More Than 2000 Solved MCQsof STA630 Research Method Short Question Answer
More Than 2000 Solved MCQsof STA630 Research Method Short Question Answer
More Than 2000 Solved MCQsof STA630 Research Method Short Question Answer
&
Short Questions Answers
By
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1- Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
D. A tentative statement about the relationship
5- A theoretical framework
A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables
B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s
C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
D. All of the above
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6- Which of the following statement is not true?
A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project
B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting
the proposed research project
C. A research proposal is an unorganized and unplanned project
D. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research
project
9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is
A. To conduct surveys
B. To generate the hypothesis
C. To focus group discussions
D. To use experiments in an investigation
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a. Mall interviews
b. Mall intercept interviews
c. Brief interviews
12-WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,
WATS is the abbreviation of:
e. West Africa Theological Seminary
f. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study
g. Wide Area Telecommunications Service
h. World Air Transport Statistics
13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions
and records the answers himself is known as the:
i. Interview schedule
j. Questionnaire
k. Interview guide
l. All of the given options
14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:
m. Research design
n. Questionnaire design
o. Interview design
p. Survey design
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
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w. Inflation rate
x. None of the given options
17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before a
specific question then this procedure is called as the:
y. Research technique
z. Qualitative technique
aa. Funnel technique
bb. Quantitative technique
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B. Discontinuous variable
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above
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F. Mall intercept interviews
G. Brief interviews
H. None of the given options
28- is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general
question before a specific question.
I. Research technique
J. Qualitative technique
K. Funnel technique
L. Quantitative technique
29-In, ___________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of
the interview.
M. Field interview
N. Telephonic interview
O. Both A and B
P. None of the given options
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A. Opinion
B. Empiricism
C. Speculation
D. Rationalism
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35- All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;
A. Data are systematically analyzed
B. Data are collected systematically
C. Results are generalizable
D. Results are used to improve practice
37-If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their
merit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research?
A. Experimental
B. Applied
C. Basic
D. Evaluation
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39- Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory
research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
41- A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Independent variable
D. Intervening variable
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45-Income distribution of employees in a specific organization is an example of which of
following type of variable?
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Continuous variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
50-After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
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C. Price
D. Full names of the authors
53- ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking
general question before a specific question.
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
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56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?
a. Mean, standard deviation, mode
b. Mean, median, standard deviation
c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode
d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode
58- How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of
_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction
61- In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in
the study.
1. Experiment
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical framework
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4. Research design
62- In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
produced by the ____.
1. Dependent variable
2. Extraneous variable
3. Independent variable
4. Confounding variable
63- A measure is reliable if it provides consistent ___________.
1. Hypothesis
2. Results
3. Procedure
4. Sensitivity
64- The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
65-The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those
that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.
1. Sampling design
2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
66- In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection.
1. Purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Simple random sampling
67- ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure
concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
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68- A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed. She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
69- Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?
1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
proportions
3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large
enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
70- Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can
be established.
1. Strong
2. Linear
3. Weak
4. Cause and Effect
71. Discrete variable is also called.
E. Categorical variable
F. Discontinuous variable
G. Both A & B
H. None of the above
72.Officers in my organization have higher than average level of commitment
Such a hypothesis is an example of.
E. Descriptive Hypothesis
F. Directional Hypothesis
G. Relational Hypothesis
H. All of the above
73.Science refers to.
E. A system for producing knowledge
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
F. The knowledge produced by a system
G. Both A & B
H. None of the above
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74.Which one of the following is not a characteristic of scientific method?
E. Deterministic
F. Rationalism
G. Empirical
H. Abstraction
73.The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the.
E. Variables
F. Hypothesis
G. Concept
H. Theory
74.research is based on naturalism.
U. Field research
V. Descriptive research
W. Basic research
X. Applied research
75.Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as
Y. Mall interviews
Z. Mall intercept interviews
AA. Brief interviews
BB. None of the given options
76. is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general
question before a specific question.
CC. Research technique
DD. Qualitative technique
EE. Funnel technique
FF. Quantitative technique
77.In, the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of the
interview.
GG. Field interview
HH. Telephonic interview
II. Both A and B
JJ. None of the given options
78.Randomization of test units is a part of
KK. Pretest
LL. Posttest
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MM. Matching
NN. Experiment
79. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in
the study.
1. Experiment
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical framework
4. Research design
80. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
produced by the ____.
1. Dependent variable
2. Extraneous variable
3. Independent variable
4. Confounding variable
82. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
83. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those
that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.
1. Sampling design
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2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
84. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection.
1. Purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Simple random sampling
85. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure
concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
86. A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed. She
Interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are
Considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
87. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?
1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
Proportions
3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large
enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
88. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can
be established.
1. Strong
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2. Linear
3. Weak
4. Cause and Effect
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A. Variables are tightly controlled
B. Results are generalizable
C. Data are usually qualitative
D. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationship
97. Which of the following is not the source for getting information for
exploratory research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
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D. Human Resource Management
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B. Determine feasibility of conducting the study
C. Identifies relevant and irrelevant facts
D. Provides framework for organizing the conclusions
107. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
A. Context review
B. Integrated review
C. Theoretical review
D. Methodological review
108. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the
reference, EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
C. Price
D. Full names of the authors
109. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study?
A. Collect the data through past studies
B. Analyze the literature review
C. Using of quantitative techniques
D. Data collection through mail and Interview
110. Which one of following is generally common in establishment survey and household
survey?
A. Cognitive recall
B. Homogenous respondents
C. Error free
D. Response burden
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
111. Which one of the following is not of important consideration in establishment survey
while designing questionnaires?
A. Response burden
B. Professional terminology
C. Cognitive recall
D. Use of Records
112. Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study?
A. Questionnaires
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B. Interviews
C. Mail survey
D. Observations
113. Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and Job
Openings survey?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Cluster sampling
C. Stratified sampling
D. Convenience sampling
114. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this case
study?
A. Cost
B. Limited data
C. Unskilled interviewer
D. Small sample size
115. Which of the following is not the part of specific protocol of focus groups in ETJO?
A. Concept and indicators
B. Definition
C. Availability of records
D. Cognitive recall
116. Which of the following is the draw back of pretest interview in ETJO survey?
A. Small simple size
B. Non cooperative response
C. Probing
D. Questionnaire format
117. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study?
A. Questionnaires
B. Focus groups
C. Correlational method
D. Secondary data
118. What is the basic purpose of ETJO survey?
A. To assess the feasibility of collecting job-vacancy and turnover data by
occupation
B. To analyze the problem of labor shortage
C. To assess the motivation level of employees
D. To analyze the factor contributing towards employee turnover
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119. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study?
A. To identified the potential problem
B. To know the sample size
C. To develop the questionnaire
D. To use agency representative
120. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select the
units?
A. Simple random sampling
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
B. Cluster sampling
C. Quota sampling
D. Judgment sampling
121. Which of the following is the basic purpose of Response analysis survey in the case
study?
A. To assess the quality of ETJO survey data
B. To know the sample size of ETJO survey data
C. To develop the questionnaire for ETJO
D. To use agency representative for ETJO
122. After Operation test, which of the following test findings were suggested by the
researcher?
A. Need of highly skilled and well trained interviewer
B. Sample size should be increased
C. A decent increase in survey budget
D. Focus group should be included
123. In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature?
A. Operation test
B. Response analysis survey
C. Document design analysis
D. Pretest interviews
124. Which one of the following sampling type is used in Response analysis survey
(RAS)?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Cluster sampling
C. Quota sampling
D. Stratified sampling
125. Which one of the following could be helpful for minimizing the bias in this case
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study?
A. Cognitive research
B. Focus group
C. Pretest Interview
D. Response analysis survey
126. Which one of the following is useful in assessing and clarifying concepts and
definitions at the beginning stages of questionnaire?
A. Operation test
B. Document design analysis
C. Focus group
D. Response analysis survey
127. Which one of the following can be more helpful than others in order to determine the
exact source of measurement errors in establishment survey?
A. Focus group
B. Operation test
C. Response analysis survey
D. Document design analysis
Identify the True and False statements. (05)
(1) Review of literature shows the incredibility of the body of knowledge and identifies the
points at which the researcher made the research area ambiguous and unclear. (False)
(2) The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical
framework. (True)
(3) The hypothesis should not only be specific to a place and situation but also these should
be narrowed down with respect to its operation. (True )
(4) A cohort analysis is similar to cross-sectional research. (False)
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
(5) A literature review does not consider the prior studies, their agreements or
disagreements in the field. (False)
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(5) Discontinuous variable is also known as discrete/ categorical/ classificatory variable.
6. Validity problems occur when the researchers theoretical definition does not
match that of the government agency or organization that collected the
information.
7. Reliability problems occur when official definition or the method of collecting
Information changes over time.
8. Secondary data refer to information gathered by someone other than the
researcher conducting the present study.
9. Experiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and
manipulates an Independent variable.
10. A social indicator is any measure of wellbeing used in policy.
11.Two power bases of scientific knowledge are Empiricism and Rationalism
12.Action research is a type of Applied research
13.Three types of longitudinal research are time series, panel, and cohort
14.The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is written before the research
project begins.
Long Questions:
Q1. Write any five similarities of Historical-Comparative research and Field
research?
Answer:
1. Both H-C research and field research recognize that the researchers point of view
is an avoidable part of research. Both involve interpretation, which introduce the
interpreters location in time, place, and world-view.
2. Both field and H-C research examine a great diversity of data. In both the
research becomes immersed in data to gain an emphatic understanding of events
and people.
3. Both field and H-C research often use grounded theory (theory usually emerges
during the process of data collection.)
4. Both field and H-C research involves a type of translation. The researchers
meaning system usually differs from that of people he or she studies, but he or she
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Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
tries to penetrate and understand their point of view.
5. Both field and H-C research focus on action, process, and sequence and see time
process as essential.
6. Generalization and theory are limited in field and H-C research.
Question # 01
How do concrete and abstract concepts differ? Give example.
(Marks: 04)
Solution:
Concrete Concepts:
Concrete ones refer to straightforward physical objects or familiar experiences.
Abstract concepts:
Abstract concepts refer to ideas that have a scattered meaning or an indirect expression
Abstraction is a thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects.
The difference between concrete and abstract concepts can be expressed with some
characterizations like,
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1. Abstract concepts have only relational properties while concrete concepts have some
fundamental properties.
2. Abstract concepts are universals and concrete concepts are particulars.
3. Abstract concepts are sets (generalized) and concrete concepts are individuals
(specified).
4. Concrete concepts are known by observation whereas abstract concepts are known in
some other way, e.g., by abstraction, by intuition, etc
Example
Print Media (Abstract)
Publication
News Paper
Daily Dawn (Concrete)
Question # 02
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
Given the situation below, Discuss with reason into which category they fall
According to the purpose of doing research and
The uses of research
(Marks: 03, 03)
Scenario 1:
Reasons for Absenteeism
A university professor wanted to analyze in depth the reasons for absenteeism of employees
in organizations. Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus employed her as a
consultant to study that very issue.
Solution:
According to the purpose of doing research :
It is Explanatory research as the purpose is to find out the reasons for a phenomenon i.e.
absenteeism of employees in organizations. Research seeks to determine the answers to
why question about a specific behavior.
According to the uses of research:
It is applied research since, the problem is being faced by an organization and the research
is called upon to solve it.
Scenario 2:
Effects of Nasal Spray on Flu
A research scientist surveys 1,000 employees in different organizational settings to study the
efficacy of several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus. He subsequently
publishes his findings in a highly respected medical journal.
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Solution:
According to the purpose of doing research :
It is Descriptive research, as, the research question only finds out the special effects of
several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus in different organizational settings. It
is to find out the relationship among the substances under study.
According to the uses of research:
It is a Basic research since the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge
.
Question#01:
Why turn over is high in some organizations?
As per above given query, explain the following components of Theoretical frame work;
(Marks: 10)
i) Develop an inventory of variables (min. five variables required)
ii) Specify direction of relationship
iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists
iv) Make an inventory of propositions
Ans:
i) Develop an inventory of variables
Salary Package is low, Inflexibility in working hours, Low decentralization (participation in
decision making), Lack of other benefits (bonus, appraisals, conveyance facilities, etc), Poor
working ambiance
ii) Specify direction of relationship
a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists
b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists
c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists
e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists
iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists?
a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists because in current era a good
salary package has more attraction for employees to remain in the same organization. So
organizations that keep themselves up-dated with privileged market salary packages
usually have low turn over ratio.
b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists because flexibility
in working hours give some relaxation to employees especially in case when their targets
are not achieved due to a reason able fact.
c) Between decentralization & turn-over negative relationship exists because participation in
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decision making raise confidence of employee and motivation level. So, organization
have more decentralized system face low turn-over ratio.
d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists. The organizations offer
different packages like bonuses, conveyance facilities etc, such organizations have more
satisfies employees and low turn over.
e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists. Working ambiance does
matter a lot. Good ambiance that help in releasing working stress increase the employee
motivation and interest in doing job well.
Question#02:
What is meant by a Research Proposal? Explain briefly. Also mention at what time a
research proposal is submitted? (Marks: 05)
Note: (Copied data from hand outs will not be appreciated)
Ans:
A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be
conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. Such proposals must offer
convincing support for your research topic. It means the topic/issue for which research study is
being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must
describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to be used
in your research.
More over when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is interested
to find out the answer of these questions;
What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take?
What has already been done in the area of your project?
How do you plan to do it?
How will the results be evaluated?
A good proposal is that which well defines these questions and convinces the reader that
research on specified issue is needed to conduct. So, the research proposal is submitted before
starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and analyzed.
Q. Explain the difference between these terms with one example of each.
i. Population and target population
ii. Sampling unit and observation unit
iii. Parameter and statistic
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research project.
Example
Suppose a researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in
multinationals in Pakistan.
All the employees working in multinational will be the population.
The researcher wants to investigate the productivity of employees working in
multinational in FMCG sector in Pakistan.
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
All the employees working in multinationals in FMCG sector in Pakistan will be the
target population.
ii. Sampling Unit and Observation Unit
A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage
of sampling.
An observation unit is an element or aggregation of elements from which the
information is collected.
Example
In the above example the researcher selects employees from three FMCG multinationals
(Procter and Gamble, Unilever and Nestle) for data collection. Among these employees
he selected First Line Managers for collecting the data. Among all First Line Manager he
selects 40 Line managers for data collection.
In this example the employees from three FMCGs (Procter and Gamble, Unilever and
Nestle) are the primary sampling unit, all the First Line managers are the secondary/ final
sampling unit and the selected First Line managers are the observation unit.
iii. Parameter and Statistics
A parameter is the summary description of a given variable in a population while
Statistic is the summary description of a given variable in a survey sample.
Example
In the above example the mean productivity of all the employees working in the
multinational is the Parameter and the mean productivity of the First Line managers from
those the researcher collected the data is the Statistics.
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process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational
factors. In research, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized manner. It is all the
more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our
findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed.
Hence not only we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be
known to others.
Special Features of Scientific Method of Research:
The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover the
principles & laws in this universe.
Special Features of Scientific Method of Research are as follows:
1. Empirical
Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through sensory
experiences. It generates knowledge which is verifiable by experience or observation. Some of
the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class and how
many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values,
motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be observed
directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality that
cannot be put to sensory experience directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day of
Judgment, life hereafter, Gods rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain of
scientific method.
2. Verifiable
Observations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses to
confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the same
researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions if
similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same
methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we will
gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an important
characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the domain of
scientific method.
3. Cumulative
Prior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their
study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers take stock
of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
not leave their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be
provided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and
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systematized. Nevertheless, we dont want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage
between the present and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is how
the knowledge accumulates.
4. Deterministic
Science is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject to
identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing just happens it happens for
a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying its
causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most important? For example, in the
2006 BA/BS examination of the Punjab University 67 percent of the students failed. What could
be the determinants of such a mass failure of students? The researcher may try to explain this
phenomenon and come up with variety of reasons which may pertain to students, teachers,
administration, curriculum, books, examination system, and so on. Looking into such a large
number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. It might be
appropriate to tell, of all these factors which one is the most important. The researcher tries to
narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could taken.
5. Ethical and Ideological Neutrality
The conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective;
that is, they should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data, and not on our
own subjective or emotional values. For instance, if we had a hypothesis that stated that greater
participation in decision making will increase organizational commitment, and this was not
supported by the results, it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue that increased
opportunities for employee participation would still help. Such an argument would be based, not
on the factual, data based research findings, but on the subjective opinion of the researcher. If
this was the conviction of the researcher all along, then there was no need to do the research in
the first place. Researchers are human beings, having individual ideologies, religious affiliations,
cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal
likings and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which ultimately
can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important
characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold neutrality, and
present the results in an unbiased manner.
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6. Statistical Generalization
Generalisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting to other
settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research,
the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researchers findings that participation
in decision making enhances organizational commitment are found to be true in a variety of
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manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the particular organization
studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other organizational settings is
enhanced. The more generalizable the research, the greater its usefulness and value.
For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed. Here the
use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and what is
logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations, which is one
of the goals of scientific method.
7. Rationalism
Science is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make sense.
Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science must rest
on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest, referred
to as deductive logic and inductive logic.
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These are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The relationship
could be non-directional or directional, positive or negative, causal or simply correlational.
While stating the relationship between the two variables, if the terms of positive, negative, more
than, or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of the
relationship between the variables (positive/negative) has been indicated. These hypotheses are
relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the
relationship has been specified.
Non-directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not been
specified. The relationship may be very strong but whether it is positive or negative has not been
postulated.
Correlational hypotheses state merely that the variables occur together in some specified
manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we
believe that there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables. For example:
Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.
Explanatory (causal) hypotheses imply the existence of, or a change in, one variable causes or
leads to a change in the other variable. This brings in the notions of independent and the
dependent variables. Cause means to help make happen. So the independent variable may
not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.
3- Null Hypothesis
It is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Researchers treat evidence that
supports a hypothesis differently from the evidence that opposes it. They give negative evidence
more importance than to the positive one. It is because the negative evidence tarnishes the
hypothesis. It shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null hypothesis
simply states that there is no relationship between the variables or the relationship between the
variables is zero. That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as H0. For example:
H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Or
H0 = The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is zero. Or the
two variables are independent of each other.
It does not take into consideration the direction of association (i.e. H0 is non directional), which
may be a second step in testing the hypothesis.
4- Alternative Hypothesis
The alternative (to the null) hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between the
variables under study. In our example it could be: there is a relationship between the level of job
commitment and the level of efficiency. Not only there is an association between the two
variables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number 1.
Thereby the alternative hypothesis is symbolically denoted as H1. It can be written like this:
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H1: There is a relationship between the level of job commitment of the officers and their level of
efficiency.
5- Research Hypothesis
Research hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also
suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. In our example it could be:
Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.
Q: Ahmad is the manager of a restaurant; he wants to see his staff cooperative and
hardworking but his staff is not working well according to his will. He decided to give the
incentives in order to motivate and encourage them but his policy did not work effectively.
There can be many factors behind this behavior of staff that needs to be researched. For
this purpose, he appoints you as a researcher and asks you to discover those factors and
submit a report to him. How you will undertake this kind of
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
research and what steps you will choose to make a report about the behavior of the staff?
Solution:
The manager of the restaurant appoints me as a researcher to find out the factors behind the staff
behavior. I will take the following steps in order to undertake this research and to make a report.
These steps are as follows:
STEP 1: To Select the topic of research:
First of all I will select the topic which is a general area of study or issue. The topic in this
research is the factors behind the staff behavior. A topic appears to be too broad for conducting
research. The specific issues that need to be researched within the situation may not be
identified at this stage. I will try to analyze the problems currently existing in the restaurant that
needs to be solved and the areas that a manager believes need to be improved in the restaurant
(improving the existing policies). Then I will develop some research questions that a basic
researcher wants to answer empirically.
STEP 2: Preliminary Data Collection or to Explore different areas from where I can get
information related to the restaurant and staff behavior:
After selecting the topic, I will collect data from different sources. This step may be considered as
part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for published data
and studies. Such sources can provide secondary data which becomes part of the background
information (about the restaurant & groups of people). Some secondary sources of data are
statistical bulletins, government publications, information published or unpublished, case studies,
online data, web sites, and the Internet from where I can get information. In addition, information
can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and restaurant,
especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem. In
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certain situations, I will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant. Such
discussions can help me in the identification of factors and having clarification of their behavior.
STEP 3: Problem Definition
After having discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the issue relates,
and the review of literature, now I will be in a position to narrow down from its original broad base
and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research question. As part of the
applied research convert the management dilemma into a management question, and then on to
research question that fits the need to resolve the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem might
help tracing the real problem. For example in this research, the productivity decline of workers is
an issue. The manager has tried to solve it by the provision of incentives but his policy did not
work. I will find the possible factors like the morale and motivation of the workers having some
other antecedents.
STEP 4: To develop the Theoretical Framework
Consultations with the informants and professionals, and the review of literature will help me in
the identification of different factors that are considered to be relevant. Now I will need to make a
logical relationship among several factors identified. This will help in the delineation of the
theoretical framework. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the
variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated.
Developing such a conceptual framework helps to postulate or hypothesize and test certain
relationships.
STEP 5: To Generate the Hypotheses
Once I have identified the important variables relevant to an issue and established the logical
reasoning in the theoretical framework, I will be in a position to test whether the relationships that
have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically, I will obtain
reliable information to determine the relationship among the variables. The results of these tests
offer part of the answers to the formulated research questions, whether these relate basic
research or to applied research.
STEP 6: To make a Research Design
Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the action for
research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages of the research
are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for solving the
problem. It is very important to specify the sources of information, and the research method or
technique (survey or experiment, for example) to be followed in the study. Broadly there are six
basic research methods for descriptive and causal research: surveys, experiments, observation,
communication analysis (content analysis), case study, focus group discussion.
STEP 7: Data Collection, Data Processing, and Analysis
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Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
Data collection is integral part of the research design; Data collection is determined by the
research technique selected for the project. Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in
different settings field or lab and from different sources. It could include interviews face to
face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through
electronic media; questionnaires that either personally administered, sent through mail, or
electronically administered; observation of individuals and events which could be participant or
non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed, the data must be converted into a format
that will answer the research questions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can help
in making tables and the application of different statistics.
STEP 8: Testing the Hypotheses; Answering the Research Questions
The analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated
hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research questions. In case of applied research,
the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organization or society.
Making recommendations may also be part of this process.
STEP 9: Report Writing
The research report should communicate the research findings effectively. All too often the report
is a complicated statement of the studys technical aspects and sophisticated research methods.
The report has to be presented in the format as it may have been part of the terms of reference if
it is a sponsored study. I will write the basic factors behind the staff behavior in my report and I
will also give some suggestions to the manager to motivate the staff so that they can work
efficiently.
Q: Define the measure that is used by the researcher in order to capture the intensity,
direction, level, or potency of a variable construct. Also describes the different types of
that measure.
Solution:
The measure that is used by the researcher in order to capture the intensity, direction,
level, or potency of a variable construct:
A scale is a measure in which a researcher captures the intensity, direction, level, or potency of a
variable construct. It arranges responses or observations on a continuum or in series of
categories. A scale can use a single indicator or multiple indicators.
An index is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a
construct into a single score. The composite scores is often a simple sum of the multiple
indicators. Indexes are often measured at the interval or ratio level.
Researchers sometimes combine the features of scales and indexes in a single measure. This is
common when a researcher has a several indicators that are scales (i.e. that measure intensity or
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direction). The researcher then adds these indicators together to yield a single score, thereby
creating an index.
The different types of that measure:
A scale refers to any series of items that are arranged progressively according to value or
magnitude, into which an item can be placed according to its quantification. In other words, a
scale is a continuous spectrum or series of categories.
It is traditional to classify scales of measurement on the basis of the mathematical comparisons
that are allowable with these scales. Four types of scales are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Nominal Scale
A nominal scale is the one in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects serve as labels for
identification or classification. This measurement scale is the simplest type. With nominal data,
we are collecting information on a variable that naturally or by design can be grouped into two or
more categories that are mutually exclusive, and collectively exhaustive.
Nominal scales are the least powerful of the four scales. They suggest no order or distance
relationship and have no arithmetic origin. Nevertheless, if no other scale can be used, one can
almost always one set of properties into a set of equivalent classes.
Ordinal Scale
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Q: (a) Define the Probability & non-Probability sampling.
Solution (a):
Probability Sampling:
In probability sampling, every element in the population has a known nonzero probability of
selection. The simple random is the best known probability sample, in which each member of the
population has an equal probability of being selected.
Non-Probability Sampling:
In non-probability sampling the probability of any particular element of the population being
chosen is unknown. The selection of units in non-probability sampling is quite arbitrary, as
researchers rely heavily on personal judgment.
(b) Snowball sampling is also known as network, chain referral or reputational sampling.
Comment on this statement.
Solution (b):
Snowball sampling:
Snowball sampling is also called network, chain referral, or reputational sampling. It is a method
for identifying and sampling cases in the network. It is based on an analogy to a snowball, which
begins small but becomes larger as it is rolled on wet snow and picks up additional snow. It
begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out on the basis of links to the initial cases.
This design has been found quite useful where respondents are difficult to identify and are best
located through referral networks. In the initial stage of snowball sampling, individuals are
discovered and may or may not be selected through probability methods. This group is then used
to locate others who possess similar characteristics and who, in turn, identify others. The
snowball gather subjects as it rolls along.
Example:
For example, a researcher examines friendship networks among teenagers in a community. He
or she begins with three teenagers who do not know each other. Each teen names four close
friends. The researcher then goes to the four friends and asks each to name four close friends,
then goes to those four and does the same thing again, and so forth. Before long, a large
number of people are involved. Each person in the sample is directly or indirectly tied to the
original teenagers, and several people may have named the same person. The researcher
eventually stops, either because no new names are given, indicating a closed network, or
because the network is so large that it is at thee limit of what he or she can study.
(c)The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while retaining the
characteristics of a probability sample. At the same time, cluster sampling addresses two
major problems. Discuss those problems.
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
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Solution (c):
The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample economically while retaining the characteristics of a
probability sample. At the same time, Cluster sampling addresses following two problems:
1. Researchers lack a good sampling frame for a dispersed population and the cost to reach
a sampled element is very high. A cluster is unit that contains final sampling elements but
can be treated temporarily as a sampling element itself. A researcher first samples
cluster, each of which contains elements, then draws a second sample from within the
clusters selected in the first stage of sampling. In other words, the researcher randomly
samples clusters, and then randomly samples elements from within the selected clusters.
He or she can create a good sampling frame of clusters, even if it is impossible to create
one for sampling elements. Once the researcher gets a sample of clusters, creating a
sampling frame for elements within each cluster becomes more manageable.
2. A second advantage for geographically dispersed populations is that elements within
each cluster are physically closer to each other. This may produce a savings in locating
or reaching each element.
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experiment. Ask subjects what they thought was occurring.
12. Examine data collected and make comparisons between different groups. Where
appropriate, use statistics and graphs to determine whether or not the hypothesis is
supported.
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independent variable) that could account for the changes observed in the dependent
variable. Possible extraneous variables in this research can be knowledge of the
employees that they are being observed (when employees know that they are
being watched, they tend to modify their behavior), special attention paid to them,
supervisors style, etc.
Q: What do you understand by the term concepts are an abstraction of reality? Explain
with the help of an example.
Answer: Concepts are the terms and terminologies used by researchers as means of
communication. They are expressed in words, letters, signs and symbols that refer to various
events or objects. Abstraction simply means generalization. In research methods, we use this
term concepts are an abstraction of reality. It means that we pick up concepts from observed
reality and goes on to the abstraction level. It is a level at which objects and events are expressed
in more generalized form.
For example Toyota is a concept, its abstraction is a car and its further abstraction would be
motor vehicles. We have changed the simple concept (Toyota) into an abstraction (motor
vehicles) which is a more generalized term.
Q: Join the options in column A with appropriate options given in column B. Identify the
variables and give reasons for your choice.
Column A Column B
(a) Two men and three women were
seriously injured in a road accident 25
km away from Lahore.
(i) Intervening variable
(b) Out break of Malaria in the city
increased the consumption of mosquito
repellents.
(ii) Independent and dependent variable
(c) Distance learning system increased the
literacy level in the country.
(iii)Continuous and discontinuous variable
Answer:
Column A Column B
(a) (iii)
(b) (ii)
(c) (i)
Research Method (STA 630) Success Objectives
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Identification of Variables:
(a) Men and Women are the example of discontinuous variables and the distance of 25 km is
an example of continuous variable.
(b) Out break of malaria is the independent variable and increase in the purchase of
mosquito repellents is dependent variable.
(c) There is a clear indication of many intervening variable such as flexible timing, low fees,
low transportation cost, easy access to get education especially for far off areas.
Reasons:
(a) Discontinuous variable has limited number of distinct values which can not be divided into
fractions, so male/female or men/women are discontinuous variables. Continuous
variable can take infinite number of values and can be divided into fractions, so the
distance is continuous variable as it can take any value e.g. 35km, 55.5 km etc.
(b) Independent variables are those variables which identifies forces or conditions that act on
something. Malaria is the independent variable as it is causing change in other variable.
Dependent variables are the effect or result of another variable. Their occurrence is
dependent upon the occurrence of another variable. Increase in the consumption of
mosquito repellents is an outcome of increasingly spreading Malaria disease.
(c) Intervening variables are those variables that come between independent and dependent
variables and shows a link or mechanism between them. Distance learning (independent
variable) has increased the literacy level (dependent variable) and there are other
intervening variables which are supporting this relationship e.g. flexible timing, low fees,
low transportation cost, easy access to get education especially for far off areas.
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a) We should not apply natural science methods to social science
research
b) It is the sociologists aim to understand the meaning of social action
c) Knowledge, in the form of facts, should be gained through sensory
experience
d) Research conducted within the British empire was biased and
unreliable
An inductive theory is one that:
a) Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
b) Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
c) Uses quantitative methods whenever possible
d) Allows theory to emerge out of the data
What is the epistemological position held by a positivist?
a) There is no substitute for an indepth, hermeneutic understanding
of
society
b) Scientific research should be based on valuefree, empirical
observations
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c) It is important to study the way people make sense of their
everyday
worlds
d) All of the above
Which of the following is an ontological question?
a) Should I use questionnaires or interviews in my project?
b) What can (and should) be considered acceptable forms of
knowledge?
c) How long is it since I last visited the dentist?
d) Do social entities have an objective reality, external to social actors?
The constructionist ontological position suggests that:
a) Social phenomena and their meanings are constantly being
accomplished
by social actors
b) Individuals are born into a world of rules and structures that they
cannot
change
c) Building and construction work presents an ideal opportunity to
exercise
the sociological imagination
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a) Conscious partiality
b) Sympathy for the underdog
c) Unstructured interviewing
d) None of the above
An important practical issue to consider when designing a research
project is:
a) Which theoretical perspective you find most interesting
b) Whether or not you have time to retile the bathroom first
c) How much time and money you have to conduct the research
d) Which colour of ring binder to present your work in
Why do you need to review the existing literature?
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d) 2 and 4
A systematic literature review is:
a) One which starts in your own library, then goes to online
databases and,
finally, to the internet
b) A replicable, scientific and transparent process
c) One which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the
area
d) A responsible, professional process of timemanagement for
research
What is metaanalysis?
a) A technique of correcting for the errors in individual studies within a
survey of a large number of studies, to demonstrate the effect of a
particular
variable
b) A process of secondarydata gathering to assemble all the
possibilities for
a variables effects
c) A substitute for original research, which is justified by constraints of
time
or money
d) A specialized step in a computer software program (SPSS e.g.)
What is metaethnography?
a) A technique for reviewing literature based exclusively on
ethnographic
studies
b) A technique for synthesizing interpretations drawn from a number
of
separate qualitative studies of the same phenomena
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c) A process used to make generalizations from a range of qualitative
studies
d) A process of surveying only that literature contained within a single
library
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c) Bryman, Alan, Social Research Methods (2008: OUP)
d) Bryman, A. Social Research Methods (2008)
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Internal validity refers to:
a) Whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two
variables
b) Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participants
everyday lives
c) The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile
project
d) How accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts
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d) An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined
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b) Comparative design
c) Experimental design
What is rhetoric?
a) The type of rapport that is usually established in indepth
interviews
b) An ancient form of poetry
c) A technique used to assess the external reliability of a data source
d) The attempt to persuade or convince an audience, often through
writing
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a) Confuse the reader with long and technical words
b) Demonstrate the researchers reflexivity about their role in the
research
process
c) Give the impression that the results were objective and logically
inevitable
d) Provide a confessional tale of what went wrong in the procedure
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b) Social studies of science
c) Traditional ethnography
d) Existentialist philosophy
Which of the following is not a problem associated with using web sites
as
sources of data?
a) The sample of web sites is only as good as the keywords used to
search for
them
b) It is difficult to find any web sites about most topics in social
research
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c) New web sites are constantly appearing while others are
disappearing
d) The content of web sites is likely to change as they are updated
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a) It saves time and money as no travelling is involved
b) Informants have more time to give detailed, considered responses
c) There is no need to transcribe the data
d) All of the above
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Why is it argued that samples recruited online are not representative of
the
general population?
a) Because online researchers only use random probability sampling
methods
b) Because Internet users are most likely to be white, young and
middle class
c) Because women are less likely than men to volunteer for online
social
research
d) None of the above
What is the name of one of the arguments that suggests that research
methods
are inextricably linked to epistemological commitments?
a) Triangulation argument
b) Postmodern argument
c) Embedded methods argument
d) Positivist argument
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Which version of the debate about multistrategy research suggests
that
quantitative and qualitative research are compatible?
a) Technical version
b) Methodological version
c) Epistemological version
d) Feminist version
What is triangulation?
a) Using three quantitative or three qualitative methods in a project
b) Crosschecking the results found by different research strategies
c) Allowing theoretical concepts to emerge from the data
d) Drawing a triangular diagram to represent the relations between
three
concepts
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Whereas quantitative research tends to bring out a static picture of
social life,
qualitative research depicts it as
a) Symmetrical
b) Statistical
c) Processual
d) Proverbial
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b) When the second research strategy is used to explain unexpected
or
puzzling results
c) When there is a paradigm shift from quantitative to qualitative
research
d) When it is ethically unsound to use only one research strategy
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Standardizing the interview schedule can reduce interviewer variation
in terms
of:
a) The way in which questions are phrased by the interviewer
b) The order in which questions are asked
c) The procedures used to code and analyse survey data
d) All of the above
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Which of the following might you include in an introductory letter to
respondents?
a) An explanation of who you are and who is funding your research
b) An overview of what the research is about and how the data will be
collected
c) A statement of their ethical rights to anonymity, confidentiality, etc.
d) All of the above
Which of the following is not advised when planning the question order
of a
structured interview?
a) Be wary of asking an earlier question that alters the salience of later
questions
b) Expect some variation in the order in which questions are asked
c) Leave questions about sensitive or embarrassing issues until later in
the
interview
d) Group the questions into logically organised sections
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A show card is:
a) One that prevents respondents from expressing their opinions about
a
statement
b) One that encourages explicit discussion of sensitive or personal
information
c) One that prompts respondents to choose from a range of possible
answers
d) One that researchers must present when they compete at pony club
events
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b) They create interviewer effects
c) They have greater measurement validity
d) They are less prone to intercoder variation
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d) It makes the layout of the questionnaire more clear and
unambiguous
When using a Likert scale with a long list of items, it is usually better
to:
a) Arrange the answers horizontally, in abbreviated form
b) List the answers vertically, for each consecutive item
c) Omit any instructions about how to select an answer
d) List all questions on one page and all answers on another
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c) The way respondents make sense of their life stories in narrative
form
d) The historical significance of clocks, watches and other devices for
measuring time
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c) It does not impose any expectations of behaviour on the
respondents
d) It allows you to observe peoples behaviour directly
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c) It is difficult to gain access to such social settings
d) Researchers prefer not to use random samples whenever possible
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What did Salancik mean by field stimulations?
a) Being immersed in the field can help to simulate the experience of
your
informants
b) Researchers can intervene in and manipulate a setting to observe
the
effects
c) Surveys conducted in the field are more effective than structured
observation
d) Some researchers find their projects so stimulating that they have
to lie
down
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c) Song lyrics
d) All of the above
Why did Warde sample food magazines from four different months in
the year?
a) Because there werent enough food adverts in the first two
magazines
b) To take into account any seasonal variation in the recipes included
in the
magazines
c) To find information from more than one form of mass media
communication
d) Because he couldnt decide which of the recipes were the most
appetizing
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d) It shows which words are most common in the English language
The data from each row in a coding schedule can be entered into a
quantitative
analysis computer program called:
a) Endnote
b) NVivo
c) Outlook
d) SPSS
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If coders differed in their interpretations of the categories in the
schedule, this
could negatively affect the datas:
a) Internal generalisability
b) Intrainterviewer reliability
c) Construct validity
d) Intercoder reliability
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c) It provides an opportunity for longitudinal analysis
d) It allows you to study patterns and social trends over time
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c) They have greater measurement validity
d) They allow the researcher to identify social trends over time
Studying the official crime rate may provide unreliable data because:
a) Categories of criminal behaviour change over time
b) There is a dark figure of unreported and unrecorded crime
c) Police use their discretion to investigate some crimes and not others
d) All of the above
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d) They do not intrude too much into the researchers spare time
What is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?
What is an outlier?
a) A type of variable that cannot be quantified
b) A compulsive liar who is proud to be gay
c) A score that is left out of the analysis because of missing data
d) An extreme value at either end of a distribution
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b) It summarises the frequencies of two variables so that they can be
compared
c) It lists the different levels of p value for tests of significance
d) It compares the results you might get from various statistical tests
What is the name of the test that is used to assess the relationship
between two
ordinal variables?
a) Spearmans rho
b) Phi
c) Cramers V
d) Chi Square
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Who, among the following, wrote the book "Research Methods for Business"?
Zikmund, W.
Sekaran, U.
Dessler, G.
Neuman, W.C.
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Question No: 5 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following statements is TRUE for qualitative research question?
It asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be
explored.
It is generally an open-ended question.
It asks a question which may be open ended.
It asks a closed ended question.
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Question No: 9 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following statements best defines hypothesis?
A quantitative study.
A tentative prediction of the results of the research.
A qualitative research design.
The operational definition of the study.
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Self-study review
Historical review
Question No: 13 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?
Elaborate the relationship among the variables
Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.
Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.
Relates the previous studies.
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Question No: 16 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In a study of concept learning in first-graders, all of the following should happen, except;
To help make the experience enjoyable, children should be
given substantial
incentives to participate.
The children should be asked if they want to participate.
Teachers of the children in their classes should give informed consent.
Parents must give consent.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a standardized test?
The administration of the test is controlled carefully to ensure that all examinees
experience the same conditions.
The test is developed by experts to ensure it is technically sound.
The scores are interpreted in standard ways.
All of the given options
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Characteristics of nominal scale
Rank the object
Does not provide magnitude of object
Provide rate
Qualitative
Ethical
Both quantitative and qualitative
Quantitative
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Which of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research plan?
It forces you to think through every aspect of a study.
It provides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study.
It provides clear roadmap of the study.
Writing a plan facilitates the evaluation of it.
Question No: 28 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
In the statement Smoke badly destroys health of people what is the unit of analysis?
Transportation
Individuals
Pollutants
Drugs
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Respondents may inadvertently omit key terms in the question.
Respondents may not give an honest reply to what they see as a threatening question.
Respondents may be unwilling to reveal information as they
believe they are
likely to be identified.
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Introduction
Abstract
Results section
Limitations
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Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.
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3. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poor
readers improve their reading performance. The children in the program are at the
4th percentile at pretest. At posttest they are around the 20th percentile. While it is
possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in
scores could be:
a. History
b. Regression artifact
c. Multiple-treatment interference
d. Differential selection
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control school is involved in the initiative. At the end of the year, the
experimental group does better than the control. From the information presented
above, a likely threat to the internal validity of the study is:
a. Selection by mortality interaction
b. Mortality
c. Selection-history effect
d. Selection-maturation effect
6. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the
relationship between two variables is causal?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
7. Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and
dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship
is accurate?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity
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a. Interpretive validity
b. Researcher bias
c. Multiple operationalism
d. Investigator triangulation
10. _____________ is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the
participants own words.
a. Participant feedback
b. A verbatim
c. Data triangulation
d. Investigator triangulation
11. ___________ refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within
individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue.
a. Instrumentation
b. History
c. Maturation
d. Testing
12. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be
generalized across time?
a. Ecological validity
b. External validity
c. Internal validity
d. Temporal validity
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14. Which of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actively
engages in critical self-reflection about his or her potential biases and
predispositions.
a. Experimenter effect
b. Reactivity
c. Investigator triangulation
d. Reflexivity
15. Which of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring
causality?
a. Evidence that the independent and dependent variables are related
b. Evidence that the relationship between the variables being investigated is not
due to a
confounding extraneous variable
c. Evidence that changes in variable A occur before changes in variable B
d. The temporal ordering of the variables being investigated
does not matter
because a relationship is all that is really needed
16. The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one
strategy that is used to promote qualitative research validity. Which of the
following terms describes this strategy?
a. Data matching
b. Pattern matching
c. Data triangulation
d. Data feedback
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17. What may happen when different comparison groups experience a different
history event?
a. History effect
b. Selection-history effect
c. Selection effect
d. Group effect
19. Which of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs over time
in the way in which the dependent variable is assessed?
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Testing
d. Selection
20. Which of the following terms describes the ability to generalize from the
sample of individuals on which a study was conducted to the larger target
population of individuals and across different subpopulations within the larger
target population?
a. External validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Temporal validity
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21. Which of the following is not a strategy used to promote qualitative research
validity?
a. Peer review
b. Theory triangulation
c. Extended fieldwork
d. Random assignment
23. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants over time that affects
their performance on the dependent variable is called ________.
a. Instrumentation
b. Maturation
c. Regression
d. None of above
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25. Differential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are
different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison
group.
a. True
b. False
27. Which strategy used to promote qualitative research validity uses multiple
research methods to study a phenomenon?
a. Data triangulation
b. Methods triangulation
c. Theory triangulation
d. Member checking
28. Which type of validity refers to the factual accuracy of an account as reported
by the researcher?
a. Ecological validity
b. Temporal validity
c. Descriptive validity
d. None of the above
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29. Which of the following in not one of the key threats to internal validity?
a. Maturation
b. Instrumentation
c. Temporal change
d. History
30. This type of validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study
across settings.
a. Temporal validity
b. Internal validity
c. Ecological validity
d. External validity
31. Which is not a direct threat to the internal validity of a research design?
a. History
b. Testing
c. Sampling error
d. Differential selection
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33. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of
people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing
beyond the original participants is known as ___________.
a. Naturalistic generalization
b. Methods generalization
c. Data triangulation
d. Replication logic
The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options
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What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
To test hypotheses in conditions those are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled
conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be
abandoned completely.
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If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the
"multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of
research?
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
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1- Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
D. A tentative statement about the relationship
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5- A theoretical framework
A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables
B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s
C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
D. All of the above
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9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is
A. To conduct surveys
B. To generate the hypothesis
C. To focus group discussions
D. To use experiments in an investigation
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G. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads
the questions and records the answers himself is known as the:
a. Interview schedule
b. Questionnaire
c. Interview guide
d. All of the given options
H. One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:
a. Research design
b. Questionnaire design
c. Interview design
d. Survey design
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1. Which one of the following sets is the measure of central
tendency?
a. Mean, standard deviation, mode
b. Mean, median, standard deviation
c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode
d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode
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_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction
6. Disadvantage of content analysis is .
a. Researcher can increase the sample size
b. Provides access on the subjects to which researcher does have physical access.
c. Sometime documents provide incomplete account to the researcher
d. Spontaneous feelings can be recorded when they occurred
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d. Burdensome question
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B. The knowledge produced by a system
C. Both A & B
D. None of the above
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3. is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent,
by asking
general question before a specific question.
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
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Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 01:25:20 AM )
The independent variable is;
Select correct option:
The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects
The variable that is measured
The free spirited variable
A confounding variable
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental
The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of
qestions?
Select correct option:
Why we expect certain relationships to exist
How we expect certain relationships to exist
Both of the given questions
None of the given questions
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What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.
An experiment that tests certain predictions.
An independent variable.
A dependent variable
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A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research outcome.
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sec(s)
Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 04:37:24 PM ) Total Marks: 1
When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you
measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.
Select correct option:
Construct
Internal
External
Causal
sec(s)
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merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental
sec(s)
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both testable and falsifiable.
Select correct option:
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Experimental Method
Scientific Method
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ANSWERS: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
dadbdcbabd
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
bcbbaacdaa
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1- Hypothesis refers to
A. The outcome of an experiment
B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment
C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
D. A tentative statement about the relationship
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4- A literature review is based on the assumption that
A. Copy from the work of others
B. Knowledge accumulates and learns from the work of others
C. Knowledge disaccumulates
D. None of the above option
5- A theoretical framework
A. Elaborates the r/s among the variables
B. Explains the logic underlying these r/s
C. Describes the nature and direction of the r/s
D. All of the above
9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
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theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is
A. To conduct surveys
B. To generate the hypothesis
C. To focus group discussions
D. To use experiments in an investigation
F. WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this
regard, WATS is the abbreviation of:
1. West Africa Theological Seminary
2. Washtenaw Area Transportation Study
3. Wide Area Telecommunications Service
4. World Air Transport Statistics
G. A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the
questions and records the answers himself is known as the:
1. Interview schedule
2. Questionnaire
3. Interview guide
4. All of the given options
H. One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:
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1. Research design
2. Questionnaire design
3. Interview design
4. Survey design
K. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question
before a specific question then this procedure is called as the:
1. Research technique
2. Qualitative technique
3. Funnel technique
4. Quantitative technique
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M. Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:
1. Respondents are willing to co-operate
2. Respondents are not willing to co-operate
3. Respondents do not like any participation
4. All of the given options
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4-Which of the following is a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options
5-In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement?
Select correct option:
It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension.
It implies the existence of an absolute zero value.
It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases.
It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations.
6-If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple
intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
applieed
8-In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on employee
performance' employee performance is the:
Select correct option:
Independent variable
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Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Causal variable
11-What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the respondents?
Select correct option:
Change of results
A signed form detailing the types of limits
Free consent of respondents
All of the given options
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13-Which of the the following is not included in Objects?
Select correct option:
Tables
People
Books
Weight
14-The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:
Select correct option:
Sampling validity
External validity
Construct validity
Internal validity
15-If a nominal scale is used, it is permissible to calculate which of the following statistics?
Select correct option:
Mean
Range
Percentile
Mode
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18-What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Select correct option:
To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions
that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.
19-Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in quantitative research?
Select correct option:
Objectivity and subjectivity
Reliability and validity
Accessibility and replicability
Quality and quantity
20-Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to measure the achievement
levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter test?
Select correct option:
Definition
Construct
Variable
Operationalized variable
Quiz 01
STA 630- Research Methods
Choose the best option and give answer according to
the
instructions
1. Rationalism is the application of which of the following?
A. Logic and arguments
B. Research solution
C. Reasoning
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D. Previous findings
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6. Which of the following is characteristic of action research?
A. Variables are tightly controlled
B. Results are generalizable
C. Data are usually qualitative
D. Results demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships
A. If
B. How
C. Why
D. What
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9. Which of the following is not the source for getting
information for
exploratory research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
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13. Which of the following is the opposite of a variable?
A. An extraneous variable
B. A dependent variable
C. A data set
D. A constant
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B. Null
C. Correlational
D. Research
20. After you locate a source, you should write down all details
of the
reference, EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
C. Price
D. Full names of the authors
Solution of Quiz 01
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Spring Semester 2009
STA 630- Research Methods
Question No: Answer
1A
2A
3B
4B
5C
6C
7D
8D
9A
10 A
11 C
12 C
13 D
14 D
15 B
16 B
17 B
18 B
19 C
20 C
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1. Operational definitions are useful because they offer specificity, but are not essential
when the scientific method is used.
True
False
2. The ability to make inferences about cause and effect relationships is increased when
the experimental method is used.
True
False
3. In a positive linear relationship, increases in the levels of one variable are associated
with increases in the levels of a second variable.
True
False
4. Which is NOT a problem when the non experimental method is used to study
relationships between variables?
Direction of cause and effect
Behavior is only measured
A "third" variable may be responsible for the relationship.
5. Which of the following relationships would most likely be studied with the
nonexperimental method?
The effect of parental use of alcohol on aggressive behavior of children.
The effect of distraction while studying on test performance.
The effect of defendant attractiveness on juror decisions.
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7. In an experiment, some participants took a standard printed exam; others took the
exam using a computer administration procedure. Scores obtained with the two exam
procedures were compared. The independent variable was __________ and the
dependent variable was __________.
exam type; exam score.
exam score, exam type.
participant gender, exam procedure
8. Which of the following is used to make sure that the participants in each condition of
an experiment are equivalent?
Experimental control
Randomization
9. Internal validity refers to the ability to draw inferences about cause and effect
relationships between variables.
True
False
============================ANSWERS===========================
1. False
2. True
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3. True
4. Measurement
5. Alcohol and aggression
6. False
7. exam type/exam score
8. Randomization
9. True
10. True
1. If you predict a curvilinear relationship, you must have at least three levels of the
independent variable in your experiment.
True
False
2. A researcher studied the effect of defendant gender (male-female) and type of crime
(robbery-embezzlement) on juror decisions. How many conditions are in this study?
two.
three
four
3. If a study has two or more independent variables, it is called a factorial design.
True
False
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6. In a mixed factorial design, one of the independent variables is a characteristic of
participants such as personality type.
True
False
8. The effect of motivation depended on whether there was a clear standard for
excellence. This sentence implies that there was a(n):
main effect of motivation
main effect of standard
interaction effect
9. A main effect is the effect of one independent variable averaged over the other
independent variables.
True
False
10. Dr. Fox studied the effect of attractiveness on juror decisions. Dr. Ramirez studied the
effect of type of crime on juror decisions. What would be gained by studying both
independent variables in one experiment?
main effects
interaction
curvilinear relationship
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=========================ANSWERS==============================
1. True
2. four
3. True
4. main effect of type of crime
5. True
6. False
7. 180
8. interaction effect
9. True
10. interaction
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1. Your county has just developed a new procedure for helping juveniles who are
arrested. Does the new procedure result in fewer arrests in the future? This is a question
of:
outcome evaluation.
process evaluation
economic efficiency assessment.
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True
False
4. Behavior changes when the treatment is introduced and changes again when the
treatment is withdrawn. This describes a:
interrupted time-series design.
ABA design.
control series design
6. An ABAB design has both ethical and internal validity advantages over the ABA
design.
True
False
7. A documentary film director made a series of films about the lives of a set of children
when they were 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 years of age, i.e, the films 7-Up and 14-Up.. What
type of "research design" is this?
cross-sectional
longitudinal
sequential
8. When Donald Campbell compared fatalities in Connecticut and nearby states before
and after a police speeding crackdown, the ___________ design was used.
interrupted time series
control series
longitudinal
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False
10. After comparing the effects of jail and a drug treatment program on persons convicted
of drug-related offenses, a researcher analyzed the societal costs of each. The researcher
has conducted:
outcome evaluation
needs assessment
economic efficiency assessment
===========================ANSWERS============================
1. outcome evaluation
2. True
3. True
4. ABA design
5. False
6. True
7. longitudinal
8. control series
9. True
10. economic efficiency assessment
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1. You want to know if males and females differ in preferences for dogs and cats as pets.
You ask males and females to indicate whether they prefer dogs, cats, or neither dogs nor
cats. When you describe your results, you will compare:
means.
percentages.
medians.
2. You want to know if males and females differ in the length of recommended sentence
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for someone found guilty of driving under the influence of alcohol. You ask males and
females to indicate the number of weeks of jail time the convicted person should receive.
When you describe your results, you will compare:
means
percentages
medians
3. If you are using a nominal scale, the standard deviation is the best measure of
variabilility of responses.
True
False
4. You conducted a survey of students in your school. You report that half the students
work 25 hours per week or less. The statistic you used is the
mean.
median.
mode
5. Couples who share more similar attitudes indicate that they are more satisfied with
their relationship. This reflects a ___________ correlation.
positive
negative
6. A correlation coefficient provides information about the strength of the relationship
between variables.
True
False
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partial correlation analysis.
structural equation model.
multiple regression analysis.
8. You believe that the relationship between the two variables you are investigating is
curvilinear. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient will provide a good
index of the strength of this relationship.
True
False
9. You expected to find that age is related to more conservative political attitudes.
However, your study found that the two variables were not related. Before you conclude
that the two variables are not related, you should examine the range of values on your age
variable.
True
False
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1. Statistical significance tests allow you to make inferences about population values
based on data obtained from samples.
True
False
2. After conducting a statistical test, you conclude that the mean score of males differs
significantly from the mean score of females. You have:
accepted the null hypothesis
rejected the null hypothesis
made a Type I error
3. With larger sample sizes, your sample data are more likely to accurately reflect true
population values.
True
False
4. You did not reject the null hypothesis. It is possible that you made a:
Type I error.
Type II error.
Type I and a Type II error.
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6. In addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data, it is important to
know about effect size, the strength of the relationship between your variables.
True
False
7. When you conduct a t-test, your obtained data are transformed into a single obtained t
value. A ____________ of t values exists to allow you to know the probability that your
data are consistent with the null hypothesis.
sampling distribution
random probability distribution
Type I error table
9. Another term for systematic variance is between-group variance. Another term for
error variance is within-group variance.
True
False
10. When designing a study, it is possible to calculate the sample size that will be needed
to obtain a statistically significant effect. This calculation is called:
Type II error analysis.
effect size analysis.
power analysis.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. True
2. rejected the null hypothesis
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3. True
4. Type II error
5. both of these
6. True
7. sampling distribution
8. power
9. True
10. power analysis
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2. The ability to infer that that the independent variable caused the effect on the
dependent variable is called:
internal validity
external validity
criterion validity
3. When you discuss the extent to which your results would apply to other people or
settings, you are concerned with:
internal validity
external validity
criterion validity
4. A jury decision study used a male judge. A way to increase generalizability would be
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to replicate the study with a female judge.
True
False
6. A synthesis of the data obtained from many studies on a particular topic is called a
literature review.
True
False
7. A study on fear of medical procedures was conducted in a room on campus that had
been decorated as a doctor's office has:
experimental realism
mundane realism
replicability
8. The participants in the study became very involved in a computer simulation. This
study has:
experimental realism
mundane realism
replicability
9. A study that uses different procedures for manipualating and measuring variables from
another study is called a conceptual replication.
True
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False
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3. A measure is reactive if it changes the behavior being measured.
True
False
4. A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure
does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:
reactivity.
construct validity.
reliability.
5. Scores on a final exam are related to student grade point average, the amount of time
spent studying for the exam, and class attendance. What type of validity is demonstrated
in this case?
convergent validity.
discriminant validity.
criterion validity.
7. Which of the following variables does NOT have ratio scale properties?
job satisfaction rating
reaction time to respond when a stimulus is presented
distance (in inches) that two people stand from each other when conversing
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measure has:
Criterion validity
Face validity
10. Whenever you divide people into groups, you probably using a nominal scale level of
measurement.
True
False
========================ANSWERS===============================
1. False
2. Cronbach's alpha
3. True
4. Construct validity
5. Convergent validity
6. True
7. job satisfaction
8. Criterion validity
9. True
10. True
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True
False
5. A researcher tries to explain why a particular observation does not fit with a theory that
is used to explain other observations. This is called:
inter-rater reliability.
negative case analysis.
internal validity.
6. A researcher uses interviews and many types of psychological and medical tests to
study a woman who had surgery to remove a part of her brain. This is called a case study.
True
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False
archival research
9. A psychologist conducts a study that uses data collected from many cultures in the
world. The researcher probably used:
Human Relations Area Files
PsycINFO
10. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of people in their 50s, 60s, and 70s
about memory problems that they have experienced and worried about. This study has
collected:
quantitative data.
qualitative data.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. True
2. content analysis
3. False
4. Systematic observation
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5. negative case analysis
6. True
7. archival research
8. inter-rater reliability
9. Human Relations Area Files
10. qualitative data
1. With probability sampling techniques, each member of the population has a(n)
specifiable probability of being sampled.
True
False
2. You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population of
individuals. You should use:
quota sampling.
probability sampling.
accidental sampling.
4. The number of people who complete a survey in relation to the number of people
contacted to participate is called the:
response set.
response rate.
response bias.
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6. The question, "Do you think that television should have less violence and fewer shows
about sex" is considered:
double-barreled.
loaded.
open-ended.
8. Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to
explore what people think about a particular topic?
closed-ended
open-ended
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7. attitudes and behaviors
8. open-ended
9. False
10. Focus group interview
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1. The reasons why the independent variable might not have caused an effect on the
dependent variable are called threats to internal validity.
True
False
3. The use of existing natural groups of participants usually results in equivalent groups
for the experiment.
True
False
4. The same people participate in each condition of an experiment. What type of design is
this?
repeated measures (within-subjects)
independent groups (between-subjects)
matched pairs
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5. Mortality refers to the fact that participants may drop out of experiments.
True
False
8. Practice and fatigue effects are both problems with independent groups designs.
True
False
9. All things being equal, which design is more likely to result in a statistically significant
effect?
Independent groups
Repeated measures
10. You identified the 15 employees in a large organization who were absent from work
the most days during the previous month. You require these employees to attend a
oneday
program on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. In the
following month, all of the employees improved their attendance. The improvement
could be caused by the program or it might be due to:
statistical regression.
mortality
instrument decay
==============================ANSWER==========================
1. True
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2. age is confounded
3. False
4. repeated measures
5. True
6. all possible orders
7. True
8. False
9. Repeated measures
10. Statistical regression
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3. Strength of the manipulation is important because it increases the likelihood that the
researcher will be able to detect an effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable.
True
False
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4. You are concerned that participants in your study may be figuring out exactly what you
are studying. You are worried about:
demand characteristics.
experimenter expectancies.
placebo effects.
5. A placebo group is used to control for alternative explanations in studies of the effect
of drugs.
True
False
6. The session that the experimenter holds with participants following an experiment is
called:
deception.
informed consent.
debriefing
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decisions. To investigate whether participants perceive the two defendants as different in
attractiveness, the researcher should use a:
sensitive dependent measure.
manipulation check.
strong manipulation.
=======================ANSWERS================================
1. straightforward manipulation
2. ceiling effect
3. True
4. demand characteristics
5. True
6. debriefing
7. anxiety
8. pilot study
9. experimenter expectancies
10. manipulation check
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1. Accepting the information in professor's lecture without asking about the basis of the
information is a reliance on authority.
True
False
3. Applied research is not guided by the theories and findings of basic research.
True
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False
4. The statement, "Interviewers rate job applicants more favorably when they are wearing
a pleasant scent than when they have no scent" is an example of:
description of behavior.
prediction of behavior.
explanation of behavior.
5. The statement, "A pleasant scent increases favorability of ratings because the scent
creates a positive emotional state in the interviewer" is an example of:
description of behavior.
prediction of behavior.
explanation of behavior.
6. An empirical test of an idea about behavior must be conducted so the idea can either be
supported or refuted.
True
False
======================ANSWERS=================================
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. Description
5. Explanation
6. True
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False
2. The method section of a research report includes a description of exactly how the study
was designed and conducted.
True
False
3. Which of the following would result in finding more articles when using PsycINFO?.
happiness AND marital satisfaction
happiness OR marital satisfaction
4. You found an important article published in 1990. What resource would you use to
find articles that have cited your article since then?
Psychological Abstracts
PsycINFO
Social Science Citation Index
6. When the results of a study are consistent with a theory, our confidence in the theory
increases.
True
False
7. You are reading a paragraph in a journal article; the topic of the paragraph is the
implications of the results for future research. Which section of the article are you
reading?
Introduction
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Results
Discussion
======================ANSWERS=================================
1. True
2. True
3. OR
4. Social Science Citation Index
5. Rarely change
6. True
7. Discussion
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3. Asking people whether they wish to participate in a study after telling them all of the
potential risks and benefits is called informed consent.
True
False
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4. A researcher records the tips left at a restaurant. The amount of the tip is related to size
of the check, and the number and gender composition of people in the party. According
to regulations, this research would be classified as:
No risk
Minimal risk
Greater than minimal risk
6. Research conducted today has more ethical problems that research conducted 30 years
ago.
True
False
7. Survey research in which people are asked questions about themselves has no ethical
risk.
True
False
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5. Required
6. False
7. False
8. False
Research Methods (Fall 2009)
Quiz # 1:
Applied
Interview
Basic
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Stupid
Question # 5 of 10: To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of ---------
Tradition
Inductive logic
Deductive logic
The scientific method
Question # 6 of 10: A concept is a generalized idea about ------ .
A class of objects
Attributes
Occurrences
All of the given options
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Quiz # 2:
Mean
Range
Percentile
Mode
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
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To observe code of ethics
To leak out information regarding any confidential matter
To create bias between respondents before the survey
Question # 5 of 20: Mr. Haris is interested in studying the shared beliefs and practices of
the teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?
Action research
Historical research
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Question # 6 of 20: Which of the following questions might invade the privacy of a
research participant?
A constant
An extraneous variable
A dependent variable
A data set
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Question # 8 of 20: Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an
attempt to:
Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than
students not taking these quizzes.
Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.
Students taught in a cooperative group setting should do better than students in a
traditional class.
Students using laptops will do well.
Question # 11 of 20: After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the
reference, except;
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Full names of the authors
Titles
Volumes
Price
Applied
Interview
Basic
Stupid
Question # 14 of 20: What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the
respondents?
Change of results
A signed form detailing the types of limits
Free consent of respondents
All of the given options
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Question # 15 of 20: The key objective of data analysis is to:
Calculate statistics
Understand relationships between variables
Obtain the distribution of responses for each question
Create tables which display the survey results
Leadership
Total Quality Management
Human Resource Management
IQ
Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
Question # 18 of 20: Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to
measure the achievement levels of the students in her study. Which of the following
BEST describes the chapter test?
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Definition
Construct
Variable
Operationalized variable
Question # 19 of 20: The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing
because it is more;
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options
Quiz # 3:
Question # 1 of 20: Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem
with e-research?
People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.
Debriefing could be avoided.
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Privacy could be invaded.
Dissertations
Policy Reports and Presented Papers
Government Documents
Scholarly Books
Question # 3 of 20: Which of the following is the least obtrusive and most accurate
method for recording data in an interview?
Note taking
Videotaping
Audiotaping
Writing notes after the interview
It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of
people
It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used
It measures what it is supposed to measure
All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject
In order
In discrete categories
Units of equal distance
Data where there is a true zero
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Question # 6 of 20: When we say that science is parsimonious, we mean that:
A class of objects
Attributes
Occurrences
All of the given options
Help you find out what is already known about this area.
Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature.
Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study can
be located.
Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness.
Question # 9 of 20: A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the
objects according to the characteristic of interest.
Ratio
Nominal
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Interval
Dichotomous
Question # 10 of 20: Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in
quantitative research?
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option
They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.
They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.
They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.
They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.
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Question # 14 of 20: When you are confident that the experimental manipulation
produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has
good ________ validity.
Construct
Internal
External
Causal
Question # 15 of 20: All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of
data collection process are called;
Fieldworkers
Researchers
Research assistants
None of the given options
Calculate statistics
Understand relationships between variables
Obtain the distribution of responses for each question
Create tables which display the survey results
Question # 17 of 20: The small scale trial run of a particular item is called
______________.
Test run
Pilot test
Post hoc test
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t-test
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Quiz # 4:
Question # 3 of 20: Why does qualitative interviewing have an advantage over participant
observation when it comes to longitudinal research?
Question # 4 of 20: Cover letter must include the following information, except:
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Motivation for the respondent
Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted
It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of
people
It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used
It measures what it is supposed to measure
All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject
Objective
Subjective
Inductive
Deductive
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To observe code of ethics
To leak out information regarding any confidential matter
To create bias between respondents before the survey
Question # 10 of 20: What does it mean if two variables have a positive correlation?
Functional
Conceptual
Operational
Practical
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Question # 14 of 20: To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;
Question # 15 of 20: Which of the following is an excellent way to enhance the validity
of interview data collection?
Question # 16 of 20: When doing research involving deception with human subjects,
researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?
Tell subjects the truth about the studys purpose and methods after the study is
completed
Prevent mental and physical harm to subjects
Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they dont want to keep
participating
All of the given options
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Completion of all questions on a questionnaire
Legible writing
Single responses to all multiple choice questions
Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase
interest is high)
They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.
They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.
They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.
They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
Previous findings
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Quiz # 5:
Question # 1 of 20: After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an
experiment, he must then develop a(n):
Theory
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Summary of the data
Question # 2 of 20: Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher
controls for both known and unknown variables?
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A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter
A tentative statement about the relationship
Question # 5 of 20: What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the
respondents?
Change of results
A signed form detailing the types of limits
Free consent of respondents
All of the given options
Scale
Index
Unidimensionality
Weighting
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
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A lab experiment
A report
A systematic Enquiry
A procedure
Question # 10 of 20: Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can
be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
Experimental control
Differential influence
Matching
Analysis of covariance
Question # 11 of 20: You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a
population of individuals. You should use:
Quota sampling
Probability sampling
Accidental sampling
Snowball sampling
Blind observation
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Quasi-experimentation
Naturalistic observation
Field experimentation
Experimental Research
Action Research
Social Research
Historical Comparative Research
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
Previous findings
Which of the following provides insight into the complexity of using interviews?
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Question # 16 of 20: Which of the following elements of Observation in Non Reactive
research?
External Appearance
Count Behaviors
Time Duration
All of the given options
Question # 17 of 20: Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the
following may be applied to this statement?
Unambiguous
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Vague
Clear
Dictionary
Question # 20 of 20: When you are confident that the experimental manipulation
produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has
good ________ validity.
Construct
Internal
External
Causal
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Quiz # 5:
Manipulated
Confounded
Unspecified
Uncontrolled
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
Question # 3 of 20: Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher
controls for both known and unknown variables?
Question # 4 of 20: Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in
quantitative research?
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Objectivity and subjectivity
Reliability and validity
Accessibility and replicability
Quality and quantity
Question # 5 of 20: Which of the following is the least appropriate research problem?
Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade
students?
Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test
scores?
What is the relationship between students' math attitudes and math achievement?
Should students have access to controversial novels in school?
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with the research topic and setting.
Mean
Range
Median
Mode
Question # 13 of 20: Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to
a more mastery-learning orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as
well as its effectiveness when working with elementary school students. On which source
should she rely for such information:
Tradition
Research
Intuition
Personal experience
Question # 14 of 20: What type of sample involves some form of random selection so
that every member of the sampling frame has an equal, non-zero chance of being
included in the sample?
Probability sample
Zero-bias sample
All-inclusive sample
Non-probability sample
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Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of
measurement.
Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.
Interviewer
Respondent
Instrument
Sampling
Experimental Research
Action Research
Social Research
Historical Comparative Research
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Question # 20 of 20: Which of the following is a measure of inflation?
Scale
Consumer price index
Weighting
Unidimensionality
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Analyze data
Collect data
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time:
Total Marks: 1
10:41:38 PM )
_________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of
measurements.
Unambiguous
Vague
Clear
Dictionary
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time:
Total Marks: 1
10:42:05 PM )
What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks,
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encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research
topic?
planning
clear writing
good writing
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Select correct option:
Test-retest reliability
Cronbach's alpha
Split-half reliability
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Select correct option:
A constant
An extraneous variable
A dependent variable
A data set
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time:
Total Marks: 1
10:54:40 PM )
An operational definition is:
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Select correct option:
Inter-rater reliability
Construct validity
Internal validity
Test-retest reliability
Quantitative research has been criticised because:
Integrative reviews
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Theoretical reviews
Self-study reviews
Historical reviews
Question # 20 of 20 ( Start time:
Total Marks: 1
10:59:41 PM )
Which of the following is not an example of deception?
Quiz # 1
Q1. All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection
process are called
i. Fieldworkers
ii. Researchers
iii. Research assistants
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iv. None of the given options
Q2. While terminating the interview, the fieldworker should not do one of the following:
i. He should record all the responses made by the interviewee before leaving.
ii. He should thank the interviewee.
iii. He should close the interview hastily.
iv. He should answer all the questions the respondent asks concerning the nature
and purpose of the study.
Q4. A magazine conducts a survey and asks its readers to cut the questionnaire from the
magazine, fill it and send it via mail. It is a type of
i. Purposive sampling
ii. Snowball sampling
iii. Sequential sampling
iv. Convenience sampling
Q6. A researcher wants to conduct a survey of the drug users. Which type of sampling
technique will be most appropriate here?
i. Sequential samplin
ii. Snowball sampling
iii. Quota sampling
iv. Convenience sampling
Q7. When there is a need to apply different data collection methods to different parts of
the population, the best sampling method would be
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i. Double sampling
ii. Cluster sampling
iii. Stratified random sampling
iv. Systematic random sampling
Q8. The sampling technique in which every element of the population has an equal, non-zero
probability of being selected in a sample, is called
i. Probability sampling
ii. Convenience sampling
iii. Purposive sampling
iv. Quota sampling
Q10. Which one of them is the method for probing the respondent?
i. Repeat the question
ii. Give an expectant pause
iii. Repeat the respondents reply
iv. All of the given options
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2. To determine whether noise affects the ability to solve math problems, a
researcher has one group solve math problems in a quiet room and another
group solve math problems in a noisy room. The group solving problems in the
noisy room completes 15 problems in one hour and the group solving problems
in the quiet room completes 22 problems in one hour. In this experiment, the
independent variable is ____________ and the dependent variable is
_____________.
a. The number of problems solves; the difficulty of the problems
b. The number of problems solved; the noise level in the room
c. The noise level in the room; the number of problems solved
d. The noise level in the room; the difficulty of the problems
a. History
b. Differential selection
c. Additive and interactive effects
d. Differential attrition
4. When all participants receive all treatment conditions, the study is susceptible
to:
a. Order effects
b. Carryover effects
c. Analysis of covariance
d. a and b
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5. A researcher is interested in the effects of a preschool program on later school
performance. Because she is concerned that socio-economic-status (SES) is a
potential extraneous variable in her study, she picks children to study who are
only from low SES homes. The control technique she used in this study was:
a. Matching
b. Random assignment
c. Holding the extraneous variable constant
d. Statistically controlling the extraneous variable
7. Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to
statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
a. Experimental control
b. Differential influence
c. Matching
d. Analysis of covariance
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8. Which of the following is not a way to manipulate an independent variable?
a. Presence technique
b. Amount technique
c. Type technique
d. Random technique
11. The group that receives the experimental treatment condition is the _____.
a. Experimental group
b. Control group
c. Participant group
d. Independent group
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12. Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls
for both known and unknown variables?
a. Building the extraneous variable into the design
b. Matching
c. Random assignment
d. Analysis of covariance
13. The group that does not receive the experimental treatment condition is the
________.
a. Experimental group
b. Control group
c. Treatment group
d. Independent group
14. There are a number of ways in which confounding extraneous variables can
be controlled. Which control technique is considered to be the best?
a. Random assignment
b. Matching
c. Counterbalancing
d. None of the above
15. Which of the following could be used for randomly assigning participants to
groups in an experimental study?
a. Split-half (e.g., first half versus second half of a school directory)
b. Even versus odd numbers
c. Use a list of random numbers or a computer randomization program
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d. Let the researcher decide which group will be the best
18. Which of the following designs does an excellent job of controlling for rival
hypotheses that threaten the internal validity of an experiment?
a. Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups
b. Posttest-only control-group design
c. Pretest-posttest control-group design
d. Both b and c are excellent designs
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d. Presence technique
20. Which of the following terms is a sequencing effect that occurs from the order
in which the treatment conditions are administered?
a. Carry-over effect
b. Order effect
c. Sequencing effects
d. None of the above
23. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify
the effect produced by the ____.
a. Dependent variable
b. Extraneous variable
c. Independent variable
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d. Confounding variable
24. This type of design is one where all participants participate in all experimental
treatment conditions.
a. Factorial design
b. Repeated measures design
c. Replicated design
d. Pretest-posttest control-group design
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27. _____ refers to the influence of a single independent variable.
a. Interaction effect
b. Reactive effect
c. Main effect
d. Proactive effect
28. A sequencing effect that occurs when performance in one treatment condition
is influenced by participation in a prior treatment condition is known as ____.
a. Counterbalancing effect
b. Carryover effect
c. Treatment effect
d. Order effect
29. Which of the following is possible in a factorial design with two independent
variables?
a. There is only one main effect present
b. There are two main effects present
c. There are two main effects and an interaction effect present
d. All of the above are possible
30. Which of the following is a factorial design where different participants are
randomly assigned to the levels of one independent variable but participants take
all levels on another independent variable?
a. One-group pretest-posttest
b. Pretest-posttest control-group design
c. Factorial design
d. Factorial design based on a mixed mode
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1. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the
variables in
the study.
1. Experiment
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical framework
4. Research design
1. Dependent variable
2. Extraneous variable
3. Independent variable
4. Confounding variable
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5. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from
those
that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling
process.
1. Sampling design
2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
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4. Validity
8. A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed.
She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These
teachers are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
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1. ___________research is based on naturalism.
A. Field research
B. Descriptive research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
4. In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
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b. Mean, median, standard deviation
c. Arithmetic mean, median, mode
d. Standard deviation, internal validity, mode
8. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of
_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction
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2. Followings are the advantages of secondary data except
A. Non-Reactivity
B. Selective survival
C. Low cost
D. Spontaneity
5. The researcher must be concerned about the following problems while using
secondary data in research.
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Both of these
D. None of these
1. Validity problems occur when the researchers theoretical definition does not
match that of the government agency or organization that collected the
information.
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2. Reliability problems occur when official definition or the method of collecting
Information changes over time.
4. Experiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and
manipulates an Independent variable.
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2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known
as
1. Mall interviews
2. Mall intercept interviews
3. Brief interviews
4. None of the given options
3. is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by
asking general question before a specific question.
1. Research technique
2. Qualitative technique
3. Funnel technique
4. Quantitative technique
4. In, the interviewer and members jointly control the pace
and direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
1. Randomization of test units is a part of
1. Pretest
2. Posttest
3. Matching
4. Experiment
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1. Action research is a type of Applied research
1. Three types of longitudinal research are time series, panel, and cohort
1. The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is written before
the research project begins.
1. Categorical variable
2. Discontinuous variable
3. Both A & B
4. None of the above
A. Descriptive Hypothesis
B. Directional Hypothesis
C. Relational Hypothesis
D. All of the above
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1. Science refers to.
1. Deterministic
2. Rationalism
3. Empirical
4. Abstraction
A. Variables
B. Hypothesis
C. Concept
D. Theory
1- Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as:
A. Mall interviews
B. Mall intercept interviews
C. Brief interviews
D. None of the given options
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2- WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,
WATS is the abbreviation of:
3- A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions
and records the answers himself is known as the:
A. Interview schedule
B. Questionnaire
C. Interview guide
D. All of the given options
4- One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:
A. Research design
B. Questionnaire design
C. Interview design
D. Survey design
A. Response rate
B. Participation rate
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C. Inflation rate
D. None of the given options
7- To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before
a specific question then this procedure is called as the:
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
A. Pilot testing
B. Pre-testing
C. Lab experiments
D. Both A & B
A. Self-administered questionnaires
B. Office assistant
C. Manager
D. None of the given options
Rationalism is the application of:
Select correct option:
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
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Previous findings
A lab experiment
A report
A systematic Enquiry
A procedure
If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and
worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental
The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of qestions?
Select correct option:
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How we expect certain relationships to exist
Both of the given questions
None of the given questions
What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option
When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is gained.
If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the consequent.
When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the theory.
A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research outcome.
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. 13 If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple
intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
1- Hypothesis refers to
a) Planning
b) Good & clear writing
c) Lot of rewriting
d) All of the above
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5- A theoretical framework
a) Descriptive research
b) Exploratory research
c) Applied research
d) Explanatory research
a) Primary data
b) Secondary data
c) Qualitative data
d) None of the above
9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
theoretical framework, the next step in the research process is
a) To conduct surveys
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b) To generate the hypothesis
c) To focus group discussions
d) To use experiments in an investigation
a) Mall interviews
b) Mall intercept interviews
c) Brief interviews
d) None of the given options
13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions
and records the answers himself is known as the:
a) Interview schedule
b) Questionnaire
c) Interview guide
d) All of the given options
14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:
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a) Research design
b) Questionnaire design
c) Interview design
d) Survey design
a) Response rate
b).Participation rate
c) Inflation rate
d) None of the given options
17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before
a specific question then this procedure is called as the:
a) Research technique
b) Qualitative technique
c) Funnel technique
d) Quantitative technique
a) Pilot testing
b) Pre-testing
c) Lab experiments
d) Both A & B
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19-Field testing of the questionnaire shows that:
a) Self-administered questionnaires
b) Office assistant
c) Manager
d) None of the given options
Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
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Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options
Which of the following is not a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership
Total Quality Management
Human Resource Management
IQ
What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
_________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.
Select correct option:
Unambiguous
Vague
Clear
Dictionary
Under which of the following research method is not applicable?
Select correct option:
Health care
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Business
Government offices
Imaginary worlds
One tailed hypothesis predicts-----------
Select correct option:
The future
The lottery result
The frequency of the effect
The direction of the effect
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A lack of validity
A lack of reliability
A poor interpretation of a student's score
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What is a relationship between the literature survey and the theoretical framework?
Select correct option:
Provides a solid foundation for developing the latter
Literature survey helps in the identification of the relevant variables
The theoretical framework explains the theory underlying these relations
All of the given options
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Why we expect certain relationships to exist
How we expect certain relationships to exist
Both of the given questions
None of the given questions
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It is ethical.
It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data.
It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue.
It is theoretically or practically significant.
Integrative reviews
Theoretical reviews
Self-study reviews
Historical reviews
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Select correct option:
Tradition
Inductive logic
Deductive logic
Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.
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Investigators have replaced it with a simpler or more accurate theory.
Results section
Introduction
Abstract
Limitations
Age
Nationality
Test score
Income
The future
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The direction of the effect
Tradition
Research
Intuition
Personal experience
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of
Brand C.
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The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.
Tradition
Personal experience
Research
Expert opinion
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
Research solution
Reasoning
Previous findings
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Question # 15 of 15 ( Start time: 11:54:40
Total Marks: 1
PM )
After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an experiment, he must then
develop a(n):
Select correct option:
Theory
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Legible writing
Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase
interest is high)
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What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
An independent variable.
A dependent variable.
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Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Tradition
Personal experience
Research
Expert opinion
Provide rate
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Click here to Save Answer & Move to Next Question
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The part of the action research spiral that differentiates this research methodology from
other kinds of research is;
Looking at multiple sources of data.
Taking action based on results. Correct
Thinking about or analyzing data in more than one way.
The kinds of data that are collected.
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied
to this statement?
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
The data-collection technique. Correct
The type of data collected.
Type, technique and manipulation of data collection.
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A tentative prediction of the results of the research. Correct
A qualitative research design.
The operational definition of the study.
When there is a need of generating new ideas for hypotheses or to interpret the results of
some research, which one is the best research deign?
Experiment
Surveys
Focus group discussion Correct
Communication analysis
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Question No: 8 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic
research?
Privacy could be invaded.
People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
Correct
Debriefing could be avoided.
Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.
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Indicators have a more direct relationship to the underlying concept than
measures. Correct
Measures are intuitively devised and then applied as if they were direct indicators
of a concept.
Indicators are unambiguous quantities, whereas measures are subjective and
value-laden.
The extent to which a test provides scores that are meaningful, appropriate, or useful is
referred to as;
Reliability
Accuracy Correct
Internal validity
Validity
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What is the difference between interval/ratio and ordinal variables?
It should be detailed.
It should be given to others for review and comments.
It sets out the rationale for a research study.
All of the given options Correct
Which of the following typically does NOT apply to observers in survey research
studies?
They observe predetermined activities.
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They are participant observers.
They obtain information by watching rather than asking. . Correct
They must be careful not to influence the activities they observe.
Which of the following is not an advantage of the self-completion questionnaire over the
structured interview?
It is cheaper to administer.
It is quicker to administer.
It is easier to prompt the interviewee.
It is easier to remove interviewer effects. . Correct
Mr. X has coded his observations to hide the identity of each of the three participants in
his study. He is ensuring;
protection from harm
confidentiality
informed consent
anonymity . Correct
The cover letter to a questionnaire study should contain all of the following, EXCEPT;
A list of participants
A self-addressed, stamped envelope
Purpose of the study
Reasons to respond . Correct
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Teachers are advised to predict the results of student attitudinal questionnaires, because;
It will help them decide if students answered truthfully.
It gives them a point of comparison against which to judge actual responses.
Correct
It will allow them to apply statistical procedures in analyzing results.
It helps them familiarize themselves with the questionnaires.
Why it is helpful to keep a research diary or log book while you are conducting your
project?
To give you something to do in the early stages of your research when nothing is
happening.
Because funding councils generally demand to see written evidence that you were
working every day during the period of the research.
To keep a record of what you did and what happened throughout the research
process. Correct
It can be added to your dissertation to ensure that you reach the required word
limit.
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Which of the following is likely to happen if clear instructions are not given as to how the
respondent should answer the question?
Respondents may delete inappropriate answers rather than select appropriate ones.
Respondents may choose only one answer when they need to choose as many as
apply.
Respondents may complete questions that are not relevant to them.
All of the given options. Correct
Which of the following is NOT a suitable topic for research using a diary?
The amount of time managers spend on particular activities.
The frequency with which managers undertake particular tasks.
The locations in which a trade union representative has discussions with
individual members. Correct
The volume of female managers in the retail industry.
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Which of the following is an example of a dilemma that might face feminist business
researchers conducting qualitative interviews with women?
What role to adopt while interviewing male managers?
How many female employees should be interviewed for a representative sample?
Correct
How to overcome the issue of false consciousness?
What data to use while publishing findings?
Which of the following sampling strategies was used when the three students with the
highest GPAs were selected?
Extreme case Correct
Snowball
Maximum variation
Normal case
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Purposive
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Which of the following represents the most general conceptualization in qualitative data
analysis?
Word
Topic Correct
Category
Pattern
The statistic used to determine the relationship between two variables is:
Analysis of covariance
Chi square
Standard deviation Correct
Pearson "r"
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Analysis of covariance.
A researcher believes that the effects of a treatment will be different for males and
females. Which one is the best method to test this possible interaction?
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Single-subject design
Factorial design
Time-series design Correct
Quasi-experimental design
On which component of his field notes did Mr. Majid focused when he expressed in his
notes his thoughts and ideas about what he observed?
Description Correct
Reflection
Protocol
Formal data
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Which of the following is linked with an abstract model of underlying relations or causal
mechanism?
Historical comparative research Correct
Social research
Action research
Experimental research
In which section is the researcher allowed greater flexibility to express opinions, discuss
implications for educational practice, and suggest additional research?
Review of the literature
Significance of the study
Results
Discussion Correct
Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling Correct
Quota Sampling
Reconstruct
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Codify
Measure
Weight Correct
External Appearance
Count Behaviors
Time Duration
All of the given options Correct
Official documents
Personal documents
Archived research data Correct
All of the given options
Which of the following major problem exist with non respondents in survey research?
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Question No: 49 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
Which of the following advantage differentiates personal interview from mail, internet
and telephonic survey?
Cheaper
Expensive
Easier Correct
Inexpensive
Which one of the following methods offers the lowest degree of geographic flexibility?
Mail survey
Telephone interview
Door-to-door personal interview Correct
Internet survey
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Question No: 52 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one
When a respondent tells the interviewer that he reads "Best Selling English News Paper"
on a daily basis so that he can impress the interviewer, this is an example of:
Administrative bias
Interviewer bias
Submission bias
Response bias Correct
A stratified sample in which the number of sampling units drawn from each stratum is in
proportion to the population size of that stratum is called a:
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Assigning males the value of zero and females the value of one in a database to record
the gender of the respondents is an example of:
Coding Correct
Editing
Verification
Test tabulation
Analysis
Frequency
Interpretation
Tabulation Correct
A researcher interested in a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination
of possible responses to multiple variables should construct a:
Contingency table
Regression equation
Marginal table
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None of the given options Correct
When initial subjects are selected randomly and additional subjects are obtained from
recommendations of names from the initial subjects, this sampling technique is called:
Judgment sample
Snowball
Convenience sample
Cluster sample Correct
When different interviewers are used in a pretest from those used in the posttest and this
produces different results in the study, this is an example of a:
History effect
Mortality effect
Instrumentation effect Correct
Cohort effect
Which of the following is a threat to the internal validity of experiment using a repeated
measures design?
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Instrumentation effect Correct
Cohort effect
Attrition effect
All of the given options
Most threats to ________ are taken care of by the experiments design, while most threats
to ________ need to be taken care of by the designer of the experiment.
In which of the following, the beginning and end are not clear. The interview can be
picked up later?
Survey Interview
Field Interview Correct
Deception
None of the given options
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The written set of guidelines that describes an outline of topics to be covered by a focus
group moderator is called a:
Internal
External
Causal
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Select correct option:
Test run
t-test
Pilot testing also called pre-testing means small scale trial run of a particular component
Test run
Pilot test
t-test
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The free spirited variable
A confounding variable
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They prevent respondents from giving unusual answers.
Historical research
Ethnography
Grounded theory
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An experiment that tests certain predictions.
An independent variable.
A dependent variable.
Methods
Figures
References
Se page 29Critically reading research reports requires skills and take time and practice to
develop. When reading an article, read carefully to see whether the introduction and title really fit
with the rest of the article
Leadership
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Human Resource Management
IQ
Functional
Operational
Practical
See page 30 ..A theoretical framework is conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes
logical sense of the
Introduction
Abstract
Limitations
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Click here to Save Answer & Move to Next Question
Seee page 29 The most critical areas of an article to read are the methods and results sections.
Reactivity
Construct validity
Reliability
Content validity
Researchers
Research assistants
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Data collection in a sponsored study is rarely carried out by the person who designs the research
project.
For a student, depending upon the sample size, data collection is usually done by the student
himself/herself.
Tell subjects the truth about the studys purpose and methods after the study is
completed
Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they dont want to keep
participating
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To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.
see page 3 .
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People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating. See
Page 151
See page 151 . Read Ethical problems are less intense in H-C research than in other types
of social research because a
researcher is less likely to have direct contact with people being studied.
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Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.
see page 34 A proposal for quantitative research has most of the parts of a research report: a
title, an abstract, a problem statement, a literature review, a method or design section
Untaught items
Tradition
Inductive logic
Deductive logic
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Question # 3 of 10 ( Start time: 09:44:22
Total Marks: 1
AM )
Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis?
Select correct option:
Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than students
not taking these quizzes.
Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.
not sure
When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is gained.
When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the
theory.
A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research outcome.
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AM )
Which of the following is NOT a legitimate research problem as stated?
Select correct option:
What is the relationship between the number of books children read and their reading
scores?
What does it mean to be a special needs child "included" in Ms. Amaras fourth grade
class?
What are the major legal principles applied to educational cases decided by the
Supreme Court?
see page 77
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Any characteristic of interest that can take on more than one value see pag
19
Se page 19The second type of concept and measures of the concept arevariables. A variable
is defined as anything that varies or changes in value. Variables take on two or more values.
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AM )
The small scale trial run of a particular item is called ______________.
Select correct option:
Test run
Pilot test
t-test
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental
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Consistency of the scores see apge 57
Tradition
Research
Expert opinion
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AM )
All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are
called;
Select correct option:
Fieldworkers
Researchers
Research assistants
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To observe code of ethics
The best scientific theories are those that offer the simplest explanations for a law.
Naturalistic observation
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Case study
Laboratory observation
Survey se page 37
Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
To find out what is already known about your area of interest see page 25
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning see page no .5
Previous findings
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Question # 3 of 10 Total Marks: 1
The independent variable is;
Select correct option:
A lab experiment
A report
A systematic Enquiry
A procedure
Basic
Applied
Evaluation see page 9
Experimental
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How we expect certain relationships to exist
Both of the given questions see page 22
None of the given questions
What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option page 29 startng lines
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Select correct option:
When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is
gained. Not confirm
If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming
the consequent.
When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned
about the theory.
A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research
outcome.
The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
The facts that should be collected to measure a variable, depend upon the
Conceptual understanding
Dictionary meaning
Operational definition
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All of the above
The ________ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated are
both testable and falsifiable.
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Experimental Method
Scientific Method
Which of the following is false with regard to the benefits of multiple-choice questions
over open-ended questions?
Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several
years. She wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On
which source is she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?
Tradition
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Personal experience
Research
Expert opinion
Tables
People
Books
Weight
12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building and data
collection?
When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is gained.
If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the
consequent.
When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the
theory.
A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research
outcome.
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Making an inventory of propositions
High
Moderate
Low
Nil
If an interview is conducted with a respondent who does not meet the qualifications for a
study, what kind of bias has occurred?
Respondent bias
Position bias
Non-response bias
Instrument bias
An Internet survey
Telephone interviews
A mail survey
Focus groups
A class of objects
Attributes
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Occurrences
All of the given options
Functional
Conceptual
Operational
Practical
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option
In order
In discrete categories
Units ol equal distance
Data where there is a true zero
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Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
Tell subjects the truth about the studys purpose and methods alter the
study is completed
Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they dont want to keep
participating
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Causal variable
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Question 5 (Start time: 09:21:22 PM J Total Marks: 1
Mr. Hans is interested in studying the shared belieFs and practices oF the
teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?
Action research
Historical research
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Telephonic interview
Personal interview
Unshuctured interview
Structured interview
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options
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Select correct option:
Opportunity Sampling
Random Sampling
Stratilied Sampling
Quasi-random sampling
What is the relationship between the number of books children read and
their reading scores?
What are the major legal principles applied to educational cases decided by
the Supreme Court?
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Ratio
Nominal
Interval
Dichotomous
Snowball
Intensity
Homogeneous
Purposive
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Question 13 (S tail time: 09:25:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which ol the lollowing is the least obtrusive and most accurate method br
recording data in an interview?
Select correct option:
Note taking
Videotaping
Audiotaping
Writing notes abtei the interview
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the
expense of Band C.
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After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an experiment, he must then
develop a(n):
Select correct option:
Theory
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Summary of the data
What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial
stages of identifying a research topic?
Select correct option:
If an interview is conducted with a respondent who does not meet the qualifications for a study,
what kind of bias has occurred?
Select correct option:
Respondent bias
Position bias
Non-response bias
Instrument bias
High
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Moderate
Low
Nil
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What is the relationship between the number of books children read and their reading scores?
Should competitive games be banned from elementary schools?
What does it mean to be a special needs child "included" in Ms. Amaras fourth grade class?
What are the major legal principles applied to educational cases decided by the Supreme Court?s
An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with every other
item is called:
Select correct option:
Test-retest reliability
Cronbach's alpha
Split-half reliability
Inter item ratio
Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to explore
what people think about a particular topic?
Select correct option:
Closed-ended
Open-ended
Structured
Semi structured
Reactions of Respondents
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Discovering errors in the instrument
Sampling procedure can be checked
All of the given options
To accumulate responses
To identify respondent
To identify potential problems
To evaluate the research
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Descriptive research
Explananory research
Exploratory research
All of the given options
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Which type of question is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to explore
what people think about a particular topic?
Select correct option:
Closed-ended
Open-ended
Structured
Semi structured
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What is the relationship between the number of books children read and their reading scores?
Should competitive games be banned from elementary schools?
What does it mean to be a special needs child "included" in Ms. Amaras fourth grade class?
What are the major legal principles applied to educational cases decided by the Supreme Court?
Which of the following terms represents the most general, broad concept?
Select correct option:
Test
Assessment
Measurement
Instrument
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
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Abstract
Limitations
What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared?
Select correct option:
Telephonic interview
Personal interview
Unstructured interview
Structured interview
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Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
ks: 1
Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?
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Select correct option:
Those in authority are often wrong.
Those in authority cannot be challenged.
Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Those in authority often have no common sense.
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Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 05:25:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?
Select correct option:
Completion of all questions on a questionnaire
Legible writing
Single responses to all multiple choice questions
Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase interest
is high)
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Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 05:28:42 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is ordinal data?
Select correct option:
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to a more mastery-learning
orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as well as its effectiveness when
working with elementary school students. On which source should she rely for such information?
Select correct option:
Tradition
Research
Intuition
Personal experience
hich of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What
impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?
Marks: 1
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What
impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand
C.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market
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Construct validity
Internal validity
Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years. She
wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is
she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?
Select correct option:
Tradition
Personal experience
Research
Expert opinion
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Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a
large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?
Select correct option:
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Laboratory observation
Survey
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Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 05:43:21 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Select correct option:
To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that
challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.
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Panel study
Cohort study
ks: 1
The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of qestions?
Select correct option:
Why we expect certain relationships to exist
How we expect certain relationships to exist
Both of the given questions
None of the given questions
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Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 05:50:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Cover letter must include the following information, except:
Select correct option:
How was the respondent selected?
Data collecting tools
Motivation for the respondent
Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted
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Unethical
Rationalism
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Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 06:03:51 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which type of questions should be first in a questionnaire or interview?
Select correct option:
Questions about demographics such as age and gender
Questions about attitudes and behaviors
Most easy question
Difficult questions
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Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 07:08:52 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A ______ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the
characteristic of interest.
Select correct option:
Ratio
Nominal
Interval
Dichotomous
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It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue.
It is theoretically or practically significant.
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Accuracy with which it measures the construct
Consistency of the measurement
High
Moderate
Low
Nil
When accessing the internet, which of these steps is the most essential?
Select correct option:
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Fieldworkers
Researchers
Research assistants
None of the given options
Tables
People
Books
Weight
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Select correct option:
Closed-ended
Open-ended
Structured
Semi structured
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What
impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
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Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 07:30:25 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
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Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 07:33:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following statements is false?
Select correct option:
Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of
measurement.
Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.
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Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 07:38:57 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:
Select correct option:
Inter-rater reliability
Construct validity
Internal validity
Test-retest reliability
A lab experiment
A report
A systematic Enquiry
A procedure
Closed-ended
Open-ended
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Structured
Semi structured
Test
Assessment
Measurement
Instrument
Question content
Question wording
Response strategy
All of the given options
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Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 07:45:53 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Cover letter must include the following information, except:
Select correct option:
Identify a topic.
Describe the procedures to collect information.
Analyze the collected information.
State the results of the data analysis.
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Construct
Internal
External
Causal
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
Previous findings
A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of
an educational program is which type of review?
Select correct option:
Integrative reviews
Theoretical reviews
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Self-study reviews
Historical reviews
Test
Assessment
Measurement
Instrument
Identify a topic.
Describe the procedures to collect information.
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Analyze the collected information.
State the results of the data analysis.
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Laboratory observation
Survey
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Those in authority are often wrong.
Those in authority cannot be challenged.
Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Those in authority often have no common sense.
People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.
Debriefing could be avoided.
Privacy could be invaded.
External validity
Internal reliability
External reliability
Internal validity
The future
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The lottery result
The frequency of the effect
The direction of the effect
Functional
Conceptual
Operational
Practical
Tables
People
Books
Weight
Age
Nationality
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Test score
Income
Which of the following is a research method that allows a researcher to get information about a
large number of subjects relatively inexpensively and easily?
Select correct option:
Naturalistic observation
Case study
Laboratory observation
Survey
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Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 08:09:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the main purpose of pilot testing?
Select correct option:
To accumulate responses
To identify respondent
To identify potential problems
To evaluate the research
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Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
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students?
Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test
scores?
What is the relationship between students' math attitudes and math achievement?
Should students have access to controversial novels in school?
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Consistency of the scores
Dependency of the scores
Comprehensiveness of the scores
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Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 08:27:05 PM ) Total Marks: 1
How can we determine if a test has good validity?
Select correct option:
It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of people
It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used
It measures what it is supposed to measure
All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject
Methods
Introduction
Figures
References
Mail
Recorded Interview
Focus group
Telephone
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Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 08:30:49 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following statements is false?
Select correct option:
When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured
in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ______ validity.
Select correct option:
Construct
Internal
External
Causal
Closed-ended
Open-ended
Structured
Semi structured
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Question # 15 of 15 ( Start time: 08:34:44 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment?
Select correct option:
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Extraneous variable
None of the given options
Q1. All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection
process are called
i. Fieldworkers
ii. Researchers
iii. Research assistants
iv. None of the given options
Q2. While terminating the interview, the fieldworker should not do one of the following:
i. He should record all the responses made by the interviewee before leaving.
ii. He should thank the interviewee.
iii. He should close the interview hastily.
iv. He should answer all the questions the respondent asks concerning the nature
and purpose of the study.
Q4. A magazine conducts a survey and asks its readers to cut the questionnaire from the
magazine, fill it and send it via mail. It is a type of
i. Purposive sampling
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ii. Snowball sampling
iii. Sequential sampling
iv. Convenience sampling
Q8. The sampling technique in which every element of the population has an equal,
nonzero
probability of being selected in a sample, is called
i. Probability sampling
ii. Convenience sampling
iii. Purposive sampling
iv. Quota sampling
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i. Population
ii. Survey population
iii. Population element
iv. Population frame
Q10. Which one of them is the method for probing the respondent?
i. Repeat the question
ii. Give an expectant pause
iii. Repeat the respondents reply
iv. All of the given options
Up to 37 Lessons
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D. Incompleteness
5. The researcher must be concerned about the following problems while using
secondary data in research.
A. Validity
B. Reliability
C. Both of these
D. None of these
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1. Experiment
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical framework
4. Research design
2. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
produced by the ____.
1. Dependent variable
2. Extraneous variable
3. Independent variable
4. Confounding variable
5. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those
that describe population because of random fluctuations inherent in sampling process.
1. Sampling design
2. Non-probability sampling
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3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
7. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure
concept does indeed measure the intended concepts.
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
8. A researcher is interested in studying why the new math of the 1960s failed. She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
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1. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
2. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
proportions
3. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large
enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
4. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
10. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can
be established.
1. Strong
2. Linear
3. Weak
4. Cause and Effect
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b. Generalizability
c. Operationalization
d. All of the above
5. How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of
_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction
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b. What independent variables or treatments are to be measured?
c. What dependent variables are to be measured?
d. How the extraneous variables are to be controlled?
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1. ___________research is based on naturalism.
A. Field research
B. Descriptive research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
2. Personal interviews conducted in shopping malls are known as_________
A. Mall interviews
B. Mall intercept interviews
C. Brief interviews
D. None of the given options
4. In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
direction of the interview.
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
D. None of the given options
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B. Posttest
C. Matching
D. Experiment
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b. Convenience sampling
c. Judgmental sampling
d. Purposive sampling
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