Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases
Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases
Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases
Diarrhoea
3. Persistent diarrhoea-
– Last 14 days or longer
– Dangers-
• Malnutrition
• Dehydration
– Disease-
• AIDS
Clinical type of Diarrhoeal Diseases
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Parasitic
Bacterial
• Watery
– Enterotoxigenic-
• Vibrio cholera
• Enterotoxigenic E.coli
– Food borne toxins-
• Bacillus cereus
• Clostridium perfringens
Bacterial
• Bloody
– Invasive
• Campylobacter jejuni
– Destructive
• Shigella
• Enteropathogenic E.coli
• Clostridium difficile
Viral
• Rotavirus
– Children less than 2 years
– Most common cause of diarrhea in children all over the
world
• Norwalk
– Older children and adults
• These viruses injure the small intestinal mucosa
• Watery diarrhea
• CMV
– Immuno-compromised
Parasitic
• Protozoa
– Giardia lamblia
– Entamoeba histolytica
– Cryptosporidium
• Helminths
– Ascaris lumbricoides
– Ancylostoma
– Strongyloides stercoralis
– Trichinella spiralis
– Capillaria philippensis
In Immuno-compromised Hosts
• Besides the common pathogens,
– Giardia
– Legionella
– Candida albicans
– Cryptosporidium species
– Mycobacterium avium-intralcellulare
– CMV
Reservoir of Infection
• Human-
– ETEC
– Shigella
– V. Cholerae
– Giardia lamblia
– E.histolitica
• Animals
– Campylobactor jejuni
– Salmonella
– Y. enterocolitica
Host factors
• Most common age group- 6 m to 2 yrs
• Highest in 6-11 months at weaning b/o-
– Decline level of acquired maternal antibodies
– Lack of active immunity in infants
– Introduction of contaminated foods
– Direct contact with human & animal faeces due
to start crawling
– Infants feeds on Cow milk or infant feeding
formulas
Host factors
• Malnutrition-Infection-Diarrhoea
• Poverty
• Prematurity
• Immunodeficiency
• Lack of personal & domestic hygiene
• Incorrect feeding practices
Environmental factors
• In general-
– Virus-Winter season
– Bacteria-warm season
• In India-
– Rotavirus-through the year, increases in
frequency in drier, cool months
– Bacterial- Warm & rainy season
Mode of Transmission
• Faecal-oral route-
– Water borne
– Food borne
– Direct transmission
• Finger
• Fomites
• Dirt
Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases