Direct and Indirect Speech Rules
Direct and Indirect Speech Rules
Direct and Indirect Speech Rules
There are two ways of reporting the words spoken by a person. We can reproduce the
words exactly spoken or we can express in our own words the substance of what he
said. The first of there method is called Direct speech or Direct Narration. The second
is called Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration.
Example:
Direct Speech: Sandy said to his father, I need more money.
Indirect Speech : Sandy told his father that he needed more money.
The exact words of the speaker which are put within inverted commas are called
the Reported Speech.
The verb that introduces the Reported speech is called Reporting Verb. In the
above example said is the reporting verb and I need more money is the
reported speech.
The following points should be observed about these two modes of narration.
The Direct speech is always enclosed within inverted commas and it always
begins with a capital letter. It is separated from the Reporting verb by a comma.
In the Indirect Speech, no inverted commas are used and no comma is used to
separate the Reporting Verb from the Reported Speech.
The teacher said that the earth revolves round the sun.
b) When the Reported Speech contains a time clause and both the main verb and the
verb in
the time clause are the simple past, these verbs are left unchanged.
Example:
He said, The boy stuck to his post till his father ordered him to leave.
He said that the boy stuck to his post till his father ordered him to leave.
However, if the main verb is in the simple past while the verb in the time clause as in
past continuous, it is usual to change the main verb to past perfect and leave the verb
in the time clause unchanged:
Example:
He said that Asif had slipped when he was trying to board a bus.
The teacher said to me, You have not done your work well.
When there are two or more third person pronouns in the Indirect Speech, the name of
the person referred to by each may be written in brackets against each of them to
avoid confusion:
Example:
The servant said to his master,I have told you the truth and I can do no more.
The servant told his master that he had told him (master) the truth and he
(servant) could do no more
One has to be little careful while changing the Personal Pronoun we. we can be
retained as we or changed to you or they depending upon the relationship of the
speaker, the person(s) addressed and the person reporting the speech:
Example:
(i) He said to me, We should have tried harder.
He told me that we should have tried harder.
(ii) He said to you, We should have tried harder.
He told you that you should have tried harder.
Conversion of Interrogative Sentences
While changing the interrogative sentences into Indirect Speech, the following
rules should be observed:
Change the Reporting Verb into ask, enquire, demand, wonder, want to know,
etc.
Change the Interrogative form into the Assertive form and remove the sign
of Interrogative
No conjunction is used when the sentence begins with question words like who,
whose,
whom, what, which, when, why, where, how, etc.
Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness are changed according to the
rules.
Example:
(i) She said to me, What can I do for you, dear?
She asked me affectionately what she could do for me.
(ii) The old man said to his son, What harm have I done to you?
The old man asked his son what harm he had done to him.
Present modals are changed to past modals
Indirect speech for sentence having MODALS, should, ought to, might, would,
and could
Important Little Chages Direct to Indirect
Conversion of Imperative Sentences
While changing the imperative sentences into Indirect Speech, the following
rules
should be observed:
Command can be expressed by the words command, order, tell, charge etc.
Request can be expressed by the words request, beg, ask, implore, entreat,
desire,
Besides these words, forbid, persuade, incite, etc. May also be used according to
the context.
If the Reported Speech is negative, the word not is placed before the infinitive.
Tenses, pronouns and words denoting nearness are changed according to the
rules.
Examples:
(i) He said to me, Help him in setting the accounts.
He requested me to help him in setting the accounts.
(ii) My friend said to me, Please accept this invitation.
My friend entreated me to accept that invitation.
(iii) The Doctor said to the patient, Give up smoking.
The Doctor advised the patient to give up smoking.
(iv) The Commander said to his men, March further.
The Commander urged his men to march further.
Rules 3:
Interjections and exclamations are omitted and their sense conveyed by means
of adverbs
or adverbial phrases.
Rules 5:
Tenses, pronouns and words showing nearness are changed according to the
rules already
stated.
Example:
1. What a horrible sight! we all exclaimed. (D.S.)
We all exclaimed that it was a very horrible sight. (I.S.)
2. Alas! I have broken my brothers watch said he.
He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had broken his brothers watch. (I.S.)
3. How beautiful she is! said Boon. (D.S.)
Boon exclaimed joyfully that she was very beautiful. (I.S.)
4. He said, Just my luck! I never thought I would fail this time too
He exclaimed that he was as usual unlucky and added that he had never thought he
would
fail that time too.
English Grammar: Rules of Active Passive Voice
As all you know SSC CGL Tier 2 is going to approch so we are providing you Active
/Passive Rules to score 20 marks easily in this Exam.
When the person doing the action is the subject, we use an Active verb. But
when the subject is what the action is pointed at, then we use a passive verb.
As in the above example, ACTIVE sentence is the one where the person (THEY) is
also the subject of the sentence.
While PASSIVE sentence is the one, where the subject is the action showing word
(WORK).
NOTE: However, the sentences only with transitive verb (verb with object) can be
changed into PASSIVE VOICE.
For Example,
To Recognize the Active & Passive Sentence easily ask these question.
If the answer to the last question is YES, then the sentence is in the ACTIVE voice. If
the answer to the last question is NO, then the sentence is in the PASSIVE voice.
General Form:
Active: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT
Passive: OBJECT (OF ACTIVE VOICE) + HELPING VERB (FORM OF VERB BE) +
PAST PARTICIPLE OF TRANSITIVE VERB + BY + SUBJECT (if required).
NOTE: Sometime while converting sentence from Passive Voice to Active voice, the
subject is missing.
For Example,
Passive voice:
A snake was killed by me.
Active voice:
Passive voice:
Active voice:
I am writing a letter
Am I writing a letter?
Passive voice:
Active voice:
Passive voice:
Active voice:
Passive voice:
Active voice:
Passive voice:
Active voice:
Passive voice:
Future continuous & perfect continuous tenses do not form passive voice.
Some verb cannot be passive like be, belong, exist, lack, resemble, seem, suit,
have (= own).
For example:
Certain verb take fixed preposition after them that replaces the by. Such verb
are known to, surprised at/by, amazed at, astonished at, vexed at, annoyed
with/at, contained in, decorated with, filled with, tired of, engulfed in. etc.
For example:
Some verb have two objects like give, send offer award etc. The sentence having
these words have two possible passive forms.
For example:
Viceroys of India
The last Governor General and the first Viceroy. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
Revolt of 1857, Mutiny took place. Indian Penal Code 1860 was passed.
Passed the Act, 1858, which ended the rule of the East India Company. The
Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857.
Wahabi Movement
Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe. Created the Indian Forest
Department.
Established the Rajkot College at Kathiawar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the
Indian princes.
Royal Titles Act of 1876 and the assumption of the title of 'Empress of India' by
Queen Victoria, the Delhi Durbar in January 1877.
Vernacular Press Act (also called the 'Gagging Act' to restrain the circulation of
printed matter) and the Arms Act (made it mandatory for Indians to acquire
license in arms)of 1878.
Repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882. Finances of the centre were
divided.
The Ilbert Bill Controversy (1883) enabled Indian district magistrates to try
European criminals.
Factory Act of 1891 granted weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for
women and children.
Civil services were divided into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate Services.
The Durand Commission defined the Durand Line between British India and
Afghanistan (now between Pakistan and Afghanistan) in 1893.
Capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911); Delhi Durbar; Partition of Bengal
was cancelled. The Hindu Mahasabha was founded in 1915 by Pandit Madan
Mohan Malaviya.
Rowlatt Act (March, 1919) and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 th April,
1919).
First Round Table Conference was held in England in 1930. Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Government of India Act (1935) was passed. Communal Awards (16 th August,
1932) assigned seats to different religious communities. Gandhiji went on a epic
fast to protest against this division.
First meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on 9th December, 1946.
Arranged the Shimla Conference on 25 th June, 1945 with the failure of the Indian
National Congress and Muslim League.
Election to the Constituent Assembly were held and an interim government was
appointed under Nehru.
Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor-General of free India.
Retired in June, 1948 and was succeeded by C Rajagopalachari, the first and the
last Indian Governor-General of Free India.
Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament on 4th July, 1947,
by which India became independent on 15 th August, 1947.
14. The famous frog hymn in Rig Veda throws light to - Vedic education
17. Method used to calculate the number of cows in the Vedic period
- Ashtakarni
21. The term Bharata and Bharatavarsha were first used in - Rig Veda
22. Upanishad which mentions the four Ashramas of Vedic period - Jabala
Upanishad
24. Edict which mentions about the relation between India and China
- Nagarjunakonda
25. First town in the vedic period to use burned bricks - Kausambi
26. First reference about lending money for interest can be found in - Satpatha
Brahmana
31. The language used by the Jains to spread their religion - Prakrit
32. Who is considered as the St.John of Buddhism - Ananda
38. Hindu God who found place in Greek literature - Sri Krishna
39. Jain Thirthankara, who was related to Sri Krishna -- Rishabhadeva (Ist
Thirthankara)
40. Tamil god of the Sangham age for War and Victory - Kottavai
42. Tamil kingdom of the Sangham Age which sent an ambassador to the court
of Roman Emperor - Augusts Pandyas
45. Greeco-Roman traders who visited South India during the Sangham period
were denoted with the term - Yavanas
48. Ashokan inscriptions were desciphered by James prince in the year - 1837
49. Indo-Greek ruler who had his boundaries upto Pataliputra - Menander
50. Yuchi ruler who introduced gold coins for the first time - Vima Kadphesus
When country or a state legislature enacts a new tax, the debate usually includes
some opinions about who should pay for running the government or for the particular
program being supported by the tax. A means by which government finance their
expenditure by imposing charges on citizens and corporate entitles.
Economists distinguish between those who bear the burden of a tax and those on
whom a tax is imposed. Taxes in India are imposed by the Central Government and the
state governments. Some minor taxes are also imposed by the local authorities such
as Municipality.
Central Government levies taxes on income (except tax on agricultural income, which
the State Governments can levy), customs duties, and central excise and service tax.
State Government levies taxes - Value Added Tax (VAT), Stamp Duty, State Excise,
Land Revenue and Profession Tax.
Local bodies are empowered to levy tax on Properties, Octroi and for utilizations like
water supply, drainage etc.
Direct Taxes - In Direct Taxes the burden directly falls on the taxpayer.
Income Tax - According to Income Tax Act 1961, every person, who is an
assessee and whose total income exceeds the maximum exemption limit, shall
be chargeable to the income tax at the rate prescribed in the Financial Act. Such
income tax shall be paid on the total income of the previous year in the relevant
assessment year.
Wealth Tax - Wealth tax, in India, is levied under Wealth-tax Act, 1957. Wealth
tax is a tax on the benefits derived from property ownership. The tax is to be paid
year after year on the same property on its market value. Chargeability to tax
also depends upon the residential status of the assessee same as the residential
status for the purpose of the Income Tax Act.
Indirect Taxes
Service Tax- It is a tax levied on services provided in India, except the State of
Jammu and Kashmir. The responsibility of collecting the tax lies with the Central
Board of Excise and Customs. From 2012, service tax is imposed on all services,
except those which are specifically exempted under law.
Custom Duty- Custom or import duties are levied by the Central Government of
India on the goods imported in India. The rate at which customs duty is leviable
on the goods depends on the classification of the goods determined under the
customs traffic.
Value Added Tax - VAT is a multi-stage tax on goods that is levied across
various stages of production and supply with credit given for tax paid at each
stage of value addition.
There were a large number of events that accumulated simultaneously that led
to economic crises of 1991. In 1991, major factors which led to the downfall of the
Indian Economy were as follows:
Political Uncertainty
We must remember that inflation was in double digits and our foreign exchange
reserves had reached their lowest levels, the export market to Iraq and USSR had
disappeared. In order to deal with the immediate crises, the following steps were
taken:-
1. The government leased 20 tonnes of gold to the State bank of India, which in
turn entered into the sale transaction with a re-purchase option in the
international market. This transaction was worth 200 million $.
2. Gold was sent in four instalments to the Bank of England. Total gold sent was 47
tonnes. A total amount of 405 million $ was raised from the Bank of England.
3. The government entered into a loan agreement with the World Bank and Asian
Development Bank.
4. The Indian government devalued/ depreciated the rupee by nearly 18% on July 1
and July 3, 1991 in two instalments. The immediate impact of devaluation was to
improve incentives to export and an increased disincentive towards imports.
5. A fiscal monetary policy was put in place to control inflation. Cash margins on
imports were increased from 50% to 133% and further to 200% by April 1991.
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) imposed a surcharge of 25% on bank credit for
imports. Import of capital goods was only allowed against foreign lines of credit.
This was done to discourage to imports as imports became more expensive.
Sale of gold
Control of Inflation
Fiscal Adjustment
3. Structural Reforms:-
Industrial licensing
Foreign investment
The process of economic reforms was started by the government of India in 1991 for
taking the country out of economic difficulty and speeding up the development of the
country. The centre of economic reforms has been liberalisation, privatisation and
globalisation these three terms are explained as follows:
(A) Liberalisation:
(B) Privatisation:
In brief, privatisation means such an economic process through which some public
sector undertaking is brought either partially or completely under private ownership.
(C) Globalisation:
Globalisation means integrating the economy with the rest of the world. Following are
its chief features:
These transactions include payments done for the country's exports and
imports of products/ goods, services, and other financial transactions.
Fiscal Deficit
Fiscal Deficit is the difference between total revenue and total expenditure of the
government.
Debt Trap:
Fiscal deficit tells us about the total borrowing requirements of the government in
an accounting year. Borrowings involve repayment of the principal amount as
well as payment of interest.
Inflation:
Government mainly borrows from the central bank to meet the problem of its
fiscal deficit.
The central bank issues new currency in the market in order to meet the deficit
requirements.
It not only increases the money supply in the country but also creates an
inflationary pressure.
Foreign Dependence:
The government of the country facing the problem of fiscal deficit also borrows
from rest of the world, which automatically raises the country being dependent on
other countries when it comes to solving the problem of fiscal deficit.
When a country faces the problem of a fiscal deficit, the government has the following
options. The main two sources are:
Borrowings:
The problem of the Fiscal deficit can be solved by borrowings from the internal
sources of funds (public banks and commercial banks etc.) or the external
sources of funds (foreign governments and organisations across international
boundaries etc.).
Deficit Financing:
the Government may borrow from the central bank against its securities to
meet the fiscal deficit that the country is facing.
The Central Bank can or may issue a new currency in order to solve the problem.