What Is Cryogenics?

What is Cryogenics?
The stud Cryogenics is the science and technology associated

with generation of low temperature below 123 K.
Applications Space
Rocket propulsion
Cooling of Infra-Red (IR) sensor
Space simulation
Cryogenic engines are powered by cryogenic propellants.
Liquid Hydrogen is used as a fuel to propel the rocket.
Liquid Oxygen is used as an oxidizer
Cooling of IR detectors, Telescopes, Cold probes, etc. are some of the major
applications of cryogenics.
Space simulations chambers are realistic environment for space craft. The cold
space is simulated at cryogenic temperatures by use of LN2
Development of miniature and small cryocoolers for satellites for an improved
accuracy and reliability of earth observation.
Development of miniature and small cryocoolers for satellites for an improved
accuracy and reliability of earth observation.
Cryocoolers
Heat transfer and
fluid flow
Cryogenic
systems
Instrumentation
Adsorption
studies
Research area
Thermoelectric oxides, Magnetic thin films & Spintronics,
Multifunctional composites
Separation Processes ,Natural gas processing , Carbon
dioxide capture and sequestration , Air breathing propulsion
Simulation of Helium plants, Cryogenic air separation,
Safety in Oxygen-enriched systems, Conventional
Refrigeration
Nanofluids, Electronic Packaging material, Superconducting
Materials, Cryogenics Instruments & Sensors
Low temperature processses and equipements, Heluim

refrigeration and liquefactionsys tems, Cryogenic
Turboexpanders and other expansion devices
Compact Heat Exchangers, Heat Transfer in Porous

Media, Sorption Cooling
Applied Superconductivity, Vacuum Technology, Cryo
Physics
Gas hydrates, Cryogenic transport Phenomena-Based
processes
Matrix heat exchangers, Cryogenic hydrostatic bearing
LN2 plants
LHe plant
Applications - Mechanical
Magnetic Separation
Manufacturing
Heat treatment
Recycling
Magnetic separation technique is used in variety of applications like
enhancing the brightness of kaolin, improving the quality of ultra-high
purity quartz etc.-Superconducting Magnet ensures proper separation.
The lives of the tools, die castings & their dies, forgings, jigs &
fixtures etc increase when subjected to cryogenic heat treatment.
The life of guitar strings increases by 4 to 5 times with no need for
tuning.
Cryogenic recycling -turns the scrap into raw material by subjecting it
to cryogenic temperatures.
This is mostly used for PVC, rubbers
Applications Medicine
Cryosurgery
Cell preservation
Food preservation
Cryosurgery is a novel technique in which the harmful tissues are
destroyed by freezing them to cryogenic temperature.
Cryosurgery has shorter hospital stay, less blood loss, and small
recovery time.
It is generally used in patients with localized prostate and kidney
cancer, skin disorders, retinal problems, etc.
Preserving food at low temperature is a well known technique.
Cooling of sea foods, meat (sea export), and milk products for
long time preservation is achieved by use of LN2.
Systems are developed to cpreserve blood cells, plasma cells,
human organs and animal organs at ryogenic temperatures.
Applications Gas Industry

Liquefaction
Separation
Storage
The transportation of gases across the world is done in liquid

state. This is done by storing the liquid at cryogenic temperature.
The use of inert gases in welding industry has initiated higher
demand for gas production in the recent past.
Cryogens like LOX, LH2 are used in rocket propulsion while
LH2is being considered for automobile.
Liquid nitrogen is used as precoolant in most of the cryogenic
systems.
Steel industry Oxygen is used in the production of steel.
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) uses oxygen instead of air.
Nitrogen and argon are primarily used to provide an inert
atmosphere in chemical, metallurgical and welding industries
Applications-Superconductivity
NMR, MRI
Maglev Locomotion
Transformer & Generators
The NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is used by the pharmaceutical
industry to study the molecular structure.
The MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machines are used for body
scanning.
The SC magnets for both NMR and MRI machines are cooled by liquid
Helium.
Maglev Train runs on the principle of Magnetic Levitation.
The train gets levitated from the guide way by using electromagnetic
forces between superconducting magnets on the vehicle and coils on
the ground.
This results in no contact motion and therefore no friction.
Superconducting transformers and generators have coils (and cores
sometimes) maintained at low temperature to minimize the I2R
(copper) losses.
Applications High Energy Physics

CERN
ITER
CERN is an European organization for nuclear

research which was founded in 1954.
It consists of a 27Km accelerator ring with four
detectors.
All the magnet systems (SC) and its accessories are
kept at 1.9 K using the liquid helium.
A liquid nitrogen layer (77 K) is used as shielding for
liquid helium.
It is an experiment seeking answers to Big Bang
theory and collision of atomic particles.
The oldest patient currently still being held in
cryopreservation is Dr.James Bedford , who was dead

in 1967. His body is reportedly still in good condition at Alcor Life Extension Foundation
1. IISc. Bangalore
INVOLVED WITH :
Design & development of Cryotanks for special

application for ISRO.
Cryo Grinding Technique.

Establishment of laboratory for the development of
Cryocoolers (GM and Pulsed tube) and linear motor.
2. IIT Bombay
INVOLVED
WITH
Quick Freezing of marine products.

Development of Stirling based nitrogen liquefier.
Indigenous development of Stirling CryoCoolers.
Pulse Tube Cryo Coolers and Cryogenic Insulation.
Large and Medium scale Refrigeration and

Liquefaction systems
High and low temperature superconductor applications,

Magnets and Cavity, Power Cables and Current Leads.
Low Temperature Physics and Superconductivity.
Cryogenics systems for accelerators and fusion devices.

Cryocoolers, Expanders, Pumps, and Compressors.
Air and gas separation, purification and storage.
Cryogenic Process, Heat transfer and thermal insulation.

Cryogenic instrumentation and control.
Cryogenics for space application.
Cryogenics for medical and food application.
Cryogenics for Liquefied Natural Gas.
3. RRCAT Indore
INVOLVED WITH :
Development of GM coolers.
Development of Reciprocating Expansion based
Helium Liquefier.
Fabrication of large number of superconducting
magnet and supplies them to CERN.
GM CRYOCOOLERS
BARC Mumbai
INVOLVED WITH :
Indigenous development of KW class 20 K and 4.2
K Refrigerators
Multifilament Superconducting NB- Ti wire
development
5. IIT Madras
INVOLVED WITH :
Engaged with Mixed Refrigeration systems
IIT Kharagpur
INVOLVED WITH :
Performance analysis of Cryogenic Heat Exchangers
and Turbines.
Technology on solid-sorption refrigeration.
Study of Multiferroic materials.
Applied Superconductivity and vacuum technology .
Design and simulation of Cryogenic liquefiers .
IGCAR kalpakkam
INVOLVED WITH
Gas purification project to purify Argon from

radioactive contaminant.
development of Helium Gas Purifier.
Development of SQUID.
SUBSCRIPTION
The institutes or any individual , who are interested to subscribe may
please Contact :
Dr. R.K.Bhandari,
President, Indian Cryogenics Council.
Inter- University Accelerator Centre.
New Delhi- 67
Subscription Rate ;
Institute :Rs 4000/- Annualy
For Life Members of ICC : Only postage charges
For Institutes, it is preferable to have subscription for five years, if
permitted. Cheque/ Draft in favour of Indian Cryogenics Council Delhi
along with covering letter may be sent to
T S Datta
Scientist-H
Head, Cryogenics & Applied Superconductivity Group
Inter University Accelerator Centre
New Delhi-110067
India
DRDO
Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL), Delhi &
LASTEC under DRDO
INVOLVED WITH
Development of Miniature Coolers primarily for
cooling IR detectors.
REFERENCES
DST REPORT 2010.
http://www.linearcollider.org/
http://www.nscl.msu.edu/
http://www.iter.org/newsline/-/1916
http://www.oxcryo.com/gm-cryocoolers/two-stage-coldheads/
http://www.itn.pt/facilities/uk_squid_facility.htm
http://airwingmedia.com/news/page/8/
VECC. Kolkata:
INVOLVED WITH
Superconducting Cyclotron project.

large SC magnet, cryostat, cryoline.
Quadruple magnet.
SEMS along with SC cavity programme.
INDIAN JOURNAL OF CRYOGENICS

The journal is being published since 1975 by Indian
Cryogenics Council and is intended to serve as an
international forum for publication of review
articles, research papers, short communications,
news and information in the multidisciplinary field
of Cryogenics/ superconductivity/ low temperature
physics and allied subjects. Till date 38 volumes have
been published

What Is Cryogenics?

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What Is Cryogenics?

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What is Cryogenics?

The stud Cryogenics is the science and technology associated

Low temperature processses and equipements, Heluim

Compact Heat Exchangers, Heat Transfer in Porous

Matrix heat exchangers, Cryogenic hydrostatic bearing

Applications Gas Industry

The transportation of gases across the world is done in liquid

Applications High Energy Physics

CERN is an European organization for nuclear

The oldest patient currently still being held in

cryopreservation is Dr.James Bedford , who was dead

Design & development of Cryotanks for special

Cryo Grinding Technique.

Quick Freezing of marine products.

Large and Medium scale Refrigeration and

High and low temperature superconductor applications,

Cryogenics systems for accelerators and fusion devices.

Cryogenic Process, Heat transfer and thermal insulation.

Engaged with Mixed Refrigeration systems

Gas purification project to purify Argon from

Superconducting Cyclotron project.

INDIAN JOURNAL OF CRYOGENICS

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