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LEARNING
Dr.Yogananthan
Contents
• Introduction & objectives • Principles of
• Components of learning reinforcement
• Theories of learning – Positive
– Negative
– Classical conditioning
– Extinction
– Operant conditioning
– Differences • Punishment
– Cognitive theory • Schedules of
– Social learning theory reinforcement
• Learning curves
– Diminishing returns
– Increasing returns
– Increasing – decreasing
• Learning & behaviour
Objectives
• What is learning?
• Components of learning
• Determinants of learning
• Theories of learning
• Classical conditioning / operant conditioning
• Cognitive theory
• Principles of reinforcement
• Schedule of reinforcements
• Limitations of behaviour modifications
• Learning curves
Definitions
• Stephen Robbins “ learning is any
relatively permanent change in behaviour
that occurs as a result of experience.”
• Steers & porter “ learning can be defined
as relatively permanent change in
behaviour potentiality that results from
reinforced practice or experience.”
Components of learning
• Learning leads to change – good / bad
• Change must be relatively permanent and if not
it cant be considered as a learning
• Change in behaviour thro experience which also
added impact on attitude or process much be
considered. If due to diseases it will not be.
• Some form of learning in necessary for learning
and it may be direct or indirect experiences.
Determinants of learning
• Motive
• Stimuli
• Generalisation
• Discrimination
• Responses
• Reinforcement
• Retention
Theories of learning
• Classical conditioning theory
• Operant conditioning theory
• Cognitive learning theory
• Social learning theory
Classical conditioning
• … is modifying behaviour so that a
conditioned stimulus along with
unconditioned stimulus is paired to elicit
an unconditioned behaviour.
• Classical conditioning introduces simple
cause – effect relationship between one
stimuli & response.
Unconditional stimulus Unconditional response
conditional stimulus
Response
Unconditional stimulus
Conditional response
conditional stimulus
Pavlov’s experiment – classical conditioning theory

Limitations
• Human beings are more complex than
dogs and less amenable to cause – effect
conditioning
• Behavioural envt in organisations is also
complex
• The nature of - complexive human
decision making process makes it possible
to override simple conditioning
Operant conditioning
• B.F.Skinner (Harvard psychologist) - in
operant conditioning induces a voluntary
change in behaviour and learning occur as
a ‘consequence’ of such change and also
known as reinforcement theory.
• Thus behaviour can be controlled by
manipulating its consequences. It is built
on the following two principles.
• The behaviour that results in positive
rewards tend to be repeated and
behaviour with negative consequences
tend not to be repeated.
• Based upon such consequences , the
behaviour can be predicted and controlled.
• The consequences of behaviour are used
to influence or shape thro 3 strategies.
– reinforcement
– Punishment
– Extinction
– (Ex -Work hard may bring reward which will
bring a positive change in worker’s behaviour
to work hard).
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
A change in stimulus Stimulus serves as a cue

elicits a particular for a person to emit the
response. response
The strength and The strength and
frequency of classically frequency of operant
conditioned behaviour conditioned behaviour
are mainly by the are mainly by the
frequency of eliciting consequences.
stimulus.
Responses are fixed to Responses are variable
stimulus both in type/ degree.
Cognitive theory
• Learning is considered as the outcome of
deliberate thinking about the problem or situation
both intuitively and based upon known facts and
responding in an objective and goal oriented
manner.
• It is act of knowing an item of information and
this knowledge affects the behaviour of the
person so that the information provides cognitive
cues towards the expected goals.
Social learning theory
• Attention process
• Retention process
• Motor reproduction process
• Reinforcement process
Principles of reinforcement
• 4 basic reinforcement strategies
– Positive reinforcement
– Negative reinforcement
– Punishment
– Extinction
Schedules of reinforcement
• Continuous reinforcement schedule
• Partial reinforcement schedule
– Fixed interval schedule
– Variable interval schedule
– Fixed ratio schedules
– Variable ratio schedules
Limitations of behaviour
modification
• It is an overall structure and ignores
individual differences – needs, desire,
values and abilities.
• Extrinsic rewards are more valued and
intrinsic motivation is ignored and higher
levels of needs may not be satisfied.
• It ignores prevailing work group norms and
it is important for the org to know the
power of work group norms.
Learning curves
• Learning curves
– Diminishing returns
– Increasing returns
– Increasing – decreasing
Increasing – decreasing learning
curve
• Slow learning
• Increase returns
• Plateau
• Peak proficiency
• Over learning
Learning & behaviour
• Reducing absenteeism & Through learning
• Substituting well pay for sick pay
• Improving employee discipline
• Developing training programme
THANK YOU

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LEARNING

Pavlov’s experiment – classical conditioning theory

A change in stimulus Stimulus serves as a cue

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