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    Table 9.1 Memory Conceptualized in Terms of Types, Stages, and Processes

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    HIRA ADNAN 1867 FBAS BSMA F19
    Memory involves receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering and retrieving information over time. It can be conceptualized as having different types (explicit and implicit), stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term memory), and processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval). Information passes through three stages - encoding, storage, and retrieval - to be stored in long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, while short-term memory temporarily stores small amounts of information for less than a minute through rehearsal or chunking. Long-term memory can hold information for much longer periods through different memory types like explicit and implicit memory.

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    Table 9.1 Memory Conceptualized in Terms of Types, Stages, and Processes

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    HIRA ADNAN 1867 FBAS BSMA F19
    84 views4 pages
    Memory involves receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering and retrieving information over time. It can be conceptualized as having different types (explicit and implicit), stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term memory), and processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval). Information passes through three stages - encoding, storage, and retrieval - to be stored in long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, while short-term memory temporarily stores small amounts of information for less than a minute through rehearsal or chunking. Long-term memory can hold information for much longer periods through different memory types like explicit and implicit memory.

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    memory processes

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    Memory involves receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering and retrieving information over time. It can be conceptualized as having different types (explicit and implicit), stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term memory), and processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval). Information passes through three stages - encoding, storage, and retrieval - to be stored in long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, while short-term memory temporarily stores small amounts of information for less than a minute through rehearsal or chunking. Long-term memory can hold information for much longer periods through different memory types like explicit and implicit memory.

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    84 views4 pages

    Table 9.1 Memory Conceptualized in Terms of Types, Stages, and Processes

    Uploaded by

    HIRA ADNAN 1867 FBAS BSMA F19
    Memory involves receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering and retrieving information over time. It can be conceptualized as having different types (explicit and implicit), stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term memory), and processes (encoding, storage, and retrieval). Information passes through three stages - encoding, storage, and retrieval - to be stored in long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, while short-term memory temporarily stores small amounts of information for less than a minute through rehearsal or chunking. Long-term memory can hold information for much longer periods through different memory types like explicit and implicit memory.

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    Memory:

    A set of mental processes that receives, encodes, stores, organizes, alters and retrieves
    information over time.

    Table 9.1 Memory Conceptualized in Terms of Types, Stages, and Processes.

     Explicit memory
    As types  Implicit memory

     Sensory memory
    As stages  Short-term memory
     Long-term memory

     Encoding
    As processes  Storage
     Retrieval

    Memory Process:

    The process of memory depends on three steps

    Encoding

    Retaining (Storage)

    Retrieval (Recall)

    1. Recording or Encoding:

    The first process or stage encoding consists of a process of identifying the stimulus. Inhuman
    this process may be accompanied by naming the stimulus and short term memory for words
    or numbers can often be supplemented by a process of verbal rehearsal in which the subject
    repeatedly remembers the items and says it to himself.

    2. Retaining or Storage

    The second process or stage of memory is storage. Location in the memory system in which
    material is saved. I f the material is not saved adequately in the first place it cannot be later
    recalled.

    3. Retrieval or Recall:
    In retrieval material, memory storage is located, brought into awareness and used. When we
    remember something, a copy of the item is withdrawn or retrieved from the long term store.

    Types of Memory:

    - Information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-
    term memory.

    Sensory memory:

    Sensory memory refers to the brief storage of sensory information. Sensory memory stores
    large amounts of information for very short period of time (one second or less).

    The purpose of sensory memory is to give the brain some time to process the incoming
    sensations.

    Visual sensory memory is known as iconic memory. Iconic memory reflects information
    from our visual system.

    Auditory sensory memory is known as echoic memory. In contrast to iconic memories,


    which decay very rapidly, echoic memories can last as long as four seconds.

    Short-Term Memory

    Most of the information that gets into sensory memory is forgotten, but information that we
    turn our attention to, with the goal of remembering it, may pass into short-term memory.

    Short-term memory (STM) is the place where small amounts of information can be
    temporarily kept for more than a few seconds but usually for less than one minute.

    Information in short-term memory is not stored permanently but rather becomes available for
    us to process, and the processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store
    information in STM are known as working memory.

    Short-term memory is limited in both the length and the amount of information it can hold.
    One way to prevent the decay of information from short-term memory is to use working
    memory to rehearse it. Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeating information
    mentally or out loud with the goal of keeping it in memory. We engage in maintenance
    rehearsal to keep something that we want to remember (e.g., a person’s name, email address,
    or phone number) in mind long enough to write it down, use it, or potentially transfer it to
    long-term memory.

    If we continue to rehearse information, it will stay in STM until we stop rehearsing it, but
    there is also a capacity limit to STM. Try reading each of the following rows of numbers,
    one row at a time, at a rate of about one number each second. Then when you have
    finished each row, close your eyes and write down as many of the numbers as you can
    remember.

    019

    3586

    10295

    861059

    1029384

    75674834

    657874104

    6550423897

    One way we are able to expand our ability to remember things in STM is by using a memory
    technique called chunking. Chunking is the process of organizing information into smaller
    groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in STM.

    Long-term memory (LTM):

    Memory storage that can hold information for days, months, and years. The capacity of long-
    term memory is large, and there is no known limit to what we can remember

     Explicit memory refers to experiences that can be intentionally and consciously


    remembered, and it is measured using recall, recognition, and relearning. Explicit memory
    includes episodic and semantic memories.
     Semantic – knowledge about words, concepts and language.
     Knowing who the President is.
     Episodic – information about events we have personally experienced.
     Remembering your 5th birthday party.

    Implicit memory refers to the influence of experience on behaviour, even if the individual is
    not aware of those influences.
    Procedural – stores information about how to do things.

    - Skills and actions.

    - E.g. how to ride a bike, tie your shoe laces, drive.

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