Harp
Lyra constellation lies in the northern sky. It
represents the lyre, a musical instrument with strings
used in antiquity and later times.
The constellation is associated with the myth of
the Greek musician and poet Orpheus. It was first
catalogued by the astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd
century.

Lyra is a small constellation. It is one of the 48

listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and is
one of the modern 88 constellations recognized by the
International Astronomical Union
 Orion, The Hunter
Orion is a prominent constellation located on the
celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It
is one of the most conspicuous[1] and recognizable
constellations in the night sky.[2] It is named after
Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest
stars are the blue-white Rigel (Beta Orionis) and
the red Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis).
Confident in his hunting abilities, Orion declared he
would kill every animal in the world but Gaea — the
goddess of the Earth — angered by Orion's claims,
sent a scorpion to kill him. Upon Orion's demise, Zeus
turned him into a constellation, along with the scorpion
that killed him.
 Pegasus, The Flying Horse
Pegasus is a constellation in the northern sky, named
after the winged horse Pegasus in Greek mythology.
It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the
2nd- century astronomer Ptolemy, and is one of the
88 constellations recognised today.

It represents the famous winged horse in Greek

mythology. Curiously, the constellation Pegasus only
represents the top half of the horse. In some
depictions, the horse is shown rising out of the water.
Pegasus was a white winged horse born from the blood
of the gorgon Medusa after she was beheaded by
Perseus.
 Perseus, The Hero
Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, being
named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus. It
is one of the 48 ancient constellations listed by the
2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy,[1] and among the
88 modern constellations defined by the International
Astronomical Union (IAU).[2] It is located near
several other constellations named after ancient
Greek legends surrounding Perseus, including
Andromeda to the west and Cassiopeia to the north.
In Greek mythology this constellation represented
the hero Perseus, who slew the Medusa and rescued
the princess Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus
 P isces, T he
Fish lies in the northern sky. Its name
Pisces constellation
means “the fish” (plural) in Latin.
Pisces is one of the largest constellations in the sky.
It is one of the zodiac constellations, first catalogued
by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the 2nd
century.

According to legend the constellation is composed of

two fish who are connected together by a ribbon. The
fish are the goddess Aphrodite and her son Eros
(Roman: Venus and Cupid). They turned themselves into
fish in order to escape from the monster Typhon.
 Sagittarius, T he
The A rcheritself is named after the Latin word
constellation
for archer and is often depicted as a half-man/half-
horse centaur taking aim with a bow and arrow.
According to classical myth, Sagittarius has been
identified with Chiron, who was said to be the
wisest of all the centaurs.

In Greek mythology, Sagittarius is commonly thought

to represent a centaur, a war-like creature with the
torso of a man and the body of a horse. Sagittarius is
most often associated with Crotus, the son of Pan (the
goat- god) and Eupheme (the Muses' nurse).
 Scorpius, T he
Scorpion
Scorpius is a zodiac constellation located in the
Southern celestial hemisphere, where it sits near
the center of the Milky Way, between Libra to the
west and Sagittarius to the east. Scorpius is an
ancient constellation that pre-dates the Greeks;[1]
it is one of the 48 constellations identified by the
Greek astronomer Ptolemy in the second century.
According to mythology, Scorpius is the scorpion that
the earth goddess Gaia sent to attack and kill the
hunter Orion. The image of the scorpion was placed
opposite to Orion's in the sky, so the two will never
appear together in the sky at the same time.
 T aurus, T he
Bull
TTaurus (Latin for "the Bull") is one of the
constellations of the zodiac and is located in the
northern celestial hemisphere. Taurus is a large and
prominent constellation in the Northern Hemisphere's
winter sky. It is one of the oldest constellations,
dating back to the Early Bronze Age at least, when it
marked the location of the Sun during the spring
equinox.
Taurus represents a bull and is one of the most
magnificent and interesting constellations in the sky.
In Greek mythology, the god Zeus turned himself into
a bull to carry Princess Europa off to the island of
Crete. Marking the glinting eye of the bull is Aldebaran,
the brightest star in the constellation.
 V irgo
Virgo is one of the constellations of the zodiac. Its
name is Latin for maiden, and its old astronomical
symbol is (♍). Lying between Leo to the west and
Libra to the east, it is the second-largest
constellation in the sky (after Hydra) and the largest
constellation in the zodiac.

Virgo is the second-largest constellation. In Greek

mythology, it represents both the goddess of justice and
the goddess of the harvest. The main stars of Virgo
form a lazy Y shape. The constellation's brightest star,
Spica, is at the base of the Y.
Ursa M ajor, T he G reat
Bear
Ursa Major (/ˈɜːrsə ˈmeɪdʒər/; also known
as the Great Bear) is a constellation in the northern
sky, whose associated mythology likely dates back
into prehistory. Its Latin name means "greater (or
larger) bear," referring to and contrasting it with
nearby Ursa Minor, the lesser bear.
Star
s
 W hat are
Stars?
Stars are huge celestial bodies made
mostly of hydrogen and helium that
produce light and heat from the
churning nuclear forges inside their
cores. Aside from our sun, the dots
of light we see in the sky are all
light- years from Earth.
A star is an astronomical object
comprising a luminous spheroid of plasma
held together by self-gravity. The nearest
star to Earth is the Sun. Many other
stars are visible to the naked eye at
night, but their immense distances from
Earth make them appear as fixed points
of light.
Different Types of
Stars
 YELLOW DWARF- Are small, main sequence stars such as the sun, The term yellow
dwarf is a misnomer, because G-type stars actually range in color from white, for more
luminous types like the Sun, to only very slightly yellowish for less massive and luminous
G-type main-sequence stars.
 RED DWARF- cool, very faint, main sequence star such as Proxima Centauri. A red
dwarf is the smallest and coolest kind of star on the main sequence. Red dwarfs are by
far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood of
the Sun, but because of their low luminosity, individual red dwarfs cannot be easily
observed.
RED GIANT- A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late
phase of stellar evolution. The outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius
large and the surface temperature around 5,000 K or lower.
EVOVLED STAR- A star, such as a giant or a white dwarf, that has passed the
main- sequence stage of its evolution. See stellar evolution.
The Life Pattern of a
Star
What is a Nebula?
A nebula is a giant cloud of dust and
gas in space. Some nebulae (more than
one nebula) come from the gas and dust
thrown out by the explosion of a dying
star, such as a supernova. Other nebulae
are regions where new stars are
beginning to form.
A nebula is a distinct luminescent part of
interstellar medium, which can consist of
ionized, neutral or molecular hydrogen
and also cosmic dust. Nebulae are often
star- forming regions, such as in the
"Pillars of Creation" in the Eagle Nebula
What is a Prostars?
A protostar is a very young
star that is still gathering
mass from its parent
molecular cloud. The
protostellar phase is the
earliest one in the process
of stellar evolution. For a
low- mass star (i.e. that of
the Sun or lower), it lasts
about 500,000 years.
What is a Nuclear
Fusion?
The light and heat from stars is
made by a process called nuclear
fusion. Fusion happens when 2
atoms are forced together to
form a heavier atom. This
creates a
lot of energy. However, fusion
can only occur at the incredibly
high temperatures and pressures
found in the centre of stars.
What is are Dwarf
Stars?
A dwarf star is a star of
relatively small size and low
luminosity. Most main sequence
stars are dwarf stars. The
meaning of the word "dwarf" was
later extended to some star-sized
objects that are not stars, and
compact stellar remnants which
are no longer stars.
The Death Pattern of a Sun-Like
Star
 Pla neta r
Sun-Like Stars Sun-Like Stars White Dwarf Black Dwarf
y
Nebula
- Longest - nuclear fuel - drifting of - cooling and - total lost of
Period and the depletion the outer shrinking by a heat
most stable - contraction layer few thousand
- conversion of the core - totally cold
into miles in
of hydrogen to and dark
-outer layer space diameter
helium in its expansion -no more
- loses its
-
core
mass to the nuclear
- generates nebula reaction
heat and -heat
light radiates into
space
The Death Pattern of a Huge
Star
 Red S uper
Huge Stars Supernova Neutron Star
Giant

- Longest - nuclear fuel - instant - results into

collapse of the small, dense,
Period and the depletion
- outer layer about 10 mles
most stable core
-gravitational by diameter of
- conversion expansion
the repulsive about 1.4
of hydrogen to - contractio electrical forces times of that
helium in its n of the in the core by the of the Sun
-
core repulsive after
core
electrical forces tremendous
- generates
in the core contraction
heat and light - creating short - usually have
lived massive extraordinary
explosion that strong magnetic
blows away the field and rapid
outer layer
spin
The Death Pattern of a Giant
Star
 Red S uper
Huge Stars Supernova Black Hole
Giant

- Longest - nuclear fuel - instant - after

collapse of tremendous
Period and depletion
- outer layer contraction t
the most the core
-gravitational by will become a
stable expansion
the repulsive black hole
- conversion - contraction electrical forces - A black hole is
of hydrogen of the core in the core by characterized
the repulsive
to helium in by incredibly
electrical forces
its dense
in the core
- gravitational
core - creating short
field so strong
- generates lived massive
that even light
heat and light explosion that
blows away the
cannot escape
outer layer
Dead Stars also known as
Faint Stars
 WHITE DWARF- A white dwarf is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of
electron- degenerate matter. A white dwarf is very dense: its mass is comparable to
the Sun's, while its volume is comparable to the Earth's
 BROWN DWARF-Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that are not massive enough to
sustain nuclear fusion of ordinary hydrogen into helium in their cores, unlike a main-
sequence star. Instead, they have a mass between the most massive gas giant planets and
the least massive stars, approximately 13 to 80 times that of Jupiter.
NEUTRON STAR-A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which
had a total mass of between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was
especially metal-rich. Except for black holes and some hypothetical objects, neutron
stars are the smallest and densest currently known class of stellar objects.
 PULSAR-A pulsar is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of
electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles. This radiation can be observed only
when a beam of emission is pointing toward Earth, and is responsible for the pulsed
appearance of emission.
 LUMINOSITY -Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power, the
radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object over time. In astronomy, luminosity is
the total amount of electromagnetic energy emitted per unit of time by a star, galaxy,
or other astronomical objects.
Activity
Time!
 TRUE O R FALSE

1.A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution. The
outer atmosphere is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000
K or lower.
2. Virgo (Latin for "the Bull") is one of the constellations of the zodiac and is located in the northern celestial
hemisphere.

3. Perseus is a constellation in the northern sky, being named after the Greek mythological hero Perseus.

4.A yellow dwarf is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter. A white
dwarf is very dense: its mass is comparable to the Sun's, while its volume is comparable to the
Earth's

5.White Dwarf is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power, the radiant power emitted
by a light-emitting object over time.
 IDENTIFICATION

1. _________is a star of relatively small size and low luminosity.

2 The smallest is ________ which only takes up 0.17 percent of the sky. Small patterns of stars within a
constellation are called asterisms.
.
3._________is a northern constellation on the plane of the Milky Way, deriving its name from the Latinized
Greek word for swan.

4._________is a very young star that is still gathering mass from its parent molecular

cloud. 5._______is a giant cloud of dust and gas in space.

 MULTIPLE C H OI C E
1. famous for the bright star Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. With a visual magnitude of
1.46, it is also the brightest star in the constellation..
a. Ursa Major, The Great Bear
b. Canis Major, The Great Dog

2.Latin for the weighing scales — is the only constellation of the Zodiac to be named
after an inanimate object rather than a character or an animal.
a. Libra
b. Virgo

3. is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which had a total mass of
between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was especially metal-
rich.
a. Neutron Stars
b. Pulsar
4.The constellation itself is named after the Latin word for archer and is often depicted as a half-man/half-
horse centaur taking aim with a bow and arrow.
a. Orion
b. Sagittarius

5.cool, very faint, main sequence star such as Proxima Centauri, is the smallest and coolest kind of star on
the main sequence and by far the most common type of star in the Milky Way, at least in the neighborhood
of the Sun,
a. Red Dwarfs
b. Yellow Dwarfs