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    Lesson 5 Virtue Ethics 1

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    Khaymie Murrea Nazarrea
    Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and doing virtuous acts. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics was an early comprehensive study of virtue ethics. For Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate human good achieved through developing moral virtues like courage and liberality via rational choice and habit. Moral virtue involves finding the golden mean between excess and deficiency for each situation through practical wisdom. Later, Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development involving three levels from obedience to universal principles.

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    Lesson 5 Virtue Ethics 1

    Uploaded by

    Khaymie Murrea Nazarrea
    846 views20 pages
    Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and doing virtuous acts. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics was an early comprehensive study of virtue ethics. For Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate human good achieved through developing moral virtues like courage and liberality via rational choice and habit. Moral virtue involves finding the golden mean between excess and deficiency for each situation through practical wisdom. Later, Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development involving three levels from obedience to universal principles.

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    Lesson-5-Virtue-Ethics-1

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    Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and doing virtuous acts. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics was an early comprehensive study of virtue ethics. For Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate human good achieved through developing moral virtues like courage and liberality via rational choice and habit. Moral virtue involves finding the golden mean between excess and deficiency for each situation through practical wisdom. Later, Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development involving three levels from obedience to universal principles.

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    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    846 views20 pages

    Lesson 5 Virtue Ethics 1

    Uploaded by

    Khaymie Murrea Nazarrea
    Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and doing virtuous acts. Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics was an early comprehensive study of virtue ethics. For Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate human good achieved through developing moral virtues like courage and liberality via rational choice and habit. Moral virtue involves finding the golden mean between excess and deficiency for each situation through practical wisdom. Later, Kohlberg developed a theory of moral development involving three levels from obedience to universal principles.

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    VIRTUE ETHICS CHAPTER 5

    INTRODUCTION

    Bro. Armin Luistro:


    Children’s Television Act of
    1997 – to regulate
    television shows and
    promote child-friendly
    programs.
     Children may tend to
    imitate what they observe
    VIRTUE ETHICS

     Virtue ethics: one theory that


    can possibly provide a
    comprehensive understanding
    of how an individual can
    develop moral character.
     It is the ethical framework
    that is concerned with
    understanding the good as a
    matter of developing the
    virtuous character of a person.
     It focuses on the formation of
    one’s character brought about
    by determining and doing
    virtuous acts.
    VIRTUE ETHICS

    Aristotle’s
    Nicomachean Ethics:
    first comprehensive and
    programmatic study
     Aristotle’s discourse of ethics
    departs from the Platonic
    understanding of reality and
    conception of the good
     Both of them affirm
    rationality as the highest
    faculty of a person
    VIRTUE ETHICS

     Plato  Aristotle
     Real is outside the realm  Real is found within our
    of any human sensory everyday encounter with
    experience but can objects in the world
    somehow be grasped  What makes nature
     Truth and good is in the intelligible is its
    forms and ideas of character of having both
    transcendent form and matter
     Truth and good cannot
    exist apart from the
    object and are not
    independent of our
    experience
    VIRTUE ETHICS

     Aristotle:
     The particular act of goodness that one does in the world is
    more important than any conception of the good that is
    outside and beyond the realm of experience.
     Aristotle’s ethical theory  engaging the good in our day-to-
    day living
    HAPPINESS AND ULTIMATE PURPOSE

    ARISTOTLE:
     Every act that person does is directed toward a particular
    purpose, aim, or what the Greeks called TELOS
     Aristotle is aware that one does an act not only to achieve a
    particular purpose but also believes such purpose can be
    utilized for a higher goal or activity, which then can be used
    to achieve an even higher purpose and so on.
     The different goods that one pursues FORM A HIERARCHY of
    TELOI
    HAPPINESS AND ULTIMATE PURPOSE

    ARISTOTLE:
     Highest purpose = Ultimate good of human being
     Highest good’s criteria
    1. Final end
    2. Self-sufficient or satisfaction

    Pero ito nga lang ba talaga??


    HAPPINESS AND ULTIMATE PURPOSE

    ARISTOTLE:
     Older individuals can only be adequately answer the highest
    good
     They would agree that the highest purpose and the ultimate
    good of man is HAPPINESS or the EUDAIMONIA
    HAPPINESS AND ULTIMATE PURPOSE

    ARISTOTLE:
     How does a person arrive at her
    highest good?
    1. Investigate how he/she functions
    which enables him/her to reach her
    ultimate purpose
    2. Distinguish one’s activity from
    other beings

    For Aristotle, what defines human


    beings is her function or activity of
    REASON
    HAPPINESS AND ULTIMATE PURPOSE

    -Being human is achievable,


    but a good human being
    strives hard in doing things
    in an excellent way. And this
    task takes more effort and it
    becomes difficult for humans
    VIRTUE AS EXCELLENCE

     Virtue or ARETE =
    excellent way of doing
    things
     It is something that one
    strives for IN TIME
     Aristotle says that
    excellence is an activity
    of the HUMAN SOUL and
    therefore, one needs to
    understand the very
    structure of a person’s
    soul which must be
    directed by her rational
    activity in an excellent
    way
    VIRTUE AS EXCELLENCE

    Irrational element of human soul:


    1. Vegetative: physical activities
    and growth of a person
    2. Appetitive: desiring faculty

    Rational element of human soul:


    1. Moral: act of doing
    2. Intellectual: act of knowing, can
    only be attained through
    TEACHING
    VIRTUE AS EXCELLENCE

    Rational element of human soul:

    Intellectual Excellence can be


    achieved in two ways:

    1. Philosophic: fundamental
    principles and truths that govern
    universe
    2. Practical: right conduct in
    carrying out a particular act
    VIRTUE AS EXCELLENCE

    Aristotle suggests that its is


    necessary for human beings
    to attain the intellectual
    virtue of practical wisdom in
    order to accomplish a
    morally virtuous act.

    Moral virtue can be attained


    by means of HABIT.

    Habit  Character
    MORAL VIRTUE AND MESOTES

     When practical wisdom guides


    the conduct of making morally
    right choices and actions, what
    does it identify as the proper
    and right thing to do?

    The answer is MESOTES =


    middle/intermediate

    *Determining the middle


    becomes the proper tool by
    which one can arrive at the
    proper way of doing things
    MORAL VIRTUE AND MESOTES

     Based on Aristotle, a morally


    virtuous person is concerned
    with achieving her appropriate
    action in a manner that is
    NEITHER EXCESSIVE NOR
    DEFICIENT
     It is not the same for all. It is
    just an arithmetical proportion
    MORAL VIRTUE AND MESOTES

     Thus…….

    MORAL VIRTUE is a state of character concerned with choice,


    lying in a mean, that is, the mean relative to us , this being
    determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by
    which the man of practical wisdom would determine it.”
    MORAL VIRTUE AND MESOTES

    Excess Middle Deficiency


    Impulsiveness Self-Control Indecisiveness
    Recklessness Courage Cowardice
    Prodigality Liberality Meaness
    LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S MORAL
    DEVELOPMENT THEORY
     1 s t level: Pre-conventional
    a. Obedience and punishment orientation
    b. Self-interest orientation (reward)
     2 n d level: Conventional
    a. Social norms and “The good boy/girl attitude
    b. Authority and social-order (law and order morality)
     3 r d level: Post-conventional
    a. Social Contract
    b. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience)

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