Information Processing Theory

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About Us
Presentation by Group 7
Cover
Contents
Information
Processing
Theory
Charlyn Tolod Melanie
Olapani
Jeanette Magno
Neto Fernandez
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Information Processing
Theory
Types of Knowledge
Stages Executive Control
Process
General/Specific
Declarative Encoding
Procedural Storage
Episodic
Retrieval
Conditional
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is a cognitive theoretical framework that focuses on

how knowledge enters and is stored in and is retrieved
from our memory
it focus on how people attend to environmental
Information
events, encode information to be learned and
relate it to knowledge memory and retrieved it
Processing
as needed
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Information Processing Theory
IPT describes how the learner receives information

(stimuli) from the environment through the senses and
what takes place in between determines whether the
information will continue to pass through the sensory
register, then the short term memory and the long term
memory.
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Types of
Knowledge GENERAL/SPECIFIC
this involves whether the knowledge

is useful in many tasks, or only in
one.
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Types of
Knowledge DECLARATIVE
this refers to factual knowledge. They

relate to the nature of how things are. They
may be in a form of a word or an image.
Examples are your name, address, a
nursery rhyme, the definition of IPT, or
even the face of your crush
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Types of
Knowledge PROCEDURAL
this includes knowledge on how to do

things. Examples include making a
lesson plan, baking a cake, or getting at
least common denominator.
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Types of
Knowledge EPISODIC
this includes memories of life

events, like your high school
graduation.
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Types of
Knowledge CONDITIONAL
this is about “knowing when and why”

to apply declarative or procedural
strategies.
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Stages in Information Processing Theory
The stages of IPT involve the functioning of the senses,

sensory-register, short-term memory and long-term Retrieval
memory. Basically, IPT asserts three primary stages in the
progression of external information becoming incorporated Storage
into the internal cognitive structure of choice (schema,
concept, script, frame mental model, etc.).
Encoding
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Three
Encoding
Primary Stages
in IPT -information is sensed,
perceived and attended to.
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Three Storage
Primary Stages -the information is stored for
either as brief or extended period
in IPT of time, depending upon the
process following encoding.
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Three Retrieval
Primary Stages – the information is brought back
at the appropriate time and
in IPT reactivate for use on a current
task, the true measure of effective
memory.
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What made IPT plausible is the notion that cognitive

processes could be described in a stage-like model. The
stages to processing follow a trail along which information is
taken into the memory system, and brought back (recalled)
when needed. Most theories of information processing
revolve around the three main stages in the Memory Process.
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Three 1. Sensory Register

Main Stages
in the 2. Short
Memory
Term
Memory Process
3. Long Term
Memory
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The first step in the IP model holds all sensory information for a
very brief time.
Capacity: our mind receives a great amount of information but it is more

than what our minds can hold or perceive.
Sensory
Duration: the sensory register only holds the information
Register
for an extremely brief period – in the order 1 to 3 seconds.
There is a difference in duration based on modality:

auditory memory is more persistent than visual.
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To bring into consciousness, it is necessary that we give attention to

it. Such that, we can only perceive and remember later those things
that pass through our attention “gate”.
The Getting through this attentional filter is done when the learner is
Role of interested in the material; when there is conscious control over
attention, or when information involves novelty, surprise, salience,
Attention and distinctiveness.
Before information is perceived, it is known as “pre- categorical”

information. This means that until that point, the learner has not
established s determination of the categorical membership of the
information.
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Capacity: the STM can only hold 5 to 9 “chunks” of information,

sometimes described as 7 + / - 2. It is called working memory because it
is where new information is temporarily placed while it is mentally
processed.
Short-Term
Memory
Duration: around 18 seconds or less. (STM or
To reduce the loss of information in 18 seconds, you need to do Working
maintenance rehearsal. It is using repetition to keep the information Memory)
active in STM, like when you repeat a phone number just given over
and over.
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The LTM is the final or permanent storing house for

memory information. It holds the stored information until
needed again. Long-Term
Capacity: LTM has unlimited capacity. Memory
(LTM)
Duration: Duration in the LTM is indefinite
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Executive
Control The executive control processes involve the
Processes executive processor or what is referred to as
metacognitive skills. These processes guide the flow
of information through the system, help the learner
make informed decisions about how to categorize,
organize or interpret information.
Example processes are attention, rehearsals and

organization.
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Forgetting is the inability to receive or access information when

needed.
There are two main ways in which forgetting likely occurs:

Forgetting
Decay – information is not attended to, and eventually ‘fades’
away. Very prevalent in Working
Memory.
Interference – New or old information ‘blocks’
access to the information in question.
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Rehearsal – This is repeating information

verbatim, either mentally or aloud.
Methods for
Increasing Meaningful Learning – This is making
Retrieval connections between new information and
prior knowledge.
of Information
Organization – It is making connections
among various pieces of information. Info
that is organized efficiently should be
recalled.
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Elaboration – This is adding additional

ideas to new information based on what
Methods for one already knows. It is connecting new
Increasing info with old to gain meaning.
Retrieval
of Information
Visual Imaginary – This means forming a
“picture” of the information
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Generation – Things we ‘produce’ are

Methods for easier to remember than things we ‘hear’.
Increasing
Retrieval Context – Remembering the situation helps
recover information.
of Information
Personalization - It is making the
information relevant to the individual.
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Other
Memory
Serial Position Effect (recently and primacy) –
Methods you will remember the beginning and end of a
‘list’ more readily
Other Part Learning – Break up the ‘list’ or ‘chunk’
Memory information to increase memorization.
Methods Distributed Practice – Break up learning sessions,

rather than cramming all the info in at once (Massed
Practice)
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Other
Memory
Mnemonic Aids – These are memory techniques
Methods
that learners may employ to help them retain and
retrieve information more effectively. This
Other includes the loci techniques, acronyms, sentence

construction, peg-word, association techniques,
Memory among others.
Methods
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Executive Control Processes

(Including Metacognition)
Rehearsal, Elaboration,
Maintenance Meaningful Learning,
Rehearsal Organization, Visual
Imagery, Generalization
Sensory Short Long

Senses Memory Perception Term Term
Memory Memory
Decay Retrieved
Forgetting
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Information is received through the senses and goes to the sensory

memory for a very brief amount of time. If not found relevant,
information may decay. It goes to the STM and if given attention
and is perceived and found to be relevant, it is sent to the LTM. If
not properly encoded, forgetting occurs. Different cognitive
processes applied to the information will then determine if
information can be retrieved when needed later.
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File Edit View

is a cognitive theoretical framework that focuses on

Information Processing Theory

IPT describes how the learner receives information

this involves whether the knowledge

this refers to factual knowledge. They

this includes knowledge on how to do

this includes memories of life

this is about “knowing when and why”

Stages in Information Processing Theory

The stages of IPT involve the functioning of the senses,

What made IPT plausible is the notion that cognitive

Three 1. Sensory Register

Capacity: our mind receives a great amount of information but it is more

There is a difference in duration based on modality:

To bring into consciousness, it is necessary that we give attention to

Before information is perceived, it is known as “pre- categorical”

Capacity: the STM can only hold 5 to 9 “chunks” of information,

The LTM is the final or permanent storing house for

Example processes are attention, rehearsals and

Forgetting is the inability to receive or access information when

There are two main ways in which forgetting likely occurs:

Rehearsal – This is repeating information

Elaboration – This is adding additional

Generation – Things we ‘produce’ are

Other Part Learning – Break up the ‘list’ or ‘chunk’

Memory information to increase memorization.

Methods Distributed Practice – Break up learning sessions,

Other includes the loci techniques, acronyms, sentence

Executive Control Processes

Sensory Short Long

Information is received through the senses and goes to the sensory

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