Visceral Leishmaniasis in India
Visceral Leishmaniasis in India
Visceral Leishmaniasis in India
Kala Azar Introduction History Geographical Distribution and trends Prominent vectors in India India and V.Leishmaniasis 1.Program Development 2.Model of Elimination Program 3.Diagnostic Guidelines 4.Treatment Guidelines 5.Monitoring 6.Immunotherapy Conclusion References
KALA AZAR
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites of to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by the bite of sand fly. This disease is also known as kala azar, black fever, sandfly disease, Dum-Dum fever. Leishmania is also called as kala-azar which in sanksrit means black fever. They called it black fever due to the hyper pigmentation of the skin in the abdomen and neck regions which is a common symptom of the disease. Human infection is caused by about 21 of 30 species that infect mammals. These include the L. donovani complex with three species (L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi)
Charles Donovan
Charles Donovan also recognized these symptoms in other kala-azar patients and published his discovery a few weeks after Leishman. After examining the parasite using Leishman's stain, these amastigotes were known as LeishmanDonovan bodies.
Vectors
Phlebotomus argentipus
Lutzomyia longipalpis
In 2002 the Kala Azar elimination set as national health policy. 2005 , Nepal ,India and Bangladesh launched a joint venture which included their national Kala Azar elimination program with joint expert committee from three nations supervising it with parallel Strategies. In the same year Government of India launched a National Rural Health Mission , Under this mission was a national project called National Vector Borne Diseases Control Program , Malaria And Kala azar elimination programs were shifted under this project.
NVBDCP
State Program Supervision Centre Infectious and Communicable disease department in District Hospital Regional Clinics and Hospital
Diagnostic Guidelines
All the suspected cases on grounds of elimination of other case scenario are referred to District Hospital. In District hospital, as per set guidelines there are two established diagnostic procedure 1. Bone-marrow and splenic aspiration and smearing 2. RK-39 Test
TREATMENT GUIDELINES
LINE OF TREATMENT (Severity/responsivi ty ) DRUG ROUTE/DOSE I II III
Immunotherapy
Leishmaniasis is a disease that is most likely to be controlled by a successful vaccination program. The relatively uncomplicated leishmanial life cycle and the fact that recovery from a primary infection renders the host resistant to subsequent infections indicate that a vaccine is feasible.
Vaccine Development
In a WHO vaccine development program India is active participant along with few African nations,Brazil and Peru , where the disease is prominent . In India the project is being handled by THSTI Under Ministry of Health and family welfare.
Principle of Vaccine
References
1.Leishmaniasis Research Society of India : www.leishmaniasisresearchsociety.in 2.Ministry of health and family welfare,India(Guidelines)www.mohfw.nic.in 3.National Medical Journal Of India , Volume 12issue 2 4.Journal of tropical Medicine 5. Google & Wikipedia