• 7.

PASTEL PAINTING - PASTELS ARE TYPICALLY

PURE POWDERED PIGMENT SOLIDIFIED INTO A

MOLD STICK.

• PASTEL PAINTING IS A FORM OF ARTWORK WHERE

PASTELS ARE USED TO CREATE A WELL-DEFINED

AND THOUGHTFUL PAINTING.

• THE BINDER IS A NEUTRAL HUE AND LOW SATURATION

IN PASTEL.

• THE EFFECTS OF COLORS IN PASTEL PAINTING ARE

CLOSER TO NATURAL DRY PIGMENTS THAN ANY OTHER

PROCESS.

• THE PASTEL PAINTINGS SURFACE IS USUALLY FRAGILE

AND CAN EASILY BE SMUDGED, ITS PRESERVATION

REQUIRES PROTECTIVE MEASURES SUCH AS FRAMING

UNDER GLASS.
• 8. CHARCOAL DRAWING - CHARCOAL IS A FORM OF
DRY ART MEDIUM MADE OF FINELY GROUND ORGANIC MATERIALS

THAT ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A GUM OR WAX BINDER.

• THE CHARCOAL PAINTINGS ARE OFTEN USED BY ARTISTS

FOR THEIR VERSATILE PROPERTIES.

• IT GIVES A NATURAL EFFECT TO THE ART.

• THE CHARCOAL CAN BE EASILY REMOVED BUT CAN LEAVE

STAINS ON PAPER.

• THEY ARE OFTEN USED FOR FINE AND CRISP DETAILED

DRAWINGS WHILE KEEPING THE USER’S HAND FROM BEING MARKED.

• CHARCOAL WAS A KEY ELEMENT OF CAVE PAINTING.

• 9. COLOURED PENCIL - BEING THE MOST SIMPLISTIC,
THERE ARE MANY NEWER IMPLEMENTATIONS THAT HAVE

CHANGED THE STRATA OF COLORED PENCIL ARTWORKS 

AROUND THE GLOBE.

• THEY ARE BUILT OF A NARROW, PIGMENTED CORE ENCASED

IN A WOODEN CYLINDRICAL CASE.

• THE ELEMENTS OF COLORED PENCILS ARE WAX OR OIL-BASED

AND CONSIST OF PROPORTIONS OF PIGMENTS AND BINDING AGENTS.

• EVEN THOUGH COLORED PENCILS ARE MORE WIDELY KNOWN TO BE

USED AMONGST KIDS, THEY HAVE BEGUN TO GAIN RESPECT

AMONGST PROFESSIONAL ARTISTS AND PAINTERS.

• COLORED PENCILS USED BY PROFESSIONAL ARTISTS CONTAIN

A HIGHER DEGREE OF WAX AND PIGMENT, THAN THE ONES USED BY CHILDREN AT SCHOOLS, WHICH IS RATHER THE
MOST BASIC QUALITY OF COLORED PENCIL.
• 10. PENCIL SKETCH - PENCIL SKETCHING IS
THE ART OF CREATING HIGHLY DEFINED ARTWORK

USING AN INSTRUMENT CONSISTING OF GRAPHITE

ENCLOSED IN A CYLINDRICAL WOODEN CHAMBER

OF DIFFERENT GRADES.
• THE CYLINDRICAL GRAPHITE MEDIUM OR A PENCIL IS

USED BECAUSE OF ITS EFFICIENCY AND SIMPLICITY IN

EXECUTING VARIOUS DEEPLY THOUGHT PORTRAITS,

GRAPHITE HAVING THE ABILITY TO BE SMUDGED ON PAPER

GIVES THE HIGHER POTENTIAL TO THE BEAUTIFICATION PROCESS.

• THE GRAPHITE WAS MINED IN THE 16TH CENTURY, THE ARTISTS

USED PIECES OF NATURAL GRAPHITE, INSERTED IN A PORTE-CRAYON

(“PENCIL HOLDER”), WASN’T KNOWN BEFORE THE 17TH CENTURY.

• AFTER THOSE DUTCH ARTISTS INCLUDE MINOR GRAPHITE DETAILS IN SKETCHES AND LANDSCAPES.

• DURING THAT CENTURY AND MOST OF THE 18TH, GRAPHITE WAS USED TO MAKE PRELIMINARY SKETCH LINES FOR
DRAWINGS TO BE COMPLETED IN OTHER MEDIA, BUT DRAWINGS COMPLETELY FINISHED WITH GRAPHITE WERE RARE.
• 11. INK PAINTING - INK PAINTINGS ARE MADE WITH A LIQUID THAT CONSISTS OF PIGMENTS OR DYES AND
IS USED TO COLOR A SURFACE TO CREATE ILLUSTRATIONS AND ARTWORKS.

• INK IS USED FOR DRAWING WITH A PEN, BRUSH, OR QUILL.

• INK PAINTINGS FEEL LIKE MAGIC WHEN THEY’RE MADE.

• IT HAS A RICH TEXTURE IN THE PAINTINGS THAT ARE WORTH IT.

• 12. COLLAGE PAINTING - CAN BE DONE WITH
PIECES OF COLORED OR HANDMADE PAPERS, RIBBONS,

APPLYING PAINTS, MAGAZINES, ETCETERA.

• THE THEMES ARE VARIED AND MOSTLY IS A CHEAP

MODE OF ART.

• COLLAGE IS BASICALLY AN ACCUMULATION OF VARIOUS

ARTWORKS INTO A SINGULAR ENTITY, WHICH IS THE KNACK

OF VISUAL APPEAL IT PORTRAYS.

• TECHNIQUES OF COLLAGE WERE FIRST USED AT THE TIME OF

THE INVENTION OF PAPER IN CHINA, AROUND 200 BC.

• THE USE OF COLLAGE WASN’T USED BY MANY PEOPLE UNTIL

THE 10TH CENTURY IN JAPAN, WHEN CALLIGRAPHERS BEGAN

TO APPLY GLUED PAPER, USING TEXTS ON SURFACES, WHEN

WRITING THEIR POEMS.

• 13. BALL POINT PEN ART - IN THE MID-20TH
CENTURY, BALLPOINT PENS HAVE DEMONSTRATED TO BE

A GREAT BENEFIT FOR ARTISTS OR DOODLERS.

• BALLPOINT PEN ENTHUSIASTS FIND THE BALLPOINT PENS

EXTREMELY HANDY AND EFFICIENT TO CREATE ARTWORK. 

• THEY ARE ENTHUSED BY THE QUICKNESS ATTAINED BY USING

PENS, SOME ARTISTS MIX DIFFERENT COLORING MEDIUM WITH

THE PENS, WHILE OTHERS USE BALLPOINT PEN AS THE WHOLE

AND SOLE WAY TO CREATE ART.

• LOW COST, AVAILABILITY, AND PORTABILITY ARE REPRODUCED

BY PRACTITIONERS AS QUALITIES WHICH MAKE THIS COMMON

WRITING TOOL A CONVENIENT ART SUPPLY.

• IN THE 20TH CENTURY, SOME OF THE FAMOUS ARTISTS DURING

THEIR CAREERS HAVE UTILIZED BALLPOINT PENS TO SOME EXTENT.

• ANDY WARHOL AND ALBERTO GIACOMETTI USED

BALLPOINTS WITHIN THEIR ARTWORK IN THE 1950S.

• 14. SPRAY PAINTING - IN SPRAY PAINTING, AEROSOL PAINT COMES OUT FROM THE PRESSURIZED CONTAINER BY
CONTROLLING IT WITH A VALVE.

• IN THE 1880S, THE SPRAYING PAINT WITH COMPRESSED AIR WAS USED BACK IN THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

• THE PORTION OF THE SURFACE WHERE A PARTICULAR COLOR IS NEEDED TO BE APPLIED IS KEPT OPEN, WHILE THE OTHER
PORTIONS ARE COVERED.

• THIS IS DONE SO THAT THE COLOR DOES NOT SPREAD TO OTHER PORTIONS OF THE PAINTING.
• 15. GLASS PAINTING - GLASS PAINTING IS A CONTEMPORARY ART WHICH HAS BEEN ACQUIRED FROM
THE OLD ART OF STAINED GLASS PAINTING WHICH INVOLVED PUTTING SMALL COLORED PIECES OF GLASS
TOGETHER.

• IN OLD AGE, IT WAS A COMMON FEATURE IN WINDOWS OR DOORS OF THE RELIGIOUS PLACE AND CAN BE SEEN IN
CHURCHES AND OLD BUILDINGS.

• GLASS PAINTING LOOKS BEAUTIFUL WHEN LIGHT OR ANY ILLUMINATION PASSES THROUGH THE TRANSPARENT
MEDIUM, THE RESULTS ARE SIMPLY AMAZING.
• 16. ACTION PAINTING - IN ACTION PAINTING, THE ART CONSISTS OF STRONG APPEAL, VAST
BRUSHSTROKES AND CHANCES OF DRIPPING AND SPILLING COLORS ONTO THE CANVAS.

• THE ACTION PAINTING ORIGINATED FROM HAROLD ROSENBERG WHO CREATED THE GROUP OF AMERICAN
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISTS WHO USED THE TECHNIQUE FROM 1950.

• THE ARTIST’S CREATIVE INTERACTION WITH MATERIALS AND CREATE SOME MAGNIFICENTLY WORK UPON THE
CANVAS DEFINES THE ACTION PAINTING.

• 17. EASEL PAINTING - EASEL PAINTING IS A STYLE OF ART WHERE THE EXECUTION IS BASED ON PORTABLE
SUPPORT SUCH AS A PANEL OR A CANVAS.

• THE EASEL PAINTINGS WERE KNOWN TO THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS AND THE 1ST CENTURY – AD ROMAN SCHOLAR.

• IT BECAME RELATIVELY COMMON AND FINALLY OVERRIDING THE MURAL OR WALL PAINTING.

• 18. MURAL PAINTING - MURAL PAINTING IS A TYPE OF ARTWORK WHERE THE PAINT IS DIRECTLY APPLIED
ON A WALL, CEILING OR ANY PERMANENT SURFACE.

• MURAL PAINTINGS INCLUDE PAINTING ON TILES BUT DOES NOT REFER TO MOSAIC DECORATION.

• 19. PLEIN-AIR PAINTING - THE PRACTICE OF PAINTING LANDSCAPE PICTURES OUT-OF-DOORS, THE

ACHIEVEMENT OF AN INTENSE IMPRESSION OF THE OPEN AIR IN A LANDSCAPE PAINTING.

• IN FRANCE MID-19TH CENTURY, THE PAINTERS USED TO PRACTICE ROUGH SKETCHES OF LANDSCAPE
SUBJECTS OUTSIDE AND FINISH THEIR PAINTINGS IN THE STUDIO.
ACTIVITY/ASSESSMENT NO. 2
CHOOSE THREE MEDIUMS THAT YOU WOULD WANT TO EXPERIMENT ON AND
EXPLAIN WHY?
 ART PERIODS
• RENAISSANCE ART MOVEMENT - 1400 – 1600
• THE RENAISSANCE IS A PERIOD IN EUROPEAN HISTORY, COVERING THE SPAN
BETWEEN THE 14TH AND 17TH CENTURIES AND MARKING THE TRANSITION
FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO MODERNITY.
• ARTWORKS: MONA LISA, DAVID, THE LAST SUPPER, THE BIRTH OF VENUS ETC
FAMOUS ARTIST IN THIS PERIOD:
• LEONARDO DA VINCI - 15 APRIL 1452 – 2 MAY 1519), MORE COMMONLY LEONARDO DA VINCI OR
SIMPLY LEONARDO. HE IS WIDELY CONSIDERED ONE OF THE GREATEST PAINTERS OF ALL TIME.
LEONARDO IS RENOWNED PRIMARILY AS A PAINTER. THE MONA LISA IS THE MOST FAMOUS OF HIS
WORKS.

•  THE LAST SUPPER IS THE MOST REPRODUCED RELIGIOUS PAINTING OF ALL TIME.
 Artist Leonardo da Vinci
Year c. 1503–06, perhaps continuing
until c.1517
Medium Oil on poplar panel
Subject Lisa Gherardini
Dimensions 77 cm × 53 cm (30 in × 21 in)
Location Musée du Louvre, Paris

The Mona Lisa is also one of the most valuable paintings

in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the
highest known insurance valuation in history at US$100
million in 1962 (equivalent to $620 million in 2016).
 Artist Leonardo da Vinci 
Year 1490s (Julian)
Medium Tempera, Gesso
Dimensions 460 cm (180 in) ×
880 cm (350 in)
Location Convent of Santa
Maria delle Grazie
in Milan

The work is presumed to have been started around 1495–96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of
renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo's patron Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. The
painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles, as it is told in the Gospel of John,
13:21.Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Apostles when Jesus
announced that one of them would betray him.
Due to the methods used, a variety of environmental factors, and intentional damage, very little of the original
painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts, the last being completed in 1999.
MICHAELANGELO

HE WAS an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who
exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.
Born: 6 March 1475, Caprese Michelangelo, Italy
Died: 18 February 1564, Rome, Italy
• THE SISTINE CHAPEL CEILING, PAINTED BY
MICHELANGELO BETWEEN 1508 AND 1512, IS
A CORNERSTONE WORK OF HIGH
RENAISSANCE ART. THE CEILING IS THAT OF
THE SISTINE CHAPEL, THE LARGE PAPAL
CHAPEL BUILT WITHIN THE VATICAN
BETWEEN 1477 AND 1480 BY POPE SIXTUS IV,
FOR WHOM THE CHAPEL IS NAMED

• ARTIST: MICHELANGELO
• DIMENSIONS: 40 M X 14 M
• LOCATION: SISTINE CHAPEL
• CREATED: 1508–1512
• MEDIA: GOLD, PLASTER
The Creation of Adam
Fresco by Michelangelo
Description
The Creation of Adam is a
fresco painting by Italian artist
Michelangelo, which forms
part of the Sistine Chapel's
ceiling, painted c. 1508–1512.
It illustrates the Biblical
creation narrative from the
Book of Genesis in which God
gives life to Adam, the first
man.
Artist: Michelangelo
Dimensions: 2.8 m x 5.7 m
Location: Sistine Chapel
Year: c. 1512
 SANDRO BOTTICELLI
ITALIAN PAINTER
BORN: 1 MARCH 1445, FLORENCE, ITALY
DIED: 17 MAY 1510, FLORENCE, ITALY
KNOWN FOR:: PAINTING

The Birth of Venus is a

painting by the Italian artist
Sandro Botticelli probably
made in the mid 1480s. It
depicts the goddess Venus
arriving at the shore after
her birth, when she had
emerged from the sea fully-
grown. The painting is in the
Uffizi Gallery in Florence,
Italy.
Artist: Sandro Botticelli
Dimensions: 1.72 m x
2.78 m
Location: Uffizi Gallery
Created: 1484–1486
Mars and Venus
 It shows the Roman gods Venus, goddess of love, and Mars, god of war, in an allegory of beauty and valour.
The youthful and voluptuous couple recline in a forest setting, surrounded by playful baby satyrs.
Dimensions: 69 cm x 1.73 m
Created: 1483
Medium: Tempera (Tempera (Italian: [ˈtɛmpera]), also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting
of colored pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk. Tempera also refers to the
paintings done in this medium)
ACTIVITY/ASSESSMENT NO. 3
1. CHOOSE ONE ARTWORK THAT YOU LIKE DURING THE RENAISSANCE ART
MOVEMENT AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU LIKE IT.
2. CHOOSE ONE ARTWORK THAT YOU DO NOT LIKE DURING THE RENAISSANCE
ART MOVEMENT AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU DO NOT LIKE IT.
 BAROQUE ART MOVEMENT

• THE BAROQUE IS A HIGHLY ORNATE AND OFTEN EXTRAVAGANT STYLE OF

ARCHITECTURE, MUSIC, PAINTING, SCULPTURE AND OTHER ARTS THAT
FLOURISHED IN EUROPE FROM THE EARLY 17TH UNTIL THE MID-18TH CENTURY.
IT FOLLOWED THE RENAISSANCE STYLE AND PRECEDED THE ROCOCO AND
NEOCLASSICAL STYLES.
• BEGAN APPROXIMATELY: 1600
• ARTISTS: CARAVAGGIO, GIAN LORENZO BERNINI, REMBRANDT
HOW TO IDENTIFY BAROQUE ART:
•  LANDSCAPE PAINTINGS
• GENERAL STILL LIFES
• THEATRICAL LIGHT I.E. THE DRAMATIC USE OF LIGHT AND SHADE
(CHIAROSCURO) WHERE THE PAINTING APPEARS TO HAVE A SPOTLIGHT/SHAFT OF
LIGHT HIGHLIGHTING A PORTION IT,
• PAINTINGS SHOW DRAMATIC AND EMOTIONAL MOMENTS (E.G. MOMENTS OF
VICTORY OR DEATH)
• SACRED FIGURES AND SAINTS IN BIBLICAL SCENES AND MIRACLES DEPICTED AS
ORDINARY PEOPLE IN EVERY-DAY ACTIVITIES
ARTIST: CARAVAGGIO
ITALIAN PAINTER

• MICHELANGELO MERISI DA CARAVAGGIO WAS AN ITALIAN PAINTER ACTIVE IN ROME,

NAPLES, MALTA, AND SICILY FROM THE EARLY 1590S TO 1610. HIS PAINTINGS COMBINE A
REALISTIC OBSERVATION OF THE HUMAN STATE, BOTH PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL, WITH
A DRAMATIC USE OF LIGHTING, WHICH HAD A FORMATIVE INFLUENCE ON BAROQUE
PAINTING. The Crucifixion of Saint Peter is a work by
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, painted in
1601 for the Cerasi Chapel of Santa Maria del
Popolo in Rome. Across the chapel is a
second Caravaggio work depicting the
Conversion of Saint Paul on the Road to
Damascus.
Location: Santa Maria del Popolo, Rome
Created: 1600
Subject: Crucifixion
Period: Baroque
Medium: Oil on canvas
 The Supper at Emmaus
is a painting by the
Italian Baroque master
Caravaggio, executed in
1601, and now in the
National Gallery in
London. Originally this
painting was
commissioned and paid
for by Ciriaco Mattei,
brother of cardinal
Girolamo Mattei

Location: The National Gallery

Period: Baroque
Created: 1601
Medium: Oil on canvas
GIAN LORENZO BERNINI

• GIAN LORENZO BERNINI WAS AN ITALIAN SCULPTOR AND ARCHITECT. WHILE A

MAJOR FIGURE IN THE WORLD OF ARCHITECTURE, HE WAS, ALSO AND EVEN
MORE PROMINENTLY, THE LEADING SCULPTOR OF HIS AGE, CREDITED WITH
CREATING THE BAROQUE STYLE OF SCULPTURE. 
• BORN: 7 DECEMBER 1598, NAPLES, ITALY
• DIED: 28 NOVEMBER 1680, ROME, ITALY
• PERIODS: BAROQUE
• SERIES: BUSTS OF POPE URBAN VIII
Apollo and Daphne
Apollo and Daphne is a life-sized Baroque marble sculpture by Italian artist
Gian Lorenzo Bernini, executed between 1622 and 1625. Housed in the
Galleria Borghese in Rome, the work depicts the climax of the story of
Apollo and Daphne in Ovid's Metamorphoses

Dimensions: 243 cm (96 in)

Location: Borghese Gallery and Museum
Subject: Apollo and Daphne
Medium: Marble
The Rape of Proserpina

The Rape of Proserpina is a large

Baroque marble sculptural group
by Italian artist Gian Lorenzo
Bernini, executed between 1621
and 1622. Bernini was only
twenty-three years old at its
completion. It depicts the
Abduction of Proserpina, where
Proserpina is seized and taken to
the underworld by the god Pluto. 
Location: Borghese Gallery and
Museum
Dimensions: 225 cm (89 in)
Created: 1621–1622
Medium: Marble
PETER PAUL RUBENS
• SIR PETER PAUL RUBENS WAS A FLEMISH ARTIST. HE IS CONSIDERED THE MOST
INFLUENTIAL ARTIST OF FLEMISH BAROQUE TRADITION. RUBENS'S HIGHLY
CHARGED COMPOSITIONS REFERENCE ERUDITE ASPECTS OF CLASSICAL AND
CHRISTIAN HISTORY.
• BORN: 28 JUNE 1577
• DIED: 30 MAY 1640
Location: The
National Gallery
Created: 1609–1610
Period: Baroque
Medium: Oil paint
Genres: Christian art,
History painting
The Three Graces is an oil
painting of the Three Graces by
Rubens. The painting was held
in the personal collection of the
artist until his death, then in
1666 it went to the Royal
Alcazar of Madrid, before
hanging in the Museo del Prado.
There were other variations by
Rubens on the theme of Three
Graces
Location: Museo del
Prado, Madrid
Dimensions: 221 cm × 181 cm (87
in × 71 in)
Created: 1630–1635
ACTIVITY/ASSESSMENT MIDTERMS
1. CHOOSE ONE ARTWORK THAT YOU LIKE DURING THE BAROQUE ART
MOVEMENT AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU LIKE IT.
2. CHOOSE ONE ARTWORK THAT YOU DO NOT LIKE DURING THE BAROQUE
ART MOVEMENT AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU DO NOT LIKE IT.