Training Methods For Non-Supervisory Employee and Managers

Programmed
INSTRUCTION
Lalyn L. Quiamno
(n_n)
What is Programmed Instruction?
a Computer-based training that comprises of
graphics, multimedia, text that is connected to one
another and is stored in memory.
Programmed instruction is the procedure of guiding the

participants strategically through the information in a
way that facilitates the most effective and efficient
learning. It provides the participant with content,
information, asks questions, and based on the answer
goes to the next level of information i.e. if the trainee
gives the correct answer; one branch moves the
trainee forward to the new information. And if the
trainee gives the wrong answer then different branch is
activated, taking the trainee back to the review
relevant information in more elaborate manner
Two Approaches to Programmed
Instruction:
Linear Programming
- all trainees follow from the
identical program in the same
sequence. The learning steps are
very simple that trainees rarely
make incorrect responses. So they
receive frequent positive
reinforcement.
Branch Programming
- designed to conform more to individual

differences in the level of liability.
Trainees are allowed to skips steps if
they are learning the material well or to
go back for the remedial work if they are
not learning it well.
Advantages of Programmed
instruction
Programmed instruction provides for continuous active
participation on the part of the trainees, who must
record their answers to one item before proceeding to
the next. In machine- assisted programmed instruction;
it may be impossible to move on to the next item until
the current one is answered.
Programmed instruction provides constant and

immediate feedback or knowledge of results. After each
item, the trainees are informed of the adequacy of their
response.
Positive reinforcement is provided. The items are

purposely constructed to increase the probability that
the trainees will be able to learn the correct
response.
Proponents of Programmed Instruction
have additional advantages:
Programmed instruction eliminates the need for an
instructor.
Because of programmed instruction caters to
individual differences, brighter trainees may
complete a course of instruction more quickly than
in a group- teaching situation, which would have
to geared to the average level of the class.
The course of instruction is standardized. All

trainees are exposed to the same material.
A complete record of progress is provided each

trainee that could aid in the future counseling of
those who might experience difficulties.
Disadvantages of Programmed
instruction
The kind of material that can be taught by
programmed instruction is limited.
Programmed instruction techniques can be

costly to develop and operate.
Programmed instruction has been shown to

be a faster method of training but the level
of learning is no higher than traditional
teaching method.
COMPUTER- ASSITED
INSTRUCTION
CAI (Computer- assisted Instruction)
can be used in conjunction with a
training instructor who introduces the
material and then directs the trainee to
the computer for specific topics
program of instructional material

presented by means of a computer or
computer systems
Advantages of computer- Assisted
Instruction
The greater amount of individualized instruction is
offers as compared to programmed instruction.
CAI assumes complete record- keeping functions
and always has an up- to- date performance
analysis of each trainee, instructors has more time
to devote to individual problems.
It allows trainee to participate actively in the
learning process, and it provides positive
reinforcement and immediate knowledge of result.
Research indicates that CAI trained students

performed at the same level or higher those who
were trained by traditional or even by
programmed instruction and that learning took
place in a much shorter period of time.
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
A performance audit is conducted periodically in
a organization to determine the existence of
specific problems or employee behavior that
should be changed
A program positive reinforcement is introduced

whereby employees are reinforced when they
display the desired behavior.
Punishment is not used; instead of being

punished for displaying undesirable behaviors,
trainees are rewarded for displaying desirable
behaviors.
TRAINING METHODS
FOR MANAGERS
Two Goals in Management Training
There is training in the general skills required for
leadership roles: decision making, problem
solving, delegation of responsibility, and other
abilities necessary for managerial success.
There are human relations trainings directed

toward optimizing the interpersonal relation vital
to managers employee harmony.
TECHNIQUES USED FOR
MANAGEMENT TRAINING
JOB ROTATION
CASE STUDY METHOD
INCIDENT PROCCESS
BUSINESS GAMES
IN- BASKET TARINING
BEHAVIOR
MODELLING
ROLE PLAYING
SENSITIVITY TRAINING
JOB ROTATION
It involves exposing trainees to different
jobs and departments within the
organization to acquaint them with all
facets of the business.
It offers continuing challenge of

adapting to and learning about, many
kinds of operations and
responsibilities.
Disadvantages of Job Rotation
If the rotation is too short I each job, there

may not be sufficient time for the trainee to
learn it before it is time to move on.
If top management is more interested in the

trainees some sort of temporary office help
instead of rising managers in need of their
guidance and example, the purpose of the
rotation program is not being served.
The trainee may not have the chance to

acquire necessary skills to transfer to
higher levels of management.
CASE STUDY METHOD
It was developed by the Harvard
School of Business
The purpose of the case study method

is to teach trainees the skills of group
problem- solving and decision-
making, the ability to analyze and
criticize their own assumptions and
interpretations and the ability to be
amenable to points of view other than
their own.
Incident Process
a modification of presentation of brief
incident in a management situation rather
than a complex problem.
More formalized training procedure, in
that the instructor takes an active role in
the discussion.
BUSINESS GAMES
Intended primarily to develop problem- solving
and decision- making skills and to provide
practice in exercising these skills in a situation
in which mistakes will not harm the
organization.
Two types of business games
Top management games

- dealing with the decision –
making problem faced by
high- level corporate officers
functional games
- dealing with the operation
of single aspects of a
company such as production
control or marketing.
IN- BASKET TARINING
A method of selection
Is conceptually a business game in that is

stimulates the job of a manager. The
trainee operates alone rather than a part
of a group.
ROLE PLAYING
Management trainees project themselves into
a particular role and act out the behavior they
believe is appropriate in that situation.
Can provide the trainees with a greater
sensitivity to others, particularly subordinates.
Many management supervisor gain an
appreciation of the worker’s viewpoint , which
they would never experience
BEHAVIOR MODELLING
It involves having trainees model their
behavior on example of exemplary
management performance.
FOUR FEATURES OF MODELLING
Modeling- is the core of the training. Trainee’s

watch a film or video tape of a manager who is
effectively handling particularly job
performance with a subordinates.
Behavior rehearsal – practicing behaviors

performed by the model. Trainees are to role
playing in this case they are rehearsing the
actual behaviors they will use on the job, the
behaviors they witnessed in the film.
Feedback- telling each trainee how well he or
she was able to imitate the behavior of the
model. trainees become increasingly
confident in displaying the modeled behaviors
under the social reinforcement conditions
provided by the feedback
Transfers of training- refers to a variety

designed to assure that what is being learned in
the modeling sessions transfers or carries over
to the job.
SENSITIVITY TRAINING
Known as group training, laboratory training,
encounter groups and actions group
Designed to develop an understanding of

interpersonal communication and interaction.
The techniques shows individuals how others
react to, perceive, them and what effects their
behavior has on others.

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Programmed

Programmed instruction is the procedure of guiding the

- designed to conform more to individual

Programmed instruction provides constant and

Positive reinforcement is provided. The items are

The course of instruction is standardized. All

A complete record of progress is provided each

Programmed instruction techniques can be

Programmed instruction has been shown to

program of instructional material

Research indicates that CAI trained students

A program positive reinforcement is introduced

Punishment is not used; instead of being

There are human relations trainings directed

It offers continuing challenge of

If the rotation is too short I each job, there

If top management is more interested in the

The trainee may not have the chance to

The purpose of the case study method

Top management games

Is conceptually a business game in that is

Modeling- is the core of the training. Trainee’s

Behavior rehearsal – practicing behaviors

Transfers of training- refers to a variety

Designed to develop an understanding of

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