Donald Trump

Donald Trump
Contents
1 Main article 1
1.1 Donald Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Business career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Business ventures and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.4 Entertainment media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.5 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.6 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1.7 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.8 Legal aairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.1.9 Awards and honors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.1.10 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.11 Books about Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.12 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.1.13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.1.14 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.1.15 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Spouses 34
2.1 Ivana Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.1 Early years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.2 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.3 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.4 In popular culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Marla Maples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.1 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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2.3 Melania Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.3.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.3 Marriage to Donald Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 Children 41
3.1 Donald Trump, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Ivanka Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.2 Career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.3 Social and political causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.4 Religion and spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.5 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.6 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.7 Published works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.9 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 Eric Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.1 Early life and education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.2 Career and philanthropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3.3 Criticism by PETA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.4 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 Father 48
4.1 Fred Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.1 Early life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.2 Business career . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1.3 Civil rights lawsuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.4 Personal life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1.6 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5 Television Career 51
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5.1 ''The Apprentice'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

5.1.1 Premise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1.2 History and production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.1.3 Spin-os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.4 Statistics by season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.1.5 Teams by season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.6 Controversies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.7 Video game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.8 Similar programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.1.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2 ''The Celebrity Apprentice'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.2.2 Season installments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.3 Statistics by season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.4 Contestants by season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.5 Similar shows in other nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.2.7 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6 Business Career 60
6.1 The Trump Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1.1 Real estate holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.1.2 Financial market holdings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.1.3 Other ventures and investments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.5 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2 Trump Entertainment Resorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.2.2 Former properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2.4 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3 Trump Model Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.1 Fashion models represented by Trump (past and present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3.3 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.4 Miss Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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6.4.2 Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.3 Ocial song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.4 Competition formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.5 Contestant selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.4.6 Main pageant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4.7 Crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.4.8 Recent titleholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.4.9 Gallery of winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.4.10 Miss Universe Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.4.11 Notes and references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.4.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5 Miss USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.5.2 Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.5.3 State competitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.5.4 Winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.5.5 Awards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.5.6 Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.5.7 Special feature episodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.8 Reality television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.5.11 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6 Miss Teen USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6.1 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6.2 Competition rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.6.3 Titleholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.6.4 Broadcasting of the pageant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.6.5 Crossovers with Miss USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
6.6.6 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.6.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7 Political Career 90
7.1 Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
7.1.2 Early stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
7.1.3 Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.1.4 Primary campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
7.1.5 Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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7.1.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1.7 Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.1.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
7.2 Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.2 Announcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.2.3 Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.2.4 Tax Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.5 Republican front-runner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2.6 Campaign nances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.7 Political positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.8 Endorsements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.2.9 See also . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.10 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2.12 External links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3 Tour DuPont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.1 Results and notable moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.2 Past winners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8 Bibliography 131
8.1 ''Trump: The Art of the Deal'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.1 Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.2 Copies sold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.3 Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal: The Movie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.1.4 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.2 ''Crippled America'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.2.1 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.2.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 133

9.1 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.2 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.3 Content license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Chapter 1
Main article
1.1 Donald Trump 1930, aged 18, she visited the United States and met Fred
Trump. They were married in 1936 and settled in Jamaica
For other uses, see Donald Trump (disambiguation). Estates, Queens, and Fred Trump eventually became one
of the citys biggest real estate developers.[13][15] Trump has
one brother, Robert (born 1948), and two sisters: Maryanne
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American (born 1937) and Elizabeth (born 1942). Maryanne is a
businessman, television personality, and since June 2015, a United States federal judge on senior status for the United
candidate for the Republican nomination for President of States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.[16] Another
the United States in the 2016 election. He is the chairman brother, Fred Jr. (19381981), died of complications from
and president of The Trump Organization and the founder alcoholism.[17]
of Trump Entertainment Resorts. Trumps career, branding
eorts, personal life, wealth, and outspoken manner have Trumps paternal grandparents, Elizabeth (ne Christ) and
made him a celebrity. Frederick Trump, were emigrants who moved to the United
States from Germany in 1885.[18] Frederick worked as a
Trump is a native of New York City and a son of Fred successful Klondike Gold Rush restaurateur and brothel
Trump, who inspired him to enter real estate development. keeper.[19][20][21] In a 1976 New York Times biographical
While still attending college he worked for his fathers rm, prole,[22] and again in Trumps 1987 book, The Art of
Elizabeth Trump & Son. Upon graduating in 1968 he the Deal, Donald Trump incorrectly stated that Frederick
joined the company, and in 1971 was given control, renam- Trump was of Swedish origin,[23][24] an assertion that Fred
ing the company The Trump Organization. Since then he Trump had made for many years.[25] Trump later acknowl-
has built hotels, casinos, golf courses, and other properties, edged his German ancestry and served as grand marshal of
many of which bear his name. He is a major gure in the the 1999 German-American Steuben Parade in New York
American business scene and has received prominent media City.[15]
exposure. The NBC reality show The Apprentice bolstered
his fame, and his three marriages were extensively reported The family had a two-story mock Tudor [26]
Revival home on
in tabloids. Wareham Place in Jamaica Estates where Trump lived
while attending The Kew-Forest School. At Kew-Forest,
Trump rst ran for President of the United States in 2000, Fred Trump served as a member of the Board of Trustees.
winning two Reform Party primaries. On June 16, 2015, Due to behavior problems, Trump left the school at age
Trump announced his decision to run again for President, 13 and was enrolled in the New York Military Academy
this time as a Republican, before winning the New Hamp- (NYMA).[27] In 1983, Fred told an interviewer that Don-
shire primary with 35%,[6] the South Carolina primary with ald was a pretty rough fellow when he was small. Trump
33%,[7] and the Nevada caucus with 46% of the votes.[8] nished eighth grade and high school at NYMA.[28] During
his senior year, Trump participated in marching drills and
wore a uniform, attaining the rank of captain.[29] In 2015,
1.1.1 Early life he told a biographer that NYMA gave him more training
militarily than a lot of the guys that go into the military.[30]
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, in Queens,
a borough of New York City.[9][10][11][12] He is the fourth of Trump attended Fordham University in the Bronx for two
ve children to Mary Anne (ne MacLeod; 19122000), a years. He entered the Wharton School of Business at the
homemaker and philanthropist[13] and Fred Trump (1905 University of Pennsylvania, as Wharton then oered one of
[31]
1999), who worked as a real estate developer. His mother the few real estate studies departments in U.S. academia.
was born at Tong on the Scottish island of Lewis.[14] In While there, he worked at his fathers company, Elizabeth
1
2 CHAPTER 1. MAIN ARTICLE
Trump & Son.[32] Trump graduated from Wharton in 1968

with a bachelors degree in economics.[33][34]
Trump was eligible for the draft lottery during the Vietnam
War.[35] I actually got lucky because I had a very high
draft number he told WNYW in 2011.[36] Selective Ser-
vice records retrieved by The Smoking Gun website from
the National Archives show that, although Trump did even-
tually receive a high selective service lottery number in
1969, he was not drafted earlier secondary to four stu-
dent deferments (2-S) while attending college, as well as
a medical deferment (1-Y, later converted to 4-F) obtained
in 1968 after his college graduation, prior to the lottery be-
ing initiated.[37] Trump was deemed t for service after a
military medical examination in 1966 and was briey clas-
sied as 1-A by a local draft board shortly before his 1968
medical disqualication.[38] Trump attributed his medical
deferment to "heel spurs" in both feet, according to a 2015
biographer,[30] but told an Iowa campaign audience he suf-
fered from a spur in one foot, although he could not remem-
ber which one.[38]
1.1.2 Business career
When Trump graduated from college in 1968, he was worth

about US$200,000 (equivalent to $1,021,000 in 2016).[39] The Trump Organization owns, operates, develops, and invests in
real estate around the world such as Trump International Hotel and
He began his career at his fathers real estate company,[40]
Tower in Chicago, Illinois.
Elizabeth Trump and Son,[41] which focused on middle-
class rental housing in the New York City boroughs of
Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. During his under-
graduate study, one of Trumps rst projects was the revi- Penn Central Transportation Company property, which was
talization of the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment com- in bankruptcy. This included the 60th Street rail yard on
plex in Cincinnati, Ohio, which his father had purchased for the Hudson Riverlater developed as Riverside Southas
$5.7 million in 1962.[42] Fred and Donald Trump became well as the land around Grand Central Terminal, for which
involved in the project and, with a $500,000 investment, he paid $60 million with no money down.[48] Later, with
turned the 1,200-unit complexs occupancy rate from 34% the help of a 40-year tax abatement from the New York
to 100%. Trump oversaw the companys 14,000 apartments City government, he turned the bankrupt Commodore Ho-
across Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.[43] In 1972, tel next to Grand Central into the Grand Hyatt[49] and cre-
The Trump Organization sold Swifton Village for $6.75 ated The Trump Organization.[50]
million.[44][45] Trump promoted Penn Centrals 30th Street rail yard as
In 1971, Trump moved to Manhattan, where he became in- a site for New York Citys planned Jacob K. Javits Con-
volved in larger construction projects, and used attractive vention Center. Trump estimated his company could have
architectural design to win public recognition.[46] Trump completed the project for $110 million,[51] but, while the
initially came to public attention in 1973 when he was ac- city chose his site, it rejected his oer and Trump received
cused by the Justice Department of violations of the Fair a brokers fee on the sale of the property instead. Repairs
Housing Act in the operation of 39 buildings. Trump in turn on the Wollman Rink in Central Park, built in 1955, were
accused the Justice Department of targeting his company started in 1980 with an expected 2 1 2 -year construction
because it was a large one, and in order to force it to rent to schedule, but were not completed by 1986. Trump took
welfare recipients. Trump settled the charges in 1975, say- over the management of the project without the city needing
ing he was satised that the agreement did not compel the to pay anything, and completed it in three months for $1.95
Trump organization to accept persons on welfare as tenants million, which was $750,000 less than the initial budget.[52]
unless as qualied as any other tenant.[47] In 1988, Trump acquired the Taj Mahal Casino in a transac-
Trump had an option to buy and made plans to develop the tion with Merv Grin and Resorts International,[53] which
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 3
led to mounting debt,[54] and by 1989, Trump was un-

able to meet loan payments. Although he secured addi-
tional loans and postponed interest payments, increasing
debt brought Trump to business bankruptcy by 1991.[54]
Banks and bondholders had lost hundreds of millions of
dollars but opted to restructure the debt. The Taj Ma-
hal emerged from bankruptcy on October 5, 1991, with
Trump ceding 50 percent ownership in the casino to the
original bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates
on the debt and more time to pay it o.[55] He also sold his
nancially challenged Trump Shuttle airline and his 282-
foot megayacht, the Trump Princess.[56] The late 1990s saw
a resurgence in Trumps nancial situation. The will of
Trumps father, who died in 1999, divided an estate esti-
mated at $250300 million equally among his four surviv-
ing children.[25]
In 2001, Donald Trump completed Trump World Tower, a
72-story residential tower across from the United Nations
Headquarters.[57] Also, he began construction on Trump
Place, a multi-building development along the Hudson
River. Trump owns commercial space in Trump Inter-
national Hotel and Tower, a 44-story mixed-use (hotel
and condominium) tower on Columbus Circle. Trump
owns several million square feet of prime Manhattan real
estate.[58]
Trump Tower, at 725 Fifth Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan
Trump has licensed his name and image for the develop-
ment of many real estate projects. At least two Trump-
branded real estate projects have gone into foreclosure.[59] Trump.
The Turkish owner of Trump Towers Istanbul, who pays
Trump Tower occupies the former site of the architec-
Trump for the use of his name, was reported in December
turally signicant Bonwit Teller agship store, demolished
2015 to be exploring legal means to dissociate the property
in 1980.[63][64] Trump courted controversy for destroy-
after the candidates call to ban Muslims from entering the
ing valuable Art Deco bas-relief sculptures on its facade,
U.S.[60]
promised to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,[63][64] and
An analysis of his business career by The Economist con- for a contractors use of some 200 undocumented Polish
cludes that his "...performance has been mediocre com- immigrant workers in the rushed demolition process, who
pared with the stockmarket and property in New York.[61] were paid (if at all) just $4 and $5 per hour for work in 12-
hour shifts.[65][66] Trump testied in 1990 he rarely visited
the site and was unaware of the illegal workers, some of
1.1.3 Business ventures and investments whom lived at the site and who were known as the Polish
Brigade. A long-running labor lawsuit was settled in 1999,
[65][66]
See also: List of things named after Donald Trump and with its record sealed.
The Trump Organization
Golf courses
Trump Tower The Trump Organization operates many golf courses and
resorts in the U.S. and around the world.[67] On Febru-
Main article: Trump Tower (New York City) ary 11, 2014, it was announced that Trump had purchased
Trump Towera 58-story, mixed-use skyscraper at 725 Doonbeg Golf Club in the Republic of Ireland. It was con-
Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City rmed that the club would [68]
be renamed Trump International
was developed by Trump and the Equitable Life Assur- Golf Links, Ireland.
ance Company, and was designed by architect Der Scutt In 2006, Trump bought the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Ab-
of Swanke Hayden Connell.[62] It is today solely owned by erdeenshire, Scotland, creating a highly controversial golf
clude Trump Financial (a mortgage rm), Trump Sales

and Leasing (residential sales), Trump International Re-
alty (a residential and commercial real estate brokerage
rm), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (a for prot
business education company, formerly called the Trump
University), Trump Restaurants (located in Trump Tower
and consisting of Trump Buet, Trump Catering, Trump
Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump (an on-
line travel search engine[77][78][79] ), Select By Trump (a
line of coee drinks),[80] Trump Drinks (an energy drink
for the Israeli and Palestinian markets)[81][82][83][84] Don-
ald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of menswear,
mens accessories, and watches), Donald Trump The Fra-
grance (2004), SUCCESS by Donald Trump (a sec-
ond fragrance launched by The Trump Organization and
A view of the Turnberry Hotel, located in Ayrshire, Scotland
the Five Star Fragrance Company released in March
2012), Trump Ice bottled water, the former Trump Mag-
resort, against the wishes of local residents, on an area azine,[85] Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump Home
designated as a Site of Special Scientic Interest.[69][70] (home furnishings),[86] Trump Productions (a television
You've Been Trumped is a 2011 independent documentary production company), Trump Institute, Trump: The
by British lmmaker Anthony Baxter that chronicles the Game (1989 board game with a 2005 re-release version
golf resorts construction and the subsequent struggles be- tied to The Apprentice),[78] Donald Trumps Real Es-
tween the locals and Donald Trump.[71] Despite Trumps tate Tycoon (a business simulation game), Trump Books,
promises of 6,000 jobs, by his own admission, a decade Trump Model Management, Trump Shuttle, Trump Mort-
later, the Scotland golf course has created only 200 jobs.[72] gage, Trump Vodka,[86][87][88] Trump Steakhouse[77][89]
and Trump Steaks.[78] In addition, Trump reportedly re-
In April 2014, Trump purchased the Turnberry hotel ceived $1.5 million for each one-hour presentation he did
and golf resort in Ayrshire, Scotland, which is a regu- for The Learning Annex.[90] Trump also endorsed ACN
lar xture in the Open Championship rota.[73][74] In June Inc., a multi-level marketing telecommunications company.
2015, Trumps appeal objecting to an oshore windfarm He has spoken at ACN International Training Events at
(Aberdeen Bay Wind Farm) within sight of the golf links which he praised the companys founders, business model
was denied.[75] and video phone.[91] He earned a total $1.35 million
In December 2015 Trumps attempt to prevent the wind- for three speeches given for the company, amounting to
farm being built within sight of his golf course was dis- $450,000 per speech.[81][92][93][94][95][96][97]
missed by ve justices at the UK Supreme Court in the case In 2011, Forbes' nancial experts estimated the value of the
of Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd v The Scot- Trump brand at $200 million. Trump disputes this valu-
tish Ministers. Commenting on the decision, former Scottish ation, saying that his brand is worth about $3 billion.[98]
First Minister Alex Salmond branded Trump three times Many developers pay Trump to market their properties and
a loser. A spokesman for The Trump Organization re- to be the public face for their projects.[99] For that reason,
sponded to Salmonds comment by saying: Does anyone Trump does not own many of the buildings that display his
care what this man thinks? Hes a has-been and totally ir- name.[99] According to Forbes, this portion of Trumps em-
relevant. The fact that he doesn't even know whats going pire, actually run by his children, is by far his most valu-
on in his own constituency says it all ... He should go back able, having a $562 million valuation. According to Forbes,
to doing what he does best: unveiling pompous portraits of there are 33 licensing projects under development includ-
himself that pander to his already over-inated ego.[76] ing seven condo hotels (the seven Trump International
Hotel and Tower developments). In June 2015, Forbes
pegged the Trump brand at USD$125 million[100] as re-
Branding and licensing
tailers like Macys Inc. and Serta Mattresses began drop-
ping Trump branded products, with Macys saying they are
See also: List of things named after Donald Trump
disappointed and distressed by recent remarks about im-
migrants from Mexico.[101][102]
Trump has marketed his name on a large number of
products and services, achieving mixed success doing so.
His external entrepreneurial and investment ventures in-
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 5
Net worth lion dollars from his father,[115] which he paid back with
interest: it has not been easy for me, Trump told one New
Hampshire crowd.[116]
Unlike past Presidential candidates, Trump has never
In April 2011, amidst speculation whether Trump would
publicly veried his income claims by releasing his tax
run as a candidate in the U.S. presidential election of 2012,
returns;[103] I try to pay as little tax as possible ... Its a little
Politico quoted unnamed sources close to him stating that,
tax, Trump told an interviewer in January 2016, while say-
if Trump should decide to run for president, he would le
ing he was preparing the documents for release in the near
nancial disclosure statements that [would] show his net
future and claiming to have led big returns.[104] Former
worth [was] in excess of $7 billion with more than $250 mil-
GOP Presidential candidate Mitt Romney is among those
lion of cash, and very little debt.[117] (Presidential candi-
who have questioned Trumps purported wealth and his un-
dates are expected to disclose their nances after announc-
willingness to release his tax returns, suggesting Trump
ing their intentions to run.) Although Trump did not run as
might be wary of revealing a potential electoral bomb-
a candidate in the 2012 elections, his professionally pre-
shell such as a failure to pay expected tax rates, dishonesty
pared 2012 nancial disclosure was published in his book
about charitable donations, or that hes not anywhere near
which claimed a $7 billion net worth.[118]
as wealthy as he says he is.[105][106][107][108] In the wake
of Romneys accusation, Trump said during a February 25,
2016 debate that he was currently subject to an IRS audit
going back two or three years,[109] later saying the au-
dit aected four or ve years,[110] and that he had been
audited every year for the past 12 years.[111] Trump later
told CNN he suspected the governments scrutiny was due
to religion, because he was a strong Christian.[112] As he
was in the midst of negotiating and talking with the IRS
over tax obligations going back several years, he would nei-
ther reveal recent returns nor records for audited years he
had passed because such records mesh and interrelate
with current disputed IRS lings.[112] Tax experts observed
that the normal statute of limitations for IRS audits is three Trump Hotel Las Vegas
years, and an inquiry involving four or ve years of returns
might indicate substantial under-reporting or evidence of Estimates of Trumps net worth have uctuated along with
fraud, in which case normal statutes of limitations do not real estate valuations: in 2015, Forbes pegged it as $4
apply.[110] billion,[119] while the Bloomberg Billionaires Index (which
Trump was listed on the initial Forbes List in 1982 as hav- scrutinized Trumps FEC lings) estimated a net worth of
ing an estimated $200 million fortune, including a share of $2.9 billion.[120] On June 16, 2015, just prior to announcing
his fathers estimated $200 million net worth.[113] After sev- his candidacy for president of the United States, Trump re-
eral years on the list, Trumps nancial indiscipline in the leased to the media a one-page prepared nancial disclosure
1980s caused him to be dropped from 1990 to 1995, and statement from a big accounting rmone of the most
reportedly obliged him to borrow from his siblings trusts in respected[121] stating a net worth of $8,737,540,000.[122]
1993;[113] in 2005, The New York Times referred to Trumps I'm really rich, Trump said.[121] Forbes called the nearly
verbal billions in a skeptical article about Trumps self- $9 billion gure a 100%" exaggeration.[123] In June 2015,
reported wealth.[113] At the time, three individuals with di- Business Insider published Trumps June 2014 nancial
rect knowledge of Trumps nances told reporter Timothy statement, noting that $3.3 billion of that total is repre-
L. O'Brien that Trumps actual net worth was between $150 sented by Real Estate Licensing Deals, Brand and Branded
and $250 million, though Trump then publicly claimed a net Developments, described by Business Insider as basi-
worth of $5 to $6 billion.[113] Claiming libel, Trump sued cally [implying] that Trump values his character at $3.3
the reporter (and his book publisher) for $5 billion, lost the billion.[124] In July 2015, the Federal election regulators
case, and then lost again on appeal; Trump refused to turn released new details of Trumps wealth and nancial hold-
over his unredacted tax returns despite his assertion they ings when he became a Republican presidential candidate,
supported his case.[114] In a sworn deposition, Trump tes- reporting that his assets are worth above $1.4 billion, which
tied that he once borrowed $9.6 million from his father, includes at least $70 million in stocks, and a debt of at least
calling it a very small amount of money, but could not $265 million.[125][126]
recall when he did so;[115] Trump has since told campaign Trump said in a July 2015 press release, one month after
audiences he began his career with a small loan of one mil- announcing his presidential run, that his net worth is in
excess of TEN BILLION DOLLARS (emphasis in origi-

nal document).[126][127] However, Trump has testied that
my net worth uctuates, and it goes up and down with
markets and with attitudes and with feelingseven my own
feelings.[128] On the same day, Trumps estimates of his net
worth have varied by as much as $3.3 billion.[113] Trump has
also acknowledged that past exaggerated estimates of his
wealth have been good for nancing.[129] Forbes has said
that although Trump shares a lot of information with us
that helps us get to the gures we publish, he consistently
pushes for a higher net worthespecially when it comes
to the value of his personal brand.[123] Forbes reduced its
estimate of Trumps net worth by $125 million following Trump at a baseball game in 2009
Trumps controversial 2015 remarks about Mexican illegal
immigrants, which ended Trumps business contracts with
NBCUniversal, Univision, Macys, Serta, PVH Corpora- mostly to Trumps strong advocacy of direct competition
tion, and Perfumania.[130] An internal Young & Rubicam with the older, established league. Two years earlier,
study of Trumps brand favorability among high-income Trump sold most of his fellow owners on a move to the fall
consumers showed plummeting ratings at the end of 2015, by arguing that it would eventually force a merger with the
suggesting Trumps various businesses could face market NFLin which the owners of any USFL teams included in
and nancing challenges in the future.[131] a merger would see their investment more than double.[136]
The Generals merged with the Houston Gamblers during
the extended oseason, adding such stars as quarterback
Investments Jim Kelly and wide receiver Ricky Sanders. Michaels was
red, replaced with former Gamblers coach Jack Pardee,
A portion of Trumps fortune is held in assets outside his who planned to bring the Gamblers high-powered run and
holdings in The Trump Organization, most of which are shoot oense with him. However, the USFLs Dream
concentrated in the nancial market. In 2011, Trump made Team never took the eld. The 1986 season was cancelled
a rare foray into the stock market after being disappointed after the USFL won a minimal verdict in an antitrust lawsuit
with the depressed American real estate market and facing against the NFL; the league folded soon afterward.
poor returns on bank deposits. He stated that he was not a
stock market person, but he also stated that prime real es- Trump at one time acted as a nancial advisor for Mike
tate at good prices is hard to get. Among the stocks Trump Tyson,[137] hosting Tysons ght against Michael Spinks in
purchased, he stated he bought stock in Bank of Amer- Atlantic City.[138]
ica, Citigroup, Caterpillar Inc., Intel, Johnson & Johnson
and Procter & Gamble.[132] In December 2012, Trump re- Beauty pageants
vealed that he also added shares of Facebook to his stock
portfolio.[133] Trump also has US$9 million invested in Further information: Miss USA, Miss Universe and Miss
hedge funds.[134] He earned US$6.7 million from selling Teen USA
shares in Bank of America and an additional US$3.9 mil-
lion from selling Facebook in 2014.[100]
From 1996 until 2015, when he sold his interests to
WME/IMG,[139] Trump owned part or all of the Miss Uni-
Sports verse, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants.
Among the most recognized beauty pageants in the world,
In 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals for the Miss Universe pageant was founded in 1952 by the Cal-
the inaugural season of the United States Football League ifornia clothing company Pacic Mills.
(USFL). The Generals hired former New York Jets head In 2015, NBC and Univision both ended their business
coach Walt Michaels. Prior to the inaugural season, Trump relationships with the Miss Universe Organization after
sold the franchise to Oklahoma oil magnate J. Walter Dun- Trumps presidential campaign kicko speech on June 16,
can. Prior to the 1984 season, Duncan sold the team back in which he stated:
to Trump.[135]
The USFL planned to play its 1986 schedule in the fall, di- The U.S. has become a dumping ground for
rectly opposite the National Football League (NFL), thanks everybody elses problems. [Applause] Thank
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 7
you. Its true, and these are the best and the
nest. When Mexico sends its people, they're
not sending their best. They're not sending you.
They're not sending you. They're sending people
that have lots of problems, and they're bringing
those problems with us. They're bringing drugs.
They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And
some, I assume, are good people.[140]
Trump subsequently led a $500 million lawsuit against

Univision, alleging a breach of contract and defamation.
Cable network Reelz then acquired the rights to exclu-
sively telecast the Miss USA pageant.[141][142] Trump told
People magazine in July 2015 that the lawsuit against Uni-
vision was part of the [presidential] campaign.[143] On
September 11, 2015, Trump announced that he purchased
NBCs stake in the Miss Universe Organization, making
him the sole owner, and had settled his lawsuits against the
network,[143] though it was not immediately clear whether
Trump had led lawsuits against NBC or merely threatened
to do so.[144] He sold his own interests in the pageant shortly
afterwards.[139]
1.1.4 Entertainment media

Trump posing with guest personality Dennis Rodman, during Rod-
In the media, Trump is a two-time Emmy Award- mans 2009 participation on Celebrity Apprentice
nominated personality and has made appearances as a car-
icatured version of himself in television series and lms
(e.g., Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, The Nanny, ported $3 million per episode, making him one of the
The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Days of Our Lives, Wall highest paid TV personalities. In July 2015, Trump re-
Street: Money Never Sleeps[145] ), and as a character (The ported in his personal nancial disclosure statement with
Little Rascals). He has been the subject of comedi- the Federal Election Commission that NBCUniversal had
ans, Flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons of hosting
Trump also had his own daily talk radio program called the show.[100][154] In 2007, Trump received a star on the
Trumped!.[146][147][148][149][150] He also had a cameo in an Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contribution to television
episode of the television series Sex and the City.[151] Trump (The Apprentice).[155]
is also a member of the Screen Actors Guild and receives an
annual pension of more than $110,000 every year.[152][153] Along with British TV producer Mark Burnett, Trump
was hired as host of The Celebrity Apprentice, in which
well-known stars compete to win money for their charities.
The Apprentice While Trump and Burnett co-produced the show, Trump
stayed in the forefront, deciding winners and ring losers.
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would
In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of
be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season.[156] Eleven
the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group ofdays later, Trump stated that he was not ready to sign on
competitors battled for a high-level management job in one
for another season because of the possibility of a presiden-
of Trumps commercial enterprises. Contestants were suc-tial run.[157] Despite this, on March 18, NBC announced
cessively red and eliminated from the game. In 2004, they were going ahead with production.[158] On June 29,
Trump led a trademark application for the catchphrase after widespread negative reaction stemming from Trumps
"You're red. campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement
For the rst year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 saying, Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald
per episode (roughly $700,000 for the rst season), but Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its
following the shows initial success, he was paid a re- business relationship with Mr. Trump, apparently ending
Trumps role in The Apprentice.[159]
World Wrestling Entertainment
Trump is a known World Wrestling Entertainment fan and

friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon. He has hosted
two WrestleMania events in the Trump Plaza and has been
an active participant in several of the shows.[160] Trumps Trump declaring party loyalty, September 3, 2015, Trump Tower
Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City was host to the 1991
WBF Championship (which was owned by WWE, known Political aliations
at the time as the World Wrestling Federation). Trump
was interviewed by Jesse Ventura ringside at WrestleMania A 2011 report by the Center for Responsive Politics showed
XX.[161] that over the previous two decades of U.S. elections, Don-
He also appeared at WrestleMania 23 in a match called ald Trump made contributions to campaigns of both Re-
The Battle of the Billionaires.[160] Trump was in the cor- publican Party and Democratic Party candidates, with the
ner of Bobby Lashley, while Vince McMahon was in the top 10 recipients of his political contributions being six
corner of Lashleys opponent Umaga with Stone Cold Steve Democrats and four Republicans.[168] After 2011, his cam-
Austin as the special guest referee.[160] The stipulation of paign contributions were more favorable to Republicans
the match was hair versus hair, which meant that either than to Democrats.[169]
Trump or McMahon would have their head shaved if their Trump was an early supporter of Republican Ronald Rea-
competitor lost.[160] Lashley won the match, and he and gan for U.S. president,[170] and in February 2012 en-
Trump shaved McMahon bald.[160] dorsed Republican Mitt Romney for president.[171] When
On June 15, 2009, as part of a storyline, McMahon an- asked in 2015 which recent president was best, Trump
nounced on Monday Night Raw that he had sold the show picked Democrat Bill Clinton over Republicans George
to Trump.[160] Appearing on screen, Trump declared he H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.[172][173] The Clintons
would be at the following commercial-free episode in per- foundation has received between $100,000 and $250,000
son and would give a full refund to the people who pur- from Trump,[174] and they attended Trumps 2005 wedding
chased tickets to the arena for that nights show.[160] McMa- reception.[175] Trump wrote in 2008 that Hillary Clinton
hon bought back Raw the following week for twice the would be a great president or vice-president.[176]
price.[160] His entrance theme Money, Money was writ- Trumps party aliation has changed over the years. Un-
ten by Jim Johnston. til 1987, he was a Democrat;[5] then he was a Republi-
Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE can from 1987 to 1999.[4] He then switched to the Reform
Hall of Fame in 2013, at Madison Square Garden for his Party from 1999 to 2001.[4] After a presidential exploratory
contributions to the promotion. He made his fth Wrestle- campaign with the Reform Party, he wrote an OpEd in
Mania appearance the next night.[162] the New York Times stating that he was leaving the Re-
form Party because of the involvement of "David Duke, Pat
Buchanan and Lenora Fulani. That is not company I wish to
keep. [177] From 2001 to 2009 he was a Democrat again;[4]
he switched to the Republican Party again from 2009 to
1.1.5 Politics 2011.[4] An independent from 2011 to 2012, he returned to
the Republican Party in 2012, where he has remained.[4]
Trump has described his political leanings and posi-
tions in various, sometimes contradictory ways over
Political positions
time.[163][164][165][166] Politico has described his positions as
eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory.[166] He
has listed his party aliation as Republican, Independence Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump
Party, Democrat, and decline to state.[166][167] He has also
run as a Reform Party candidate.[167] Specically, he has Trump has described his political leanings and posi-
changed his positions on taxing the wealthy, abortion rights tions in various, sometimes contradictory ways over
and health care.[166] time.[163][164][165][166]
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 9
On social issues, Trump describes himself as pro-life[178] Regarding the environment, Trump has said that the EPA
and would ban late-term abortions except in cases of is an impediment to both growth and jobs. Trump sup-
rape, incest, or health.[178] He is in favor of cutting ports increased fracking and has criticized sustainable wind
federal funding for Planned Parenthood.[179] Trump sup- power alternatives, stating that windmills are destroying
ports the Second Amendment, is opposed to gun con- every country they touch while producing unreliable and
trol in general,[178][180] and has a New York concealed terrible energy.[196] He has called global warming a total
carry permit.[181] He supports xing the federal background hoax.[183]
check system so that criminal and mental health records are On foreign policy, Trump has at various times said he fa-
always put into the system.[180] Trump opposes legalizing
vored sending U.S. troops as well as opposed sending U.S.
recreational marijuana but supports legalizing medical mar- troops to defeat the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[163]
ijuana,[182] while being supportive of states rights.[182]
In a 2002 interview, Trump said he favored invading Iraq.
Trump has stated that he supports traditional marriage.[183] On February 18, 2016, he said that by the time the invasion
Of the June 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court
occurred, he had become an opponent.[197] In 2008, Trump
ruling legalizing same-sex marriage nationwide, he said: I said that George W. Bush should have been impeached for
would have preferred states, you know, making the deci-
the war.[198] Trump has been critical of Pakistan, com-
sion and I let that be known. But they made the decision. paring it to North Korea, describing it as probably the
[...] So, at a certain point you have to be realistic about most dangerous country in the world, and claiming that
it.[178][184] Pakistans nuclear weapons posed a serious problem. He
Regarding healthcare and education, Trump favors replac- has advocated improving relations with India as a check
ing the Aordable Care Act (commonly referred to as to Pakistan.[199]
Obamacare) with a free-market plan and competition to
lower costs, although he has also stated support for a single-
payer system in the past.[185] Trump favors getting rid of Presidential leanings, 19882012
backlogs and waitlists which are the focus of the Veterans
Health Administration scandal. In a statement, he said he See also: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000
believes that Veterans Aairs facilities need to be upgraded Trump oated the idea of running for president in 1988,
with recent technology, hire more veterans to treat other 2004, and 2012, and for Governor of New York in 2006
veterans, increase support of female veterans, and create and 2014, but did not enter those races.[202][203] He was
satellite clinics within hospitals in rural areas.[186] Trump considered as a potential running mate for George H. W.
has stated his support for school choice and local control Bush on the Republican Partys 1988 presidential ticket but
for primary and secondary schools.[187] He opposes the lost out to future Vice President Dan Quayle. There is dis-
Common Core State Standards Initiative for primary and pute over whether Trump or the Bush camp made the initial
secondary schools,[178][188] and has called Common Core pitch.[204] In 1999, Trump led an exploratory committee
a disaster that must be ended.[189] to seek the presidential nomination of the Reform Party in
[205][206]
[190] 2000. A July 1999 poll matching him against likely
On economic issues, Trump identies as a "free trader".
His campaigns tax plan calls for reducing the corporate tax Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Demo-
rate to 15% concurrent with the elimination of various loop- cratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent
[207]
holes and deductions. [191]
Trump believes the minimum support. Though he dropped out of the race due to party
wage should not be raised because increasing it would hurt inghting, Trump still won the partys California and Michi-
[208][209][210][211]
Americas economic competitiveness. [192] gan primaries.
On the issue of immigration, Trump has emphasized U.S. Trump later said that his national prole changed: What
border security. During his rst town hall campaign meet- happened was I did The Apprentice and it became a tremen-
ing in Derry, New Hampshire Trump claimed that if he won dous success. Who would have thought this was going to
the election, Day 1 of my presidency, illegal immigrants happen?" he told interviewer Larry King in 2005. Theres
are getting out and getting out fast.[193] Trump opposes sort of nothing like having the big hot show on television,
birthright citizenship, arguing that it is not or should not Trump said.[212]
be protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United As Trump publicly speculated about seeking the 2012
States Constitution.[194][195] On people already illegally in Republican presidential nomination, a Wall Street Jour-
the United States, Trump has variously said they should all nal/NBC News poll released in March 2011 found Trump
be deported, that all should be deported but some could re- leading among potential contenders, one point ahead
turn, that only some should be deported, or that the decision of former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.[213] A
should be made after the border has been strengthened.[163] Newsweek poll conducted in February 2011 showed Trump
within a few points of Barack Obama, with many voters
Trump speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Confer-

ence (CPAC) in National Harbor, Maryland
whether Obama had good enough grades to warrant en-

try to Harvard Law School.[224] Trump is said to have sent
a team of private investigators to Hawaii, Obamas docu-
mented birthplace,[223] and told The Today Show they can-
not believe what they're nding.[225] On April 25, 2011,
Trump called for Obama to end the citizenship issue by re-
leasing the long form of his birth certicate.[226][227] Two
days later, Obama made a formal statement in eorts by the
White House to put the matter to rest with the release of the
Trump rst expressed interest in running for oce in 1987, when he long form.[228] Trump expressed pride at his role in the cer-
spent $100,000 to place full page ads critiquing U.S. defense policy ticates release in a press conference follow-up, saying he
in The Boston Globe, The New York Times, and The Washington hoped it checks out and we have to see, is it real?"[229]
Post.[200][201] When asked in July 2015 whether Obama was born in the
U.S., Trump said: I really don't know. I mean, I don't
know why he wouldn't release his records.[230][231]
undecided in the November 2012 general election for pres-
ident of the United States.[214] A poll released in April In December 2008, Trump emerged as an early supporter of
2011 by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine- the 2009 government-backed rescue plan for the U.S. auto
point lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomi- industry, which by 2012 was supported by 56% of Amer-
nation for president while he was still actively considering icans (63% support in Michigan), according to a Pew Re-
[232][233]
a run.[215][216] His moves were interpreted by some media search Center poll. Statements of Trumps hinting
as possible promotional tools for his reality show The Ap- that vaccination would cause autism were subject to criti-
prentice. [217][218][219]
On May 16, 2011, Trump announced cism in various media by the scientic community.[234][235]
he would not run for president. [217]
Public Policy Polling He has also been criticized for climate change-denying
described the events of May 2011 as one of the quickest statements, because they are discordant with the opinion of
[236]
rises and falls in the history of presidential politics. [220] the scientic community.
In 2013, Trump was a featured speaker at the Conservative
Political Action Conference (CPAC).[237] The speech was
Between presidential announcements, 201115 not well attended.[238] He spent over $1 million to research
a possible run for president of the United States.[239] In Oc-
In April 2011, Trump questioned President Barack tober 2013, New York Republicans had circulated a memo
Obama's proof of citizenship,[221] alleging that his grand- suggesting Trump should run for governor of the state in
mother in Kenya said he was born in Kenya, and she was 2014, against Andrew Cuomo. Trump said that while New
there and witnessed the birth.[222] (Trumps claim derived York had problems and taxes were too high, running for
from a discredited transcript of a telephone interview with governor was not of great interest to him.[240] In February
Obamas grandmother, produced by a Pennsylvania pastor 2015, Trump opted not to renew his television contract for
opposed to Obamas election.)[223] Trump also questioned The Apprentice, generating speculation that he might run for
1.1. DONALD TRUMP 11
president in 2016.[241]
Presidential campaign, 2016
Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

Donald Trump announced his candidacy for President of
Trump and supporters at a rally in Muscatine, Iowa, January 2016.

Multiple supporters hold up signs stating The silent majority stands
with Trump.
estimated approximately 11 million illegal immigrants in

the U.S., and the erection of a substantial wall on the
Trump in Manchester, New Hampshire, February 2016 MexicoUnited States border.[193][266] Felipe Caldern,
former Mexican president said, We are not going to pay
the United States in the 2016 election at the Trump Tower any single cent for such a stupid wall! And its going to be
[267]
in New York City with the slogan Make America Great completely useless.
Again!" in June 2015. Trump has called for aggressive bombing of the Mideast
Trump has gained widespread support for the idea that terrorist group ISIS, and has supported surveillance of
he and his supporters call telling it like it is,[242] with mosques in the U.S.[268] Trump also caused outrage when
a signicant disdain for political correctness.[243] He is he endorsed shooting Muslim terrorists with pigs blood-
running counter to the Republican establishment, which dipped bullets in order to deter them, citing the alleged ex-
widely opposes his candidacy and worries that him winning ample set by U.S. general John J. Pershing during the Moro
could hand the election to the Democratic nominee.[244] Rebellion. His comments were strongly denounced by the
However, Trumps candidacy has largely succeeded, partly Council on American-Islamic Relations.[269][270][271][272]
because of widespread media coverage.[245][246] He has Trump has employed strong rhetoric on religion. He has
frequently made bold and controversial statements on is- called for a temporary ban on Muslims entering the United
sues that largely appeal to working-class voters.[247] Politi-
States, citing links between Muslims and terrorism. He has
cal opponents have described Trump as divisive,[252][253]also raised questions about the general religious beliefs of
unserious,[254] and a bully.[255] other candidates, mainly Christianity, including Ben Carson
[273]
Trump has made a number of high-prole personal at- and Ted Cruz.
[256] [257]
tacks on journalists, politicians, and competing
candidates.[258] He often launches rapid, multiple-tweet
Twitter rants against people who attack him or with
whom he simply disagrees.[259][260][261] A comprehensive
"encyclopedia" of Trumps tweeted insults was published
in the New York Times.[262]
Eschewing the super PAC model popular among compet-
ing candidates, Trump has urged that the ability to self-
nance his campaignbacked by considerable personal
wealth (due to him being a billionaire)is proof that he
can't be bought.[263] However, as of October 15 donations
outpaced self-nancing;[264] Trump spends much less than
competing candidates, relying on free media coverage in-
stead of paid television advertisements.[265] Trump at an early campaign event in New Hampshire on August
Trumps immigration policy calls for deportation of the 19, 2015
Other issues he highlights include taking care of military across the political spectrum, signed a petition urging Ne-
veterans,[274] making the military strong,[275] and getting tanyahu not to meet with Trump later that month;[297] a day
trade agreements more favorable to American workers.[276] later, Trump postponed his visit to Israel until a later date
[298]
Trump is endorsed by Republican Governors Chris Christie after I become President of the U.S., stating that he
[296]
(New Jersey), Paul LePage (Maine) and Republican Rep- did not want to put Netanyahu under pressure.
resentatives Chris Collins (New York), Duncan D. Hunter During a Fox News debate, when asked about the feasibility
(California).[277] of his plan to bar Muslims from entering the United States
(approximately 100,000 Muslim immigrants are admitted
to the U.S. each year),[299] Trump said that Belgium and
France had been blighted by the failure of Muslims in these
Proposed ban on Muslims entering the U.S. In re-
countries to integrate. Trump said that living in Brussels
sponse to recent radical Islamic terrorist attacks, Trump
was like living in a hellhole because of its dire state in
proposed a total and complete shutdown of Muslims en-
Muslim assimilation.[300][301]
tering the United States until our countrys representa-
tives can gure out what ... is going on. The proposal
drew wide criticism from sources both within the U.S. and Petition to ban from the United Kingdom Following
abroadincluding unusual sources such as foreign leaders Trumps controversial comments on Muslim immigration,
who are seldom involved in United States presidential cam- a petition with the title Block Donald J Trump from UK
paigns, and leaders of Trumps own party holding posi- entry[302] was opened in the United Kingdom on the UK
tions that are rarely at odds during the partys presiden- Parliaments e-petition website, calling on the UK Home
tial primaries.[282][283] Critics included British Prime Min- Oce to ban him from entering the country. By 5:00am
ister David Cameron,[282] French Prime Minister Manuel on December 11, the total number of signatures exceeded
Valls,[284] Saudi Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal[285] and 500,000,[303] far above the threshold of 100,000 required to
Canadian Foreign Minister Stphane Dion,[286] as well as trigger a parliamentary debate.[304]
the chairman of the Republican Party Reince Priebus, Re-
On January 18, the House of Commons held a de-
publican House Speaker Paul Ryan, and Republican Sen-
bate on whether to ban Trump in the Westminster Hall
ate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.[283][287] A peti-
chamber,[305] although the debate concluded without a vote
tion to block Trump from entry into the United King-
as such a decision is reserved to the Home Secretary.[306]
dom has gained over 540,000 signatures, a record for the
The three-hour long debate saw MPs from all political par-
UK Government website.[288] Members of Trumps own
ties describe Trump as crazy and oensive.[307]
party argued that a proposal banning members of a ma-
jor world religion violated the partys conservative values,
the Constitution's First Amendment (which grants freedom 1.1.6 Personal life
of religion), and the countrys immigrant heritage. Critics
pointed out that the proposal would result in the exclusion
of many of the most important allies in the countrys war on
terror, from interpreters helping the CIA to Jordans King
Abdullah, and that it would bolster ISIL by furthering its
narrative that the U.S. is pitted against the Muslim faith.
The U.S. Pentagon issued a statement that anything that
bolsters ISILs narrative and pits the United States against
the Muslim faith is certainly not only contrary to our values
but contrary to our national security.[289] The Washington
Post reported that, Donald Trump [was] featured in new
jihadist recruitment video.[290]
In January 2013, Trump had been a popular gure in
Trumps eldest daughter Ivanka campaigning for him in 2016
Israel,[291][292] who has himself owned land in Israel.[293]
(serves as executive vice president of The Trump Organization)
Trump released a video endorsing Israeli Prime Minis-
ter Benjamin Netanyahu during the 2013 Israeli elec-
tions.[294][295] However, after Trumps December 2015 call Trump has had three marriages, which have been well doc-
to temporarily exclude Muslims from travel to the United umented in the tabloid media.[308] His personal life has
States, numerous leaders, including Netanyahu,[296] crit- gained extensive media coverage.[309]
icized Trumps proposal. Several dozen Israeli Knesset Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelnkov on April 7,
members, many of whom are Muslim themselves, from 1977, at the Marble Collegiate Church in New York.[310]
tation and that she had the height, she had the beauty, she
had the skin, while adding that she was crazy, but these
are minor details.[324]
Trumps second-oldest son Eric (serves as executive vice president

of The Trump Organization)
They have three children: sons Donald, Jr. (born Decem-

ber 31, 1977) and Eric (born January 6, 1984), and daugh-
ter Ivanka (born October 30, 1981). Ivana became a nat-
uralized U.S. citizen in 1988, with Trump at her side.[311]
Trump is popularly known as The Donald, a nickname
perpetuated by the media after Ivana referred to him as
such in a 1989 Spy Magazine cover story.[312][313] By early
1990, Trumps troubled marriage to Ivana and long-running
aair with actress Marla Maples had become widely docu- Trumps wife Melania, in 2011
mented in the tabloid press.[24][314] The couple divorced in
1991.[315] In 1998, Trump began a relationship with Slovenian-
Maples gave birth to their daughter Tiany on October 13, born fashion model, Melania Knauss.[325][326] They be-
1993. They married two months later on December 20, came engaged in April 2004[327] and were married on Jan-
1993.[316] The couple formally separated in May 1997,[317] uary 22, 2005 at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church,
with their divorce nalized in June 1999.[318][319] on the island of Palm Beach, Florida, followed by a
Trump dated model Kara Young in the mid to late reception at Trumps Mar-a-Lago estate.[328][329][330] In
1990s,[320] and reportedly bombarded Princess Diana 2006, Melania became a naturalized U.S. citizen.[326] In
with expensive oral arrangements after her 1996 divorce March 2006, she[331][332] gave birth to their son named Barron
from Prince Charles.[321] I only have one regret in the William Trump. (Trump had previously used the
women department that I never had the opportunity to pseudonym John Baron in some business deals and when
[22][65][323]
court Lady Diana Spencer, Trump wrote in his 1997 book, communicating with journalists. ) Having spo-
The Art of the Comeback. I met her on a number of occa- ken the language since his childhood, Barron is uent in
[333]
sions She was a genuine princess a dream lady.[322] Slovenian. In a February 2009 interview on ABCs news
According to his former construction executive Barbara program Nightline, Trump commented on his ex-wives: I
Res, Trump, using a pseudonym, leaked to the media a ru- just know its very hard for them [Ivana and Marla] to com-
[334]
mor that Diana was seeking to buy an apartment in Trump pete because I do love what I do. I really love it.
Tower, knowing Buckingham Palace would issue only a no Trump has seven grandchildren, and one on the way:
comment statement. He was brilliant at stu like that, ve from his son Donald Jr. (Kai Madison, Donald
Res said.[323] In an interview three years after her death, John III, Tristan Milos, Spencer Frederick, and Chloe
Trump said he would have slept with Diana without hesi- Sophia)[335][336][337] and two from his daughter Ivanka (Ara-
bella Rose and Joseph Frederick).[338][339] (Ivanka, who converted to Judaism before her marriage to
Jared Kushner) and I am very honored by that it wasn't
in the plan but I am very glad it happened.[354]
Religious views
Trump is a Presbyterian.[340] In an April 2011 interview on

1.1.7 In popular culture
the 700 Club, he commented: I'm a Protestant, I'm a Pres-
In March 2011, Trump was the subject of a Comedy Cen-
byterian. And you know I've had a good relationship with
tral Roast. The special was hosted by Seth MacFarlane, and
the church over the years. I think religion is a wonderful
roasters included Larry King, Snoop Dogg, and Anthony
thing. I think my religion is a wonderful religion.[341][342]
Jeselnik among regular roast participants. Trumps daugh-
Trump told a 2015 South Carolina campaign audience he
ter Ivanka was seen in the audience.[355] In April 2011,
joined the Marble Collegiate Church, where he married his
Trump attended the White House Correspondents Dinner,
rst wife Ivana in 1977. The church has said he is not an
featuring comedian Seth Meyers. President Obama used
active member.[343]
the occasion to present several prepared jokes mocking
In 1983, the Reverend Norman Vincent Peale, described Trump.[356]
in a New York Times prole as Trumps pastor and fam-
You've Been Trumped, an award-winning 2011 documen-
ily minister, said that Trump was kindly and courteous in
tary lm by Anthony Baxter, follows the development of
certain business negotiations and has a profound streak of
a Scottish golf resort.[357][358] It shows Trump speaking lo-
honest humility.[28] Trump calls his own book The Art of
cally about his ambitions for the project, insulting a local
the Deal (1987) my second favorite book of all time, and
farmer, who he claims lives in a slum, and being awarded
has told campaign audiences: Do you know what my rst
an honorary degree by The Robert Gordon University, in
is? The Bible! Nothing beats the Bible.[344][345] Declining
spite of a professor at that university returning his own hon-
to name his favorite Bible verse, Trump said I don't like
orary degree in protest.[359][360] It also queries the supposed
giving that out to people that you hardly know.[343]
economic benets and examines the ecological impact and
Trump has said that, while he participates in Holy Commu- the eect on local residents.[86][361] When it was announced
nion, he has not asked God for forgiveness for his sins. He that the documentary was to be given its UK television
says: I think if I do something wrong, I think, I just try and premire on BBC Two on October 21, 2012,[362] Trumps
make it right. I don't bring God into that picture.[346] lawyers contacted the BBC to demand that the lm should
Trump has praised and maintains relationships with several not be shown, claiming it was defamatory and misleading.
prominent national evangelical and Christian leaders, in- The screening went ahead, the BBC defending the decision
cluding Tony Perkins and Ralph Reed.[347] During his 2016 and stating that [363] Trump had refused the opportunity to take
presidential campaign, he received a blessing from Greek part in the lm.
Orthodox priest Emmanuel Lemelson.[348] On August 5, 2015, Trump: Whats the Deal?, a 1991 doc-
Pope Francis, however, claimed that Trumps views on im- umentary by Libby Handros about Trump in the 1980s and
[364]
migration are contrary to Christian teachings:[349] A per- 1990s became available online.
son who thinks only about building walls, wherever they
may be, and not about building bridges, is not a true Chris-
1.1.8 Legal aairs
tian. This is not in the Gospel, the Pope replied to a re-
porters questions about Trump, adding we must see if he
Corporate bankruptcies
said things in that way and in this I give the benet of the
[350]
doubt. Trump called the Popes criticism disgraceful Four of Trumps businesses have declared Chapter 11
and suggested the Mexican government was using the Pope bankruptcy.[365][366] According to a report by Forbes in
as a pawn for political purposes,[351] because they want to 2011, these were the result of over-leveraged hotel and
continue to rip o the United States.[352] Trump said that casino businesses in Atlantic City: Trumps Taj Mahal
if and when ISIS attacks the Vatican, the Pope would have (1991), Trump Plaza Hotel (1992), Trump Hotels and
wished and prayed Trump were President because such an Casino Resorts (2004), and Trump Entertainment Resorts
attack would not have happened.[352] (2009).[367][368] Trump said I've used the laws of this coun-
Trump also has ties to the Jewish American community.[353] try to pare debt. We'll have the company. We'll throw it
Asked in 2015 at an Algemeiner Journal awards ceremony into a chapter. We'll negotiate with the banks. We'll make
honoring him with the Algemeiner Liberty Award, about a fantastic deal. You know, its like on The Apprentice. Its
having Jewish grandchildren, Trump said: Not only do not personal. Its just business.[369] He indicated that other
I have Jewish grandchildren, I have a Jewish daughter great entrepreneurs do the same.[367]
with bondholders receiving stock in exchange for surren-

dering part of the debt. Trump Hotels was forced to seek
voluntary bankruptcy protection to stay aoat. After the
company applied for Chapter 11 Protection in November
2004, Trump opted to relinquish his CEO position but re-
tained a role as Chairman of the board. In May 2005[376]
the company emerged from bankruptcy as Trump Enter-
tainment Resorts Holdings.[377] Writing about this and pre-
vious bankruptcies in his 2007 book, Think BIG and Kick
Ass in Business and Life, Trump wrote: I gured it was the
banks problem, not mine. What the hell did I care? I actu-
ally told one bank, 'I told you you shouldn't have loaned me
that money. I told you the goddamn deal was no good.'"[378]
Trumps most recent corporate bankruptcy occurred in
The rst Trump corporate entity to le bankruptcy was the Trump 2009. On February 13, Trump announced that he would
Taj Mahal in 1991. resign from the board of Trump Entertainment Resorts
and four days later the company led for Chapter 11
bankruptcy.[379] At that time, Trump Entertainment Resorts
had three properties in Atlantic City: Trump Taj Mahal,
The rst of Trumps corporate entities to le bankruptcy Trump Plaza, and Trump Marina (sold in 2011). In early
was in 1991, when Trump Taj Mahal was unable to pay its August 2014, Trump led a lawsuit requesting his name be
obligations.[369] Forbes indicated that this rst bankruptcy removed from the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino and the
was the only one where Trumps personal nancial re- Taj Mahal facilities since he no longer runs or controls the
sources were involved. Time, however, maintains that $72 company.[380] Trump Entertainment Resorts led again for
million of his personal money was also involved in a later bankruptcy in 2014.[381]
2004 bankruptcy.[370]
On November 2, 1992, the Trump Plaza Hotel led a
prepackaged Chapter 11 protection plan. Under the plan, Lawsuits
Trump agreed to give up a 49 percent stake in the lux-
ury hotel to Citibank and ve other lenders.[371] In return Over the course of his career, Trump has initiated and
Trump would receive more favorable terms on the remain- been the target of hundreds of lawsuits.[382] His lawyer Alan
ing $550+ million owed to the lenders, and retain his po- Garten said in 2015 that this was a natural part of doing
sition as chief executive, though he would not be paid and business in this country.[383]
would not have a role in day-to-day operations.[372] In 1973, the Justice Department led suit against the Trump
Management Corporation for alleged racial discrimination,
In the subsequent restructuring of these two events, Trump
had eliminated a large portion of his $900 million per- which Trumps company disputed.[384] The case was settled
[385]
out of court in 1975.
sonal debt by 1994,[373] and reduced signicantly his nearly
$3.5 billion in business debt. While he relinquished the In 1990, after an analyst at Janney Montgomery Scott
Trump Princess yacht and the Trump Shuttle (which he had said that Trumps Taj Mahal project would initially break
bought in 1989), he managed to retain Trump Tower in New records but would fail before the end of that year, Trump
York City and control of his three casinos in Atlantic City. threatened to sue the rm unless the analyst recanted or was
Trump sold his ownership of West Side Yards to Asian dered. The analyst refused to retract the statements, and was
velopers as a result of his negotiations with Chase Man- red by his rm.[386] Taj Mahal declared bankruptcy for the
hattan Bank. Trump was reportedly paid a premium for rst time in November 1990.[387] A defamation lawsuit by
placing his well-known moniker on the buildings that even- the analyst against Trump for $2 million was settled out of
tually arose. In 1995, he combined his casino holdings into court.[388] The analysts statements regarding the Taj Ma-
the publicly held Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts. The real hals prospects were later called stunningly accurate.[389]
estate assets became a source of wealth even when prots In 2002, the Securities and Exchange Commission brought
had struggled.[374] a nancial-reporting case against Trump Hotels & Casino
The third corporate bankruptcy was on October 21, 2004, Resorts Inc., alleging that the company had committed sev-
when Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts announced a restruc- eral misleading statements in the companys third-quarter
turing of its debt.[375] The plan called for Trumps individ- 1999 earnings release. The matter was settled with the de-
ual ownership to be reduced from 56 percent to 27 percent, fendant neither admitting nor denying the charge.[390]
During the 2008 nancial crisis, Trump International Hotel argued that California Shield Law prevented discovery of
and Tower in Chicago was unable to sell sucient units. a reporters unpublished notes.[400] In 2013, Trump settled
Lender Deutsche Bank refused to let Trump lower the the lawsuit with more than one hundred would-be condo
prices on the units to spur sales. Arguing that the nan- owners for an undisclosed amount.[401]
cial crisis and resulting drop in the real estate market is In 2011, an appellate court upheld a New Jersey Supe-
due to circumstances beyond his control, Trump invoked rior Court judges decision dismissing Trumps $5 billion
a clause in the contract to not pay the loan.[391] Trump then defamation lawsuit against author Timothy L. O'Brien, who
initiated a suit asserting that his image had been damaged. had reported in his book, TrumpNation: The Art of Being
Both parties agreed to drop their suits, and sales of the units
The Donald (2006), that Trumps true net worth was in fact
continued.[392] between $150 and $250 million. Trump had reportedly told
In 2008, Trump led a $100 million lawsuit for alleged O'Brien he was worth billions and, in 2005, had publicly
fraud and civil rights violations[393] against the California stated that he was worth billions.[402] Trump complained
city of Rancho Palos Verdes, a seaside town of 41,000 with that the authors alleged underestimation of his net worth
an annual budget just under $20 million, over thwarted was motivated by malice and had cost him business deals
luxury home development and expansion plans on part and reputational damage.[403] The appellate court, how-
of a landslide-prone golf course purchased by Trump in ever, noted the consistency of O'Briens three condential
2002 for $27 million.[393] Trump had previously sued a sources.[404]
local school district over land leased from them in the Trump sued comedian Bill Maher for $5 million in 2013.
re-branded Trump National Golf Club, and had further Maher had appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
angered some local residents by renaming a thorough- and had oered to pay $5 million to a charity if Trump
fare after himself.[393] Trumps lawyer was unable to con- produced his birth certicate to prove that Trumps mother
vince a judge that the citys relentless anti-growth mu- had not mated with an orangutan. This was in reciprocation
nicipal ideology[394] had stymied Trumps ambitions, as for Trump having previously challenged Obama to produce
Trump had never submitted permit applications in the his birth certicate. Trump had oered $5 million payable
rst place,[394] and the suit was ultimately withdrawn in to a charity of Obamas choice, if Obama produced his col-
2012 with Trump and the city agreeing to modied ge- lege applications, transcripts, and passport records.[405][406]
ological surveys and permit extensions for some 20 pro- Trump produced his birth certicate and led a lawsuit af-
posed luxury homes (in addition to 36 homes previously ter Maher was not forthcoming, claiming that Mahers $5
approved).[394][395] Trump ultimately opted for a permanent million oer was legally binding. I don't think he was
conservation easement instead of expanded housing devel-
joking, Trump said. He said it with venom.[405] Ma-
opment on the courses driving range.[396] her replied that Trump needed to learn the dierence be-
In 2009, Trump was sued by investors who had made de- tween what a joke is and what a contract is and that the
posits, typically $200,000$300,000 per person, for con- U.S. legal system is not a toy for rich idiots to play with,
dos in the failed Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico.[397] and said that it was obvious humans and orangutans can-
The investors alleged that Trump (whose videos promot- not reproduce.[407] Trump withdrew his lawsuit against the
ing the development had been shown to potential investors) comedian after eight weeks.[408]
misrepresented his role in the project, stating after its fail- In 2013, in a lawsuit led by New York Attorney Gen-
ure that he had been little more than a spokesperson for eral Eric Schneiderman, Trump was accused of defraud-
the entire venture, disavowing any nancial responsibil- ing more than 5,000 people of $40 million for the oppor-
ity for the debacle.[398] Investors were abruptly informed tunity to learn Trumps real estate investment techniques in
that they would be getting nothing back: All that re- a for-prot training program, Trump University, which op-
mains of Trump Baja is a highway billboard with a large erated from 2005 to 2011.[409][410][411] Schneiderman con-
photo of Donald Trump that advertises condos for sale. It tended that Trumps seminars constituted an unlicensed,
hovers over a closed sales center and showroom, a paved illegal educational institution which utilized false adver-
parking lot, a big hole that cuts a wide swath, drainage tising, bait-and-switch tactics, intentional misrepresenta-
pipes and construction equipment, reported the Associated tion and other fraudulent practices.[383] In January 2014,
Press in 2009.[397] In the litigation that ensued in a Cal- a New York Superior Court upheld part of the Attorney
ifornia court, Trumps attorneys sought to question a San Generals case against Trump,[412] and in October 2014,
Diego Union-Tribune reporter about a 2006 story with the found Trump liable for not obtaining a license to operate
headline Trump puts 'brand' on Baja with condo-hotel, the for-prot investment school, Trump Entrepreneur Ini-
which quoted Trump saying he was a signicant equity
tiative, formerly known as Trump University. (Trump ul-
investor in the development.[399] The California court re- timately stopped using the term University following a
jected Trumps legal maneuver, siding with attorneys who
2010 order from New York regulators, who called Trumps
use of the word misleading and even illegal"; the state had construction of the building and disrupting its ambience.
previously warned Trump in 2005 to drop the term or not Trump had previously sued twice over airport noise.[424]
oer seminars within New York.)[413][414][415] In a separate In July 2015, Trump led a $10 million lawsuit against chef
class action civil suit in mid-February 2014, a San Diego Jos Andrs claiming that he backed out of a deal to open
federal judge allowed claimants in California, Florida, and the agship restaurant at Trump International Hotel Wash-
New York to proceed.[416] A Trump counterclaim, alleg- ington, D.C.[425] Andrs replied that Trumps lawsuit was
ing that the state Attorney Generals investigation was ac- both unsurprising and without merit.[426] After denounc-
companied by a campaign donation shakedown, was inves- ing chef Georey Zakarian who, like Andrs, withdrew
tigated by a New York ethics board and dismissed in Au-
from the Trump International Hotel project in the wake
gust 2015.[417] Trump also led a $1 million defamation suit of Trumps comments on Mexican illegal immigrants (and
against former Trump University student Tarla Makae,
who was expected to lose his $500,000 restaurant lease de-
who had spent about $37,000 on seminars, after she joined posit as a result),[426] Trump sued Zakarian in August 2015
the class action lawsuit and publicized her classroom expe-
for a sum in excess of $10 million for lost rent and other
riences on social media.[398] Unable to prove malice, Trump damages.[427] Trumps lawsuit called Zakarians oense at
University lost an anti-SLAPP lawsuit (under statutes de- his remarks curious in light of the fact that Mr. Trumps
signed to thwart legal intimidation of class action partici- publicly shared views on immigration have remained con-
pants) and was ordered by a U.S. District Judge in April sistent for many years, and Mr. Trumps willingness to
2015 to pay Makae and her lawyers $798,774.24 in legal frankly share his opinions is widely known.[427]
fees and costs.[418] That just shows you how low they will
go to silence people, Makae said.[398]
In 2014, the former Miss Pennsylvania Sheena Monnin ul- Allegations of business with rms linked to organized
timately settled a $5 million arbitration judgment against crime
her, having been sued by Trump after alleging that the Miss
USA 2012 pageant results were rigged. Monnin wrote on Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Cay Johnston, as
her Facebook page that another contestant told her during well as investigative journalist Wayne Barrett who wrote
a rehearsal that she had seen a list of the top ve nalists, an unauthorized 1992 Trump biography, have alleged that
and when those names were called in their precise order, Trump and his companies did business with New York
Monnin realized the pageant election process was suspect, and Philadelphia families linked to the Italian-American
compelling Monnin to resign her Miss Pennsylvania title. Maa.[428][429] According to the Washington Post, He was
Trumps lawyer said that Monnins allegations had cost the never accused of illegality, and observers of the time say
pageant a lucrative British Petroleum sponsorship deal and that working with the mob-related gures and politicos
threatened to discourage women from entering Miss USA came with the territory.[430]
contests in the future.[419] According to Monnin, testimony
Johnston and Barrett claim that Trump purchased the fu-
from the Miss Universe Organization and Ernst & Young
ture site of Atlantic Citys Trump Plaza for twice its market
revealed that the top 15 nalists were selected by pageant
value from the Philadelphia crime family member Salvatore
directors regardless of preliminary judges scores.[420] As
Testa, and according to the State of New Jersey Commis-
part of the settlement, Monnin was not required to retract
sion of Investigations 1986 report on organized crime, con-
her original statements.[419] Standing on truth has cost me
structed the casino using two rms controlled by Nicodemo
much, Monnin said.[421]
Scarfo.[429] Although Trump was a federal target in a 1979
In 2014, the model Alexia Palmer led a civil suit against bribery investigation, and was later questioned in a 1981
Trump Model Management for promising a $75,000 an- racketeering probe, neither investigation resulted in crimi-
nual salary but paying only $3,380.75 for three years work. nal charges.[429] Trump was criticized for omitting mention
Palmer claimed to be owed more than $200,000. Palmer of that investigation in his New Jersey casino license ap-
contended that Trump Model Management charged, in plication. Johnston alleged that Trump had persuaded state
addition to a management fee, obscure expenses from ocials to limit the background investigation of him.[428]
postage to limousine rides that consumed the remainder of Johnston and other investigative reporters also reported that
her compensation. Trump attorney Alan Garten claims the Trump Tower, Trump Plaza, and other New York City
lawsuit is bogus and completely frivolous.[422][423] properties were constructed with concrete purchased from
In 2015, Trump initiated a $100 million lawsuit against S&A Concrete Co., a rm owned by Anthony Salerno, head
Palm Beach County claiming that ocials, in a deliberate of the Genovese crime family, and Paul Castellano, head of
and malicious act, pressured the FAA to direct air traf- the Gambino crime family.[428][430]
c to the Palm Beach International Airport over his Mar- According to British investigative journalist John Sweeney,
a-Lago estate.[424] The air trac is allegedly damaging the Trump walked out of an interview for the BBCs Panorama
series with Sweeney after Trump answered a question about 1.1.9 Awards and honors
why he continued to do business with Felix Sater, an ex-
convict who identied himself a senior advisor to Don-
ald Trump (a claim disputed by Trumps representatives),
after Saters maa and Russian criminal ties, as well as
a 1998 racketeering conviction for a $40 million Maa-
linked stock fraud scheme,[431] were publicly reported in
2007.[432][433][434] Saters fraud victims included Holocaust
survivors Ernest and Judit Gottdiener, whose estate later
sued Sater and a business partner for failing to pay $7 mil-
lion in restitution.[435] Sater moved into a Trump Tower of-
ce on the same oor as Trumps oce in 2010, according
to court records and Associated Press interviews.[431] Felix
Sater, boy, I have to even think about it, Trump told the AP
Trump receiving the 2015 Marine CorpsLaw Enforce-
in December 2015. I'm not that familiar with him.[431]
ment Foundation's annual Leadership Award in recognition
When previously asked about Sater by The New York Times
for his contributions to American military education
in December 2007, Trump said of Sater We never knew
programs
that. We do as much of a background check as we can on
the principals. I didnt really know him very well.[433] Sater
was born in Russia in 1966 and emigrated to the U.S. with
his family at the age of 8,[433] and later developed ties to
members of the Bonanno and Genovese crime families.[436]
He worked with Trump on at least four projects includ-
ing Trump SoHo, Trump International Hotel and Residence
Phoenix (which failed[436] ), Trump International Hotel and
Residence Ft. Lauderdale (which collapsed amid allega-
tions of fraud[437] ), and an unrealized skyscraper project in
Denver which involved Sater traveling with Trump to the
city[438] and being interviewed with Trump by The Rocky
Mountain News in 2005.[433] Alan Garten, senior attorney Trumps star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
for Trump, said that Sater has got a lot of contacts and
worked with Trump scouting high-end luxury real estate op-
portunities, but was never formally employed, and did not Gaming Hall of Fame (class of 1995)[439]
close any deals for Trump over the course of a six-month
non-contractual working relationship in 2010.[431] If Mr. NY Ride of Fame (class of 2010)[440]
Sater was good enough for the government to work with,
Trump was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Busi-
referring to the cooperation agreement which kept Saters
ness Administration (Hon. D.B.A.), in 2010 by Robert
racketeering conviction sealed from public scrutiny for 14
Gordon University.[441] However, this degree was re-
years, I see no reason why he wasn't good enough for Mr.
voked on December 9, 2015 because Trump had made
Trump.[431]
a number of statements that are wholly incompatible
with the ethos and values of the university.[442]
In February 2016 Trump was nominated by 'an
anonymous U.S. politician' for the Nobel Peace
Campaign contributions Prize, for his 'vigorous peace through strength
ideology'.[443][444][445]
According to a New York state report, Trump circum- Honorary Doctor of Business (Hon. D.B.), 2012,
vented corporate and personal campaign donation limits Liberty University[446]
in the 1980s by donating money to candidates from 18
dierent business subsidiaries, rather than giving primar- WWE Hall of Fame (class of 2013)
ily in his own name.[430] Trump told investigators he did Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
so on the advice of lawyers, and not to curry favor with
business-friendly candidates, but simply to satisfy requests Statesman of the Year, The Republican Party of Sara-
from friends.[430] sota, 2012, 2015[447][448]
Liberty Award, in 2015 at the Algemeiner Jewish 100 Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Chal-
Gala in honor of his positive contributions to Israel lenges into Success (2008), ISBN 978-0-470-19084-5
United States relations.[449]
Think Like a Champion: An Informal Education in
Key to the City of Doral, Florida, 2015[450][451] Business and Life (2009), ISBN 978-0-7624-3856-3
Commandant of the Marine Corps Leadership Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich
Award, 2015, Marine CorpsLaw Enforcement and Why Most Don't (2011), co-written with Robert
Foundation[452] T. Kiyosaki, ISBN 978-1-61268-095-8
New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame (inducted November
Time to Get Tough: Making America No. 1 Again
12, 2015)[453]
(2011), ISBN 978-1-59698-773-9
Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again

1.1.10 Bibliography (2015), ISBN 978-1-5011-3796-9
Trump: The Art of the Deal (1987), ISBN 978-0-345-
47917-4
1.1.11 Books about Trump
Trump: Surviving at the Top (1990), ISBN 978-0-394-
57597-1 Trumped!: The Inside Story of the Real Donald
TrumpHis Cunning Rise and Spectacular Fall by
Trump: The Art of Survival (1991), ISBN 978-0-446- John R. O'Donnell and James Rutherford (1991),
36209-2 ISBN 978-0671737351
Trump: The Art of the Comeback (1997), co-written Trump: The Deals and the Downfall by Wayne Barrett
with Kate Bohner, ISBN 978-0-8129-2964-5 (1992), ISBN 978-0060167042
The America We Deserve (2000), with Dave Shiett,
Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump by
ISBN 1-58063-131-2
Harry Hurt III (1993), ISBN 978-0393030297
Trump: How to Get Rich (2004), ISBN 978-0-345-
48103-0 The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a
Presidential Candidate by Gwenda Blair (2001), ISBN
The Way to the Top: The Best Business Advice I Ever 978-0743210799
Received (2004), ISBN 978-1-4000-5016-1
TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald by
Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need Timothy L. O'Brien (2005), ISBN 978-0446578547
to Know About Success, Real Estate, and Life (2004),
ISBN 978-0-345-48140-5 Donald Trump: The Candidate by Gwenda Blair
(2007), ISBN 978-1416546542
Trump: The Best Golf Advice I Ever Received (2005),
ISBN 978-0-307-20999-3 Trump-Style Negotiation: Powerful Strategies and Tac-
tics for Mastering Every Deal by George H. Ross
Why We Want You to be Rich: Two Men One Message (2008), ISBN 978-0470225295
(2006), co-written with Robert Kiyosaki, ISBN 978-
1-933914-02-2 Never Enough: Donald Trump and the Pursuit of
Success by Michael D'Antonio (2015), ISBN 978-
Think Big and Kick Ass in Business and Life (2007),
1250042385
co-written with Bill Zanker, ISBN 978-0-06-154783-
6 What America Needs: The Case for Trump by Jerey
Trump: The Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received: Lord (2016), ISBN 978-1621575238
100 Top Experts Share Their Strategies (2007), ISBN
978-1-4016-0255-0
1.1.12 See also
Trump 101: The Way to Success (2007), ISBN 978-0-
470-04710-1 Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016
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father gave birth to familys glittering empire with seedy
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gust 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2015. A great time
was had by all who attended the 20th Annual Semper Fi-
delis Gala held Wednesday, April 22, 2015 at the Waldorf-
Astoria Hotel! Colonel G.F. Robert Hanke, USMCR (Ret.)
received our Semper Fidelis Award and Donald Trump re-
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1.1.14 Further reading

Blair, Gwenda (2000). The Trumps: Three Genera-
tions That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN
0-684-80849-8. 592 pages.
Trump column archives at The Hungton Post
1.1.15 External links

Ocial presidential campaign website Donald-
jtrump.com
Trump biography The Trump Organization

Donald Trump at the Internet Movie Database
Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The

Wall Street Journal
Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The

Guardian
Appearances on C-SPAN
Donald Trump at DMOZ
Chapter 2
Spouses
2.1 Ivana Trump ald and Ivana Trump became leading gures in New York
society during the 1980s. They set to work on several mas-
Ivana Marie Trump (ne Zelnkov; Czech pronuncia- sive projects, including the construction of the Grand Hy-

tion: [vana marj zlitkova]; February 20, 1949) att Hotel, the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort in Atlantic
is a Czech-American socialite and former fashion model, City, New Jersey, and the Trump Tower on Fifth Avenue
known for her marriage to American business magnate in Manhattan.[4][5] They had three children: Donald John
Donald Trump. Jr. (born December 31, 1977), Ivanka Marie (born Octo-
ber 30, 1981), and Eric Fredrick (born January 6, 1984).
She has seven grandchildren.[6]
2.1.1 Early years Ivana took a major role in the Trump Organization. She
became the Vice President of Interior Design for the com-
Ivana Zelnkov was born in the Moravian town of then pany, spearheading the signature design of Trump Tower.
Gottwaldov (formerly/presently known as Zln), the daugh- Afterwards, her then husband appointed her to head up the
ter of Milo Zelnek and Marie Francov.[1] From a very Trump Castle Hotel and Casino as president. Ivana be-
young age, her father nurtured and encouraged her skiing came a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1988, with Donald at her
talent. She has claimed that she was selected as an alternate side.[7]
on the 1972 Czechoslovak Olympic Ski Team. However,
In the late 1980s, Ivana decided to leave Atlantic City in
in 1989, Petr Pomezny, Secretary General of the Czech
order to devote more time to her family. However, her hus-
Olympic Committee, stated, Who is this Ivana woman,
band asked her to oversee the restoration of the landmark
and why do people keep calling us about her? We have
Plaza Hotel, and she took over as its president. She was
searched so many times and have consulted many, many
named Hotelier of the Year in 1990. Ivanas work at the
people, and there is no such girl in our records.[2]
Plaza would be the zenith of her work within the Trump
In the early 1970s she earned a masters degree in physical Organization. Towards the end of that year, rumors began
education from Charles University of Prague. to circulate that her husband was having an aair with a for-
mer beauty queen from Georgia, Marla Maples. While the
family was on holiday in Aspen, Colorado that Christmas,
2.1.2 Personal life she encountered Maples on the ski slopes; their confronta-
tion was reported in the New York Post the following day.
In 1971, she married real estate agent Alfred Winklemeier, In 1991, she retained entertainment attorney Neil Papiano
but they were divorced in 1973.[3] She left Czechoslovakia and led for divorce, seeking a greater amount of the family
for Canada to be with a childhood friend, George Syrovatka, fortune than had been set out in her prenuptial agreement.
who owned a ski boutique there. For the following two Her husband fought back in court, protesting Ivanas claims
years she lived in Montreal, improved her English taking that she had contributed to the Trump Organization.
night courses at McGill University, and worked as a model
for some of Canadas top fur companies. She then left Sy- The divorce proceedings led to extensive pieces in the gos-
rovatka and moved to New York to promote the Montreal sip columns. In October 1990 her 63-year-old father died
Olympics. suddenly from a heart attack. The Trumps stood side-by-
side at the funeral.[8] Their divorce was settled after that
It was in New York that she met Donald Trump, son of in 1992.[9] Although the settlement remains sealed by the
prominent real estate developer Fred Trump. On April 7, courts, it is rumored that Ivana received $20 million; the
1977, she married Donald in a lavish society wedding. Don-
34
2.1. IVANA TRUMP 35
$14 million family estate in Connecticut; a $5 million hous- In the John David Coles-directed TV movie Trump Unau-
ing allowance; $350,000 annual alimony; all of her jewelry; thorized (2005), Ivana is portrayed by actress Katheryn
and 49% of Mar-a-Lago, the family home in Palm Beach, Winnick.
Florida, that also serves as a private club for the Palm Beach Actress Michaela Watkins portrays Ivana in the Funny or
elite. Not long after her divorce from Donald, Ivana mar- Die parody lm Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal: The
ried Riccardo Mazzucchelli. The marriage was dissolved Movie.
before two years had elapsed, and Ivana led a $15 million
breach of contract suit against Mazzucchelli for violating
the condentiality clause in their prenuptial agreement. The 2.1.5 References
suit was settled out of court.
In April 2008, Ivana, then 59, married Rossano Rubicondi, [1] Novelguide.com Archived June 17, 2010, at the Wayback
then 36.[10] The $3 million wedding for 400 guests was Machine.
hosted by Donald at his Mar-a-Lago estate. Trumps daugh- [2] van Meter, Johnathan. Thats Why the Lady is a Trump.
ter Ivanka, of the reality show The Apprentice, was her maid Spy Magazine. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
of honor.[11] On December 1, 2008, Trump conrmed to
the Associated Press that she had led a legal separation [3] After Months of Marital Swordplay, the Donalds No
agreement three months previously; she has stated in inter- Longer a Hubby, and Ivanas No Longer a Trump. People.
views that she and her husband have an on-again/o-again April 8, 1991. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
relationship. [4] After The Gold Rush. Vanity Fair. August 1990. Re-
trieved January 10, 2016. They were married in New York
during Easter of 1977. Mayor Beame attended the wedding
2.1.3 Career at Marble Collegiate Church. Donald had already made his
alliance with Roy Cohn, who would become his lawyer and
Soon after her divorce from Donald Trump, she signed mentor.
on with the William Morris Agency and developed lines
of clothing, fashion jewelry and beauty products that have [5] THE EMPIRE AND EGO OF DONALD TRUMP. New
been successfully sold through television shopping chan- York Times. August 7, 1983. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
nels. She has also written several bestselling books includ- [6] Corcoran, Kieran (June 16, 2015). Dad for President!
ing the novels For Love Alone, Lucy Wilkins and Free to Donald Trumps ve children steal the spotlight at 2016 an-
Love as well as a self-help book The Best is Yet to Come: nouncement - with nine-year-old Barron looking all grown
Coping with Divorce and Enjoying Life Again. In 2001, up. Daily Mail. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
she penned an advice column for Divorce Magazine.[12] She
played a cameo role in the Hollywood lm The First Wives [7] Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen. Associated Press.
May 27, 1988. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
Club with the memorable line, Remember girls: don't get
mad, get everything. [8] Robert E. Tomasson (1990-10-31). Chronicle. Ny-
She was the host of Oxygen Network's reality-dating series times.com. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
Ivana Young Man in 2006. In 2010, Ivana sued a Finnish [9] IvanaTrump.com. IvanaTrump.com. Retrieved 2012-10-
fashion company, accusing it of selling womens clothing 24.
that incorporates her name without permission.[13] In the
same year, she took part in the UKs Celebrity Big Brother, [10] Marx, Linda. Ivana Trump Marries for the Fourth Time -
nishing seventh.[14] Weddings, Ivana Trump. People.com. Retrieved 2012-10-
24.
[11] Ivana Trump weds actor Rossano Rubicondi: report Reuters

2.1.4 In popular culture
[12] Zwecker, Bill, Ivanas trump? Divorce column that shares
In the former Disney sitcoms The Suite Life of Zack and all shes learned, Chicago Sun-Times, January 24, 2001
Cody and The Suite Life on Deck, main character London
Tipton's dogs is named Ivana after the ex-Trump. [13] Ivana Trump sues Finnish designer over name:report Reuters
In the 1996 movie adaptation of The First Wives Club, [14] Celebrity Big Brother: Ivana Trump makes a magical en-
Ivana makes a brief appearance at the end gala. trance into the house Mail Online, January 9, 2010
Absolutely Fabulous creator Jennifer Saunders has admitted [15] The Story of Absolutely Fabulous, BBC, broadcast
that the character Patsy Stone (who shares Trumps charac- 2/1/04. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/abfab/vault/
teristic blond beehive) is partially based on Trump.[15] specials/storyofabfab.shtml
36 CHAPTER 2. SPOUSES
2.2 Marla Maples Theater
Marla Ann Maples (born October 27, 1963) is an In August 1992, Maples starred as "Ziegfeld's favorite
American actress and television personality, best known for in the Tony Award winning production, The Will Rogers
her six-year marriage to celebrity businessman and 2016 Follies on Broadway.[16][17] She returned to New York in
presidential candidate Donald Trump. 2011 for Love, Loss and What I Wore, an o-Broadway
production.[18]
2.2.1 Personal life Philanthropy
Maples was born in Cohutta, Georgia, United States, the Maples has always been big on supporting charities and non-
daughter of Lura Ann (ne Locklear; 1940-2014), a home- prot organizations, and has been a long time and vocal sup-
maker and model, and Stanley Edward Maples, a real estateporter of Kids Creating Peace, an organization that unites
developer.[2][3] Israeli and Palestinian children.[19] She has also been known
to share proceeds of sales with those in need, as she shared
Maples attended Northwest Whiteld High School in sales proceeds of her One World of Love album with Suc-
Tunnel Hill, Georgia, where she was crowned Homecoming cess for Kids, and proceeds from her auction with Lindas
Queen.[4] Stu with Spirituality for Kids.[20][21]
Maples and Donald Trump have one child together, Tiany
Ariana Trump, who was born on October 13, 1993.[5] In
December, 1993 the couple married,[6] but they separated Radio/Music
in May 1997[7] and divorced in 1999.[8]
For many years Maples hosted her own talk radio show,
Awakening with Marla, on Contact Talk Radio, where her
guests ranged from naturopathic doctors, to authors, to as-
2.2.2 Career trologists, and more.[22]
Motion pictures Maples album The Endless, released in August 2013, is

a musical journey of spiritual awakening and transforma-
tional energy, featuring thought leaders such as the Dalai
Maples appeared in Maximum Overdrive (1986) and
Lama, Michael Beckwith, and Deepak Chopra. Each track
Executive Decision (1996). She followed these lms with
evokes a dierent level of consciousness and connection,
roles in the award-winning Todd Solondz movie Happiness
designed for deep meditation, prayer circles, or yoga ses-
(1998), and was part of the cast in the movie Black and
sions. In December 2014, Maples won a Hollywood Mu-
White (1999). Other lms include A Christmas Too Many,
sic in Media Award for best New Age/Ambient song, for
Loving Annabelle, Two of Hearts, Richie Richs A Christ-
House of Love, from that album.[23][24]
mas Wish, For Richer or Poorer, and Something Wilder.[9]
Since then, she has had a part as an actress is in Switch-
ing Lanes, directed by Thomas Mikal Ford, which won the Other
Feature Film Silver Award in October 2015 at the King-
domwood Christian Film Festival.[10][11] In 1990, Maples starred in an advertising campaign for No
Excuses jeans.[25] In 1993, she was the designer for a line
of maternity clothes, sold in several major department store
Television chains.[26]
In January 2000, a memoir by Maples, All That Glit-
In 1991, Maples appeared as a celebrity guest at WWF ters Is Not Gold, was announced by the ReganBooks di-
WrestleMania VII, where she served as special guest time- vision of HarperCollins Publishers. In February 2002, a
keeper in the main event match between Hulk Hogan and spokeswoman for the publishing company said that ''The
defending WWF Champion Sgt. Slaughter. Maples co- author and publisher by mutual consent have agreed not to
hosted the 1996 and 1997 Miss Universe Pageant, and the publish the book.''[8]
1997 Miss USA Pageant.[12] She guest-starred in Spin City
in 1997 and on The Nanny in May 1998.[13][9] In 2013,
Maples was featured on Oprah: Where Are They Now?[14] 2.2.3 References
In June 2014, she was a guest star on the Disney show Liv
and Maddie.[15] [1] Its a Wedding Blitz for Trump and Maples. The New York
2.3. MELANIA TRUMP 37
Times. 21 December 1993. [21] Dagher, Veronica. Actress Mapless Song for Children,
Teens at Risk. The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660.
[2] Marla Maples Biography (1963-)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Retrieved 20 December 2014.
[22] Marla Mapless Page. ctrnetwork.com. Retrieved 2016-
[3] Marla Ann Maples b. 27 Oct 1963 Georgia: Smoky Moun- 01-25.
tain Ancestral Quest.
[23] iTunes - Music - The Endless by Marla Maples. iTunes.
[4] Video: Donald Trump Marla Maples at her high school
Retrieved 20 December 2014.
homecoming 1991. Frequency. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
[5] Schneider, Karen S. (May 19, 1997). The Donald Ducks [24] Hollywood Music in Media Awards. Music Awards Los
Out. People. Retrieved September 10, 2015. Angeles - Music Awards Hollywood. Hollywood Music in
Media Awards. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
[6] Dullea, Georgia (December 21, 1993). VOWS; Its a Wed-
ding Blitz for Trump and Maples. The New York Times. [25] Foltz, Kim (July 27, 1990). 2 Networks Say No To No
ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-27. Excuses Jeans. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
Retrieved 2015-11-27.
[7] Weber, Bruce (May 3, 1997). Donald and Marla Are
Headed for Divestiture. The New York Times. ISSN 0362- [26] Brozan, Nadine (November 24, 1993). Style: Chronicle.
4331. Retrieved 2015-11-27. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-
27.
[8] Fried, Joseph P. (February 24, 2002). Tell-All Book on
Trump Won't Be Telling at All. The New York Times. ISSN
0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
[9] Marla Maples at the Internet Movie Database
Marla Maples at the Internet Movie Database
[10] Inspirational Film 'Switching Lanes Wins 2015 Feature
Film Silver Award [TRAILER]". BREATHEcast. 2015-10-
13. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
[11] New Movie Coming from Tyscot Films: Switching Lanes.

2.3 Melania Trump
Tyscot.com. Retrieved 20 December 2014.
Melania Trump (born Melanija Knavs,[1] Germanized to
[12] Miss USA Pageant. New York Daily News. Melania Knauss; April 26, 1970) is a jewelry and watch
designer and former model.[2] She is married to American
[13] " Spin City The Goodbye Girl (TV Episode 1997) " at the
billionaire real estate developer and 2016 U.S. presiden-
Internet Movie Database
tial candidate Donald Trump.[3] Born in Yugoslavia (now
[14] Search. Oprah.com. Retrieved 20 December 2014. Slovenia), she became a permanent resident of the United
States in 2001 and acquired citizenship in 2006.[4]
[15] Liv and Maddie, retrieved 2015-10-01
[16] Marla Maples at the Internet Broadway Database

2.3.1 Early life
[17] Stanley, Alessandra (August 4, 1992). Maples in Spotlight
on Opening Night. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Knauss was born in Sevnica, in Slovenia's Lower Sava Val-
Retrieved December 20, 2014. ley (then part of Yugoslavia) on April 26, 1970. Her
father, Viktor Knavs, who managed car and motorcycle
[18] Whats Up, Marla Maples? The Love, Loss and What I
dealerships,[5] was from the nearby town of Radee; her
Wore Star on Returning to New York and Sending Daughter
mother, Amalija, a fashion designer,[5] came from a vil-
Tiany Trump to College. Broadway.com. Retrieved 20
December 2014. lage in the area surrounding Sevnica, within the connes
of Sevnica Castle.[6] She has an older sister, Ines.[7]
[19] Juzwiak, Rich. Of Course the Surviving Member of Milli Knauss grew up in a modest apartment in a concrete hous-
Vanilli Has an EDM Project. Gawker. Retrieved 2016-01-
ing block.[1] When she was a teenager, the family moved
25.
to a two-story house near Sevnica.[8] She began her model-
[20] Marla Maples and Tiany Trump are... - Kabbalah Centre ing career at age 16, and at age 18 signed with a modeling
[9]
Houston | Facebook. www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2016- agency in Milan, Italy. She is uent in Slovenian, English,
01-25. French, Serbian, and German.[10]
2.3.2 Career tional Love Our Children Day and the beginning of National
Child Abuse Prevention month.[5]
Modeling career
After studying design and architecture at the University 2.3.3 Marriage to Donald Trump
of Ljubljana in Slovenia,[9] without graduating, Knauss
worked as a model for major fashion houses in Milan
and Paris before relocating to New York City in 1996.[9]
Working with photographers including Helmut Newton,
Patrick Demarchelier, and Mario Testino,[9][5] Knauss sub-
sequently appeared on the covers of Vogue, Harpers
Bazaar, Ocean Drive, In Style, New York Magazine, Avenue,
Allure, Vanity Fair, Self, Glamour, GQ, Elle, FHM, and was
featured as a bikini model in the 2000 Sports Illustrated
Swimsuit Issue.[11][12][13][14] As a model, she was associated
with several well-known modeling agencies, including Don-
ald Trumps Trump Model Management.[15]
Career pre-marriage
In 2000, Melania appeared with Trump while he Melania and Donald Trump at the Oscar De La Renta Fashion
campaigned for the Reform Party 2000 presidential Show in New York City, 2006
nomination,[16] and several years later, Knauss appeared
in an ad for Aac insurance, in which she and the After moving to New York City in 1996,[22] Knauss met
Aac mascot, a duck, voiced by comedian Gilbert Got- Donald Trump at a Fashion Week party in New York City in
tfried, exchange personalities via a Frankenstein-like September 1998.[1][17] Their relationship gained notoriety
mad experiment.[9] She was interviewed with Trump in after a 1999 interview on The Howard Stern Show,[16] and
May 2005 on Larry King Live, four months after their additional publicity after the 2004 launch of Trumps suc-
marriage,[17] and afterwards co-hosted several episodes of cessful business-oriented reality television show, The Ap-
The View with Barbara Walters.[9] prentice. Donald Trump described their long courtship in
In 2010, she launched her watch and jewelry collection, 2005: We literally have never had an argument, forget
Melania Timepieces & Jewelry, sold on QVC, and in about the word [17]
'ght' ... We just are very compatible. We
2013, debuted a skin care line, Melania Caviar Com- get along.
plexe C6,[9] which she promoted on The Celebrity Appren- After becoming engaged in 2004, Donald Trump and Mela-
tice and The View. Her product lines subsequently suered nia Knauss were married on January 22, 2005, at The
distribution problems,[18] and in 2013, she won a court case Episcopal Church of Bethesda-by-the-Sea in Palm Beach,
and the right to an arbitrated settlement after suing an In- Florida, followed by a reception in the 17,000-sq.-ft. ball-
dianapolis distributor for $50 million for failure to honor room at Trumps Mar-a-Lago estate.[23]
their marketing contract.[19]
The event was attended by noted persons such as Katie
Couric, Matt Lauer, Rudy Giuliani, Heidi Klum, Star Jones,
Charity work P. Diddy, Shaquille O'Neal, Barbara Walters, Conrad
Black, Regis Philbin, Simon Cowell, Kelly Ripa, and then-
She has been associated with various charity events, in- Senator Hillary Clinton and former president Bill Clin-
[23][24]
cluding of The Breast Cancer Research Foundation.[20][21] ton. At the reception, Billy Joel serenaded the crowd
She was Honorary Chairwoman for Martha Graham Dance with "Just the Way You Are", and supplied new lyrics about
Company in April 2005; is an active member of the Police Trump to the tune of "The Lady is a Tramp".[23]
Athletic League, which honored her with Woman of The The Trumps wedding ceremony and reception were widely
Year 2006; has been an Honorary Chairwoman for The covered by the media.[22] Melania wore a $200,000 dress
Boys Club of New York for ve consecutive years; and in made by John Galliano of the house of Christian Dior,[23]
2005, The American Red Cross awarded her with the title and the cake at the reception was a 50-pound orange Grand
of Goodwill Ambassador.[9] In 2008, she rang the closing Marnier chocolate true cake, with a Grand Marnier
bell at NASDAQ to commemorate the Fifth Annual Na- butter-cream lling, and covered with 3,000 roses created
2.3. MELANIA TRUMP 39
2.3.4 References
[1] Jordan, Mary (September 30, 2015). Meet Melania Trump,
a new model for rst lady. The Washington Post. Retrieved
October 1, 2015.
[2] The Women of Billionaires. TheRedWire. Retrieved 17

November 2015.
[3] Melania Trump would be a First Lady for the Ages, New
York Post, August 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-17
[4] Kuczynski, Alex. Melania Trumps American Dream..

bazaar. 01-06-2016. Accessed 2-24-2016.
[5] Greenhouse, Emily (August 17, 2015). Vitamins & Caviar:

Getting to Know Melania Trump. Bloomberg Politics. Re-
trieved September 4, 2015.
[6] Tednik CELJAN. Celjan.si. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
[7] Donald Trump and Melania Knauss Marriage Prole.

about.com.
[8] Melania Trumps Past Took Her From A River Town In

Melania in 2016 Slovenia To Trump Tower. Hungton Post. February 12,
2016.
[9] Melanie Trump - My World, melaniatrump.com Retrieved

2015-08-17
[10] FMD - Melania Knauss. Retrieved 2015-11-14
by the chef at Mar-a-Lago.[23] [11] Melania Knauss. The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com.

Retrieved 17 November 2015.
In 2006, Melania gave birth to a son named Barron William
Trump.[9] Donald suggested his rst name, and Melania [12] Melania Knauss. The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com.
his middle name.[25] As an infant, Barron reportedly oc- Retrieved 17 November 2015.
cupied his own oor in the Trumps apartment in Trump
[13] George Holz. Melania Knauss, FHM, December 1, 2000.
Tower in Manhattan, but often slept in a crib in his parents
[25] Getty Images. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
bedroom. He plays golf with his father, and is reported
[26]
to be equally uent in English and Slovenian, while also [14] Photoshoots. melaniatrump.com. Retrieved 17 November
speaking French.[5] He is said to like wearing a suit and tie, 2015.
and Melanias nickname for him is Mini-Donald.[5]
[15] Melania Knauss. The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com.
Melania and Donald are often seen and photographed Retrieved 17 November 2015.
together at New York City society events and
receptions.[27][28][29] Television personality Barbara [16] Wadler, Joyce (December 2, 1999). A Supermodel at the
Walters, impressed with Melanias intelligence when she White House?". New Straits Times. Retrieved September 4,
met her, has said of her: Maybe because shes so pretty, 2015.
we don't expect her to be as smart as she is.[30]
[17] King, Larry (May 17, 2005). Interview with Donald, Mela-
In 2015, asked about her husbands presidential campaign, nia Trump. CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
Melania said, I encouraged him because I know what he
will do and what he can do for America. He loves the Amer- [18] Sikich, Chris (November 14, 2013). Melania Trump main-
tains validity of disputed contract. The Indianapolis Star.
ican people and he wants to help them.[30] When asked by
The New York Times what her role would be if Trump were
to become president, Melania replied: I would be very tra- [19] IBJ Sta (November 26, 2013). Trump wins court bat-
ditional. Like Betty Ford or Jackie Kennedy. I would sup- tle with Menard over skin care products deal. Indianapolis
port him.[5] Business Journal. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
[20] Gregory Pace. Evelyn Lauder, Leonard Lauder and Mela-

nia Trump during The Breast.... Getty Images. Retrieved
17 November 2015.
[21] Melania Trump Photos - The Breast Cancer Research

Foundations Annual Hot Pink Party - Zimbio. Zimbio. Re-
trieved 17 November 2015.
[22] Melania Knauss Biography. Star Pulse. Retrieved 2 May

2011.
[23] Natasha Stoyno - Donald Trump Weds Melania Knauss

People, January 23, 2005. Retrieved 2015-08-17
[24] Gillin, Joshua (July 21, 2015). The Clintons really did at-
tend Donald Trumps 2005 wedding. Politifact (Tampa Bay
Times/Miami Herald). Retrieved August 21, 2015.
[25] Schneider, Karen S. (May 1, 2006). Billion Dollar Baby:

He Has Moms Eyes, Dads Lips, His Own Floor in Trump
Tower and Doting Parents: Welcome to the World of Barron
William Trump. People Magazine. Retrieved September 7,
2015.
[26] Katz, Celeste (September 3, 2015). Trump still question-

ing Jeb Bush for using Spanish. New York Daily News. Re-
[27] Desiree Navarro. Melania Trump during Donald Trump

Hosts the Opening Night Reception.... Getty Images. Re-
trieved 17 November 2015.

trieved 29 December 2015.

trieved 29 December 2015.
[30] Barbara Walters Is Shocked that Melania Trump Is Smart

Because Shes Also Beautiful, rushlimbaugh.com/daily,
November 20, 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-22

Melania Trump at the Fashion Model Directory
Melania Trump at the Internet Movie Database

Chapter 3
Children
3.1 Donald Trump, Jr. on a famous name. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-
07-14.
Don Trump redirects here. For Trumps father, see [4] Weddings: Vanessa Haydon, Donald Trump Jr. New York
Donald Trump. Times. November 13, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
[5] Michaud, Sarah (2014-06-18). Donald and Vanessa Trump

Donald John "Don" Trump, Jr. (born December 31, Welcome Daughter Chloe Sophia. People. Retrieved 2014-
1977) is an American businessman. He is the rst child 09-28.
of real estate developer Donald J. Trump and Czech model
Ivana Trump. He currently works along with his sister [6] Dagostino, Mark (2007-05-13). Its a Girl for Donald
Ivanka Trump and brother Eric Trump in the position of Trump Jr. and Wife Vanessa. People. Retrieved 2008-
07-14.
Executive Vice President at The Trump Organization.
[7] Dagostino, Mark (2009-02-18). Donald Trump Jr. 'Ex-
tremely Excited' About New Baby. People. Retrieved
3.1.1 Personal life 2012-05-05.
[8] Ravitz, Justin (2011-10-03). Update: Vanessa, Donald

Trump has two half siblings, Tiany from his fathers mar-
Trump Jr. Welcome Baby Boy Tristan Milos. US Weekly.
riage to Marla Maples and Barron from his fathers cur- Retrieved 2011-10-05.
rent marriage to Melania Knauss-Trump. He also has two
younger full siblings, Ivanka and Eric. Trump was par- [9] Michaud, Sarah (2011-10-03). Donald Trump, Jr. Wel-
ticularly close to his maternal grandfather and is uent in comes Son Tristan Milos. People. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
Czech.[1]
[10] Donald Trump Jr welcomes a fourth child with wife
Trump married model Vanessa Haydon on November 12, Vanessa. Daily Mail.
2005, at the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida; the
service was ociated by Trumps aunt, Maryanne Trump
Barry.[2] Haydon is an alumna of the Dwight School[3] 3.1.3 External links
and studied psychology at New Yorks Marymount Man-
hattan College.[4] They have ve children: daughters Kai The Trump Organization
[5]
Madison (born 2007) and Chloe Sophia (born 2014) and Trump Entertainment Resorts
sons[6] Donald John III (born 2009),[7] Tristan Milos (born
2011),[8][9] and Spencer Frederick (born 2012).[10] A Name He Can Build On
Donald Trump, Jr. at the Internet Movie Database

3.1.2 References
[1] Industry Insiders: Donald Trump, Jr., Trumped Again. 3.2 Ivanka Trump
BlackBook. January 28, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
[2] Silverman, Stephen M. (2005-11-14). Donald Trump Jr. Ivanka Marie Trump (/ivnk/, born October 30, 1981)
Marries Model Girlfriend. People. Retrieved 2008-07-14. is an American businesswoman, writer, and former model.
She is the daughter of Ivana Trump and real estate de-
[3] Williams, Alex (2006-11-21). Trump Jr.: Finally trading veloper Donald Trump.[3] In her role as Executive Vice
41
42 CHAPTER 3. CHILDREN
President of Development & Acquisitions at the Trump

Organization, Trump is involved with all aspects of the
companys real estate and hotel management initiatives.
She is the principal of Ivanka Trump Fine Jewelry. The
Ivanka Trump Lifestyle Collection also includes fragrance,
footwear, handbags, outerwear and eyewear collections.
3.2.1 Early life
Ivanka Trump was born in Manhattan, to the American

business magnate Donald Trump and his rst wife Ivana
(ne Zelnkov), an athlete, model and socialite originally
from Czechoslovakia. Her parents divorced in 1991, when
she was 10 years old. She has two brothers, Donald Jr. and
Eric; a half sister, Tiany and half brother, Barron.
Education
Trump attended the Chapin School in New York until age

15,[4] then transferred to and graduated from Choate Rose-
mary Hall in Wallingford, Connecticut.[5] She spent two
years at Georgetown University, then transferred to the
Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania (her fa-
thers alma mater), graduating cum laude in 2004 with a
B.S. in Economics.[4][6][7]
Ivanka Trump in July 2007

3.2.2 Career
Business
Before joining the family business, Trump worked for Modeling

Forest City Enterprises,[8] and joined forces with Dynamic
Diamond Corp., a diamond trading company sightholder, Trumps rst cover was a 1997 issue of Seventeen. Since
to design and introduce a line of jewelry at the brands rst then, she has made her way down fashion runways for
agship retail store called Ivanka Trump on Madison Av- Versace, Marc Bouwer and Thierry Mugler. She has done
enue. advertisement campaigns for Tommy Hilger and Sassoon
Trump is currently Executive Vice President of Develop- Jeans and was featured on the cover of Stu in August 2006
ment & Acquisitions at the Trump Organization. On the and again in September 2007. She has been featured on the
work drive among her and her siblings, she has stated, I covers of Forbes, Golf Magazine, Avenue, Elle Mexico and
look at my brothers and myself and Im, like, really proud Top Choice Magazine[12] and in the October 2007 issue of
of the fact that nobodys, like, totally fucked-up. Nobodys a Harpers Bazaar.[13] She has also featured many times in
drug addict, nobodys driving around chasing women, snort- Love FMD magazine.[14] [15]
ing coke.[7] She placed Number 83 in the 2007 Maxim Hot 100. She has
She has also released her own line of handbags and also placed Number 99 in the Top 99 Women of 2007 and
footwear.[9][10] Trump serves on the Board of 100 Women then at 84 in the 2008 edition on AskMen.com. Trumps
in Hedge Funds, an industry organization which provides page[16] in the Fashion Model Directory provides complete
support to women professionals in nance.[11] professional details of her prior work in that domain.
3.2. IVANKA TRUMP 43
Television appearances
The Apprentice In 2006, she lled in for Carolyn Kepcher

on ve episodes of her fathers television program The Ap-
prentice 5, rst appearing to help judge the Gillette task
in week 2.[17] Like Kepcher, Trump visited the site of the
tasks and spoke to the teams, asking them pointed ques-
tions. She also evaluated contestants in the boardroom,
pointing out critical errors and rebutting excuses they of-
fered for losing the tasks. Though initially unsympathetic
to the contestants, Trump later said, Whenever I see their
breakdowns, I understand. They go virtually 24 hours a
day, and each task takes about three days. Unless they
win, they don't get a day o... Its an incredible amount Trump at Seeds of Peace 2009
of work...[13] Trump now collaborates with season 5 win-
ner Sean Yazbeck on his winners project of choice, Trump
SoHo Hotel-Condominium.[18][19]
hosted a fundraiser for Cory Booker. The couple bundled
Trump replaced Carolyn Kepcher as a primary boardroom more than $40,000 for Bookers U.S. Senate campaign.[25]
judge during the Apprentice 6 and The Celebrity Apprentice.
In 2015, Trump publicly endorsed her fathers presidential
campaign. Trump has been involved with her fathers cam-
[26]
Other TV appearances In 1997, she hosted the Miss paign by making public appearances in support of him
[27][28]
Teen USA Pageant, which is partially owned by her father, and has defended him. However, she admitted mixed
Donald Trump. In 2003, she was featured in Born Rich, a feelings about his presidential ambitions, saying, As a citi-
documentary about the experience of growing up as a child zen, I love what hes doing. As a daughter, its obviously
[29]
in one of the worlds most auent families. During an April more complicated. In August, Trumps father stated
2006 appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Jay that she was his leading advisor on womens health and
Leno commented that he could hear her fathers inuence women and said it was she who propelled him to elaborate
[30][31]
and inections in her. David Letterman also made a simi- on his views of women. In January 2016, Trump was
lar comment when she appeared on Late Show with David featured in a radio ad which aired in the early voting states
Letterman on April 24, 2007. of Iowa and New Hampshire, Trump in the advertisement
praising her father.[32][33] She appeared by his side follow-
Trump was a featured guest-judge on Project Runway Sea- ing the results of early voting states, in particular briey
son 3. She was also at a Milwaukee, Wisconsin, event in speaking in South Carolina after being invited by her fa-
April 2007 called the Creating Wealth Summit in which she ther to speak, thanking the state in doing so.[34][35]
spoke for about 30 minutes about making money and her
latest projects. She has been oered to appear on The Bach-
elorette, but she declined.[20] On October 25, 2010, Trump
along with her husband, Jared Kushner, showed up on Sea-
son 4 Episode 6 of Gossip Girl portraying themselves for a 3.2.4 Religion and spirituality
brief time.[21]
In July 2009, after studying with Rabbi Elie Weinstock
from the Modern Orthodox Ramaz School, Trump had an
Writing
Orthodox conversion to Judaism[36][37] and took the name
Yael.[38][39] She attests to keeping a kosher diet and observ-
Ivanka Trump wrote a book called The Trump Card: Play-
ing the Jewish Sabbath, saying in 2015: We're pretty ob-
ing to Win in Work and Life, which was published in Octo-
servant... Its been such a great life decision for me... I re-
ber 2009.[22]
ally nd that with Judaism, it creates an amazing blueprint
for family connectivity. From Friday to Saturday we don't
3.2.3 Social and political causes do anything but hang out with one another. We don't make
phone calls.[40]
In 2007, Trump donated $1,000 to the presidential cam- Trump meditates twice daily, and has gifted a meditation
paign of Hillary Clinton.[23] In 2012, Trump endorsed Mitt course led by her friend Bob Roth to the members of Team
Romney for president.[24] In 2013, Trump and her husband Ivanka.[41]
3.2.5 Personal life 3.2.8 References

[1] via father
[2] via mother
[3] Dominatrix babe is a top Trump.
[4] Gurley, George (January 29, 2007). Trump Power. Marie

Claire. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
a
At 15, she transferred to tony Choate Rosemary
Hall in Connecticut. I was all of a sudden in the
prison of boarding-school life, and all my friends in
New York were having fun, she recalls. Pg. 4,
1
b
After graduating cum laude from Wharton with a
B.A. in economics... Pg. 4, 4
Ivanka Trump at a rally for her father at Verizon Wireless Arena
c
in Manchester, New Hampshire, February 8, 2016 In November 2005, Ivanka exited a three-and-a-
half year relationship with documentary producer and
playboy James Bingo Gubelmann. Pg. 4, 7
During college, she was in a nearly four-year relationship
with Greg Hirsch.[7] From 2001 to 2005, she dated James [5] Van Meter, Jonathan (December 13, 2004). Did Their Fa-
Bingo Gubelmann.[4][5][7] In 2007 she started dating real ther Really Know Best?". New York Magazine. Retrieved
estate developer Jared Kushner; his father Charles Kush- November 7, 2014.
ner owns Kushner Properties and Jared shares in the own- a
Eventually, Ivanka went o to Choate, and Eric
ership. Jared is also the owner of The New York Ob- and Donny were sent to the Hill School in Pottstown,
server in Bedminster, New Jersey.[42][43] The couple mar- Pennsylvania, an institution known for being regi-
ried in a Jewish ceremony on October 25, 2009,[44] and have mented. Dysfunctional families in the city all send
two children: daughter Arabella Rose Kushner (born July their kids to boarding school, and thats when theyre
2011)[45][46] and son Joseph Frederick Kushner (born Octo- doing coke and getting completely messed up, says
ber 2013).[47] On September 24, 2015, Trump announced a friend who went to school with Ivanka. Its like
she and her husband are expecting their third child, due in they shue them o. But the Trumps, she says, did
early 2016.[48] it with love instead of being like, Get lost. Go to
Choate, and dont call us. It was more a way of pro-
She is a close friend of Chelsea Clinton, who says of her: tecting them. Pg. 1, 14
Theres nothing skin-deep about Ivanka. And I think thats b
Let me tell you one thing: Ivanka is a great, great
a real tribute to her because certainly anyone as gorgeous beauty. Every guy in the country wants to go out with
as she is could have probably gone quite far being skin- my daughter. But shes got a boyfriend, 24-year-old
deep.[40] socialite Bingo Gubelmann. Pg. 5, 3
Trumps close relationship with her father, who has pub- [6] La Ferla, Ruth. Introducing the Ivanka, The New York
licly expressed his admiration for her, is well known.[49][50] Times, December 27, 2007. Accessed February 19, 2010.
Ivanka has likewise praised her father, complimenting his
leadership skills and saying he empowers other people.[51] [7] DePaulo, Lisa (April 2007). Ivanka Trumps Plan For Total
World Domination. GQ Magazine. Retrieved February 19,
2010.
3.2.6 Awards a
"...graduated summa cum laude from Wharton!
Who actually works for a living! I look at my brothers
Voted Top Choice Awards Businesswoman of the Year and myself and Im, like, really proud of the fact that
in 2012[52] nobodys, like, totally fucked-up. Nobodys a drug ad-
dict, nobodys driving around chasing women, snort-
ing coke. Pg. 1, 10-11
3.2.7 Published works b
Shes had two really long relationships. Both lasted
almost four years. The most recent was with the so-
Trump, Ivanka (2009). The Trump Card: Playing cialite Bingo Gubelmann. Bingo? Well, James. Did
to Win in Work and Life. Touchstone. ISBN 978- you call him Bingo? Everyone called him Bingo.
1439140017. That was his name, sort of. And the one before that?
3.2. IVANKA TRUMP 45
Greg. What did Greg do? Nothing. We were in [28] Spodak, Cassie (June 24, 2015). Trump stands by immi-
college. It was actually a little before college. Are gration remarks, blames media.
you still friends with them? Um, I am. Its dicult
being friends with an ex. I marvel at how people do it [29] Collins, Eliza (October 14, 2015). Ivanka Trump on how
so seamlessly." Pg. 3, 9 she feels about her dads run: Its complicated. POLITICO.
[8] Fitch, Stephane. The Real Apprentices. forbes.com. [30] Ivanka Trump: The Woman Donald Trump Cherishes
Most. newsmax.com. August 13, 2015.
[9] Ivanka Trump shoes. heels.com. Retrieved June 22, 2013.
[31] Henneberger, Melinda. The woman Trump cherishes most
[10] O'Reilly, Kelly (June 3, 2010). Ivanka Trump Adds Hand- is daughter Ivanka. The Detroit News.
bags to the Mix. nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved June 22,
[32] Ivanka Trump: My dad is the best!". USA Today. January
2013.
18, 2016.
[11] Ivanka Trump. 100womeninhedgefunds.org. 100 Women [33] New Donald Trump Radio Ad Features Daughter Ivanka.
in Hedge Funds. Retrieved 27 September 2014. ABC News. January 18, 2016.
[12] Top Choice Magazine Fall 2012 Cover Ivanka [34] Trump declares victory in South Carolina primary.
Trump. topchoicemagazine.com. Retrieved July 29, 2014. komonews.com. February 20, 2016.
[13] Keith, Bill (September 2006). Ivanka on Top. Stu Mag- [35] Holcomb, Justin (February 20, 2016). Victory Speech,
azine. Retrieved August 17, 2006. Trump Sacks 'Bush Country', Dominates the First Southern
State. townhall.com.
[14] Photo of model Ivanka Trump - ID 21133 - Models. fash-
ionmodeldirectory.com. [36] Report: Tycoon Donald Trumps daughter converting to Ju-
daism. haaretz.com. October 30, 2008.
[15] Photo of model Ivanka Trump - ID 345808 - Models -".
fashionmodeldirectory.com. [37] Messer, Lesley. Ivanka Trump Converts to Judaism for Fi-
anc, People, July 17, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
[16] page at the Fashion Model Directory
[38] The View, October 26, 2009
[17] Ivanka Trump to appear on 'Apprentice'". Associated Press.
March 2, 2006. [39] Ivanka Trump Opens Up About Converting to Orthodox Ju-
daism February 26, 2015, Lesley Messer via Good Morning
[18] Soho Hotel, Downtown New York Hotels (PDF). trump- America.
sohohotel.com.
[40] Van Meter, Jonathan (February 25, 2015). Ivanka Trump
[19] http://www.trumpsoho.com/flash/download/press/st1.pdf Knows What It Means to Be a Modern Millennial. Vogue.
[20] Ivanka Trump: I Love My Dads Hair. people.com. Jan- [41] TeamIvanka Learned How to Meditate. Ivanka-
uary 27, 2007. trump.com. 2 June 2015. Archived from the original on
3 June 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015. Ivanka meditates
[21] Gossip Girl at IMDB twice dailyshe even has her recurring twenty-minute ses-
sions blocked o in her calendar. ... Ivanka gave us the
[22] The Trump Card: Playing to Win in Work and Life,
incredible opportunity to participate in a full transcendental
Amazon.com, accessed April 11, 2011.
meditation (TM) course, led by her friend, Bob Roth, of the
[23] Yoon, Robert (April 23, 2007). Celebrities ante up for David Lynch Foundation.
Democratic campaigns. cnn.com. Retrieved July 10, 2015. [42] United Press International, Wedding Gifts for the Couple
Who Have Everything New York Times
[24] Heinze, Christian (March 28, 2012). Ivanka Trump en-
dorses Romney, praises his 'business intelligence'". The Hill. [43] LexiB (2009-10-26). Ivanka Trump, Jared Kushner Wed.
Retrieved 10 July 2015. LexiB.net. Retrieved 2009-10-26.
[25] Wiersema, Alisa (July 17, 2013). Ivanka Trump Switches [44] Ivanka Trump Marries Jared Kusher in Lavish Ceremony.
Teams For Cory Booker. ABC News. Retrieved July 10, people.com. October 25, 2009. Retrieved February 21,
2015. 2011.
[26] Tierney McAfee - Melania Trump Makes Her First Ap- [45] Ivanka Trump and Jared Kushner welcome baby girl. Her-
pearance on Campaign Trail... People, November 25, 2015. ald Sun. July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
Retrieved 2015-12-29
[46] Ivanka Trump tweets birth announcement of 1st child, a
[27] Ivanka Trump: Dad '100 percent believes in equality of daughter born in NYC. Washington Post. July 17, 2011.
gender'". CNN. December 29, 2015. Retrieved July 17, 2011.
[47] Trump, Ivanka (April 11, 2013). Jared and I are excited as a board member until 2013.[4] He joined The Trump
that Arabella will become a big sister this fall. Thanks for Organization in 2006, after graduating with honors from
all your good wishes! xo Ivanka. Twitter. Retrieved May Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., with a degree
21, 2013. in nance and management.[5]
[48] Ivanka Trump Pregnant; Expecting Third Child with Jared
Kushner Moms & Babies Celebrity Babies and Kids -
Moms & Babies - People.com. people.com. 3.3.2 Career and philanthropy
[49] Donald Trumps brilliant daughter Ivanka is a business- The Trump Organization
woman and mom. Business Insider. September 26, 2015.
[50] Benac, Nancy (October 20, 2015). All about Ivanka: Trump is an Executive Vice President of Development and
Trumps daughter, political muse and deal-maker _ in stiletto Acquisitions, and a task advisor/boardroom judge on The
heels. StarTribune. Apprentice.
[51] Heller, Corinne (October 14, 2015). Ivanka Trump He is charged with the domestic and global expansion of
Proud of Dad Donald Trump Over His Presidential Run, the companys real estate interests.[6] Along with his fa-
But Its Also Complicated for Her. eonline.com. ther, Trump spearheaded the expansion of the Trump Golf
portfolio of properties, increasing the number from three
[52] Ivanka Trump Top Choice Award 2012 Businesswoman when he joined the company in 2006 to over fteen, with
of the Year. 8 November 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
courses in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Florida,
North Carolina, California, and Puerto Rico. Trump reg-
ularly identies and pursues distressed golf properties for
domestic and global expansion. Currently, he is responsi-
Biography on Trump website ble for the redesign and renovation of the newly acquired
Trump National Doral, Miami, Florida, and its famed Blue
Ivanka Trump at the Internet Movie Database Monster course, with his sister, Ivanka.[7]
Trump and his siblings are credited with the creation and
Ivanka Trump at the Fashion Model Directory
management of the Trump Hotel Collection properties.
Trumps current management portfolio of global hotels in-
cludes Las Vegas, Chicago, New York, Toronto, Panama,
3.3 Eric Trump Waikiki, Punta del Este, Washington D.C., Vancouver, the
Philippines and Rio de Janeiro.[8]
Warning: Page using Template:Infobox person with Trump also executed the acquisition of the Kluge Winery
unknown parameter political_party (this message is and Vineyard in Charlottesville, Virginia, resulting in the
shown only in preview). creation of Trump Winery. In 2013, Trump earned Wine
Enthusiast Magazine's Rising Star of the Year Award.[9]
Eric Frederic Trump (born January 6, 1984) is an Ameri- In 2012, Trump was recognized by Forbes magazine among
can businessman and philanthropist. He is the third child of their top 30 under 30 in Real Estate and by the New York
American businessman Donald J. Trump and his rst wife, Observer as one of the 20 Most Important Young Philan-
Ivana Trump. He is Executive Vice President, Develop- thropists. [10]
ment and Acquisitions, at The Trump Organization, and di-
rects all new project acquisition and development through-
out the world, alongside his brother, Donald, Jr., and sister, The Eric Trump Foundation
Ivanka. In 2006, he founded The Eric Trump Foundation,
which has donated and pledged over $28 million to St. Jude
Founded in 2006,[1] The Eric Trump Foundation (ETF) is
Childrens Research Hospital.[1] He also owns Trump Win-
dedicated to raising money for terminally-ill children at St.
ery.[2][3]
Jude Childrens Research Hospital donating and pledging
nearly $28 million, to date.
3.3.1 Early life and education The Eric Trump Foundation uses only Trump owned and
operated facilities, full-time volunteers, donated food and
Trump was born in Manhattan and attended Trinity School. beverage product, and pro-bono celebrity performers to en-
His parents divorced in 1991, when he was 7 years old. sure that St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital receives
In 2002, he graduated from The Hill School and served nearly all of the money raised by the foundation each year.
3.3. ERIC TRUMP 47
The Eric Trump Foundation pledged $20 million to St. Jude own Trump Winery, his son does. Page Six. Retrieved on
for the construction of The Eric Trump Foundation Surgery 2015-10-30.
and ICU Center, opening in 2015. In 2012, The Eric Trump
[3] Meet Donald Trumps ve children. Business Insider. Re-
Foundation Cancer Research Lab at St. Jude Childrens Re- trieved on October 30, 2015.
search Hospital made a groundbreaking discovery and iden-
tied a critical fusion gene responsible for almost 30% of a [4] Celebrity Prep Schools. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
rare subtype of childhood leukemia.[11]
[5] Eric Trump, American Royalty. CBS News. June 9, 2003.
The main fundraiser for the foundation is an annual golf Retrieved November 23, 2006.
invitational held every September at Trump National Golf
Club in Westchester County, New York. Past hosts have [6] Kawamoto, Dawn (June 17, 2011). Donald Trumps
Legacy: Kids Who Aim to Think Big. Daily Finance. Re-
included Jimmy Fallon, Bret Michaels, Lisa Lampanelli and
John Rich. This year, the event raised nearly $2 million for
St. Jude. [7] Leon, Alexandra (October 3, 2013). Trump National Do-
ral Miami Construction Ahead of Schedule. NBC 6 South
The foundation also generates nearly $300,000 per year
Florida. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
from a permanent Charitybuzz online auction, which regu-
larly oers such items as Spend the Entire Day with Pres- [8] Sylvester, Ron (April 2, 2013). Hired or Fired? How
ident Bill Clinton" and Sit in Derek Jeter's Personal Seats Trump is doing after Five Years in Las Vegas. Vegas-
at a New York Yankees Game and Meet the Future Hall of Inc.com. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Famer.
[9] Hoover, Andrew (November 17, 2013). 2013 Rising Star
The Eric Trump Foundation is a tax-exempt charitable or- of the Year: Eric Trump. Wine Enthusiast Magazine. Re-
ganization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue trieved November 17, 2013.
Service code.
[10] Davis, Peter (April 10, 2013). New Yorks Young Philan-
thropist Powerhouse Eric Trump. New York Observer. Re-
3.3.3 Criticism by PETA
[11] Groundbreaking Discovery made by The Eric Trump Foun-
In 2010, PETA criticized Trump for an African hunting trip dation AMKL Cancer Research Lab. Eric Trump Founda-
he took with his brother Donald Trump, Jr. PETA con- tion. May 14, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
demned the pair after photos showed the brothers on an or-
[12] Kelly, Tara (March 13, 2012). Donald Trumps Sons De-
ganized safari in Zimbabwe where they hunted animals.[12] fend Safari Killing Spree In Zimbabwe (PHOTOS)". The
The Director General of The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Hungton Post. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
Management Authority, V. Chandenga, issued an ocial
response supporting the brothers and calling any allegations [13] Weiss, Lois (March 28, 2012). Letter: Trump safari not
to the contrary baseless and false.[13] Both brothers fur- 'canned'". New York Post. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
ther defended their safari via Twitter, arming their ac- [14] Pfeier, Eric (November 15, 2011). Donald Trumps
tions as hunters and longtime advocates of the outdoors.[14] sons criticized after brutal hunting photos released. The
Donald Trump, Sr. also addressed the controversy via TMZ Sideshow. Yahoo! News. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
saying that he fully supported his sons.[14]
3.3.4 Personal life

On July 4, 2013, Trump became engaged to longtime girl-
friend, Lara Yunaska, an associate producer at the CBS tele-
vision news program, Inside Edition. The couple married on
November 8, 2014.
3.3.5 References
[1] Welcome. Eric Trump Foundation. Retrieved June 30,
2013.
[2] Johnson, Richard. (June 15, 2015) Donald Trump doesnt

Chapter 4
Father
4.1 Fred Trump ket chain.[2] King Kullen continues to operate in the Suolk
County area today.[4]
This article is about the real estate developer. For his During World War II, Trump built barracks and garden
father, see Frederick Trump. apartments for U.S. Navy personnel near major shipyards
along the East Coast, including Chester, Pennsylvania,
Frederick Christ Fred Trump (October 11, 1905 Newport News, Virginia, and Norfolk, Virginia. After
June 25, 1999) was an American real estate developer. He the war he expanded into middle-income housing for the
was the father of businessman Donald Trump and United families of returning veterans, building Shore Haven in
States Appeals Judge Maryanne Trump Barry. Bensonhurst in 1949, and Beach Haven near Coney Island
in 1950 (a total of 2,700 apartments). In 1963 he built the
3,800-apartment Trump Village in Coney Island, compet-
4.1.1 Early life ing with Lefrak City in Queens. In testimony before the
Senate Banking Committee in 1954, William F. McKenna,
Trump was born on East Tremont Avenue in the Bronx, to appointed to investigate scandals within the FHA, cited
German immigrants Elizabeth (ne Christ) and Frederick Fred C. Trump and his partner William Tomasello as ex-
Trump.[1] His father had immigrated to New York City in amples of how prots were made by builders using the
1885 from the small German town of Kallstadt, Rhineland- FHA. McKenna said the two paid $34,200 for a piece of
Palatinate, where he briey returned around 1900, married, land which they then rented to their corporation for over
and reimmigrated. $60,000 per year in a 99 year lease, so that if the apartment
they built on it ever defaulted, the FHA would owe $1.5
Although both of Trumps parents were born in Germany, million on it. McKenna said that Trump and Tomasello
Trump told friends and acquaintances for decades after then obtained loans for $3.5 million more than the apart-
World War II that the family was of Swedish origin. Ac- ments cost. [5] Trump testied before the Senate Banking
cording to his nephew John Walter, He had a lot of Jewish Committee the following month as it investigated windfall
tenants and it wasn't a good thing to be German in those prots. He said that builders would not have built apart-
days.[2] ments under an expired post-war loan insurance program if
regulations had set inexible limits on loans issued by the
FHA.[6] In September 1954, following Trumps testimony,
4.1.2 Business career 2,500 tenants of the Beachhaven apartments sued Trump
and the FHA, claiming the builder made windfall prots
In 1927, at age 22, Fred Trump went into the real estate and that the builder had received loans for $4 million more
development and construction business, forming Elizabeth than the construction actually cost, and that rents were con-
Trump & Son Co. with his mother Elizabeth Christ Trump, sequently inappropriately inated. [7]
who was an active partner, writing the checks.[3]
Trump went on to build and operate aordable rental hous-
In the late 1920s Trump began building single-family ing via large apartment complexes in New York City, in-
houses in Queens, which were sold for $3,990 each. By cluding more than 27,000 low-income multifamily apart-
the mid-1930s in the middle of the Great Depression, he ments and row houses in the neighborhoods of Coney Is-
helped pioneer the concept of supermarkets with the Trump land, Bensonhurst, Sheepshead Bay, Flatbush, and Brighton
Market in Woodhaven, which advertised Serve Yourself Beach in Brooklyn, and Flushing and Jamaica Estates in
and Save!", becoming an instant hit.[2] After only a year Queens.[2] In 1968 his 22-year-old son Donald Trump
Trump sold it for a tidy prot to the King Kullen supermar-
48
4.1. FRED TRUMP 49
joined his company Trump Management Co., becoming around the age of twenty-one. It stated this is not proof that
president in 1974, and renaming it The Trump Organiza- Trump seniorwho would later go on to become a million-
tion in 1980. In the mid-1970s he lent his son money, al- aire real estate developerwas a member of the Ku Klux
lowing him to go into the real estate business in Manhattan,Klan or even in attendance at the event. Despite sharing
while Fred stuck to Brooklyn and Queens. It was good for lawyers with the other men, its conceivable that he may
me, Donald later commented. You know, being the son have been an innocent bystander, falsely named, or other-
of somebody, it could have been competition to me. This wise the victim of mistaken identity during or following a
way, I got Manhattan all to myself.[2] chaotic event.[11] And yet, the article states Fred Trumps
address to have been 175-24 Devonshire Road, Jamaica, so
Folk icon Woody Guthrie, who from 1950, was a tenant
in one of Fred Trumps apartment complexes in Brooklyn, verication of his identity is possible to someone with ac-
cess to period records.
chronicled his disgust with Trump as a landlord, penning
lyrics which accused him of stirring up racial hate in the In 1936, Trump married Scottish immigrant Mary Anne
bloodpot of human hearts.[8] MacLeod (born May 10, 1912, Stornoway, Scotland; died
Hyde Park, New York).[12] The cou-
Although a millionaire, Trump was known for his frugality, August 7, 2000, New[13][14]
saving unused nails, doing his own extermination work and ple had ve children: Maryanne (born 1937), a fed-
mixing his own oor cleaners. Nevertheless, he insisted on eral appeals court judge; Frederick Fred Jr. (193881);
[15]
buying a new navy blue Cadillac every three years, with li- Elizabeth (born 1942), an executive assistant at Chase
[9]
cense plate FCT. By the time of his death, Trump was Manhattan Bank; Donald (born 1946); and Robert (born
estimated to have amassed a fortune worth $250 to $300 1948), president of his fathers property management com-
million.[2] pany. Fred, Jr. predeceased his father when he died of
complications of alcoholism in 1981.[16]
Trump suered from Alzheimers disease for six years. He
4.1.3 Civil rights lawsuit became sick with pneumonia in June 1999[2] at Long Island
Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park.[17]
In 1973, the U.S. Justice Departments Civil Rights Divi-
sion led a civil rights suit against the Trump organization
charging that it refused to rent to black people. The Urban 4.1.5 References
League had sent black and white testers to apply for apart-
ments in Trump-owned complexes; the whites got the apart- [1] Donald Trump genealogy. Wargs.com. Retrieved October
ments, the blacks didn't. According to court records, four 24, 2012.
superintendents or rental agents reported that applications
sent to the central oce for acceptance or rejection were [2] Rozhon, Tracie (June 26, 1999). Fred C. Trump, Postwar
coded by race. A 1979 Village Voice article quoted a rental Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93.
The New York Times. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
agent who said Trump instructed him not to rent to black
people and to encourage existing black tenants to leave. [3] New Concerns Function with Queens Capital (PDF). The
In 1975, a consent decree described by the head of DOJs Daily Star. April 16, 1927.
housing division as one of the most far-reaching ever nego-
tiated, required Trump to advertise vacancies in minority [4] King Kullen. King Kullen.
papers and list vacancies with the Urban League. The Jus-
tice Department subsequently complained that continuing [5] By-Lined The Nevada State Journal, June 30, 1954
racially discriminatory conduct by Trump agents has oc- [6] Limit on Public Housing May Emerge From Huddle Over
curred with such frequency that it has created a substantial Conicting Bills The Newport Daily News, July 13, 1954
impediment to the full enjoyment of equal opportunity.[10]
[7] Tenants in Suit for Rent Refunds The Post Standard (Syra-
cuse, N.Y.) September 21, 1954
4.1.4 Personal life
[8] Thomas Kaplan (January 25, 2016). Woody Guthrie Wrote
On June 1, 1927, a New York Times article reported that of His Contempt for His Landlord, Donald Trumps Father.
a Fred Trump was arrested and discharged after an inci- New York Times.
dent with members of the Ku Klux Klan turned into a brawl
[9] Fred Trump. Helytimes. June 17, 2015.
with Queens police. The brawl reportedly consisted of over
1,000 Klansmen and 100 police ocers, with Fred Trump [10] <Barrett, Wayne; Campbell, Jon (July 20, 2015). How a
being one of seven men arrested. An internet blog later re- young Donald Trump forced his way from Avenue Z to Man-
discovered the article, and noted Trump would have been hattan. Village Voice. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
50 CHAPTER 4. FATHER
[11] Blum, Matt (September 9, 2015). 1927 news report: Don-

ald Trumps dad arrested in KKK brawl with cops. Boing
Boing.
[12] Mary MacLeod Trump Philanthropist, 88. August 9,

2000. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
[13] Fredrick Trump, Jr.. geni_family_tree.
[14] Powell, Kimberly. Ancestry of Donald Trump. About.com

Parenting.
[15] Elizabeth Trump Weds James Grau. The New York Times.
March 27, 1989. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
[16] Donald Trump Opens Up About His Brothers Death from

Alcoholism: It Had a 'Profound Impact on My Life. People.
October 8, 2015.
[17] Mosconi, Angela (June 26, 1999). Fred Trump, Dad of

Donald, Dies at 93. New York Post.

Death notice paid by family in The New York Times,
June 29, 1999
Chapter 5
Television Career
5.1 ''The Apprentice'' 5.1.1 Premise
The Apprentice is a reality television show featuring season-

The Apprentice is an American reality game show that long competitions. Each season begins with a new group
judges the business skills of a group of contestants. It is of contestants vying to earn a place in one of the organiza-
closely associated with real estate magnate, businessman, tions run by the host (previously, Donald Trump). The con-
and television personality, Donald Trump, who hosted 14 testants (who are referred to as candidates) come from
seasons of the show from its inception in January 2004 un- business backgrounds in various enterprises, but typically
til 2015. The show is broadcast on NBC. It was created included backgrounds in real estate, accounting, restaurant
by English-born American television producer Mark Bur- management, management consulting, sales, and market-
nett. Billed as The Ultimate Job Interview, the show fea- ing.
tures sixteen to eighteen business people who compete over During the show, the contestants live in a communal
the course of a season, with usually one contestant elimi- dwelling (for almost all seasons, a supposed penthouse
nated per episode. The original prize for the rst six sea- suite). The candidates are divided into two teams. Each
sons was a one-year, $250,000 starting contract to run one week, the teams are assigned a task and required to select
of Trumps companies. Each episode typically ended with one of their members to lead the team as project manager.
Trump eliminating one of the contestants with the words, Tasks are generally business oriented and tend to highlight
You're red (which has become a locution of both the one of several business skills. Tasks most commonly re-
program and Trump). volve around sales (selling the most items or earning the
After six seasons of The Apprentice, a new format was intro- most money); and marketing (producing a specic market-
duced: The Celebrity Apprentice. The celebrity series gen- ing material or campaign that is judged by a companys ex-
erally follows the same premise as the original, but with ecutives). During the tasks, the teams are usually visited
celebrities as contestants participating to win money for by one of Trumps two advisors for that week. In early
their chosen charities, rather than winning a job opportu- seasons, the show included segments of Trump speaking
nity. There have been seven seasons of The Celebrity Ap- directly to the audience with business advice typically rel-
prentice since 2008. In 2010, a seventh (and the most re- evant to that episodes task. After the completion of the
cent) season of the original Apprentice was aired in between task, the teams meet with the host and his two advisers in
Celebrity seasons. There were a combined 14 seasons of the boardroom".
Trumps Apprentice. Another season of The Celebrity Ap- Boardroom meetings generally proceed in three stages. In
prentice is planned to air in 2016-17, to be hosted by ac- the rst preliminary stage, all of the remaining candidates
tor, politician and businessman Arnold Schwarzenegger, af- on both teams gather in the boardroom to be debriefed on
ter Donald Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 the task by the host and his advisors. Team members are
US presidential election and caused controversy surround- asked about how the task went and whether there were any
ing his views of Muslims and Mexicans.[1] strong or weak players. Teams are sometimes asked to com-
The U.S. series originated a franchise of international tele- ment on materials or products produced by the opposing
vision shows collectively known as The Apprentice, which team. At the end of this stage, the host or his advisors would
has had over 20 local versions. The series also spawned an- reveal the results of the task and which team was the winner.
other U.S. series, The Apprentice: Martha Stewart, featuring The winning team wins a reward (usually a unique, luxuri-
lifestyle mogul Martha Stewart, which ran for one season in ous experience) and are excused from the boardroom while
2005. the losing team returns to the boardroom for an elimination.
51
52 CHAPTER 5. TELEVISION CAREER
In later seasons, winning teams have been permitted to view tract with a starting yearly salary of $250,000. The pop-
the next stage of the boardroom on the TV in their suite. ularity of the show led to Trump becoming known for his
The entire losing team remains in the boardroom and are fateful catch phrase, You're red!"
confronted with their loss. They are interrogated as to the The opening theme music used on the show is "For the Love
reasons for their loss and which players contributed to or of Money", a 1973 R&B song by The O'Jays.[2]
failed at the task. Then, for the nal stage of the board- For most seasons, the candidates ostensibly live in a com-
room, the project manager is asked to select a certain num-
munal suite at Trump Tower in Manhattan. This was origi-
ber of teammates (typically two, but on occasion one or nally billed as a penthouse suite, and after boardrooms, can-
three) to bring back into the nal-stage boardroom meet- didates were told to go up to the suite. However, in real-
ing. The remaining teammates return to the suite while the ity, the suite and the boardroom (and its elevator lobby) are
project manager and the selected teammates stepped out of all purpose-built sets within Trump Tower, all on the same
the boardroom momentarily so the host can consult his ad- oor. Later seasons of the Celebrity Apprentice no longer
visors. conceal this.
Upon returning to the boardroom for the nal stage, the As the popularity of the series grew, more and more of the
host and his advisors continue interrogating the remaining tasks began to be tied to specic companies. For example,
players about their loss. The project manager is sometimes sales tasks would require a team to take over a brand-name
further analyzed for their choice of teammates to bring storefront or restaurant and operate it; and marketing tasks
back into the boardroom. Ultimately, at least one project would require teams to prepare a marketing material (e.g. a
manager and/or the remaining teammates are red at the jingle or yer) or campaign for an established company. In
hosts discretion, and leave the show. later series, the launches of specic products would be tied
It is notable that Trump was shown to have the ultimate to the airing of episodes of the series. Several companies
discretion in running the boardroom and at times he would have appeared multiple times on the show.
disregard the typical format of the show, including: ring Trumps original advisors were Carolyn Kepcher, Former
multiple candidates in one week; ring candidates before Chief Operating Ocer and General Manager for the
the nal stage; bringing candidates back into the nal stage Trump National Golf Club, and George H. Ross, Execu-
who were not chosen by the project manager and all of this tive Vice President and Senior Counsel, The Trump Orga-
simply because he felt like it. nization. In August 2006, Trump released Kepcher from
When the nal three or four candidates are left (depending her duties at the Trump organization saying only that he
on the season), they engage in a formal interview rather than wishes her the best. Kepcher also left The Apprentice at
a task. Several executives from various companies interview that time. Upon her departure, Trumps daughter, Ivanka
each of the nalists and reported their assessments to the Trump became a regular advisor; though she was not o-
host. Based on the interviews, a boardroom and ring take cially billed as a replacement for Kepcher.[3] As the series
place, leaving a nal two candidates. progressed, the advisors were occasionally substituted on a
The nal two candidates are then each assigned a dier- weekly basis with other advisors including two of Trumps
ent nal task, and given a support team of previously red other children, Donald Trump Jr. and Eric Trump, as well
candidates. Final tasks generally require the nalists to or- as past winners of the show and other business executives
(typically from the company whose product or service was
ganize (to various degrees) an event such as a party or a
fundraiser. In a nal boardroom following the nal task, featured in the episode.
the host hired one of the two candidates to become his ap- During Trumps tenure, the series frequently featured and
prentice. promoted his properties, products and brand. Trumps wife
Melania Trump was also featured on the series several times
including in several tasks that have featured her fashion and
5.1.2 History and production cosmetic products. Ivanka Trumps fashion products have
also been featured in tasks.
The rst season aired during the winter and the spring of Trumps on-screen (and real-life) assistants have each
2004. The Apprentice is produced and created by Mark grown in personal fame. Two assistants appeared jointly
Burnett and was originally hosted by real estate magnate for the rst ve seasons: Rhona Gra and Robin Himmler.
Donald Trump, who also serves as co-producer of the show. In the sixth season, Trump elected to have his newest exec-
The premise of the show, which bills itself as the ultimate utive assistant, Andi Rowntree, star in the LA-based show.
job interview in the ultimate jungle, is to conduct a job For the Celebrity Apprentice, Annette Dziamba appeared
talent search for a person to head one of Trumps compa- for the seventh season, and Amanda Miller since the eighth
nies. The position starts with an introductory 1-year con-
5.1. ''THE APPRENTICE'' 53
season. although the network stressed that the show was initially
Season 6, unlike the rest of the series, took place in Los planned to air only for one season. The show averaged be-
Angeles. The teams resided in a mansion, with the winning tween six and seven million viewers. Before Stewarts show
team of each challenge occupying the house, and the losing ended, Trump and Stewart had a ght over Stewart accusing
team camping out in tents in the backyard. Trump that he did not want her to have a successful show,
that he might have wanted it jinxed. Trump denied this
On May 14, 2007, the series was left o NBCs schedule but charge, and both TV stars have not worked together again,
NBC Entertainment president Kevin Reilly said he was still and there are no plans for the future.
in discussions with Mark Burnett and Trump.[4] On May 19,
2007, Trump announced that He was moving on from The
Apprentice to a major new TV venture.[5] On May 22, NBC
announced The Apprentice might return next season even
5.1.4 Statistics by season
[6]
though Trump had said he had quit. However, NBC and
Trump resolved their dierences, and the rst season of The Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per
Celebrity Apprentice began production shortly thereafter. episode) of The Apprentice on NBC.
Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late
September and ends in late May, which coincides with the
5.1.3 Spin-os completion of May sweeps.
The Apprentice also spawned a reality television dating

game show. On June 17, 2010, Donald J. Trump Presents (Note: Given the show has a sequel TV
The Ultimate Merger premiered on TV One. The series stars series known as Celebrity Apprentice,
Omarosa Manigault-Stallworth, a former political consul- the above chart is continued on the ar-
tant who in 2004 appeared on the rst season of The Ap- ticle of the shows follow-up TV se-
prentice and once again in 2008 on the rst celebrity edition ries, found under statistics by season
of the show.[7] Each of the twelve contestants vying for the for Celebrity Apprentice. Note as well
aections of Manigault-Stallworth were selected by Trump that season 10 is included in the above
himself.[8] chart given the show reverted back to
The Apprentice for that season)
Martha Stewart
The Apprentice was the breakout rookie hit of the 200304
See also: The Apprentice: Martha Stewart U.S. television season and helped NBC at a time when the
networks two long-running successful comedies, Friends
and Frasier, were ending their series runs. The Appren-
On February 2, 2005, NBC announced that they would tice lled the void on Thursday nights as NBC held on to
broadcast the rst spin-o from The Apprentice, called The the tagline Must See TV, even though CBS was quickly be-
Apprentice: Martha Stewart. The show, which ran from coming the most-watched network on Thursday night.
September 21 to December 21, 2005 was hosted by Martha
Stewart, who was the rst woman in the world to become a Although the series was one of the most-watched programs
self-made billionaire. It kept the format of the original se- on NBC in the advertiser-friendly 1849 age demographic,
ries but changed a few elements to t Stewarts personality. the franchises total audience gradually dissolved, starting in
Trump was one of the executive producers of the show and late 2004, when it aired its second season that culminated
castings were held in 27 cities across the United States. in, what most Apprentice fans deem, an overextended[19]
3-hour season nale on December 16, 2004.
At the time, the original Apprentice was airing new seasons [20]
in each of the fall and winter, each with declining overall The audience numbers (11.25 million viewers) for the
ratings. The Apprentice: Martha Stewart aired on Wednes- June 5, 2006 fth season nale were not factored in the fth
days during the same fall season as the fourth season of season average because it aired after the ocial television
the original Apprentice (which aired Thursdays). The Ap- season ended.
prentice: Martha Stewart struggled while the original series The audience numbers for the show steadily declined fol-
fourth season again earned poorer ratings than the previous lowing the rst season. Originally, NBC aired the sixth sea-
season. Trump claimed that there was confusion between son of The Apprentice, competing against both immensely
the two shows. There has also been talk that Trump did not popular series, Desperate Housewives and Cold Case, just a
want Stewart to host the spin-o show. NBC announced few weeks before competing against Brothers & Sisters and
that it would not bring back the show for a second season, Cold Case.
5.1.5 Teams by season My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss, a parody and hoax
Win In China
5.1.6 Controversies
Diili, with Hjallis Harkimo
Whereas winners have been named executive vice pres-
idents, and given the title of owners representative, The CfC-Stanbic Bank Magnate, also known as The
in actuality, they were employed as publicity spokespeo- Magnate, Kenyan business reality show
ple for the Trump Organization. Second season winner
Kelly Perdew, on his rst day working for Trump, was Big Boss (Germany)
introduced by his boss to Florida developers working on
Traumjob (Switzerland)
a Trump-branded condo, the Trump Tower, in Tampa,
Florida, where he was told that he would help promote sales
of the building by appearing at promotional events.[21] 5.1.9 See also
In the wake of Trumps statements about the current pres-
ident of the United States, Barack Obama, The Apprentice The Celebrity Apprentice
has been criticized for its involvement with Trump. There
have been public calls for NBC to re Trump from his role Television in the United States
on The Apprentice most notably from sister-network lib-
eral political commentator Lawrence O'Donnell and from
5.1.10 References
the former US Congressman Anthony Weiner.[22] Indus-
try media has speculated on the extent to which Trumps [1] Hibberd, James (September 14, 2015). Arnold
media comments may have contributed to the decrease in Schwarzenegger to replace Donald Trump as Celebrity
the shows ratings,[23][24] as other Trump-associated busi- Apprentice host. Entertainment Weekly.
nesses have suered since the start of Trumps political
campaign.[25] One (anonymous) Celebrity Apprentice con- [2] Smith, Scott C. DVD Review: The Apprentice Season
testant even announced an intention to boycott the May 15 One blogcritics.org; December 17, 2005
taping of the season 7 nale, unless forced by contract to [3] People Connection AOL
appear.[26][27]
[4] Guthrie, Marisa; UPFRONT: NBC Unveils Fall Picks
broadcastingcable.com; May 14, 2007
5.1.7 Video game
[5] 'The Apprentice' star Donald Trump to NBC: You can't re
Legacy Interactive created a video game version of The Ap- me, I quit Reality TV World
prentice for the PC. It features Donald Trump and his advi- [6] Denhart, Andy; NBC says The Apprentice could return de-
sors, as well as past candidates, and is currently available on spite Trumps quitting realityblurred.com; May 22, 2007
Yahoo! Games. The player selects either a male or a female
character to play and must control the character through a [7] Omarosa: 'The Apprentice' TV shows most popular con-
number of tasks including puzzles. The character must cre- testant has the nation talking and watching., JET, April 12,
ate a billboard; sell ice cream, Italian food, or hamburgers; 2004. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
help create toys, chocolates and lamps; and sell items in dif- [8] Woodman, Tenley (June 17, 2010). Who wants to date a
ferent neighborhoods. diva?". Boston Herald. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
[9] Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the

5.1.8 Similar programs 200304 television season
The Benefactor, with Mark Cuban [10] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of
April 1218, 2004
Hells Kitchen with Gordon Ramsay
[11] Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the
The Rebel Billionaire, with Richard Branson of the 200405 television season
Virgin Group
[12] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of
The Law Firm with Roy Black December 1319, 2004
Fire Me... Please/The Sack Race, where contestants try [13] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of
to get red from their job May 1622, 2005
5.2. ''THE CELEBRITY APPRENTICE'' 55
[14] Viewership numbers of primetime programs during the 5.2 ''The Celebrity Apprentice''
200506 television season
[15] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of The Celebrity Apprentice is an American television reality
December 1218, 2005 game show. It is a variation of The Apprentice series which
was previously hosted by real estate magnate, businessman
[16] Viewership numbers of primetime programs for the week of and television personality Donald Trump. Also like its pre-
June 511, 2006 cursor, the shows opening theme song is "For the Love
of Money" by The O'Jays. Unlike its precursor, however,
[17] Entertainment/Hollywood News. The Hollywood Re-
porter. Celebrity Apprentice consists of famous people as compet-
ing apprentices rather than unknowns. Some of the celebri-
[18] Andreeva, Nellie (2011-05-27). Full 2010-11 Season Se- ties are relatively current while others tend to be those who
ries Rankings. Deadline Hollywood. Mail.com Media Cor- have been out of the public eye for some time. All of them
poration. 2010-11 Season: Series Ranking In Total Viewers are competing to win money for a charitable organization
(in thousands). Retrieved 2011-05-27. of their choice. The celebrities come from a wide vari-
ety of dierent elds in the media: sitcoms, professional
[19] 16.9 million watch Apprentice 2 nale, fewer than last sea-
sports, music industry, reality television, radio, and other
sons clip show.. Reality Blurred. December 20, 2004.
backgrounds.
[20] Mediaweek.com: The Programming Insider. Mediaweek.
The Celebrity Apprentice is linked in seasons to its precursor
June 14, 2006. Archived from the original on September 27,
TV show, The Apprentice, which consists of seasons one
2007.
to six and season ten. The Celebrity Apprentice consists of
[21] Setoodeh, Ramin. Whats Second Prize?" msnbc.com; seasons seven to nine and eleven onward.
Reprinted from the May 23, 2007 Newsweek Archived The seventh season (14th overall) premiered on Sunday,
February 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. January 4, 2015.[1]
[22] Poor, Je (April 8, 2011). MSNBC Host Wants Par-
ent Company to Fire Trump. The Fox Nation. Retrieved
February 22, 2013. 5.2.1 History
[23] Sarlin, Benjy (April 25, 2011). Is Donald Trumps Media
On July 6, 2007, it was announced that The Apprentice had
Blitz Wrecking The Apprentices Ratings?". Talking Points
Memo. Retrieved February 22, 2013. been renewed for a seventh season, with a possibility of an
eighth.[2] In an eort to revitalize interest in the series, sea-
[24] Miller, Daniel (May 3, 2011). Donald Trumps 'Celebrity son seven[3] featured celebrities playing the game to raise
Apprentice': Why Only One Advertiser Has Fired Him money for charities, going under the name The Celebrity
(Analysis)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February Apprentice as opposed to continuing under The Apprentice
22, 2013. format. British tabloid editor Piers Morgan was declared
the winner of that season. On January 28, 2008, NBC con-
[25] Hanks, Douglas (April 29, 2011). Groupon Won't Place
Ads on Apprentice' Site After Complaints About Trump.
rmed that season eight would feature celebrities playing
The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved February 22, 2013. the game to raise money for charity. That season premiered
in March 2009, and resulted in a win for comedian Joan
[26] Sullivan, Molly (May 3, 2011). One 'Celebrity Apprentice' Rivers.[4]
contestant would boycott nale. HollywoodNews.com. Re-
Season three of The Celebrity Apprentice aired in the spring
of 2010, and was won by musician Bret Michaels.
[27] Shuter, Rob (May 3, 2011). "'Apprentice' Contestant On March 17, 2010, NBC ocially stated that a new season
'Would Boycott the Finale' If They Could. PopEater. Re- of the original Apprentice would be brought back, with the
explanation that regular working people would again attract
audiences in light of the damaged U.S. economy. That sea-
son premiered September 16, 2010.[5] This time the ratings
were low, and both Trump and Producer Mark Burnett re-
turned to the 'Celebrity' format, which saw John Rich win
Ocial website
in season four. In season ve, late night host Arsenio Hall
The Apprentice at the Internet Movie Database won. In season six, the rst all-star season took place, bring-
ing back 14 of the most memorable celebrities to compete
The Apprentice at TV.com for the rst title of the All-Star Celebrity Apprentice, which
country singer Trace Adkins won. In season seven, Donald 5.2.4 Contestants by season
Trump returned the show to regular Celebrity Apprentice,
TV anchor and talk show host Leeza Gibbons won the sea- Celebrity Apprentice 1 (season 7)
son.
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 7)
In June 2015, after Trump made remarks, widely consid-
[6]
ered as oensive, regarding illegal immigrants from Mex-
ico,[7] NBC announced that it would no longer do busi-
ness with him. In September 2015, the network announced Trace Adkins
that former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzeneg- Carol Alt
ger would be the new host and said the next season would
premiere sometime in the 201617 TV season.[8] Stephen Baldwin
Nadia Comaneci
5.2.2 Season installments Tiany Fallon
Existing as a sequel television series to the U.S. version Jennie Finch

of The Apprentice, Celebrity Apprentice seasons are nu-
Nely Galn
merically continued from seasons of its predecessor. As
of 2015, seven seasons of Celebrity Apprentice have aired Marilu Henner
(season 10 was a non-celebrity format):
Lennox Lewis
The Apprentice (U.S. season 7), airing January Piers Morgan

March 2008
Tito Ortiz
The Apprentice (U.S. season 8), airing March May Omarosa
2009
Vincent Pastore
The Apprentice (U.S. season 9), airing March May
2010 Gene Simmons
The Apprentice (U.S. season 11), airing March May Celebrity Apprentice 2 (season 8)
2011
The Apprentice (U.S. season 12), airing February
May 2012
Clint Black
The Apprentice (U.S. season 13), airing March May
2013 Andrew Dice Clay
The Apprentice (U.S. season 14), airing January Annie Duke

February 2015
Tom Green
The Apprentice (U.S. season 15), airing during the Natalie Gulbis
2016-17 season
Scott Hamilton
Jesse James
5.2.3 Statistics by season
Claudia Jordan
Note: Given that the show is a sequel television series, the be-
low statistics by season chart is a continuation from its pre- Khlo Kardashian
cursors (The Apprentice) statistics by season chart. Note Brian McKnight
as well that season 10 is omitted from the chart below as the
show reverted back to The Apprentice for that season. Joan Rivers
Melissa Rivers NeNe Leakes

Brande Roderick Lil Jon
Dennis Rodman Marlee Matlin
Herschel Walker
Mark McGrath
Tionne T-Boz Watkins
Meat Loaf
Celebrity Apprentice 3 (season 9) John Rich
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 9) Lisa Rinna
Niki Taylor
Rod Blagojevich Dionne Warwick
Selita Ebanks
Bill Goldberg Celebrity Apprentice 5 (season 12)
Michael Johnson Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 12)

Maria Kanellis
Cyndi Lauper Clay Aiken
Carol Leifer Michael Andretti

Bret Michaels Adam Carolla
Sharon Osbourne
Tia Carrere
Holly Robinson Peete
Lou Ferrigno
Summer Sanders
Debbie Gibson
Sinbad
Teresa Giudice
Curtis Stone
Victoria Gotti
Darryl Strawberry
Arsenio Hall
Celebrity Apprentice 4 (season 11)
Penn Jillette
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 11) Lisa Lampanelli
Dayana Mendoza
Gary Busey
Aubrey O'Day
Jose Canseco
Dee Snider
David Cassidy
George Takei
Hope Dworaczyk
Richard Hatch Paul Teutul, Sr.
La Toya Jackson Cheryl Tiegs
Star Jones Patricia Velsquez

Celebrity Apprentice 6 (season 13) Terrell Owens
Main article: The Apprentice (U.S. season 13) Kenya Moore
Geraldo Rivera
Trace Adkins
Ian Ziering
Stephen Baldwin
Gary Busey Celebrity Apprentice 8 (season 15)

Marilu Henner
La Toya Jackson
Penn Jillette Laila Ali

Claudia Jordan
Brooke Burke-Charvet
Lil Jon
Eric Dickerson
Bret Michaels
Boy George
Omarosa
Matt Iseman
Lisa Rinna
Brande Roderick Carrie Keagan
Dennis Rodman Carson Kressley
Dee Snider Lisa Leslie
Jon Lovitz
Celebrity Apprentice 7 (season 14)
Vince Neil
Nicole Snooki Polizzi
Jamie Anderson Kyle Richards

Johnny Damon Chael Sonnen
Vivica A. Fox
Porsha Williams
Keshia Knight Pulliam
Ricky Williams
Leeza Gibbons
Carnie Wilson[21]
Brandi Glanville
Kate Gosselin
5.2.5 Similar shows in other nations
Gilbert Gottfried
The Celebrity Apprentice Australia
Sig Hansen
Celebrity Apprentice Ireland
Kevin Jonas
Shawn Johnson Comic Relief Does The Apprentice (UK)
Lorenzo Lamas Sport Relief Does The Apprentice (UK)

5.2.6 References [17] Gorman, Bill (May 24, 2012). Complete List Of 2011-
12 Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football'
[1] Bibel, Sara (March 19, 2014). "'Chicago Fire', 'Chicago Tops, Followed By 'American Idol,' 'NCIS' & 'Dancing With
P.D.' & 'Grimm' Renewed; NBC Conrms Renewals of The Stars". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved May
'Parks & Recreation' & 'Celebrity Apprentice'". TV by the 25, 2012.
Numbers. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
[18] Sunday nal Ratings. Nielson. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
[2] Rocchio, Christopher; Rogers, Steve; Report: NBC to an-
[19] Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2012). Complete List Of 2012-13
nounce renewal of Donald Trumps The Apprentice reality-
Season TV Show Viewership: 'Sunday Night Football' Tops,
world.com; July 6, 2007
Followed By 'NCIS,' 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'NCIS: Los
[3] The Apprentice: Trump Says NBC Wants Him Back Angeles". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. Retrieved May 29,
tvseriesnale.com; 31 May 2007 2012.
[20] Full 2014-15 Series Rankings. Deadline Hollywood. May

[4] NBC Says You're Hired for Second Season Pick Up of
22, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
'The Celebrity Apprentice' and Announces Live Two-Hour
Finale of Season One on March 27th at 9:00 PM-11:00 PM [21]
ET
[5] NBC.com - NBC, Donald Trump and Mark Burnett Want 5.2.7 External links
To Help America Get Back To Work With New Version Of
Popular Original Series 'The Apprentice'
The Celebrity Apprentice at the Internet Movie
[6] Ahmed, Azam. And Now, What Mexico Thinks of Donald Database
Trump. The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2015.
[7] Bump, Philip. Surprise! Donald Trump is wrong about

immigrants and crime.. The Washington Post. Retrieved
July 4, 2015.
[8] Arnold Schwarzenegger to Replace Donald Trump As Host

of Celebrity Apprentice". Variety. 2015-09-14. Retrieved
2015-09-10.
[9] 11 million watch Celebrity Apprentice, which was the top-

rated 1849 show of the night realityblurred.com
[10] Levin, Gary (May 12, 2009). Nielsens: 'Amazing Race,'

how sweet the ratings. USA Today. Retrieved October 4,
2009.
[11] Season 8 Program Ranking. June 2, 2009. Retrieved Oc-

tober 4, 2009.
[12] Network TV Press Releases: Celebrity Apprentice and

Biggest Loser: Couples, Pace NBCs Week. May 12,
2009. Retrieved October 4, 2009.
[13] Gorman, Bill (June 16, 2010). Final 2009-10 Broadcast

Primetime Show Average Viewership. TV by the Numbers.
[14] Kissell, Rick (May 24, 2010). SABCs 'Lost' nishes on

top. Variety. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
[15] Andreeva, Nellie (2011-05-27). Full 2010-11 Season Se-

ries Rankings. Deadline Hollywood. Mail.com Media Cor-
poration. 2010-11 Season: Series Ranking In Total Viewers
(in thousands). Retrieved 2011-05-27.
[16] 'Family Guy' rules on a night of nales

Chapter 6
Business Career
6.1 The Trump Organization owned by the Trump Organization and together with the
National Broadcasting Company produces the Miss Uni-
verse, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA pageants.[16][17] Fur-
The Trump Organization LLC[2] is a privately owned thermore, the company engages in retailing providing qual-
multinational conglomerate based in TrumpTower in ity fashion apparel, home furnishings, jewelry and acces-
Manhattan, New York. Donald Trump worked for his sories, books, chocolate bars, furniture, lighting products,
fathers rm, Elizabeth Trump & Son, while attending the bath textiles and accessories, bedding and home fragrance
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and in products, small leather goods, crystal stemware, barware
1968 ocially joined the company.[6] He was given control and gifts, and bottled spring water.[18] A small portion of
of the company in 1971[7][8] and renamed it Trump Enter- Trumps fortune are held in assets outside his holdings in
prises LLC in August 1999 before changing it to Trump the Trump Organization, largely concentrated in the nan-
Organization LLC in November 1999.[2] The company has cial market.[19][20][21]
interests in real estate development, investing, brokerage,
sales and marketing, and property management. The com- The organization is owned and managed by the Trump fam-
pany owns, operates, invests, and develops residential real ily with Donald Trump and three of his eldest children
estate, hotels, resorts, residential towers, and golf courses Donald Trump Jr., Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump
in dierent countries, as well as owning several hundred serving as EVPs within the organization.
thousand square feet of prime Manhattan real estate. The
organization also has a stake in Trump Entertainment Re-
sorts, which owned the Trump Taj Mahal, the Trump Plaza, 6.1.1 Real estate holdings
and the Trump Marina casinos in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
The company serves as the principal holding company for As of 2015, it is estimated that Trumps real estate hold-
Trumps business ventures and investments. The Trump or- ings were worth about US$3.5 billion with a value of com-
ganization lists involvement in 515 subsidiaries and enti- mercial properties totaled at US$1.3 billion, his residen-
ties with 264 of them bearing Trumps name and another tial properties at US$410 million, and his club facilities
54 including his initials.[9][10][11][12][13] With investments at US$866 million, and an additional US$940 million for
within the United States, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and properties he has less than 100 percent stake in.[22] Trumps
other parts of the world, The Trump Organization spans a real estate holdings form the core of his assets and provide
wide variety of industries including real estate, construc- much of his income, with a wide array of real estate licens-
tion, hospitality, entertainment, book and magazine pub- ing, branding and marketing deals and royalties that pro-
lishing, media, model management, retail, nancial ser- vide millions in annual cash ow.[16][23][24] In 2015, Trump
vices, board game development, food and beverages, busi- earned $71 million from condo sales and collects $41.9 mil-
ness education, online travel, airlines, helicopter air services lion in rental income on his buildings annually.[25]
and beauty pageants.[9][14]
In addition to real estate along with all the other invest-
ments and entities, other business operations within the Selected completed properties
company include restaurants, a modeling agency and beauty
pageants; public skating rink management; and a New Trump World Tower 845 United Nations Plaza, New
York television production company that produces televi- York City: In 2006, Forbes estimated "$290 mil-
sion programs which include the reality television program, lion in prots and unrealized appreciation going to
The Apprentice.[15] The Miss Universe Organization is also Trump.[26]
60
6.1. THE TRUMP ORGANIZATION 61
Trump International Hotel and Tower (NY) at Columbus Circle
bution of over $73 million.[28]
Personal Residence Trump Tower: Top 3 oors

of Trump Tower with approximately 30,000
square feet (3,000 m) of space; the triplex pent-
house is decorated in diamond, 24-carat gold
and marble, and features an interior fountain
and a massive Italianate-style painting on the
ceilings.[27] Worth as much as $50 million, it
Trump World Tower (NY) at United Nations Plaza
is one of the most valuable apartments in New
York City.[29]
Trump Tower 725 Fifth Ave, New York City: A AXA Financial Center 1290 Avenue of the Americas,
68-story mixed-use tower, now 100 percent leased, New York City and 555 California Street, in San Fran-
was developed by a business partnership between the cisco: When Trump was forced to sell a stake in the
Trump Organization and the Equitable Life Assurance railyards on Manhattans West Side, the Asian group
Society of the United States in 1983. Trump retains to which he sold then sold much of the site for $1.76
full control of the commercial and retail components billion. Trump owns a 30 percent stake in both 1290
of the tower.[27] In 2006, it was valued at $318 mil- Sixth Avenue and 555 California Street. A 43-story
lion, less a $30 million mortgage.[26] The total value of trophy oce tower, 1290 Sixth is worth as much as
Trump Towers commercial and retail spaces is $460 $1.5 billion.[27] Trumps stake is estimated to be $450
million. The building was renanced for $100 million million.[27] Trumps interest in 555 California Street is
in August 2012, allowing Trump to take a cash distri- worth $400 million.[27]
62 CHAPTER 6. BUSINESS CAREER
the Trump Taj Mahal, Trump Plaza and at one time

Trump Castle/Trump Marina, which was sold in
bankruptcy court to Landrys Restaurants, Inc. on
May 23, 2011 and renamed Golden Nugget Atlantic
City.
Riverside South/Trump Place: Riverside South is cur-
rently the largest single private development in New
York City. It was built by the Trump Organization,
although nanced by investors from Hong Kong and
owned by the Hudson Waterfront Company. Trump
contends that the property should have been sold for
more than $3 billion and in 2006 sued the owners
for selling without his consent, and sought $1 bil-
lion in damages. Bloomberg values his stake at $640
million.[30]
Trump International Hotel and Tower Chicago: The
entire project is valued at $1.2 billion ($112 million
stake for Trump).
Trump Hotel Las Vegas: A joint development with
fellow Forbes 400 members, Phil Run, and Jack
Wishna. Trumps stake is valued at $162 million.
Trump International Hotel and Tower New York:
Trump provided his name and expertise to the build-
ings owner (GE) during the buildings re-development
in 1994 for a fee totaling $40 million ($25 million for
project management and $15 million in incentives de-
Trump International Hotel at Las Vegas riving from the condo sales). Forbes values Trumps
stake at $12 million. In March 2010, the penthouse
apartment at Trump International Hotel & Tower in
The Trump Building at 40 Wall Street: Trump bought New York City sold was for $33 million.[31][32]
and renovated this building for $1 million in 1995.
The pre-tax net operating income at the building as of Trump Park Avenue Park Avenue & 59th Street: It is
2011 was $20.89 million USD and is valued at $350 to valued at $142 million. Trump owns 23 apartments at
$400 million, according to the New York Department Trump Park Avenue, which he rents for rates as high as
of Finance. Trump took out a $160 million mortgage $100,000 per month, and 19 units at Trump Parc.[27]
attached to the property with an interest rate of 5.71
percent to use for other investments.[27] Forbes valued Nike Store: The NikeTown store is located in Trump
the property at $260 million in 2006.[26] Tower. The leasehold valued at $200 million. Nikes
lease in the building expires in 2017 and the build-
ing serves as collateral for bonds held by Trump worth
Trump Entertainment Resorts: This company $46.4 million.[27]
presently owns two Trump branded casino resorts.
After a long period of nancial trouble, the company Palm Beach estate: A 43,000 square feet (4,000
entered bankruptcy protection in 2001, 2004 and later m) large oceanfront mansion lot in Palm Beach.
in 2009 owing $1.2 billion in debts. In 2004, Trump Trump purchased this property for $40 million at a
agreed to invest $55 million cash in the new company bankruptcy auction in 2004. Trump sold the property
and pay $16.4 million to the companys debtors. In for $100 million in June 2008, making it the most ex-
return he holds a 29.16% stake in the new public pensive house ever sold in the United States. (The pre-
company. This stake was worth approximately $171 vious record is $70 million for Ron Perelman's Palm
million in October 2006. After the 2004 bankruptcy Beach estate in 2004.). Forbes values his stake in the
ling, the company changed its name from Trump property for $43 million.[33] Trump also owns two pri-
Hotels & Casino Resorts to Trump Entertainment vate homes in Palm Beach, Fla., adjacent to his Mar-a-
Resorts. The Trump branded casino resorts include Lago country club. Trump controls the two residential
properties as real estate investments rather than vaca- Wollman Rink: A public ice rink in the southern part
tion spots. The homes are worth around $6.5 million of Central Park, Manhattan, New York City. Wollman
and $3 million respectively.[27] Rink has been operated by a joint venture between
Trump Organization and Rink Management Services
Mar-a-Lago Palm Beach, Florida: Most of this es- of Mechanicsville, Virginia since 2001. The Trump
tate has been converted into a private club. This land- name is prominently displayed on the walls of the rink
mark property, according to Trump, has received bids as well as on the Zamboni that maintains the rink. Op-
near $200,000,000. However, Forbes magazine does eration of the Lasker Rink on the north edge of Central
not take into account either of Trumps large vacation Park is also handled by the two companies. The rink
residences (Mar-a-Lago or his 213-acre (0.86 km2 ) generates close to $8.7 million in annual income from
spread near Bedford, NY in Westchester County, NY) rink admissions.[25][34][35]
for its valuation of his wealth. The property is worth
as much as $250 million as of 2013.[27]
Wineries and vineyards
Seven Springs: A 213-acre estate located outside the
town of Bedford in Westchester County. The building Trump Winery: A premier Virginia winery situated
features a 13-bedroom mansion, but is also zoned to on Trump Vineyard Estates in Charlottesville, VA and
allow for the construction of 13 additional homes at the is valued between $5 million to $25 million.[25] The
site. Trump paid $7.5 million for the entire property vineyard was purchased by Trump in April 2011 as
in 1995. Local Westchester County brokers put the a distressed piece of real estate[37] and was ocially
propertys value at around $40 million.[27] opened in October 2011.[38] The property features
over 1,000 acres of scenery, Trump Winery is situated
Beverly Hills estate: A large mansion located on in the Monticello Wine Trail. The purchase was aided
Rodeo Drive. The property is valued at $8.5 to $10 with his son Eric.[39] The winery was later sold to his
million.[27] son, Eric.[40][41]
Carousel Golf courses

Trump Carousel: A merry-go-round carousel located
in New Yorks Central Park. In 2010, Trump took
over the management of the Central Park carousel,
where he promised to revive the merry-go-round after
its previous operator was removed by the citys parks
department. The carousel generates $589,000 from
annual admissions.[34][35][36]
Skating rink
Trump National Golf Club in Los Angeles
The Trump Organization currently owns seven golf courses

in the United States: Trump National Golf Club in Sterling,
VA, Trump National Golf Club in Briarcli Manor, New
York, Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New
Jersey, Trump International Golf Club in West Palm
Beach, Florida, Trump National Golf Club Charlotte in
Mooresville, NC, Trump National Golf Club in Philadel-
phia and Trump National Golf Club in Los Angeles.[27]
About $200 million in cash ow is derived annually from
Trumps golf courses and resorts.[42] Trumps resorts, coun-
Wollman Rink in New York City try clubs and golf courses are estimated to be worth $1.57
billion.[27]
In September 2011, the Trump Organization lodged a for-

mal objection to the proposed construction of a wind farm
o the Aberdeenshire coast not far from the site of the new
hotel and luxury housing. Donald Trump also wrote per-
sonally to the First Minister of Scotland protesting mainly
on aesthetic grounds at the proposed erection of oshore
wind turbines, which he characterized as 'ugly'. His let-
ter claimed that he was protesting on behalf of the Scottish
people, 'not... merely for the benet of Trump International
Golf Links.'[49]
In 2011, a documentary directed by Anthony Baxter called
You've Been Trumped[50][51] was released, showing the
situation of local residents adversely aected by the re-
sorts construction. It contains footage of, among oth-
Trump Turnberry golf course in Scotland ers, economists who query the benets claimed for the lo-
cal economy, environmentalists critical of the damage al-
legedly caused by the development and golfers who voice
In 2006, Trump purchased a 1,400-acre (5.7 km2) plot doubts about claims made for the resort by the Trump
just north of Aberdeen at Menie (Balmedie), Scotland, with Organization.[52] It also shows Anthony Baxter being ar-
the intention of turning it into a 1 billion golf resort and rested while lming by a Grampian Police ocer; he was
the worlds best golf course capable of hosting world class later released without charge.[53][54] Baxter has been quoted
events such as The Open Championship.[43] There has been as saying that Trump branded the lm 'boring' and Bax-
opposition from many people both locally and in other parts ter himself 'a fraud'.[55] However, the lm has won several
of Scotland and the UK, and negative reaction from a num- awards including the Hamptons Film Festival Social Justice
ber of environmental groups, but the project continues. Award and the Maysles Brothers Award for best documen-
tary at the Denver Film Festival.
The development plan for Trump International Golf Links,
Scotland (TIGLS) included two 18-hole courses, a 5-star Despite Trumps threat to withdraw any further investment
hotel, golf villas, holiday homes, and a golf academy. It in Scotland amid the wind turbine controversy, he later pur-
was strongly supported by local business leaders[44] but met chased the prestigious Turnberry resort in Ayrshire in April
opposition from local residents, campaigners and environ- 2014.[56][57]
mental groups anxious to preserve the 4,000-year-old sand In 2012, Trump bought the Doral Resort & Spa in South
dunes that are designated an SSSI (Site of Special Sci- Florida out of bankruptcy for $150 million. The 800-acre
entic Interest). Though recommended for approval by property includes ve golf courses, 700 hotel rooms, has
Aberdeenshire Council ocials[45] the development was a meeting and conference space, a 50,000-square-foot spa
initially rejected by a local subcommittee of elected mem- and an extensive retail component. Real estate experts es-
bers. However it was subsequently approved following a timate current value of the land alone at Doral could ex-
controversial planning inquiry ordered by the Scottish Gov- ceed $1 billion. Trump has a $125 million mortgage on the
ernment in June 2008, at which Trump personally testied. property.[27] Since 2012, the Trump Organization has spent
Work began on the site in July 2010.[46] over $250 million in renovations.[58]
In March 2009, the Trump Organization had asked the Trump earned at least $176.4 million from 15 golf courses
Council to use its powers of compulsory purchase to ac- in Scotland, Ireland and across the Eastern Seaboard
quire some areas of land at Balmedie not forming part of the about 41 percent of the low-end estimate of his income
original TIGLS site for which planning permission already since 2015.[25]
existed. These included four family-owned properties.[47]
In response local campaigners established Tripping Up
Trump, a movement aimed at protecting the families at Me- Real estate licensing
nie being threatened with eviction. When it emerged at the
end of January 2011 that Queen guitarist Brian May had Many developers pay Donald Trump to market their proper-
agreed to the use of the bands hit Bohemian Rhapsody in a ties and be the public face for their projects.[59] For that rea-
lm highlighting the plight of the families, Trump appeared son, Trump does not own many of the buildings that display
to deny in a media statement that there had ever been an his name.[59] According to Forbes, this portion of Trumps
eviction threat, declaring we have no interest in compul- empire, actually run by his children, is by far his most valu-
sory purchase and have never applied for it.[48] able with a valuation of $562 million. According to Forbes,
Trump Bay: A planned 447-unit rental apart-

ment building in Jersey City with the real estate
development company, Kushner Properties and
the The KABR Group.[60]
Trump Plaza (Jersey City): The project includes
New Jerseys two tallest residential towers and
costs about $450 million. The 55-story tower
will have 445 condos, and the 50-story tower will
have 417.
Trump Plaza (New Rochelle): A 39-story luxury
residence and hotel with retail space that is cur-
rently under construction in Westchester County,
NY with developer Louis R. Cappelli.
Trump Tower at City Center: A 35-story condo-
minium apartment building built in Westchester
County, New York with developer Louis R. Cap-
pelli.
Trump Park Stamford: A development in
Stamford, Connecticut with F. D. Rich Com-
pany and Louis R. Cappelli.
Trump Park Residences: A development in
Shrub Oak, NY with Louis Cappelli.
Trump International Hotel & Tower, Toronto
Florida:
there were 33 licensing projects under development includ- Trump International Hotel and Tower Fort Laud-
ing seven condo hotels (i.e. The seven Trump Interna- erdale: Anticipated completion is 2007.
tional Hotel and Tower developments). Trump has gener-
Trump Towers Sunny Isles Beach (Sunny Isles
ated more than $74 million in real estate licensing deals and
Beach, Florida): An oceanfront condominium
has $823.3 million worth of real estate in joint ventures.[27]
development consisting of three 271-unit towers
with developer Dezer Properties.
Manhattan:
Trump Grande Ocean Resort and Residences:
Trump Palace: 200 East 69th Street, New York, A three-building oceanfront enclave consisting
NY. of the Trump International Beach Resort and
two residential condominium towers, the Trump
Trump Parc and Trump Parc East: Two adjoin- Palace and Trump Royale, with developer Dezer
ing buildings on Central Park South on the south- Properties.
west corner of The Avenue of the Americas.
Trump Parc East is a 14-story apartment build- Trump Hollywood: A 40-story building on
ing and Trump Parc (the former Barbizon Plaza Hollywood Beach, Florida with Jorge M. Prez.
Hotel) is a 38-story condominium building. Trump Tower (Palm Beach): Will be a 23-story
residential condominium development.
Trump Plaza: 167 East 61st Street, New York,
NY (39-story, Y-shaped plan condominium Other domestic:
building on the Upper East Side)
Trump Towers Atlanta: project foreclosed and
610 Park Avenue (Old Mayfair Hotel): Trump
cancelled.[61][62]
is helping with the construction and development
of this property for Colony Capital. Trump Charlotte, project canceled. Shortly af-
ter, Trump bought a former golf course in Char-
Trump SoHo: Hotel Condominium: A partner-
lotte, which he now owns and operates.
ship with Bayrock Group to build a 42 story
building in Soho. Trump Tower (Philadelphia): empty lot-led for
bankruptcy as of January 2013 to prevent immi-
New York City suburbs: nent foreclosure.[63]
Trump International Hotel and Tower Waikiki 6.1.2 Financial market holdings
Beach Walk: Completed in November 2009
with 462 hotel-condominium units.
The Trump Organization also houses Trumps personal -
Trump International Hotel and Tower: New Or- nancial market investment portfolio as a portion of Trumps
leans (Project slated to begin construction dur- wealth is concentrated in the nancial and commodities
ing the rst quarter of 2007). Declared dead in markets.[68][69][70][71] The investment portfolio generates
July 2011 after the location land was foreclosed income and cash ow from a variety of mechanisms as div-
on and sold at auction. idends, capital gains, and compounded carried interest. He
invested a minimum of $70 million in stocks.[72][73] Though
International: real estate is still is his most preferred asset class, Trump be-
came an active nancial market investor in 2011 following
Elite Tower, Ramat Gan, Israel was a planned disappointment from depressed American real estate mar-
commercial real estate development slated to be ket and various investments in the Federal Reserves inter-
the tallest building in Israel. Called the Trump est yields on CDs were next to nothing.[74][75] Trump stated
Plaza Tower, Trump shelved the plans in 2007, that he was not enthusiastic to be a stock market investor,
when the site was sold on to Azorim for NIS but that prime real estate at good prices was hard to nd at
306.5 million.[64][65] Trump purchased the site that time and that stocks and equity securities were cheap
for $44 million.[66] and generating good cash ow from dividends.[76] He prof-
ited from 40 of the 45 stocks he purchased which he sold
Trump International Hotel & Tower Vancou- in 2014, making it almost a 90% success rate in capital ap-
ver, Vancouver. A skyscraper under construc- preciation in addition to millions in earned dividends. The
tion in Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, biggest gainers in his stock portfolio were Bank of Amer-
Canada. The 63-story, 188-metre-high (617 ft), ica Corporation, The Boeing Company and Facebook, Inc
mixed-use tower will be located at 1133 West earning a windfall prot of $6.7 million, $3.96 million and
Georgia Street, and is scheduled to be completed $3.85 million, respectively.[77]
in 2016. Trump Vancouver will be the second
tallest building in the city, after the Shangri-La Trumps stock portfolio is valued somewhere between
tower located across West Georgia Street. In $33.4 million and $87.9 million stock diversied with hun-
2013, it was announced that the new hotelier of dreds of enterprises in variety of industries. He owns a stake
the tower will be Marriott International. in a number of public companies within numerous sec-
tors that include tobacco distributors, retail outlets, phar-
Trump Towers Istanbul, Istanbul[67] maceutical companies, manufacturing companies, nancial
Trump World Seoul: Which Trump received a conglomerates, oil companies, [25][78]
high technology companies
licensing fee of $5 million to lend his name. and defense contractors. Public stock investments
within his portfolios include General Electric, Chevron,
Trump International Hotel and Tower Toronto, UPS, Coca-Cola, Home Depot, Comcast, Sano, Ford,
Toronto ConocoPhillips, Energy Transfer Partners, Altera, Verizon
Communications, Procter & Gamble, Bank of Amer-
The Palm Trump International Hotel and Tower, ica, Nike, Google, Apple Inc., Philip Morris, Citigroup,
Dubai Morgan Stanley, Whole Foods, Intel, IBM, Bristol-Myers
Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Caterpillar, Kinder Morgan,
Tower Panama AT&T and Facebook.[76][79][80][81][82][83] He has at least
$78 million USD invested in a variety of paper assets such
Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico was a planned as stocks, bonds, mutual funds, private equity funds, fund of
3 tower, 25 story, 526 unit hotel condominium, funds, and hedge funds.[84] His nancial market investment
San Diego. This project collapsed due to the accounts are kept at JPMorgan, Barclays, Deutsche Bank
projects failure to secure nancing. and Oppenheimer.[81][85][86] His Barclays account includes
Trump at Cap Cana will be located in Punta investments in 32 entities and cash worth between $49,021
Cana, Dominican Republic. and $396,001 and having stock in two accounts at Deutsche
Bank that contain cash, treasury bills, and stock in 173 en-
Trump Tower Manila, Makati City, Metro tities. His investment account with Oppenheimer contains
Manila, Philippines: The brand name and mark cash and has 31 positions worth between $10,380,031 and
under license. Anticipated completion is to be $33,301,000. His account with JPMorgan contains stock in
announced. 60 rms valued between $1,251,008 and $2,617,000.[87][88]
Trump has also invested in funds that focus on middle and ucts. He has made $9.5 million to $28 million USD at-
smaller sized businesses such as Tesla Motors, the elec- taching his name on numerous products and services that
tric car maker and has invested internationally in a num- range from energy drinks to books.[12][13] He also raked
ber of emerging market, growth and hedge funds located in $1.1 million in mens wear licensing royalties.[24][25][106]
in Europe and Asia.[89] He has also invested in a num- He also earns $3.4 million annually from his association
ber of private equity and hedge funds including $1 to $5 with the Miss Universe Organization.[42] Trump also earns
million in Advantage Plus, $1 to $5 million in in AG Di- $15,000 to $100,000 in book royalties and $2.2 million
versied Funds, $2 million in MidOcean Credit Opportu- for his involvement with Trump Model Management ev-
nities, $4 million in Paulson & Co., and around $5 mil- ery year.[107][108] Trump also owns the Miss Universe, Miss
lion with Angelo, Gordon & Co..[90][91][92] Trumps biggest USA and Miss Teen USA pageants, which are collectively
fund holding has been in Black Rocks Obsidian Fund, worth $15 million.[27]
where his stake is estimated to be between $25 million to Trump has marketed his name on a large number of prod-
$50 million.[93] Nearly all of Trumpss open end mutual
ucts and services achieving mixed success doing so. Many
fund investments are concentrated in Baron Capital Man- of his external entrepreneurial and investment ventures in-
agement, a mid-sized mutual fund family headed by mu-
clude Trump Financial (a mortgage rm), Trump Sales
tual fund mogul Ronald S. Baron.[89][94] Trump invested and Leasing (residential sales), Trump International Re-
$16.2 million in Baron Capital Management, making him alty (a residential and commercial real estate brokerage
a signicant minority shareholder.[95] He revealed that he rm), The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative (a for prot busi-
earned over $22 million with his private equity, hedge fund, ness education company, formerly called the Trump Uni-
and mutual fund investments and generated between $1.5 versity), Trump Restaurants (Located in Trump Tower
million and $10 million in income almost all of it from and consisting of Trump Buet, Trump Catering, Trump
investments such as dividends, capital gains, and carried Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar), GoTrump (an online
interest.[96] Trump also has a portion of his portfolio in- travel search engine[109][110][111] ), Select By Trump (a line
vested in U.S. Treasury bonds.[93] of coee drinks),[112] Trump Drinks (an energy drink for
A portion of Trumps nancial market portfolio contain the Israeli and Palestinian markets)[30][113][114][115] Don-
gold and his gold holdings are estimated to be between ald J. Trump Signature Collection (a line of menswear,
$100,001 and $200,000 in gold.[97][98] Trump has armed mens accessories, and watches), Donald Trump The Fra-
to investing in physical gold bullion in his investment port- grance (2004), SUCCESS by Donald Trump (a second
folio in September 2011.[99] In 2011, The Trump Organiza- fragrance launched by the Trump Organization and the
tion accepted a security deposit worth $176,000 in the form Five Star Fragrance Company released in March 2012),
of three 32-ounce bars of gold from a real estate tenant of Trump Ice bottled water, the former Trump Magazine,[116]
Trumps where the new tenant wanted to make a point about Trump Golf, Trump Chocolate, Trump Home (home
accepting gold instead of cash for certain transactions.[100] furnishings),[32] Trump Productions (a television produc-
tion company), Trump Institute, Trump: The Game (1989
board game with a 2005 re-release version tied to The
Apprentice),[110] Donald Trumps Real Estate Tycoon (a
6.1.3 Other ventures and investments
business simulation game), Trump Books, Trump Model
Management, Trump Shuttle, Trump Mortgage, Trump
Trump also owns a wide variety of other enterprises out-
Vodka,[32][117][118] Trump Steakhouse[109][119] and Trump
side real estate which have an estimated value of US$317.6
Steaks.[110] In addition, Trump reportedly receives $1.5
million.[101] Other investments include a 17.2% stake
million for each one-hour presentation he does for The
in Parker Adnan, Inc. (formerly AdnanCo Group), a
Learning Annex.[42][120] Trump also endorsed ACN Inc.
Bermuda-based nancial services holdings company. In
a multi-level marketing telecommunications company. He
late 2003, Trump, along with his siblings, sold their late
has spoken at ACN International Training Events at which
fathers real estate empire to a group of investors that in-
he has praised the companys founders, business model and
cluded Bain Capital, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, and Lam-
video phone.[121] He earned a total $1.35 million for three
boNuni Bank reportedly for $600 million. Donald Trumps
speeches given for the company amounting to $450,000 per
one-third share was $200 million, which he later used to
speech.[30][122][123][124][125][126][127]
nance Trump Casino & Resorts.[102][103][104][105]
The Trump Organization also houses ventures started by
Beyond his traditional ventures in the real estate, hospital-
Donald Trumps daughter, Ivanka, which includes Ivanka
ity, and entertainment industries and having carved out a
Trump Fine Jewelry (a jewelry line) and The Ivanka Trump
niche for the Trump brand within these industries, Trump
Lifestyle Collection (a high end designer fashion and cos-
has since then moved on to establish the Trump name
metics line that includes fragrances, footwear, handbags,
and brand in a multitude of other industries and prod-
outerwear and eyewear collections).[128] [17] Sam Thielman, Dominic Rushe and Adam Gabbatt (22 July
2015). Donald Trump is already president of 457 rms,
campaign lings reveal. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 Jan-
6.1.4 References uary 2016.
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[57] James Corrigan (29 April 2014). Donald Trumps purchase
[38] Trump Winery Opens in Albemarle County. News- of Turnberry is good. The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 January
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[39] Hoover, Andrew (November 17, 2013). 2013 Rising Star [58] Donald Trump gets his key to Doral Miami Herald. March
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[59] Frangos, Alex (May 18, 2009). Trump on Trump: Testi-
[40] Donald Trump doesnt own Trump Winery, his son does - mony Oers Glimpse of How He Values His Empire: Worth
Page Six. Page Six. Rises, Falls 'With Markets and Attitudes And With Feelings,
Even My Own Feeling'.. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved
[41] Meet Donald Trumps ve children - Business Insider. April 14, 2011.
Business Insider. 6 July 2015.
[60] Whelan, Robbie (May 11, 2014). Trump and Kushner
[42] Donald Trumps net worth at least $1.4 billion, election l- Families Are Coming Together for Another UnionThis
ing shows. 23 July 2015. Time a Deal. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
[43] Wikinews:Donald Trump to build 300m golng paradise [61] Trump Towers Atlanta Site to Remain Parking Lot. Sky-
in rural Scotland line Views.
[44] News.bbc.co.uk, Trump 1bn golf inquiry tees o. BBC [62] Emporis GmbH. Trump Towers Atlanta One, Atlanta -
News. 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 273465 - EMPORIS. emporis.com.
[45] Trumps 1 billion golf complex wins planners approval. [63] Trump Philadelphia to Avoid Foreclosure. Retrieved 31
Retrieved 2007-10-24. May 2014.
[46] Trump International Golf Links, Aberdeen, Scotland : [64] : - "" "
News and Events. - ." www.calcalist.co.il.
[47] Aberdeenshire Councils position: Compulsory Purchase [65] Parting with Ramat Gans Elite landmark is sweet sorrow |
Orders (News Release) 22 July 2009. Aberdeen- Jerusalem Post
shire.gov.uk. 2009-07-22. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
[66] Donald Trump plans Ramat Gan luxury tower | Jerusalem
[48] Crighton, Ryan (2011-01-31). Press & Journal Trump Post
lifts threat of eviction at resort site Ryan Crighton 31 Jan
2011. Pressandjournal.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-04-21. [67] Trump Istanbul. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
[49] Donald Trumps wind farm ght 'for Scotlands benet'". [68] Arrowood, Emily. To Beat Trump, Treat Him Like a
BBC News. 2011-09-15. Loser. US News and World Report. Retrieved 17 January
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[50] Jennifer Merin. You've Been Trumped - Movie Review -
2011. About.com Entertainment. [69] Feeding Frenzy. New York Magazine. 26 June 1999. Re-
trieved 17 January 2016.
[51] Youve Been Trumped. The List.
[70] Bogart, Je (10 October 2015). Stocks or real estate? What
[52] Ward, Bob (2011-09-14). You've Been Trumped: lm re- Trump can teach us about investing. The Christian Science
veals tycoons ruthless eorts to build Scottish golf resort Monitor. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Bob Ward. The Guardian (London).
[71] Invest Like Trump? Think Again.... Investopedia. 27 Au-
[53] You've Been Trumped - Suzanne Kelly Reviews. Ab- gust 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
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[72] Rick Perrys Thesaurus Has Some Words For Donald
[54] Collins, Daniel (2011-10-21). Donald Trump Tortures The Trump. Hungton Post. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 17 Jan-
Weak. Hungton Post. uary 2016.
[73] Why Its Worth Watching Donald Trumps Stock Portfo- [89] Jae Chuck (August 1, 2015). How Donald Trump rates as
lio. Zacks Equity Research. September 3, 2015. Retrieved a fund investor. The Seattle Times. Retrieved 16 January
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[74] Schaefer, sTEVE (11 August 2011). Trump Grabs Blue- [90] Mcenery, Thornton (15 July 2015). President Trump Cant
Chips In Battered Market. Forbes. Retrieved 17 January Even Deal With These Financial Disclosure Forms Designed
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[93] Kempner, Matt (31 August 2015). Stock market blues?
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[79] Kempner, Matt (31 August 2015). Stock market blues? [95] Schaefer, Steve (30 September 2015). When Donald
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[80] Burns, Margie (19 August 2015). Donald Trump staying [96] LaRoche, Julia. Donald Trump has millions invested with
put. Margie Burns. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 'paper pusher' hedge fund managers. Business Insider. Re-
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[81] Wealth Adviser Daily Brieng: A Peek Inside Donald
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Trump Loves. US News Money. Retrieved 17 January [98] How Much Gold Does Donald Trump Own?". Kitco News.
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[84] Bowsher, Karla (9 December 2015). Trump Worth $10
[101] What does Donald Trump really own. The Real Deal. 1
Billion Less Than If Hed Simply Invested in Index Funds.
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[102] Greenberg, John (9 December 2015). Occupy Democrats
[85] Stewart, Emily (16 July 2015). Donald Trump Says He graphic oversimplies Trumps inheritance. PunditFact.
Made Over $1 Million on Each of These 5 Stocks. The Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Street. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[103] Jordan Weissmann. I Cant Believe Im About to Defend
[86] Hunnicutt, Trevor (23 July 2015). Donald Trumps invest- Donald Trumps Business Skills. Slate. Retrieved 17 Jan-
ment portfolio a messy hodgepodge: advisers. Investment uary 2016.
News. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[104] Dylan Matthews (September 2, 2015). Donald Trump isn't
[87] Hunter Walker and Myles Udland (22 July 2015). Heres rich because hes a great investor. Hes rich because his dad
whats in Donald Trumps stock portfolio. Business Insider. was rich. Vox. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[105] Exposing How Donald Trump Really Made His Fortune:
[88] Woods, Laura (29 July 2015). Donald Trumps Stock Port- Inheritance from Dad and the Governments Protection
folio: See How You Can Invest Like the Presidential Candi- Mostly Did the Trick. Alternet. July 9, 2012. Retrieved
date. GoBankingRates. Retrieved 16 January 2016. 17 January 2016.
6.2. TRUMP ENTERTAINMENT RESORTS 71
[106] Brian Balogh (November 3, 2015). Trump the brand, not [124] James V. Grimaldi and Mark Maremont (13 August 2015).
the candidate. Miller Center. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Donald Trump Made Millions From Multilevel Marketing
Firm. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[107] Woods, Laura (29 July 2015). Donald Trumps Stock Port-
folio: See How You Can Invest Like the Presidential Candi- [125] Salo, Jackie. Donald Trump Financial Disclosure:
date. Go Banking Rates. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Speeches Paid Presidential Candidate More Than $1M, Ac-
cording To Federal Election Form. International Business
[108] Diamond, Jeremy (22 July 2015). Donald Trumps 92-page Times. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
nancial disclosure released. CNN. Retrieved 17 January
2016. [126] Ross, Chuck (22 July 2015). Trump Earned Speaking Fees
From Pyramid Scheme Company. The Daily Caller. Re-
[109] Holodny, Elena (October 10, 2014). 12 Donald Trump trieved 17 January 2016.
businesses that no longer exist. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved
[127] Chuck Epstein (November 9, 2015). Which presidential
17 January 2016.
candidate earns the most per speech. Las Vegas Review
[110] Koer, Jacob (August 7, 2015). Donald Trumps 16 Journal. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Biggest Business Failures and Successes. TIME Magazine. [128] Ivanka Trump Collections. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Retrieved August 29, 2015.
[111] 5-screw-ups-that-tell-us-donald-trump-should-not-teach-
business-degree-classes.
[112] Select By Trump. Retrieved 17 January 2016. Ocial website
[113] Levine, Matt (3 September 2015). Should Trump Have In-

dexed?". Bloomberg View. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
6.2 Trump Entertainment Resorts
[114] Moore, Heidi (22 July 2015). The weirdest ways Donald
Trump makes his money. Mashable. Retrieved 17 January Trump Entertainment Resorts, Inc. is a gaming and
2016. hospitality company that owns and operates the Trump Taj
Mahal hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United
[115] 6 ways Trump makes his money. Politico. 22 July 2015.
States. Formerly known as Trump Hotels & Casino Re-
sorts, it was founded by Donald J. Trump, who is no longer
[116] Kelly, Keith J. (20 May 2009). Trumps Magazine Closed. involved in the company. It is a subsidiary of Icahn Enter-
New York Post. Retrieved 18 February 2015. prises.
[117] Tuttle, Brad (16 June 2015). 8 Epic Business Failures with
Donald Trumps Name on Them. Time. Retrieved 17 Jan- 6.2.1 History
uary 2016.
[118] Benjamin Snyder (6 July 2015). Donald Trumps business

fumbles. Fortune. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[119] Trump Steakhouse hit with 51 violations after ocials nd

month-old caviar, expired yogurt. Daily News. November
17, 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
[120] Thats rich! The Donald cash advice costs 1.5m. New
York: New York Daily News. October 23, 2005. Archived
from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-
04.
[121] Donald J. Trump on ACNs Home Based Business. Re-

[122] Conlin, Michelle (July 18, 2015). Presidential hopeful

Trump rivals Clinton in speech fees. Reuters. Retrieved
17 January 2016. Entrance to the Trump Taj Mahal at night, Atlantic City, New Jersey
[123] ACN & Donald J. Trump. ACN Inc. Archived from the Donald Trump began purchasing properties along the At-
original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2015. lantic City boardwalk in the early 1980s and received a
casino license from the New Jersey Casino Control Com- it might le for bankruptcy. A possible arrangement with
mission (CCC) on March 15, 1982.[2] He had planned to Credit Suisse First Boston was not completed because the
build his own casino on the boardwalk, but was stalled on bondholders rejected it.[17]
the project when Mike Rose, then CEO of Holiday Inn and On October 21, 2004, the company announced a prelim-
Harrahs approached him to manage construction of a Holi- inary agreement with its investors. Trump, who had been
day Inn Casino-Hotel. It opened in May 1984 and two years the majority owner, would reduce his stock ownership from
later Trump bought out Holiday Inns shares in the property 56 percent to 27 percent. Bondholders would surrender
and renamed it the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino.[3] some of their debt in exchange for stock. On October 27,
In 1985, Trump purchased the nearly-complete Atlantic the company announced that Morgan Stanley would be the
City Hilton hotel and casino property at the Atlantic ma- joint lead arranger for a nancing of $500 million nanc-
rina from Hilton Hotels for $325 million. The hotel chain ing as part of the restructuring plan. On November 21,
sold the property after its application for a gaming license the company led for bankruptcy. Trump said the ling
was turned down by the CCC.[4] Trump originally opened was really just a technical thing as the best way to imple-
the property as Trumps Castle Hotel Casino, and later re- ment the restructuring plan.[18] The plan was submitted to
named it the Trump Marina. the Bankruptcy Court on December 16, 2004.
In 1988, Trump purchased the unnished Taj Mahal prop- After the 2004 bankruptcy ling, Trump Hotels & Casino
erty from Resorts International for $230 million after ne- Resorts changed its name to Trump Entertainment Resorts
gotiations with Merv Grin in which the two men divided (TER).
the assets of the failing company.[5] The casino, at the time
In 2005, the companys involvement in the Spotlight 29
the largest in Atlantic City, would eventually cost almost $1
Casino ended, as the tribe bought out the casino manage-
billion by the time it opened in 1990. Trump completed the ment agreement for $6 million.[19] Later that year, TER sold
project using junk bonds, a decision that hurt the company
its Indiana casino to The Majestic Star Casino, LLC for
afterward as the gaming industry struggled in a recession $253 million.[20][21] The company had also been awarded a
and interest rates became unmanageable.[6][7]
license to build a second casino in Orange County, Indiana,
In 1995, Trump established Trump Hotels and Casino but dropped this plan, due in part to the states concerns
Resorts (THCR) as a publicly traded company, granting it about the companys viability.[22]
ownership of the Trump Plaza and the under-development On May 18, 2007, the company announced that it was in
Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[8] The following year, the preliminary stages of negotiating a buyout with several
THCR bought the Trump Taj Mahal at a valuation of $890 public and private rms. On July 2, 2007 Trump Entertain-
million,[9][10] and bought the Trump Castle from Trump for ment Resorts announced that they could not make a deal
$486 million (including $355 million in assumed debt).[11] with any company that they were in talks with and decided
In 1996, the company opened Trump Worlds Fair, a casino to take itself o the market. The company planned to lay
adjunct to the Trump Plaza.[12] The Worlds Fair was closed o employees in order to cut costs.[23]
in 1999, with plans to replace it with a larger resort.[13]
In 1999, THCR agreed to purchase the Flamingo Hilton
Casino Kansas City for $15 million,[14] but the deal fell 2009 bankruptcy and restructuring
through when Missouri gaming regulators did not approve
the companys gaming license by a contractual deadline.[15] The casino group led for bankruptcy again in February
2009 [24] owing $1.2 billion. Two sets of debt holders even-
THCR entered a management agreement in 2000 to oper-
tually proposed reorganization plans for the group in U.S.
ate the Spotlight 29 Casino, an Indian casino in Coachella,
bankruptcy court.
California.[16]
Trump initially made an agreement with banker/high-stakes
poker player Andrew Beal, owner of Beal Bank, which held
$500 million in the groups debt, to take over the resorts.
Financial troubles
However, citing concerns about the banks experience with
gaming, he dropped them in favor of the hedge fund Avenue
Trump Entertainment Resorts and its predecessors have Capital Management, a plan favored by other bond-holders.
led for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection four times, in Beal then partnered with investor, Carl Icahn, who had
1991, following construction of the $1-billion Trump Taj worked on restructuring another Atlantic City casino, the
Mahal, and in 2004, 2009 and 2014. Tropicana.[25] In court, Trump argued that he would ght
In 2004, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts explored vari- the Icahn/Beal team if they sought to use his name and
ous options for restructuring its debt, amid speculation that likeness on the groups properties.[26] Instead he signed an
6.2. TRUMP ENTERTAINMENT RESORTS 73
agreement with Avenue Capital in which he would receive 6.2.2 Former properties
5% stock in the reorganized company and another 5% in
exchange for the use of his name and likeness in perpetu- Trump Entertainment Resortss only current property is the
ity. Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Judith H. Wizmur, Chief Judge of the United States The companys former properties include:
Bankruptcy Court for the District of New Jersey, eventu-
ally sided with the Trump/Avenue partnership, favored by Harrahs at Trump Plaza in Atlantic City, New Jer-
bond holders who believed that Trumps brand would result sey (formerly a 50/50 partnership with Harrahs) now
in a stronger company after reorganization.[27] wholly owned and renamed as the Trump Plaza, which
In 2011, TER sold the Trump Marina to Landrys Restau- was closed on September 16, 2014.
rants, which also operates the Golden Nugget in Las
Trump 29 in Coachella, California (formerly a 50/50
Vegas.[28]
partnership with the Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mis-
sion Indians of California) now Spotlight 29 Casino.
Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana now the Majestic Star

II.
Post-bankruptcy
Trump Worlds Fair Casino at Trump Plaza in Atlantic
City, New Jersey. Operated as a wing of Trump Plaza,
In February 2013, the company agreed to sell the Trump
but with its own casino license, it was closed in 1999,
Plaza for $20 million to the Meruelo Group, a California-
and demolished in 2000.
based company whose holdings include the Grand Sierra
Resort in Reno. The proceeds would be used to pay down Trump Marina (previously Trump Castle) in Atlantic
the companys debt to a level of $270 million. CEO Robert City, New Jersey now the second incarnation of the
Grin said TER would consider also selling the Trump Taj Golden Nugget Atlantic City brand.
Mahal for the right price.[29] However, in 2013, Carl Icahn,
who held the mortgage on the Trump Casinos, would reject Steel Pier, now owned by Steel Pier Associates.
the sale of the Trump Plaza. [30]
In early August 2014, Donald Trump led a lawsuit de- 6.2.3 References
manding removal of his name from the companys two casi-
nos, because they had allegedly been allowed to fall into [1] http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=71730&p=
disrepair, in breach of the licensing agreement for Trumps irol-govBio&ID=168997
name.[31]
[2] Trump, Donald and Schwartz, Tony, Trump: the art of the
deal, Random House Digital, Inc., 2004, page 204
[3] Blair, Gwenda, The Trumps: Three Generations That

Built an Empire, Simon and Schuster, 2001, page 345
2014 bankruptcy
[4] Delugach, Al, Hilton Negotiating to Sell Its Atlantic City
Hotel-Casino to Trump, L.A. Times, April 19, 1985
Trump Entertainment Resorts led again for bankruptcy in
September 2014.[32] On a motion made by union UNITE [5] Easton, Nina, Merv Grins Outrageous Fortune..., L.A.
Times, July 24, 1988
HERE Local 54, relating to the bankruptcy action, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled [6] Clark, Kenneth, Trump Taj Mahal Casino-hotel Opens With
in Trump Entertainments favor on January 15, 2016 and A Bang, Chicago Tribune, April 6, 1990
held that Trump Entertainment could reject the continuing
terms and conditions of a collective bargaining agreement [7] Atlas, D. Riva (May 7, 2002). Trump Tries to Sell Happi-
ness, in Junk Bonds. The New York Times.
with the union, an agreement that had already expired by its
terms. This case is signicant as it is a matter of rst im- [8] Floyd Norris (June 7, 1995). Trump Plaza casino stock
pression among the courts of appeal and could signicantly trades today on Big Board. New York Times. Retrieved
alter the balance of power between debtor-employers and 2014-12-14.
their unions.[33]
[9] David Cay Johnston (January 9, 1996). Trump moves to
The company exited bankruptcy in February 2016 and be- put Taj Mahal in his company. New York Times. Retrieved
came a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises.[34] 2014-12-14.
[10] Form 8-K: Current Report (Report). Trump Hotels & [28] Trump Entertainment to sell Atlantic City Marina Hotel for
Casino Resorts Inc. May 2, 1996. Retrieved 2014-12-14. $38M, Star-Ledger, Feb. 14, 2011
[11] Douglas Feiden (October 1, 1996). Trump co. buying Cas- [29] Wayne Parry (February 14, 2013). Atlantic Citys Trump
tle. New York Daily News. Retrieved 2014-12-14. Plaza goes for bargain $20M. Miami Herald. AP. Re-
trieved 2013-02-14.
[12] Amy S. Rosenberg (May 16, 1996). At Trumps Worlds
Fair opening, gamblers hope casino 13 is lucky. Philadel- [30] http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_
phia Inquirer. Retrieved 2014-12-15. city/carl-icahn-won-t-approve-sale-of-trump-plaza-for/
article_6bf05244-abb4-11e2-97a7-0019bb2963f4.html
[13] Patrick Jenkins (February 17, 2000). Trump closes old
resort for new one in Atlantic City, N.J.. Knight Rid- [31] Parry, Wayne. Trump: Plaza and Taj Mahal to shabby to
der/Tribune Business News. Retrieved 2014-12-15. via bear his name anymore. philly.com. Associated Press. Re-
HighBeam (subscription required) trieved 23 August 2014.
[14] Rick Alm (January 15, 1999). Trump buying casino in [32] Reuters (September 9, 2014). Trump Entertainment Re-
KC. Kansas City Star via NewsBank. sorts Files For Bankruptcy. Hungton Post. Retrieved
February 19, 2015.
[15] Rick Alm (September 14, 1999). KC Flamingo to be
bought by Station. Kansas City Star via NewsBank. [33] Salzberg, Mark A. (23 January 2016). Trump (En-
tertainment) Wins! Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and Union
[16] Tom Gorman; Dan Morain (March 9, 2000). Palm Springs CBAs - See more at: http://www.natlawreview.com/article/
tribe, Trump sign casino deal. Los Angeles Times. Re- trump-entertainment-wins-chapter-11-bankruptcy-and-union-cbas#
trieved 2014-12-15. sthash.Pr4sJVjY.dpuf". The National Law Review (Squire
Patton Boggs (US) LLP). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
[17] Lore Croghan (September 24, 2004). Trump Hotels says External link in |title= (help)
deal with Credit Suisse First Boston is dead. Daily News.
[34] Christopher Palmieri (February 26, 2016). Trumps for-
[18] Trump casinos le for bankruptcy; 'Apprentice' stars rm mer Atlantic City jewel exits bankruptcy, now Icahns.
seeks protection from creditors. Associated Press. Novem- Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
ber 22, 2004.
[19] Rick Davis (February 15, 2005). Casino reannointed 'Spot-

light 29' in Trump-deal buyout. The Public Record (Palm
Springs, CA). via HighBeam (subscription required)
Trump Entertainment Resorts
[20] Trump to sell Gary casino to Majestic Star for $253 mil-
lion. The Times of Northwest Indiana. November 4, 2005.
Retrieved 2014-12-14. 6.3 Trump Model Management
[21] Trump Entertainment Resorts completes sale of Trump In-
diana riverboat to Majestic Star (Press release). Trump En- Trump Model Management is a modeling agency
tertainment Resorts. December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2014- founded by billionaire Donald Trump in 1999. Trump
12-14 via EDGAR. founded the agency, and still owns and operates it. [1]
[22] Trump drops plans for Orange County casino. WIBC-FM.
March 2, 2005. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
6.3.1 Fashion models represented by Trump
[23] William Spain (July 2, 2007). No Trump Entertainment (past and present)
deal; shares plunge. MarketWatch.
[24] Love, Zach, Bankruptcy Roundup: Trump Dumps Casi- 6.3.2 References
nos, Fortuno Gets Sued, and Peanut Corp. Goes Under,
Law.Com, Feb. 17, 2009 [1] Trump Model Management ocial website
[2] Melania Trumps modeling agency was Trump Models

[25] Grant, Peter, Icahn Leaps Into Trump Casino Battle, Wall
Street Journal, Dec. 14, 2009
[26] Church, Steven, Trump Argues Name Cant Be Used By Ic- 6.3.3 External links
ahn for Casinos (Update4) , Bloomberg, February 23, 2010
Trump Model Management ocial website
[27] Gallagher, Mary Pat, Trump-Icahn Bankruptcy Pact OK'd
but Bondholders Legal Fees Unresolved, Law.Com, Oct. 8, Mention of Trump Model Management on Trump Or-
2010 ganization website
6.4. MISS UNIVERSE 75
6.4 Miss Universe organized and conducted by the Miss Universe Organiza-
tion. Eventually Pacic Mills and its subsidiaries were ac-
Not to be confused with Mrs. Universe. quired by the Kayser-Roth Corporation, which was in turn
acquired by Gulf and Western Industries. Donald Trump
acquired the pageant in 1996.[13]
Miss Universe is an annual international beauty pageant
that is run by the Miss Universe Organization.[1] Along with The pageant was rst televised in 1955. CBS began
its rival contests, Miss World and Miss Earth, this pageant is broadcasting the combined Miss USA and Miss Universe
one of the most important and publicized beauty contests in pageants in 1960, and as separate contests in 1965. John
the world.[2][3][4][5] The pageant was founded in 1952 by the Charles Daly hosted the pageant from 1955 to 1966, Bob
California clothing company Pacic Mills, and is owned, Barker from 1967 to 1987, Alan Thicke in 1988, John
along with Miss USA, by WME/IMG.[6] Forsythe in 1989, Dick Clark from 1990 to 1993, and
Bob Goen from 1994 to 1996. In 2003, NBC outbid
In 1998, Miss Universe, Inc. changed its name to Miss Uni- the other networks for the TV rights.[14] From 2003 to
verse Organization, and moved its headquarters from Los 2014, the pageant was broadcast in the US on NBC. NBC
Angeles to New York City.[7][8] and Univision dropped the pageant in 2015 due to com-
In 1998, the logo of Miss Universe the woman with stars ments made by presidential candidate Donald Trump about
was created,[8] representing the beauty and responsibility undocumented immigrants from Mexico.[10] Starting in
of women around the world.[9] The same logo is used in 2015, Fox is the ocial broadcaster of the Miss Universe
present-day pageants.[8] pageant.[15]
In 2015, after Donald Trump made statements about
immigrants from Mexico in his presidential campaign kick- 6.4.2 Ownership
o speech, NBC decided to end their business relation-
ship and stated that they will no longer air the pageant, or Up until September 2015, the Miss Universe Organization
the Miss USA pageant, on their networks.[10] In September was a joint venture between NBC and Donald Trump. The
2015, Trump bought the entire stock of the Miss Universe company has run the contest since 2002.[1] NBC cancelled
Organization from NBC, becoming its sole owner for three all business relationships with the Miss Universe Organiza-
days until selling the entire stock to WME/IMG.[6] tion and with Trump in response to his political comments
The current Miss Universe is Pia Wurtzbach of the about illegal immigration during his campaign for the pres-
Philippines who was crowned on 20 December 2015 in Las idency of the United States.[16] In September 2015, Trump
Vegas, USA.[11] bought out NBCs 50% stake in the organization making
him the companys sole owner, which he held for three days
before selling the entire pageant to WME/IMG.[17] The cur-
6.4.1 History rent president of the Miss Universe Organization is Paula
Shugart.[18]
The title Miss Universe was rst used by the International
Pageant of Pulchritude in 1926. This contest was held an-
nually until 1935, when the Great Depression and other 6.4.3 Ocial song
events preceding World War II led to its demise.
Miss Universes historical song, You are my star, was the
Todays Miss Universe Pageant was founded after Yolande
ocial song for the pageant from 1987 to 1995. It was sung
Betbeze, the winner of the 1951 Miss America pageant, re-
by the Little Sisters, a group of young children from the
fused to pose in a swimsuit from its major sponsor, Catalina
host country.[19]
Swimwear. The brands manufacturer Pacic Mills with-
drew its sponsorship from Miss America and set up the Miss
USA and Miss Universe contests. The rst Miss Universe 6.4.4 Competition formats
Pageant was held in Long Beach, California in 1952. It was
won by Armi Kuusela from Finland, who gave up her title, During the early years of the pageant, the delegates who
though not ocially, to get married, shortly before her year made the rst cut were announced after the preliminary
was completed.[12] Until 1958, the Miss Universe title, like competition. From 1965 to the present day, the seminal-
that of Miss America, was dated by the year following the ists were not announced until the night of the main event.
contest, so at the time Ms. Kuuselas title was Miss Uni- The seminalists once again competed in evening gown and
verse 1953. swimsuit and ve nalists were announced. An interview
Since its founding by Pacic Mills, the pageant has been portion was introduced in 1960 to decide the runners-up
and the winner. Local organizations that wish to select the Miss Universe
From 1959 to 1964 there were slight format changes. From contestant for their countries must submit bids to the Miss
1959 through 1963 there was no cut to reach the ve nal- Universe Organization for that right. Occasionally, the tra-
ists. The runners-up and winner were called from the as- ditional license holder for a particular country may lose its
sembled 15 seminalists. In 1965 the pageant returned to bid, as has happened in Italy, Denmark, France, Sweden,
the original format of a cut to ve nalists, and remained Germany, Great Britain, and more.
so until 1989. In 1969 a nal question was posed to the Usually a countrys candidate selection involves pageants in
last ve contestants. The nal question was an on-and-o major cities, whose winners compete in a national pageant,
feature of the pageant. In 1990 it had taken root, and with but there are exceptions. For example, from 2000 to
every pageant since the nal contestants have had to answer 2004, Australian delegates were chosen by a modeling
a nal question. In 1990 the pageant implemented major agency. Although such castings are generally discouraged
changes in the competition itself. Instead of ve nalists, by the Miss Universe Organization, Miss Australia Jennifer
the eld was reduced from ten seminalists to six. Each Hawkins was chosen to be Miss Universe in 2004. When
contestant then randomly selected a judge and answered the Australia resumed its national pageant, Michelle Guy be-
question posed by the judge. After that, the eld was nar- came Miss Universe Australia 2005.
rowed down further to a nal three. In 1998, the number of Some of the most successful national pageants in the
nalists was reduced to ve, although there still was a cut to last decade have been Venezuela, USA, Puerto Rico,
a nal three. This continued until 2001, when the nal ve France, Philippines which command consistently high in-
format was reinstated. terest and television ratings in their respective countries.[21]
In the year 2000, the interview portion of the seminal was Recent arrivals in the pageant include Slovenia (2001),
dropped, and the contestants competed only in swimsuits China and Albania (2002), Vietnam, Georgia and Ethiopia
and evening gowns, as in the early years of the pageant. In (2004), Latvia (2005), Kazakhstan (2006), Tanzania
2003, the number of seminalists was increased to fteen, (2007), Kosovo (2008), Gabon and Lithuania (2012) along-
with cuts made to ten, and then to ve contestants. The nal side Azerbaijan (2013); there have also been eorts to
question varied, each coming from the nal delegates them- revive strong national pageants in South Africa, Canada,
selves and the current Miss Universe. In 2006, twenty semi- Spain, Japan and Latin America (especially Venezuela,
nalists were selected for the swimsuit competition, ten of Puerto Rico, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil). Prior power-
whom went on to the evening gown competition. The ve houses are Finland, Germany and Sweden. England is the
who passed that stage competed in an interview round, af- most successful nonwinning country with nine top-ve po-
ter which the runners-up and winner were announced. The sitions. The current powerhouses that often make the semi-
2007 contest followed a similar format, with fteen con- nals are: USA, Philippines, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil,
testants competing in the swimsuit stage. In 2011, for the Ukraine, France, and Australia.
rst time, one of the sixteen seminalists was selected ex- The organization makes continual eorts to expand the
clusively by TV viewers via online voting. In the 2014 con- pageant, but the participation of some countries such as
test held in January 2015, a nal question was chosen from Algeria has proven dicult due to cultural barriers to
thousands submitted by Facebook.[20] the swimsuit competition, while others such as Armenia,
In 2015, the contest followed a similar format from its pre- Mozambique, and Nepal have balked at sending represen-
vious years. In the nal 5, a contestant answered the ques- tatives due to the cost. As of 2014, only four countries
tion which is related to national issue of their country. Af- have been present at every Miss Universe since its incep-
ter that, the eld was narrowed down further to a nal three tion in 1952: Canada, France, Germany (East and West
who will then go on to answer one common question, the up to 1990), and the USA. Many European countries allow
nal Q and A. Finally, there will be a nal vote based on 17-year-old contestants to compete in their pageants, while
overall impression and performance in the last round. For Miss Universes minimum age is 18, so national titleholders
the rst time, the rest of the contestants played the role of often have to be replaced by their runners-up. Miss Uni-
a nal judge and had the chance to choose the new Miss verse had previously prohibited transsexual applicants and
Universe. age fabrication, but beginning in 2012, transgender women
were allowed to compete, as long as they win their national
pageants.[22]
6.4.5 Contestant selection
Main article: List of Miss Universe countries

6.4.6 Main pageant Final judgment
The competition for the Miss Universe title has seen

many changes, although there have been several constants
throughout its history. All the contestants compete in a pre-
liminary round of judging (nowadays called the Presenta-
tion Show) where the eld is narrowed to a select num-
The main Miss Universe Pageant is held over a two-week ber of seminalists. This number has uctuated over the
period in December. In the 1970s through the 1990s, the years. The rst Miss Universe pageant had ten seminal-
pageant was a month long. This allowed time for rehearsals, ists. For the next two years, the number of seminalists
appearances, and the preliminary competition, with the grew to 16. In 1955, the number dropped to a stable 15,
winner being crowned by the previous years titleholder dur- which remained through 1970. In 1971, the number was
ing the nal competition. reduced to 12. That number was further reduced to 10 in
According to the organizers, the Miss Universe contest is 1984. This lasted until 2003, when the number of 15 was
more than a beauty pageant: women aspiring to become reinstated. In 2006, there were 20 seminalists, the highest
Miss Universe must be intelligent, well-mannered, and cul- number ever. In 2007, the organization announced the Top
tured. Often a candidate has lost because she did not have a 15 system would be back, which was also used in 2008 until
good answer during the question responses rounds; although 2010. In 2011, the results of a fan vote was shown on the
this section of competition has held less importance during screen during the swimsuit and evening gown competitions,
recent pageants than it did in the twentieth century. Dele- but this did not aect the nal outcome of the competition.
gates also participate in swimsuit and evening gown com- From 2011 to 2013, there were 16 seminalists, 15 chosen
petitions. by judges and one chosen through Internet votes. The 16th
seminalist by fan vote has been dropped as of 2015, and
Currently, the nal placement of the nalists is determined
the number has been reverted back to 15 seminalists.
by a ranked vote, where each judge ranks each of the nal
three/ve candidates, with the contestant posting the lowest In the early years, the contestants were judged in swimsuit
cumulative score (thus often, but not necessarily always, the and evening gown only. In later years, the contestants also
contestant with the most number one votes) becoming the competed in a preliminary interview round in a one-on-one
winner. If there is a tie, the higher seminal scores become meeting with each individual judge.
decisive.
The winner is assigned a one-year contract with the Miss
Universe Organization, going overseas to spread messages
6.4.7 Crown
about the control of diseases, peace, and public aware-
In 2014 and 2015, Paulina Vega and Pia Wurtzbach[24] were
ness of AIDS. Aside from the job, the winner also receives
a cash allowance for her entire reign, a New York Film decorated with a diamond crown[25] estimated to be worth
US$300,000, produced in the workshop of Czech company
Academy scholarship, a modelling portfolio, beauty prod-
ucts, clothes, shoes, as well as styling, healthcare, and t- DIC - Diamonds International Corporation. The whole pro-
duction process, from the rst sketches to the production
ness services by dierent sponsors of the pageant. When
Donald Trump owned the pageant, the winner was given itself, took approximately four months. The shape of the
the use of a Trump Place apartment in New York City dur- crown is reminiscent of Manhattan skyline. Its production
ing her reign, which she shared with the Miss USA and Miss required the work of 10 people and the crown is made up of
Teen USA titleholders.[23] She also gains exclusive access to 311 pcs of diamonds, 5 pieces of blue topaz, 198 pieces of
events such as fashion shows and opening galas, as well as blue sapphire, 33 pieces of crystal and 220 grams of gold.
access to casting calls and modelling opportunities through- Total weight of the crown is 411 g.
out New York City. If the winner, for any reason, cannot From 20092013, Diamond Nexus Labs made the Miss
fulll her duties as Miss Universe, the 1st runner-up takes Universe crown. The crown is set with 1,371 gemstones,
over. weighing a total of 416.09 carats (83.218 g). It contains
Aside from the main winner and her runners-up, special 544.31 grams of 14k and 18k white gold as well as plat-
awards are also given to the winners of the best National inum. The crown features synthetic rubies to represent Miss
Costume, Miss Photogenic, and Miss Congeniality. The Universes HIV/AIDS education and awareness platform.
Miss Congeniality award is chosen by the delegates them- Diamond Nexus Labs is the rst ever eco-friendly Ocial
selves. In recent years, Miss Photogenic has been chosen Jeweler of Miss Universe and was selected as part of NBC
by popular internet vote (the winner used to be chosen by Universals Green is Universal initiative.[26][27]
media personnel covering the event). The winner of the 2008 Miss Universe Pageant, which
was broadcast from the Crown Convention Center in Nha Miss Universe 2010
Trang, Vietnam was crowned with the masterpiece which Ximena Navarrete,
was designed by Rosalina Lydster of Jewelry by Rosalina Mexico
and Ms. Dang Thi Kim Lien of CAO Fine Jewelry. The
crown, valued at $120,000, is made of 18K white and yel- Miss Universe 2009
low gold. It is composed of over 1,000 precious stones; Stefana Fernndez, Venezuela
including 555 white diamonds (30 carats), 375 cognac dia- Miss Universe 2008
monds (14 carats), 10 smoky quartz crystals (20 carats) and Dayana Mendoza, Venezuela
19 morganite gemstones (60 carats). The colors of the jew-
els chosen for the crown have great signicance. The yellow Miss Universe 2007
luster of the gold represents the prosperous thriving econ- Riyo Mori, Japan
omy in Vietnam. White, light pink and cognac are the main
hues in the crown which represent inspiration and feeling. Miss Universe 2006
Each piece of the crown was designed to represent an im- Zuleyka Rivera, Puerto Rico
portant attribute of the Miss Universe Pageant. The curves
Miss Universe 2005
of inlaid precious stones represent the strong development
Natalie Glebova, Canada
and potential of each country. The image of the crane (Lac
Bird) symbolizes Vietnamese spirit and culture. The image Miss Universe 2004
of the heart represents unied breath, rhythm and vision, Jennifer Hawkins, Australia
which are powerful internal forces that stress faith, hope
and unity. Miss Universe 2003
Amelia Vega, Dominican Republic
The Miss Universe crown used from 20022007 was de-
signed by Mikimoto, the ocial jewelry sponsor of the Miss Universe 2002
Miss Universe Organization, and depicted the phoenix ris- Justine Pasek, Panama
ing, signifying status, power and beauty. The crown has
500 diamonds of almost 30 carats (6.0 g), 120 South Sea Miss Universe 2001
and Akoya pearls, ranging in size from 3 to 18 mm diam- Denise Quinones, Puerto Rico
eter and is valued at $250,000. The Crown was designed
for the pageant on Mikimoto Pearl Island in Japan with the Miss Universe 2000
Mikimoto crown and tiara being rst used for Miss Uni- Lara Dutta, India
verse 2002.[28] Miss Universe 1999
Mpule Kwelagobe, Botswana
6.4.8 Recent titleholders Miss Universe 1997
Brook Lee, USA
For full list and details, see List of Miss Universe titlehold-
ers. Miss Universe 1994
Sushmita Sen, India
Miss Universe 1993

6.4.9 Gallery of winners Dayanara Torres, Puerto Rico
Miss Universe 2015 Miss Universe 1989

Pia Wurtzbach, Philippines Angela Visser, Netherlands

Paulina Vega, Colombia Cecilia Bolocco, Chile

Gabriela Isler, Venezuela Yvonne Ryding, Sweden

Olivia Culpo, USA Rina Messinger, Israel

Leila Lopes, Angola Georgina Rizk, Lebanon
Miss Universe 1968

Martha Vasconcellos, Brazil
Miss Universe 1967
Sylvia Hitchcock, USA
Miss Universe 1965
Apasra Hongsakula, Thailand
Miss Universe 1964
Corinna Tsopei, Greece
Miss Universe 1963
Ida Maria Vargas, Brazil
Miss Universe 1961
Marlene Schmidt, Germany
Miss Universe 1959
Akiko Kojima, Japan
Miss Universe 1958
Luz Marina Zuluaga, Colombia
Miss Universe 1957
Gladys Zender, Peru
Miss Universe 1956
Carol Morris, USA Crystle Stewart, Miss USA 2008 and Stevi Perry, Miss Teen USA
2008
Miss Universe 1955
Hillevi Rombin, Sweden
Miss Universe 1954
Miriam Stevenson, USA
Miss Universe 1953
Christiane Martel, France
Miss Universe 1952
Armi Kuusela, Finland
6.4.10 Miss Universe Organization

The Miss Universe Organization is the organization that
currently owns and runs the Miss Universe, Miss USA[29]
and Miss Teen USA beauty contests. Based in New York,
the organization is owned by WME/IMG. The current pres-
ident is Paula Shugart. The organization sells television
rights to the pageants in other countries.
Miss Universe Organization titleholders Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 and Crystle Stewart, Miss USA
2008
The following is a list of all Miss Universe Organization
titleholders over the years. b
In 1957, Gage was stripped of her Miss USA title when
a
In 2002, Fedorova was dethroned by the Miss Universe it was revealed that she was married and the mother of two
Organization and replaced by Pasek, the rst runner-up. children. Sheeld, the rst runner-up, replaced her.
Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA 2007 and Riyo Mori, Miss Universe
2007 attend the Fashion Rocks the Universe event prior to the Miss
USA 2008 pageant
Chelsea Cooley, Miss USA 2005 and Shelley Hennig, Miss Teen
USA 2004 at Guantanamo Bay
Daijiworld. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
[3] Sylvia Toh Paik Choo (24 June 2008). MISS Singapore
Universe. Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Re-
trieved 11 October 2013.
[4] Miss Universe on August 23. Timesofmalta.com. Re-

trieved 24 May 2011.
[5] Newsforyouth.com. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
[6] Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG

Talent Agency. The New York Times. 15 September 2015.
Rachel Smith, Miss USA 2007 and Hilary Cruz, Miss Teen USA
Retrieved 5 February 2016.
2007 signing autographs during a USO tour of Japanese military
bases [7] Foreman, Jonathan (January 18, 1999). Mistress of the
Universe. New York Post. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
Crystle Stewart, Miss USA 2008 and Dayana Men- [8] Miss USA Olivia Culpo is Miss Universe 2012!". India
doza, Miss Universe 2008 at Guantanamo Bay Today. December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Shauntay Hinton, Miss USA 2002, Vanessa Semrow, [9] Stewart Adams, Mary (25 December 2015). Beauty, van-
Miss Teen USA 2002 and Justine Pasek, Miss Uni- ity, and hideousness in the stars. Interlochen Public Radio.
verse 2002 signing autographs at Guantanamo Bay Retrieved 31 January 2016.
[10] Stanhope, Kate (2015-06-29). NBC Cuts Ties With Don-

6.4.11 Notes and references ald Trump Over Derogatory Statements, Pulls Miss USA
and Miss Universe Pageants. The Hollywood Reporter. Re-
[1] Natalie Tadena (July 2, 2015).Donald Trumps Miss USA trieved 2015-06-30.
Pageant Lands on Reelz Cable Channel. Wall Street Journal.
[11] Miss Universe 2015: Miss Philippines Pia Alonzo
[2] DSouza, Eugene (24 August 2009). Miss Immo Cowan Wurtzbach crowned winner. International Business Times
is Miss Universe 2009. Daijiworld Media Network. UK. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
6.5. MISS USA 81
[12] FUNFARE by Ricky Lo (June 28, 2006). A misty-eyed 6.4.12 External links
look at Armi Kuusela, the 1st Miss Universe. philstar.com.
The Philippine Star. Retrieved October 9, 2013. Ocial website
[13] Prestigious Beauty Pageant (November 18, 2013). Four Big
Ships Dominate International Beauty Pageants. Prestigious
Beauty Pageants. Retrieved June 15, 2014. 6.5 Miss USA
[14] Jim Rutenberg (June 22, 2002). Three Beauty Pageants
Leaving CBS for NBC. The New York Times. Retrieved Not to be confused with Miss America, Miss World
October 8, 2013. America, Miss U.S. International, or Miss Earth United
States.
[15] Miss Universe and Miss USA Pageants to Air on Fox. TV
Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
The Miss USA beauty pageant has been held annually since
[16] NBCUniversal cuts ties with Donald Trump. CNN Money.
1952 to select the American entrant in the Miss Universe
June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both
[17] Jethro Nededog (14 September 2015). Donald Trump sells pageants, as well as Miss Teen USA.
the Miss Universe Organization - Business Insider. Business
The pageant was owned by Donald Trump from 1996 to
Insider. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
2015, and was previously broadcast on NBC. In 2015, after
[18] PAULA M. SHUGART. Miss Universe. Miss Universe Trump made statements about undocumented immigrants
Organization. Retrieved June 29, 2015. from Mexico in his presidential campaign kicko speech,
NBC decided to end their business relationship and stated
[19] Miss Universe 1988 Evening Gown Competition.
YouTube. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2015. that they will no longer air the pageant, or the Miss Uni-
verse pageant, on their networks.[1] In September 2015,
[20] Yahr, Emily (26 January 2015). Miss Universe Pageant WME/IMG purchased the pageant from Trump.[2]
makes always-awkward Q&A segment worse with viewer
questions. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2015. The current Miss USA is Olivia Jordan of Oklahoma who
was crowned on July 12, 2015 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
[21] Miss Venezuela Parades Online. PR Newswire. Septem- Traditionally, Miss USA lives in New York City during her
ber 18, 2002. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. reign.
Retrieved 23 October 2010. The Miss Venezuela broadcast,
which on average captures a whopping 74% of the Venezue-
lan television market share for Venevision, will also be avail- 6.5.1 History
able to users on demand.
[22] Dillon, Nancy (10 April 2012). Transgender contestantsThe Miss USA pageant was conceived in 1950 when
can compete in Miss Universe. Daily News (New York). Yolande Betbeze, winner of the rival Miss America
pageant, refused to pose for publicity pictures while wear-
[23] Felicia R. Lee (October 10, 2007). Three Crowns Shar-
ing a swimsuit. Pageant sponsor Catalina decided to pull
ing One Apartment. nytimes.com (The New York Times).
Retrieved October 9, 2013. their sponsorship o the pageant and create their own
competition.[3] Other owners have included a subsidiary of
[24] http://armenpress.am/static/news/b/2015/12/830296.jpg Gulf+Western Industries, ITT Corporation, and billionaire
Pia Wurzbach with the Czech Crown Donald Trump.[4][5]
[25] 4every1 s.r.o. New Miss Universe to be decorated by The rst Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were held
crown made by Czech company DIC, for the rst time in concurrently in Long Beach, California in 1952; the rst
the pageants history. Retrieved 9 January 2016. Miss USA winner was Miss New York USA Jackie Lough-
[6]
[26] Connection to MISS UNIVERSE". diamondnexus.com. ery. There were thirty delegates in the rst year of com-
petition, and many states did not compete every year dur-
[27] Diamond Nexus Labs Announced as The Ocial Jewelry of ing the rst two decades of the pageants history. From the
The Miss Universe Organization. redorbit.com (redOrbit). 1970s, each state and the District of Columbia have sent
February 3, 2009. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
a delegate each year. Alaska rst competed in 1959 and
[28] Mikimoto History Timeline. mikimotoamerica.com. Hawaii in 1960. Both had competed at Miss Universe until
Archived from the original on August 1, 2014. this time.
[29] Don Chareunsy. Philippines crowned Miss Universe af- The pageant aired on CBS from 1963 until 2002, and for
ter Harvey wrongly names Colombia winner. LasVegas- many years was known for having a CBS game show host
Sun.com. Retrieved 5 February 2016. as pageant host. John Charles Daly hosted the show from
19631966, Bob Barker from 1967 (He wasn't a regular From this, seminalists are chosen, and they are announced
for the CBS network until 1972 when he became host of during the live broadcast of the nal competition. These
The Price Is Right which he hosted until 2007) until 1987 seminalists then compete in swimsuit and evening gown,
(at which point he quit in a dispute over fur coats), Alan and the nalists are chosen. These nalists then proceed to
Thicke in 1988, Dick Clark from 1989-1993, and Bob the nal question portion of the competition. The runners-
Goen from 19941996. The shows highest ratings were up and winner are announced at the end of the telecast.
in the early 1980s, when it regularly topped the Nielsen Since 1997, dierent panels of judges have ociated the
ratings.[7][8][9] Viewership dropped sharply from the 1990s nals and the Preliminary competition.
to the 2000s, from an estimated viewership of 20 million
From 19752000, all delegates who made the initial cut
to an average of 7 million from 20002001.[10] In 2002, competed in an interview competition in some format, of-
owner Donald Trump brokered a new deal with NBC, giv-
ten involving all semi-nalists. As of 2001, this interview
ing them half-ownership of the Miss USA, Miss Universe portion was taken away, leaving only the nal question for
and Miss Teen USA and moving them to NBC on an ini-
the top ve delegates to answer.
tial ve-year contract.[11] The pageants were rst shown on
NBC in 2003. From 19792002, the average scores of each delegate were
shown on the television broadcast; thus the semi-nalists
Historically, the winner of the Miss USA title represented could be ranked. This was changed in 2003 to a circle sys-
the U.S. in its sister pageant Miss Universe. Since its in- tem, wherein judges choose a certain number of delegates
ception, eight Miss USA titleholders have gone on to win to circle, and those with the most circles make the cut.
Miss Universe. In the mid-1960s, the organization estab- This system was used prior to the computer scoring system
lished a rule that when a Miss USA wins the Miss Universe implemented in 1979. In 2007, the circle system was rein-
title, the rst runner-up assumes the Miss USA title for the stated and contestants composite scores were shown live.
remainder of the year. This occurred in 1980, 1995,1997,
and 2012.[12][13] In 1967, the rst runner-up Susan Bradley
of California declined the title and the crown went to the
second runner-up Cheryl Patton of Florida. The only in-
stance when a rst runner-up assumed the title of Miss
USA prior to this period was in 1957, when Mary Leona 6.5.3 State competitions
Gage of Maryland resigned after it was discovered she was
married.[14] Every year, each state holds a preliminary competition to
See also: Miss USA 2015 Controversy choose their delegate for the Miss USA pageant. In some
states (such as Texas and Florida), local pageants are also
held to determine delegates for the state competition. The
In late-June 2015, both NBC and Spanish-language net- state winners hold the title Miss State USA for the year
work Univision announced that they would cut their ties of their reign.
with Donald Trump and the Miss Universe Organization
in response to derogatory remarks Trump made relating to The most successful state is Texas, which has had the most
illegal immigration during the launch of his 2016 U.S. pres- semi-nalists and winners, including [21]ve consecutive Miss
idential campaign, resulting in both Miss USA and Miss USA titleholders during the 1980s. Other successful
Universe being dropped from their schedules. NBCUniver- states include California, New York, Alabama, Tennessee
sal also plans to take steps to remove itself from the MUO and Georgia. The least successful states are Delaware, plac-
joint venture. Trump threatened to sue both companies ing only once in 2015; Montana, which has not placed since
over the decision; on June 30, 2015, Trump sued Univision the 1950s; South Dakota, which has only placed twice (the
for defamation and breach of contract.[15][16] As a result, last time in 1974), and Wyoming, which gained only its sec-
Miss USA 2015 will instead be carried via a webcast on ond placement in 2010. The only state which has produced
the pageants website.[17] On July 1, digital cable network more than one Miss Universe is South Carolina.
Reelz announced they would televise the 2015 pageant.[18] The Miss Universe Organization licenses out the state
Starting 2016, Fox will broadcast the pageant.[19] pageants to pageant directors, who in some cases are re-
sponsible for more than one state. The most well established
directorial groups are RPM Productions, created in 1980
6.5.2 Competition (Alabama, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina), and
Vanbros, created in the early 1990s (Arkansas, Kansas,
The modern pageant consists of a preliminary competition Missouri, Nebraska and Oklahoma). Future Productions
held a week before the pageant when all contestants are direct the most states, seven, across the Midwest and Rock-
judged in swimsuit, gown, and interview competitions.[20] ies.
6.5. MISS USA 83
6.5.4 Winners Castillo, Shandi Finnessey,Rachel Smith and Crystle Stew-

art.
The oldest woman to win Miss USA is Miss USA 2015
Olivia Jordan of Oklahoma at 26 years and 10 months old.
The oldest woman to be crowned Miss USA is Miss USA Recent titleholders
2012 Nana Meriwether of Maryland at 27 years old and 7
months. Meriwether succeeded Olivia Culpo who won the Main article: List of Miss USA titleholders
title of Miss Universe 2012.
The tallest Miss USA is Miss USA 2012 Nana Meriwether
of Maryland at 6 feet and 1 inch (185 cm). Winners gallery
The rst Asian-American woman to win Miss USA was Miss USA 2014
Macel Wilson of Hawaii in 1962; the rst Latina was Nia Sanchez, Nevada
Laura Martinez-Herring of Texas in 1985; the rst African-
American, Carole Gist of Michigan in 1990;[22] and the rst Miss USA 2013
Miss USA of Middle-Eastern descent was Rima Fakih of Erin Brady, Connecticut
Michigan in 2010.[23]
Miss USA 2012
Brandi Sherwood of Idaho is the only woman to have held Nana Meriwether, Maryland
both the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA titles. She was Miss (Became Miss USA after Olivia Culpo became Miss
Idaho Teen USA, Miss Teen USA 1989, Miss Idaho USA Universe 2012).
1997, rst runner-up at Miss USA 1997 and in May 1997
assumed the Miss USA title after Brook Lee of Hawaii won Miss Universe 2012
the Miss Universe pageant.[13] Nine other Miss USA title- Olivia Culpo, Rhode Island.
holders have also previously competed at Miss Teen USA. Miss USA 2011
These include: Alyssa Campanella, California
Miss USA 2010
Shanna Moakler (1995), (Miss Rhode Island
Rima Fakih, Michigan
Teen USA 1992), Ali Landry (1996), (Miss
Louisiana Teen USA 1990), Kimberly Pressler Miss USA 2009
(1999) (Miss New York Teen USA 1994), Kristen Dalton, North Carolina
Lynnette Cole (2000) (Miss Tennessee Teen
USA 1995), Susie Castillo (2003) (Miss Mas- Miss USA 2008
sachusetts Teen USA 1998), Chelsea Cooley Crystle Stewart, Texas
(2005) (Miss North Carolina Teen USA 2000),
Miss USA 2007
Tara Conner (2006) (Miss Kentucky Teen USA
Rachel Smith, Tennessee
2002), Rachel Smith (2007) (Miss Tennessee
Teen USA 2002), Alyssa Campanella (2011) Miss USA 2006
(Miss New Jersey Teen USA 2007). Tara Conner, Kentucky
Miss USA 2005
Five Miss USA titleholders have also competed at Miss Chelsea Cooley, North Carolina
America. These included: Miriam Stevenson, Carlene
King Johnson and Carol Morris (19541956), Mai Shan- Miss USA 2004
ley (1984) and Shandi Finnessey (2004). Shandi Finnessey, Shandi Finnessey, Missouri
Miss USA 2004 and Miss Missouri 2002 won a preliminary
Miss USA 2003
evening gown award at Miss America 2003. Also, Miriam
Susie Castillo, Massachusetts
Stevenson placed in the top 10 at Miss America 1954 as
Miss South Carolina 1953. Miss USA 2002
Many Miss USA winners have gone to pursue careers Shauntay Hinton, District of Columbia
in the entertainment industry. Those who have been Miss USA 2001
successful in the industry include Summer Bartholomew, Kandace Krueger, Texas
Deborah Shelton, Laura Martinez-Herring, Kelli Mc-
Carty, Shanna Moakler, Frances Parker, Ali Landry, Miss Universe 1997
Kenya Moore, Brandi Sherwood, Kimberly Pressler, Susie Brook Lee, Hawaii
Miss USA 1996 6.5.5 Awards

Ali Landry, Louisiana
The awards most frequently presented at Miss USA are
Miss USA 1995 Miss Amity (also known as Miss Congeniality) and Miss
Shanna Moakler, New York Photogenic.
(Became Miss USA after Chelsi Smith became Miss
Universe 1995). The Miss Amity Award is chosen by the delegates, and rec-
ognizes those who are the friendliest and make the pageant
Miss USA 1991 experience the most enjoyable. In 1952 to 1964 when
Kelli McCarty, Kansas the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants were concur-
rent events, the award could be won by a contestant com-
Miss USA 1987 peting either for Miss USA or Miss Universe. In fact,
Michelle Royer, Texas in 1960, there was a tie, with the award going to Miss
Myanmar, Myint Myint May, and Miss Louisiana USA,
Miss USA 1986 Rebecca Fletcher. In 2015, Alaska and Delaware tied for
Christy Fichtner, Texas the Miss Congeniality award. Vermont has won ve Miss
Amity/Congeniality awards, two more than any other state.
Miss USA 1985
Laura Harring, Texas The Miss Photogenic prize was rst awarded in 1965 and
was chosen by journalists until 1996 when it was chosen by
Miss USA 1983 an internet vote for the rst time. There has been only one
Julie Hayek, California tie in this awards history: in 1980 when it was shared be-
tween Jineane Ford of Arizona and Elizabeth Kim Thomas
of Ohio. The state that has won the most Photogenic awards
By number of wins is Virginia.
Louisiana won both the rst Miss Amity and Photogenic
awards given to a Miss USA contestant.
Other awards that have been presented include Best State
Costume (19621993), Style (19952001) and Most Beau-
tiful Eyes (1993). In 1998, a special Distinguished Achieve-
ment award was given to Halle Berry.[24] Berry was Miss
Ohio USA 1986 and placed 1st runner-up to Christy Ficht-
ner of Texas. She later went on to become an acclaimed
actress and Oscar winner.
6.5.6 Locations
In the rst eight years of competition (19521959) the Miss
USA pageant was held in Long Beach, California. The
Miss USA winners by state up to 2015 (Includes dethroned winners
and those who have inherited the title.) competition moved to Miami Beach, Florida in 1960 and
stayed there until 1971. In 1972 the pageant was held in
1
Won Miss Universe title. Puerto Rico, the only time the pageant has been held out-
2
Since 1961, the rst runner-up takes over the Miss USA side the continental United States.[25] That pageant was rocked
title if the reigning Miss USA wins Miss Universe. There was by an explosion at the host hotel.
an exception in 1967, when the rst-runner up refused the From 1972 onwards the pageant has been held in various
crown and the second runner-up became Miss USA. locations, generally being held in each location for two to
3
Miss USA winner dethroned. three years.
4
Replaced the dethroned Miss USA. As of 2014 the pageant has been held in the following states:
Alabama (Mobile 1989), California, (Long

Top 16 states by tally Beach 19521959, Los Angeles 2004, 2007),
Florida (Miami Beach 19601971, Lakeland
See Miss USA state rankings 19841985, Miami 1986), Indiana (Gary
6.5. MISS USA 85
20012002), Kansas (Wichita 19901993), 6.5.9 See also

Louisiana (Shreveport 19971998 and Baton
Rouge 2014-2015), Maryland (Baltimore Miss U.S. International
20052006), Missouri (Branson 19992000),
Mississippi (Biloxi 19791982), Nevada (Las Miss World America
Vegas 2008-2013), New Mexico (Albuquerque
Miss Earth United States
1987), New York (New York City 1973,
Niagara Falls 19741976), South Carolina Miss Teen USA
(Charleston 19771978), Tennessee (Knoxville
1983), Texas (El Paso 1988, South Padre Island Miss Grand International
19941996, San Antonio 2003).
6.5.10 References
[1] Stanhope, Kate (2015-06-29). NBC Cuts Ties With Don-
6.5.7 Special feature episodes ald Trump Over Derogatory Statements, Pulls Miss USA
and Miss Universe Pageants. The Hollywood Reporter. Re-
trieved 2015-06-30.
Since 2003, a number of delegates have been involved in
special episodes of regular programs broadcast by NBC. [2]
From 20032005, six delegates each year were chosen to
participate in a special Miss USA edition of Fear Factor, [3] Deam, Jenny (2005-10-11). There she goes...Miss Amer-
with the victorious contestant taking the title Miss Fear ica Once queen of the airwaves, beauty pageant is left home-
Factor USA and a prize of $50,000 ($25,000 of which was less. Denver Post. p. F01.
to be donated to a charity of the winners choice). These [4] Gulf+Western Industries announces reorganization plan.
were broadcast immediately prior to the live pageant broad- PR Newswire. 1985-03-12.
cast.
[5] Associated Press (1996-10-24). Trump buys Miss Uni-
In 2006, Chelsea Cooley and twenty-six delegates partici-
verse, two other beauty pageants. The Globe and Mail. p.
pated as briefcase models in a Miss USA special of Deal or B14.
No Deal.
[6] Colon, Marisa (1999-05-28). Long Beach, Calif., Consul-
In 2010, ten Miss USA and Miss Universe winners com-
tant Coaches Beauty Contestants. Press-Telegram.
peted for charity on a special Last Beauty Standing edi-
tion of Minute to Win It. [7] Associated Press (1980-05-21). U.S. pulchritude tops TV
charts. The Globe and Mail. p. P15.
[8] Associated Press (1982-05-19). Pageant tops Nielsen rat-

ings. The Globe and Mail. p. P15.
6.5.8 Reality television
[9] Associated Press (1983-05-18). Beauty pageant most-
watched show. The Globe and Mail. p. P15.
Many Miss USA and Miss Teen USA delegates have par-
ticipated in reality television shows and other television [10] de Moraes, Lisa (2002-06-22). There She Goes: Pageants
game shows. Well known delegates who later competed Move to NBC. Washington Post.
in reality shows are Danni Boatwright, winner of Survivor:
Guatemala, Nicole O'Brian and Christie Lee Woods of The [11] Trump moves pageants from CBS to NBC. St. Petersburg
Times. 2002-06-22. p. 2B.
Amazing Race 5, Shandi Finnessey and Shanna Moakler on
Dancing With The Stars, Jennifer Murphy of The Appren- [12] Froelich, Janis (1989-10-27). News anchor shuns beauty
tice 4 and Tori Fiorenza of The Challenge: Cutthroat.[26] queen past. St. Petersburg Times. p. 1D.
In 2007 Pageant Place, a reality television show featuring [13] USA Sherwood. Associated Press. 1997-05-18.
Rachel Smith, Riyo Mori, Hilary Cruz, Katie Blair and Tara
Conner aired on MTV.[27] [14] de Moraes, Lisa (2007-06-21). Are Trumps Beauties at
Home With the Camera? They'll Have to Be. Washington
On June 19, 2011, Bravo Televisions Andy Cohen co-
Post. p. C07.
hosted the events 60th anniversary live in Las Vegas with
E! News and Fashion Polices Giuliana Rancic.[28] They also [15] NBC: Done With Donald Trump, Miss USA, Miss Uni-
hosted the 2012 pageant.[29] verse Update. Deadline. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
[16] Donald Trump Hits Univision With $500M Miss USA 6.6 Miss Teen USA
Lawsuit, Network Calls It Ridiculous Update. Dead-
line. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Uni-
[17] Miss USA To Be Streamed After NBC And Pageant Co- verse Organization for girls aged 1419. The reigning ti-
Hosts Bail. Deadline. Retrieved 1 July 2015. tleholder is Katherine Haik of Louisiana. Unlike its sister
pageants Miss Universe and Miss USA which are broad-
[18] http://mashable.com/2015/07/02/miss-usa-reelz/ cast on Fox this pageant is webcast on the Miss Teen USA
website and simulcast on Microsoft's Xbox Live service.
[19] http://www.tvinsider.com/article/49807/
miss-universe-and-miss-usa-pageants-to-air-on-fox/ The pageant was rst held in 1983 and has been broadcast
live on CBS until 2002 and then on NBC from 20032007.
[20] Beauty business as usual;Miss USA contest ghts the In March 2007 it was announced that the broadcast of the
blemishes. USA Today. 1988-03-01. p. 01D. Miss Teen USA pageant on NBC had not been renewed,
and that Miss Teen USA 2007 would be the nal televised
[21] Associated press (1991-03-27). Pair who groomed beauty event.[1]
queens red as Miss Texas USA directors. The Dallas
Morning News. p. 29A. Since 2008, the pageant is held at the Atlantis Paradise Is-
land Resort, located in Nassau, Bahamas.
[22] "'Royalty' Happy Overseas. Albuquerque Journal. 2001- Notable pageant winners include actresses Kelly Hu (1985,
05-16. p. D2.
Hawaii), Bridgette Wilson (1990, Oregon), Charlotte
Lopez-Ayanna (1993, Vermont), Vanessa Minnillo (1998,
[23] Knowles, David (2010-05-17). Rima Fakih, First Muslim
Miss USA - David Knowles - Paradigms Lost. True/Slant.
South Carolina), Shelley Hennig (2004, Louisiana), and
Retrieved 2012-11-06. sportscaster Allie LaForce (2005, Ohio).
[24] Shawnae Jebbia of Massachusetts Crowned Miss USA

1998"". Business Wire. 2007-03-11.
6.6.1 History
[25] Explosion of undetermined cause rocks site of Miss USA
pageant. New York Times Abstracts. 1972-05-21. p. 35. The following is a list of pageant editions and informa-
tion.
[26] Tori Hall Fiorenza Real World Challenge pictures, bio, dat-
ing. Poptower.com. 1986-12-20. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
[27] Lee, Felicia (2007-10-10). Three Crowns Sharing One

Apartment. The New York Times. 6.6.2 Competition rounds
[28] Andy Cohen on Hosting the Miss USA Pageant: I Want Prior to the nal telecast the delegates compete in the
to Bring Out the Competition - Todays News: Our Take. preliminary competition, which involves private interviews
TVGuide.com. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2012-11-06. with the judges and a presentation show where they com-
pete in swimsuit and evening gown.
[29] Miss USA 2012: Olivia Culpo Crowned, Beats Latina
Beauties | Fox News Latino. Latino.foxnews.com. 2012- During the nal competition, the semi-nalists are an-
06-04. Retrieved 2012-11-06. nounced and go on to compete in swimsuit and evening
gown. From 1983 to 2002 all semi-nalists also competed
in an interview competition as well as both swimsuit and
6.5.11 External links evening gown, followed by one or two nal interview ques-
tions. In 2003, a new format was introduced where the top
Miss USA ocial website fteen competed in evening gown, the top ten competed in
swimsuit and the top ve competed in the nal question.
Miss USA 2014 - Baton Rouge, LA In 2006, the order of competition was changed where the
top fteen competed in swimsuit and the top ten in evening
gown. The latest competition format was used since 2008
http://kidstoteens.blogspot.com/2015/02/ the nal not broadcast on TV, where the top fteen both
miss-teen-usa-2015_17.html competed in swimsuit and evening gown, and the top ve
http://kidstoteens.blogspot.com/2015/02/ competed in the nal question who all signed up by a panel
miss-teen-usa-2015_17.html of judges.
6.6. MISS TEEN USA 87
6.6.3 Titleholders Delegates who have appeared on The Amazing

Race are Erika Shay (Miss Pennsylvania Teen
This is a list of women who have won the Miss Teen USA USA 1995, season 5), Christie Lee Woods (Miss
beauty pageant. Teen USA 1996, season 5), Nicole O'Brian
(Miss Texas Teen USA 2000, season 5).
Winners gallery Delegate who appeared on "Americas Prom

Queen is Macy Erwin (Miss Tennessee Teen
Miss Teen USA 2013 USA) 2007.
Cassidy Wolf, California Delegates who have appeared on Survivor are
Misty Giles (Miss Texas Teen USA 1999,
Miss Teen USA 2011 Panama) and Danni Boatwright (Miss Kansas
Danielle Doty, Texas Teen USA 1992, Guatemala).
Miss Teen USA 2010 Danielle Boatwright represented Kansas at Miss Teen
Kamie Crawford, Maryland USA in 1992 and was 2nd runner-up to Jamie
Solinger. Four years later, she represented Kansas
Miss Teen USA 2009
again at Miss USA in 1996, and was 1st runner-up
Stormi Henley, Tennessee
to Ali Landry. In 2005, she appeared on Survivor:
Miss Teen USA 2008 Guatemala and won the $1 million rst-place prize,
Stevi Perry, Arkansas beating out Stephenie LaGrossa at the nal tribal coun-
cil.
Miss Teen USA 2007
Hilary Cruz, Colorado Nicole Briscoe (ne Manske) (Miss Illinois Teen USA
1998) became a journalist and is currently an ESPN
Miss Teen USA 2006 presenter, currently the studio host for motorsport
Katie Blair, Montana programming (though she is not permitted to work
IndyCar Series races on ESPN because of her husband
Miss Teen USA 2004 Ryan Briscoe, an IndyCar driver).
Shelley Hennig, Louisiana
Maria Menounos (Miss Massachusetts Teen USA
Miss Teen USA 2003 1996) became a reporter for Entertainment Tonight
Tami Farrell, Oregon (20022004) before going to Access Hollywood and
(In 2010 as Miss California USA.) hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2006.
Miss Teen USA 1998 Cerina Vincent (Miss Nevada Teen USA 1996) went
Vanessa Minnillo, South Carolina on to become a successful model and actress, with
many lm and television credits to her name. Her most
Miss Teen USA 1985 notable role being Maya, the Yellow Ranger in the tele-
Kelly Hu, Hawaii vision series Power Rangers Lost Galaxy (1999).
Shelley Hennig (Miss Teen USA 2004) currently stars

Delegates on the MTV series Teen Wolf, playing the character
Malia Tate.
Seven Miss Teen USA delegates have appeared on
reality television and two have been game show mod-
els. A sixth delegate is an ESPN presenter. A seventh 6.6.4 Broadcasting of the pageant
is a reporter for Access Hollywood.
19832007: Viewership and later decline
Brandi Sherwood (Miss Teen USA 1989),
Ashley Coleman (Miss Teen USA 1999) and The pageants viewership peak was hit in 1988, when the
Claudia Jordan, Miss Rhode Island Teen USA pageant averaged over 22 million viewers on CBS. Even as
1990 have been Barkers Beauties on The Price recently as 1999, the show managed to bring in over 10 mil-
Is Right. lion viewers. The 2006 airing was the second lowest rated
Jordan has also been a suitcase model on Deal or in the pageants 23-year history, with only 5.6 million view-
No Deal. ers watching the live broadcast (the lowest: 2004, with 5.34
million).[2] The 2007 telecast (25th Anniversary, scheduled

for August 24, 2007) was the last time Miss Teen USA aired
live on television.
2008: Dark pageant
The 2008 pageant was held, untelevised, on August 16,

2008. One factor that prevented NBC from broadcast-
ing was its prime time commitment to the 2008 Summer
Olympics in Beijing.
2009present: Internet pageant
Since 2009, it is broadcast over the Internet on the Miss

Teen USA website. It can be viewed worldwide, with-
out any region restrictions via geolocation. Currently, it is
hosted by YouTube.
In 2012, the pageant began to simulcast in selected regions
on Microsofts Xbox Live service, expanding accessibility
to Xbox consoles and Windows devices.
6.6.5 Crossovers with Miss USA
Miss Teen USA at Miss USA
In the early years of Miss Teen USA, three winners rep-

resented the title Miss Teen USA at Miss USA. The
three queens were: Ruth Zakarian (1983), Cherise Haugen
(1984), and Allison Brown (1986). This also made history
because the Miss USA 1984 pageant had 53 delegates, the
most ever in a Miss USA pageant. In 1987, Miss Teen USA
1986, Allison Brown participated in the 1987 Miss USA
pageant. All three failed to make the cut at their respective
Miss USA pageants.
Only in the three years mentioned above did Miss Teen
USA winners automatically gain representation at Miss
USA. Starting in 1988, if the Miss Teen USA winners want
to compete at Miss USA, they rst must win a Miss USA
state crown. A total of seven Miss Teen USA winners have
participated at Miss USA, with four winning their state Miss
USA crowns rst. The rst of these was Kelly Hu, Miss
Teen USA 1985, who won the Miss Hawaii USA 1993 title
and represented Hawaii at Miss USA 1993. She nished
as a nalist. The next was Jamie Solinger, Miss Teen USA Miss Teen USA 1985 Kelly Hu became a model and a TV and lm
1992. She took the Miss Iowa USA 1998 title but failed to actress.
make the cut at the Miss USA pageant. Only two Miss Teen (Photo taken April 17, 2002.)
USA winners have made the top 3 of Miss USA. Brandi
Sherwood, Miss Teen USA 1989 won the Miss Idaho USA
1997 title. Succeeding Kelly, she took 1st runner up and Miss Teen USA winner to hold the title Miss USA. Shauna
later inherited the Miss USA crown, when Brook Mahealani Gambill was close in winning the Miss USA 1998 title,
Lee of Hawaii won Miss Universe 1997. She is the only but placed 1st runner up to Shawnae Jebbia, Miss Mas-
6.6. MISS TEEN USA 89
sachusetts USA 1998. However, to date it has never hap- [2] Crowning tears: Miss Teen USA skids. Media Life Maga-
pened that the same woman had won the 2 separate pageants zine. 2006-08-16. Retrieved 2015-12-22.
ocially.
There have been two years when two Miss Teen USA win-
ners participated at Miss USA. The rst was 1984, when
Miss Teen USA 1983 and Miss Teen USA 1984 partici-
pated, the second was 1998, when Jamie Solinger competed
as Miss Iowa USA but went unplaced, and Shauna Gambill
competed as Miss California USA and placed rst runner-
up.
The rst Miss Teen USA not to win a Miss USA state
pageant on her rst attempt was Christie Lee Woods, Miss
Teen USA 1996, of Texas, who placed third runner-up in
the Miss Texas USA 2002 pageant. She would also become
the rst Miss Teen USA to compete for, but never win a
Miss USA state title (she also placed as a semi-nalist in
2003 and 2004). The second Miss Teen USA who did not
win a Miss USA state title on her rst attempt was Ashley
Coleman, Miss Teen USA 1999, of Delaware, who com-
peted in the Miss California USA 2006 pageant and n-
ished third runner-up. She is the rst Miss Teen USA win-
ner to compete in a dierent state from that where she won
her Miss Teen USA crown. Tami Farrell, Miss Teen USA
2003, competed at Miss California USA 2009 as Miss Mal-
ibu USA, but failed to win the crown, placing rst runner-up
to Carrie Prejean. Farrell competed at Miss Teen USA as
Miss Oregon Teen USA, and was one of the few Miss Teen
USA winners to try for the state crown outside of the state
she represented for Miss Teen USA. In a span of only two
years later, Miss Teen USA 2006, Katie Blair also com-
peted at Miss California USA 2011. Representing the state
of Montana at Miss Teen USA 2006, Blair is only the third
Miss Teen USA to compete in a state other than the state
she competed in Teen. Similarly to Coleman and Farrell,
Blair placed 1st runner up in the pageant, to Alyssa Cam-
panella, who also competed in Miss Teen USA representing
another state. Campanella went on to win Miss USA 2011.
6.6.6 See also
Miss Teenage America
Miss Americas Outstanding Teen
Miss USA
Miss High School America
6.6.7 References
[1] Hall, Sarah (March 29, 2007). Trump and Miss Universe
Stay in Bed with NBC. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
Chapter 7
Political Career
7.1 Donald Trump presidential cam- Internal conict caused Ventura to exit the Reform Party in
February 2000, removing Trumps most vocal proponent.
paign, 2000 Trump ocially ended his campaign on the February 14,
2000 airing of The Today Show. Though he believed he
The Donald duck presidential campaign of 2000 for the could still win the Reform Party presidential nomination, he
nomination of the Reform Party began when real estate felt the party was too dysfunctional to support his campaign
magnate Donald Trump of New York announced the cre- and enable a win in the general election. A poll matching
ation of a presidential exploratory committee on the Oc- Trump against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush
tober 7, 1999 edition of Larry King Live. Though Trump and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump
had never held elected oce, he was well known for his with seven percent support. Despite his withdrawal, Trump
frequent comments on public aairs and business exploits won both primaries for which he qualied. Buchanan would
as head of The Trump Organization. He had previously go on to win the nomination.
considered a presidential run in 1988 as a Republican, but After the election, Trump gained even greater notoriety as
chose not to run. For 2000, Minnesota Governor Jesse the host of The Apprentice. He seriously considered run-
Ventura convinced Trump to seek the presidential nomi- ning as a Republican in the 2012 presidential election but
nation of the Reform Party, which was fracturing despite decided against it. Four years later he initiated a full-scale
achieving ballot access and qualifying for matching funds presidential campaign and became the front-runner for the
as a result of the presidential campaign of industrialist Ross Republican Partys 2016 presidential nomination.
Perot, the partys 1996 presidential nominee. Trumps
entrance into the Reform Party race coincided with that
of paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan, whom 7.1.1 Background
Trump attacked throughout the campaign as a "Hitler-
lover. Real estate magnate Donald Trump, head of The Trump
Trump focused his campaign on the issues of fair trade, Organization since 1971, rst dabbled in presidential pol-
eliminating the national debt, and achieving universal itics in the early summer of 1987. Republican politi-
healthcare as outlined in the campaign companion piece cal organizer Mike Dunbar, unimpressed with the can-
The America We Deserve, released in January 2000. He didates for the 1988 Republican presidential nomination,
named media proprietor Oprah Winfrey as his ideal running founded the Draft Trump for President organization. Be-
mate and said he would instantly marry his girlfriend lieving Trump had the makings of a president, Dunbar
Melania Knauss to make her First Lady. Critics ques- pitched Trump the idea of speaking at an event for Re-
tioned the seriousness of Trumps campaign and specu- publican candidates in the rst-in-the-nation primary state
lated that it was a tactic to strengthen his brand and sell of New Hampshire. According to Dunbar in a later inter-
books. Trump defended his candidacy as a serious en- view, Trump was receptive to this idea.[1] Then a registered
deavor and proclaimed that he had a chance to win the elec- Democrat, Trump ocially changed his registration to Re-
tion. Though he never expanded the campaign beyond the publican in July 1987.[2] Speculation that he would actu-
exploratory phase, Trump made numerous media appear- ally run for president intensied two months later,[3] when
ances as a candidate, traveled to campaign events in Florida, he purchased $94,801 worth of full-page advertisements in
California, and Minnesota, and qualied for two presiden- the The New York Times, Boston Globe, and The Washington
tial primaries. Veteran campaign strategist and longtime Post with the heading Theres nothing wrong with Amer-
Trump aide Roger Stone was hired as director of the ex- icas Foreign Defense Policy that a little backbone cant
ploratory committee. cure. The advertisements reected Trumps concerns that
90
7.1. DONALD TRUMP PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 2000 91
Trump if he would ever run for president. He replied,

Probably not, but I do get tired of seeing the country get
ripped o ... I just don't think I have the inclination to do it.
Furthermore, he asserted that if he ever did run, he would
win the election.[9] He later appeared at the 1988 Repub-
lican National Convention. In an interview on the oor,
NBC News reporter Chris Wallace asked whether Trumps
visit to his rst national convention would induce him to
take the plunge into a presidential campaign. In response,
Trump downplayed his earlier foray, though repeated that
he would win if he ever ran, and praised then-presumptive
Republican presidential nominee George H. W. Bush.[10]
During another convention interview on Larry King Live,
Trump dismissed the speculation that he had considered
running for president and commented, I doubt Ill ever be
involved in politics beyond what I do right now.[3] Talk of
a potential Trump candidacy grew silent for much of the
next decade.
In 1995, industrialist Ross Perot, who had received 18.9
percent of the vote during his Independent 1992 run for
president formed the Reform Party of the United States of
America[11] Though Perot won the partys 1996 nomination
and garnered 8.4 percent of the popular vote, rifts had be-
gun forming within the party. Former Colorado Governor
Richard Lamm, who unsuccessfully challenged Perot for
Donald Trump rst considered running for president in 1987. the 1996 presidential nomination, accused Perot of using
the party as a personal vehicle, and broke o with his sup-
porters to form a new party.[12] In 1998, former professional
wrestler Jesse Ventura was elected Governor of Minnesota
Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait were taking advantage of
as a member of the Reform Partythe partys most signif-
American money and protection without providing any ben-
icant victorybut Perot and his followers were not recep-
et to the United States.[4] The next month, as Dunbar had
tive to Ventura and his political allies.[13] The Perot-faction
proposed, Trump appeared at a Rotary Club luncheon in
adamantly, though unsuccessfully, attempted to prevent the
New Hampshire. There, he delivered what The New York
election of Ventura supporter Jack Gargan as party chair-
Times described as an impassioned speech, in which he
man in 1999 when Perot backer Russ Verney chose not to
expressed concern about the United States being pushed
stand for re-election for his term ending January 1, 2000.[14]
around by its allies and proposed that these countries that
Opting not to run for president himself in 2000,[13] Ven-
are ripping us o pay o the $200 billion decit. In the
tura searched for candidates.[15] Initially, he courted WWF
audience, college students held placards reading Trump
Board Member and former Connecticut governor Lowell
for President. Nevertheless, Trump proclaimed, I'm not
P. Weicker, Jr.. He then turned to friend and wrestling a-
here because I'm running for President. I'm here because
cionado Donald Trump.
I'm tired of our country being kicked around and I want to
get my ideas across.[5] Later, Trump appeared on the Phil
Donahue Show. After the appearance, he received a letter 7.1.2 Early stages
from former President Richard Nixon in which Nixon ex-
plained that his wife Pat, an expert on politics, had seenThe New York Times reported that Jesse Ventura rst ap-
Trump on Donahue and predicts that whenever you de- proached Trump about a possible 2000 presidential run
cide to run for oce you will be a winner!"[6] In November while both were in attendance at a wrestling event in
1987, Trump released The Art of the Deal, which became Atlantic City.[16] Trumps ambitions may have spawned ear-
a New York Times bestseller.[7] lier. The America We Deserve co-writer Dave Shiett said
Months later, during an April 1988 appearance on The Trump rst thought about running in late 1998, when he
Oprah Winfrey Show,[8] Trump discussed his displeasure looked at his political advantages in money and name recog-
with the United States status as a debtor nation and its nition and concluded that he was at least as competent as
seeming inability to compete with Japan. Winfrey asked then President Bill Clinton.[17] According to Shiett, this
92 CHAPTER 7. POLITICAL CAREER
prompted Trump to ask top aide Roger Stone to nd the seven percent support nationally in a match up against Re-
most eminent hack writer in America to put Trumps po- publican candidate George W. Bush and Vice President Al
litical ideas into a book. Stone reached out to Shiett, a con- Gore.[21]
tributor to The American Spectator. In Spring 1999, Shiett Two months later, amid reports that paleoconservative po-
met with Trump about the project that would later become litical commentator and adviser Pat Buchanan was about
The America We Deserve. During the initial meeting, Shi- to join the Reform Party to seek the nomination, Trump
ett claims Trump raised concerns about a suitcase bomb announced that he would consider running as a sign of re-
destroying Manhattan.[17] spect for Ventura. He labeled the views of Buchanan as
prehistoric,[22] and commented that even though he liked
Pat, I'm on the conservative side, but Buchanan is Attila
the Hun.[23] He expected that a primary battle between the
two would be nasty.[24] According to columnist Robert
Novak, Bush operatives concerned about a third party run
by Buchanan contacted Ventura indirectly about preventing
Buchanans nomination. Novak argued that Trump seems
a bad match with Perots party, but he may be the GOPs last
hope to stop Buchanan.[25] When Weicker decided not to
seek the partys nomination due to internal bickering, Ven-
tura reportedly went all in for Trump.[26] The media capi-
talized on a potential Trump versus Buchanan challenge,[24]
and Saturday Night Live satirized it with a skit in which
Darrell Hammond portraying Trump and Chris Parnell as
Buchanan pitched their candidacies to Ross Perot played by
Cheri Oteri. The segment also featured an appearance by
Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura privately encouraged Trump to Will Ferrell as Ventura.[27][28]
run. Trump further increased speculation of a full-scale cam-
paign when his publisher Renaissance Books announced a
In July 1999, the Democratic[18] polling rm Schroth and
January 2000 release date for The American We Deserve.
Associates conducted a poll of 400 Reform Party leaders[19]
The publishers press release announced a book tour and
and found Trump tied for third place for the Reform Party
teased, Donald Trump for President? Run or not, Donald
presidential nomination.[18] Both the Reform Party and
Trumps ideas will have a major impact on the next presi-
Trump denied having commissioned the poll.[19] Days later
dential election.[29] Trump set January also as the month
Newsweek raised speculation[19] when it cited an unnamed
on which he would decide whether to run. He expressed,
close friend of Trump who said Trump was toying with
Im not interested in being the [third-party] candidate who
the idea of a presidential campaign, allegedly in response to
gets the most votes in the history of the world outside of
rumors of Venturas courting of Weicker for a run. Trump
the Democratic and Republican parties, I would only con-
purportedly held a grudge against Weicker for blocking his
sider this if I thought I could win.[30] On September 30,
plans to build a casino in Bridgeport[20] in 1994. The two
Trump wrote an opinion piece in the Wall Street Journal
had an exchange of insults in which Weicker labeled Trump
titled, America Needs a President Like Me in which he
a dirt bag and Trump referred to Weicker as a fat slob
argued that he would be the kind of president America
who couldn't get elected dog catcher.[18] In response to
needs in the new millennium. He cited the repugnant
the Newsweek report, Trump sent out a press release in
comments of Buchanan and Venturas personal encourage-
which he criticized the two party system, praised the Re-
ment as factors contributing to his decision.[31] In an Octo-
form Party, and stated If the Reform Party nominated
ber 6 interview on Dateline NBC, Trump armed that he
me, I would probably run and probably win. However, he
was very serious about his run.[32]
added that if the party nominated him he would ask for an
immediate recount.[18] In an interview, he told The New
York Times, I'm honored and I'm attered [by the specula-
tion], but the fact is I've never had more fun than I'm having 7.1.3 Announcement
right now, building the most spectacular buildings in New
York.[18] Chairman Verney denied that the Reform Party On October 7, Trump announced on Larry King Live that
had any interest in Trump, explaining that party members he formed an exploratory committee to explore a Reform
had never spent one second thinking about him. [19] A Party presidential bid. Trump planned not to use the
CNN-Time poll conducted later in July showed Trump with committee to raise moneyhe would personally fund his
could solve the issue in 24 hours by marrying his 26 year

old model girlfriend Melania Knauss. In a later interview,
Knauss said she would marry Trump under such notice.[37]
In the role, she said, I would be very traditional. Like Betty
Ford or Jackie Kennedy. I would support him.[38] Trump
described Knauss as a woman of great style and elegance
. . . very poised and gracious and able to get along with
everyone.[37]
After the announcement, Trump and Knauss had dinner
with Ventura and were joined by actor Woody Harrel-
son.[36] Ventura later commented that Trumps chances
of success depended on his impression of the Reform
Party.[21] Onlookers questioned Trumps motive in running.
Democratic pollster Harrison Hickman expressed doubts
Melania Knauss was touted as Trumps potential First Lady. about the authenticity of Trumps campaign, saying Its all
marketing of his name.[36] Matt Bai of Newsweek com-
mented Most serious-minded people think Trumps ir-
tation with the Reform Partys presidential nomination is
campaignbut wished use the committee to advise him on
just a publicity stunt.[39] Ex-wife Ivana Trump doubted
political matters in preparation for a run. In the interview
he would actually run.[40] Former New York City Mayor
with Larry King, Trump was optimistic about his chances
Ed Koch commented that people would likely not ock
indicating a very strong possibility of victory.[33] He ref-
to Trumps campaign, suggesting that Trump was mer-
erenced a non-scientic National Enquirer poll of 100 indi-
chandising his brand.[41] Trump disagreed with the crit-
viduals, showing him in rst place against his Democratic
ics, arguing that even though his sales had increased as
and Republican counterparts.[21] When pressed, Trump
a result of media coverage, he was serious about the
identied Oprah Winfrey as his ideal choice for a running
campaign.[39] Roger Stone was hired as director of the ex-
mate,[34] describing her as somebody that is very special,
ploratory committee.[42]
and that if she agreed to run, she'd be fantastic . . .
shes popular, shes brilliant, shes a wonderful woman.[35]
Oprahs spokesperson later responded at this point in time .
. . Oprah is not running.[36] Trump labeled Rudy Giuliani 7.1.4 Primary campaign
as New York Citys greatest Mayor and spoke admirably of
Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan, saying October 1999
that Reagan had a demeanor that contributed to a phenom-
enal spirit in the nation. Trump argued that President Bill Trumps announcement made way for the anticipated
Clinton could have been a great president, but destroyed his BuchananTrump primary contest with Buchanan himself
legacy with the Lewinsky scandal. As for the Reform Party, moving closer to mounting a Reform Party bid. Buchanan
Trump oered praise for both Perot and Ventura, and at- announced he would decide whether to join the race by late
tacked potential primary opponent Buchanan as someone October. A Schroth and Associates poll of 500 people who
enamored with Adolf Hitler, based on Buchanans thesis voted for Perot in 1996, showed Buchanan with a slight
that Hitler presented no military threat to the United States edge over Trump, 32 percent to 29 percent.[41] Though Ven-
ahead of World War II.[35] tura wished to prevent a Buchanan nomination, he did not
On the issues, Trump labeled himself very conservative, publicly endorse Trump. Some of Venturas advisers were
but described his views on healthcare as quite liberal skeptical of Trumps campaign and wanted Ventura to leave
and getting much more liberal, explaining I believe in the party if a Buchanan nomination appeared imminent.[39]
universal health care. I believe in whatever it takes to make Venturas place in the party had become a subject of contro-
people well and better . . . . [I]ts an entitlement to this versy. Chairman Verney asked Ventura to leave the party
country if we're going to have a great country. He ex- in early October after Ventura commented in a Playboy in-
pressed opposition to NAFTA, gun control, and said he terview that organized religion is a sham and a crutch.[43]
would like to see alcohol corporations sued in the same Perot also decided not to make an endorsement during the
manner as tobacco corporations. For his rst presidential primary campaign, despite Buchanans plea that Perot pub-
term, he proclaimed, I want to do the right job: straighten licly support his entrance into the race.[41]
out Social Security, get the trade decits in order, and lower Before Trump could venture out on the campaign trail, he
taxes.[35] As for the lack of a rst lady, Trump said he had to tend to some personal matters. In an interview with
an impediment.[46] The next day, Trump formally joined

the Reform Party, changing his voter registration from Re-
publican to Independence Party, the New York aliate of
the Reform Party. On the same day, Buchanan announced
that he too would leave the Republican Party to join with
the Reform Party and attempt to obtain its presidential
nomination.[47] Buchanan said he refused to engage in a
name-calling contest with Trump but made a thinly veiled
attack against Trumps wealth, arguing, I don't believe the
Reform Party nomination can be bought, and I don't be-
lieve the Presidency can be bought.[46] On Face the Na-
tion, Pat Choate, the Reform Partys 1996 vice presidential
nominee said Trump would make a good candidate, but
argued that Buchanan could challenge Trump on the mer-
its and that Trump and the media were misrepresenting
Buchanans views through hate politics. Other party mem-
bers expressed reservations about Trumps comments and
personal life.[46][48] Verney wondered what the compelling
reason is for him to seek the presidency.[49] Trump ac-
knowledged himself as certainly controversial but labeled
himself as a great businessman, who would make the
greatest treaties that this countrys seen in a long time.[50]
On Fox News Sunday he criticized U.S. Trade Representa-
tive Charlene Barshefsky and said that as president he him-
self would ll the position and negotiate trade deals with
other countries. He identied France, Japan, Germany, and
Pat Buchanan, Trumps main rival for the Reform Party nomina- Saudi Arabia as nations taking advantage of badly negoti-
tion ated trade deals with the United States.[51]
The Daily Telegraph, Marla Maples, Trumps second ex- November 1999
wife, threatened to reveal what Trump is really like if he
chose to run for president in the general election. In re- In an eort speculated to implore the media to view the
sponse, Trump withheld $1.5 million in alimony he owed campaign more seriously,[52] Trump rolled out a tax pro-
Maples, claiming she was in violation of the condentiality posal that became the subject of attention. In a series of
agreement in the couples divorce decree. After a Man- telephone interviews in early November,[52] Trump pro-
hattan judge refused to hear the matter, a brief conference posed a one-time 14.25 percent net worth tax that would
was held, wherein the judges law secretary advised Trump apply to individuals and trusts with assets greater than $10
to pay the alimony and advised Maples that further inci- million. The plan was meant to raise $5.7 trillion in rev-
dents would be cause for the judge to reconsider hearing the enue to wipe out the national debt, estimated at the time
matter.[44] Trumps attorneys were satised that the meet- to be $5.66 trillion. The plan exempted ones homestead
ing would cause Maples to rethink making any public state- from the calculation. Trump estimated that the tax would
ments on her marriage to Trump.[45] only apply to one percent of the population and that the re-
On October 24, Trump appeared on Meet the Press, where maining 99 percent would receive a federal income tax cut
he announced that he would ocially join the Reform as well as an elimination of the estate tax. He projected
Party. During the interview, Trump questioned why a a 35 to 40 percent increase in economic activity as a result
politician was better suited to be president than him, com- and eliminate $200 billion in federal interest payments, half
menting I understand this stu. He said that the Republi- of which would be used to fund middle class tax cuts and
can Party has become too crazy right. Notably, he identi- the rest to allocate for Social Security.[53] The original plan
ed Buchanan as a Hitler-lover and mused, I guess hes provided only one year for taxpayers to pay the new tax, but
an anti-Semite . . . He doesn't like the blacks, he doesn't that was later increased to 10 years. Economists predicted
like the gays. Its just incredible that anybody could em- that enactment of the plan would risk capital ight[54] and
brace this guy.[46] As for his reputation as a womanizer, prick the stock market bubble.[52][55] Bruce Bartlett of the
Trump said he would not run if he believed it would be National Center for Policy Analysis wrote in the Wall Street
Journal that the proposed rate would fall short of its goal and Foundation.[63] The foundation invited Trump after he
that at any rate, would introduce devastating disruption to wrote a Miami Herald article denouncing Cuban President
the economic system.[56] Tax attorney Robert L. Sommers, Fidel Castro and favoring the U.S. embargo against Cuba
writing in the San Francisco Chronicle argued that many several months earlier.[61] During the visit, Trump was met
wealthy people lacked sucient cash on hand to pay the tax with supporters touting Trump 2000 posters and shout-
and that doing so would lead to the mass liquidation of as- ing Viva Donald Trump!" There, he delivered his rst for-
sets, roil[ing] the stock and real estate markets.[57] Trump eign policy speech, capped with the line, I'd have, person-
defended his plan, rejecting the speculation that it would be ally, two words for [Castro]: 'Adios, amigo!'" Covering the
a shock to the system.[52] Roger Stone noted that Trump event, columnist Maureen Dowd wrote that the fascination
had been thinking about the plan for a while and that he felt with Trump was the apotheosis of our Gilded Age, where
so strong about it that he was willing to pay $725 million money, celebrity, polling, and crass behavior warp poli-
of his own money in taxes under it.[57] CBS News spec- tics and the television show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
ulated that the plan meant to appeal to middle and lower dominates the culture.[58] Following this theme, Saturday
class Americans.[52] Trumps tax plan diered signicantly Night Live performed a sketch in which Darrell Hammond
from the plan put forward by Reform Party rival Buchanan, reprised his role as Trump, holding a press conference an-
who had called for a 16 percent at tax on earnings over nouncing Millionaire winner John Carpenter as his running
$35,000.[52] mate.[64] Soon thereafter, the actual Trump oated possi-
I think the only dierence between me and the other can- ble running mates and members of his presidential cabinet
didates is that I'm more honest and my women are more during a November 28 episode of Late Edition with Wolf
beautiful. Blitzer. He identied Senator John McCain, a Republican
presidential candidate, as a possible Secretary of Defense.
Trump said he would consider Democratic Congressman
Charles Rangel for Secretary of Housing and Urban Devel-
opment and mentioned retired General Colin Powell as a
Donald Trump[58] possible Secretary of State. He praised General Electric
CEO Jack Welch, and discussed him as either Secretary
of Treasury or running mate. He again mentioned Oprah
Despite the discussion of substantive issues, the campaigns Winfrey as a possible running mate. During the inter-
seriousness continued to come under attack. Ed Koch el- view, Trump expressed his willingness to spend $100 mil-
evated his criticisms of the campaign, calling it fraud- lion to self-nance a full-scale campaign.[65] The Reform
ulent and arguing that Trump is the greatest con artist Party scheduled a debate of the candidates seeking the pres-
in the world when it comes to trumpeting his own name idential nomination on December 3 in Portland, Oregon.
. . . . [M]y gut tells me that he knows nothing [about When a reporter asked a Trump aide whether Trump would
policy].[59] Former White House adviser Dick Morris said appear, the aide was unaware of the debate. Ultimately,
I think hes mainly selling books. Republican strategist Buchanan attended but Trump did not.[66]
Ed Rollins questioned whether Trump could say the right
things or be willing to let somebody put an organization
together. A New York Daily News/WNBC-TV poll showed Trumps proposed cabinet
that 74% of New Yorkers believed the campaign was being
used only for Trump to promote himself. Roger Stone Media proprietor
commented that the perception problem would solve it- Oprah Winfrey
self once the campaign would reveal the number of pe- Vice President
[60]
tition signatures it collected. By mid-November, the
campaign started receiving advice from political consultant General
Douglas Friedline, who ran Venturas successful 1998 gu- Colin Powell
bernatorial campaign. Upon Friedlines advice, Trump as- Secretary of State
sembled communications and campaign sta, and began General Electric CEO
planning events in strategic states.[61] As an further step Jack Welch
in organization, Trump set up a campaign website at the Secretary of Treasury
domain www.donaldjtrump2000.com and used Venturas
webmaster Phil Madsen to create an online community of Senator
supporters.[62] John McCain
Secretary of Defense
On his rst campaign stop, Trump traveled to Miami,
Florida and spoke before the Cuban American National Congressman
Charles Rangel press conference with responses that seemed tailored more
Secretary of HUD to entertain his listeners than establish his credibility.[68]
In Burbank, Trump appeared on The Tonight Show with
Jay Leno where he attacked Buchanan as having a love af-
December 1999
fair with Adolf Hitler and discussed his upcoming book,
The America We Deserve. The Weekly Standard reported
that though the release date was only a month away, the
book had yet to be written.[66] After the Tonight Show ap-
pearance, Trump attended a meeting of 100 Southern Cal-
ifornia Reform Party members, to whom he delivered a
speech and answered questions. Crowds cheered Trump
when he discussed his opposition to NAFTA, but some
were oended[68] when he questioned the existence of a Re-
form Party platform and, after receiving a copy, left it on the
podium when he exited. On the nal day, Trump visited
the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Museum of Tolerance and
walked through an exhibit of The Holocaust. He delivered
a speech and held another press conference at the museum
atrium, where he denounced Buchanans views on Nazis.
Afterwards, Trump boarded his jet for Long Beach.[66]
During an on-jet interview, Trump placed his odds of wag-
ing a full-scale campaign at 50/50, but edging closer,
believing there to be a fervor among the public about his
campaign. The AP evaluated the California response as
more warm than fervent, but described Trumps treatment
as that of a high prole dignitary. At Trumps nal event,
he spoke at a Tony Robbins motivational conference.[68]
Robbins and Trump had made an agreement that would pay
Trump $1 million for showing up at ten of Robbins events.
Trump planned to make campaign stops to coincide with
Robbins shows, speculating that he could be the rst pres-
idential candidate to run and make money on it.[69] At the
event, Trump received what the AP called a moderately
enthusiastic applause[68] after asking the 21,000 people in
attendance[66] whether he should run for president.[68] He
Top adviser Roger Stone was part of Trumps campaign entourage. received a large ovation when he proclaimed, people want
to hear straight talk. We're tired of being bullied by these
As the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations col- moron politicians. Overall, The Weekly Standard [66]
praised
lapsed amid protests at a summit in Seattle, Trump ap- Trump for his candor on the campaign trail.
peared on the December 5 airing of ABC's This Week. He In discussing his campaign strategy with The Los Angeles
said that the WTO was not necessarily fair to the United Times, Trump proclaimed, the only strategy is, I'll be on
States, and argued that our best, and our smartest, and our television a lot. Responding to a poll of probable Reform
brightest were not being used to negotiate the deal. He Party voters that showed him with only 14% support, fourth
renewed his attack on the negotiation skills of Barshefsky, place behind Ventura (20%), Perot (25%), and Buchanan
saying that both she and Secretary of Commerce William (30%), Trump pointed to the spike in ratings each televi-
M. Daley did not know how to negotiate.[67] Next, Trump sion network received whenever he appeared on air. He ad-
embarked on a two-day campaign stop in California, which mitted, whether or not TV ratings can transfer into votes is
the media covered extensively. During the stop, Trump held an interesting question. The Times characterized Trumps
a press conference, appearing with his campaign entourage campaign as Political Science 101 on how far politics is de-
that included his girlfriend Melania, Roger Stone, and body- volving into pure entertainment.[70] Nevertheless, Trump
guard Matt Calamari. Aides made hand sanitizer readily contemporaneously delved into the politics of third party
available for reporters, presumably due to Trumps alleged campaigns when he wrote a letter to Commission on Pres-
germaphobia.[66] The Associated Press (AP) noted that idential Debates asking the body to review its standard for
Trump made little attempt to appear statesman-like at the
third party candidate inclusion in the general election de-

bates. His letter included a veiled threat of litigation if the
body enacted a standard preventing his participation. At
this time, Trump announced that he would make his de-
cision on whether to wage a full-scale campaign by early
February.[70] In addition, he retained two signature collec-
tion agencies in order to secure ballot access.[71]
As 1999 drew to a close, the conict within the Re-
form Party escalated. To the chagrin of the Perot fac-
tion, chairman-elect Jack Gargan pushed through a mo-
tion to move headquarters from Perots home in Dallas to
Florida.[72] Shortly thereafter, the Perot faction incorpo-
rated the Reform Leadership Council as an entity separate
from the main party to preserve the vision of Perot. They
also moved the National Convention from Venturas home
in Minneapolis to Long Beach.[73] The Ventura faction led
an unsuccessful lawsuit against the Perot faction and threat-
ened to bolt the party, prompting chairman Verney to in-
struct, don't let the door hit them when they leave.[74] As
the conict unfolded, Ventura publicly expressed that he
could never support Buchanan as the partys nominee, de-
scribing him as very shallow. Ventura said that in a head-
to-head against Buchanan, he favored Trump. Ventura and
Trump planned a campaign event together in Minnesota to
begin the new year.[75]
January 2000
The America We Deserve book cover
Trump ocially released his book The America We Deserve
on January 1. Dave Shiett received credit as co-writer.[76]
To promote the book, Trump held a January 5 press confer- baseball player Sammy Sosa and entertainer Sean Combs
ence at Trump Tower, which aired on C-SPAN. He signed as making Trump more understanding of racial diversity.
books and answered questions from reporters, once assert- Trump later backpedaled his books praise of Combs af-
ing, I may be too honest to be a politician.[77] Trumps ter Combs was charged with violating gun laws following a
book, consisting of 286 pages,[76] covers Trumps political shooting at a New York nightclub. Trump said he did not
positions and policy proposals including strict anti-crime know [Combs] really well.[81] The book condemns Con-
measures, increased pressure on China, fair trade, border gressman Jerrold Nadler as a hack for opposing Trumps
control, increased military spending, support for public cap- development of waterfront real estate in Manhattan, and de-
ital punishment, and the implementation of single-payer scribes Senator Bob Smith as the dumbest guy in the U.S.
health care.[78] It advocates eliminating soft money contri- Senate after he grilled Trumps sister Maryanne Trump
butions to political parties and full disclosure of campaign Barry on abortion when she testied before the Senate Judi-
donations to political candidates, but calls for the removal ciary Committee in 1999 upon her nomination to the Third
of limits on the amount of donations, arguing, "[i]f you want Circuit Court of Appeals. It criticizes Democratic presiden-
to give your life savings to Al Gore, that should be between tial candidate Bill Bradley as a phony for his Senate spon-
you, Al Gore and your psychiatrist. In addition, it raises sorship of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 that purportedly
concerns about terrorism, proposing the creation of a na- hurt Trump nancially. It also notes the hypocrisy of both
tional lottery to raise funds for anti-terrorism programs,[79] an unnamed Senator and an unnamed conservative colum-
and oers a choice to North Korea to disarm or face mil- nist who each engaged in extramarital aairs at Trumps
itary strikes.[17] The America We Deserve also includes hotels and resorts while they attacked President Clinton for
praise for former boxer Muhammad Ali, Teamsters leader the Lewinsky scandal.[80] In a scathing review, New York
James P. Hoa, as well as Trumps future political oppo- Magazine described the book as inadvertently satirical.[82]
nents Florida governor Jeb Bush and New York governor Booklist pondered whether Trump was the only man ever
George Pataki, among others.[80] It cites friendships with to run for president in order to promote a book.[83] Dave
Saltonstall of the New York Daily News, labeled it as auto- tion with supporters and would embarrass Trump by win-
biographical and reported that it contains enough details to ning all the states delegates. There were also growing indi-
paint a fairly comprehensive picture of what a Trump pres- cations Trump was considering withdrawing from the race,
idency might look like.[79] commenting that he was deeply concerned about the con-
On January 7, Trump appeared in Brooklyn Park, Min- ict within the party.[93] In another attempt to unite the
nesota, where he spoke before the Chamber of Commerce, partys factions, Trump wrote letters to Ventura and Perot,
attended a Reform Party fundraiser, and held a joint press requesting the two make peace.[94] Trump believed the in-
conference with Ventura. At the fundraiser, Trump iden- stability of the party would hinder his chances of presiden-
tial success. Stone commented that the [Reform] party is
tied North Korea as the nations greatest foreign policy
threat, blasted Japan for ripping us o for the last 25 melting down before our very eyes.[92] On the nal day of
January, Trump was removed from the New York primary
years, and ripped Russia as being totally mixed up for
placing people nobody ever even heard of in charge of ballot after a judge determined that Trumps supporters had
failed to obtain the required 5,000 signatures from regis-
missiles.[84] At the press conference, Trump claimed he had
yet to decide whether to run ocially and so had not asked tered Reform Party members. This marked a victory for
Buchanans supporters, including leftist activist Lenora Fu-
for Venturas endorsement. Ventura said that if Trump de-
cided to run, he would give his full consideration. Trump lani, who had hoped to prevent Trump from appearing on
asserted it would be disaster for the Reform Party if the ballot in his home state.[95]
Pat Buchanan received the presidential nomination.[85] De-
scribing himself and Ventura as self-made not part of the
lucky sperm club, Trump made an indirect jab at both the February 2000
Republican frontrunner George W. Bush, the son of former
President Bush, and Democratic frontrunner Al Gore, son Despite Trumps eorts, the conict within the Reform
of the late Senator Albert Gore, Sr..[86] Trump and Ventura Party escalated. A special Reform Party meeting was
released a written statement opposing the Commission on planned for Nashville at which the Perot faction was ex-
Presidential Debates decision to limit debate participation pected to vacate the national chairmanship of Ventura ally
to candidates polling above 15 percent in the general elec- Jack Gargan.[96] Both Trump and Ventura expressed dis-
tion and urging the Federal Election Commission to take gust with the national party. Ventura desired to disassoci-
action.[87] ate the Minnesota Reform Party from the national party.
An unnamed ocial within the party told the AP that Ven-
Trump ended his relationship with Melania Knauss in
tura and Trump discussed a scenario where Ventura would
January 2000, removing a key gure of the campaign
run as the presidential nominee of the disaliated party
entourage.[88] According to the New York Daily News, an
with Trump as his running mate. The chairman of the Min-
associate of Trump said the move was meant to appease Re-
nesota Reform Party denied Ventura would be part of any
form Party leaders. Roger Stone denied the suggestion.[89]
presidential ticket.[97] After privately notifying Trump of
In addressing the matter, Trump complimented Knauss and
his intentions and seeking his blessing,[98] Ventura held a
commented, she will be missed.[90] Shortly thereafter,
press conference on February 12 and ocially left the na-
in an attempt to bring the two Reform Party factions to-
tional Reform Party, remaining a member of his state party,
gether, Trump invited party leaders to the Trump-owned
which he urged to disaliate and to return to its original
Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida. Addressing the
name, the Independence Party of Minnesota. He voiced
170 party members who attended the event including for-
dissatisfaction with the presidential contest, explaining that
mer chairman Russ Verney, Trump proclaimed I'm very
Pat Buchanan was running virtually unopposed and re-
proud to be in the party of Ross Perot and Jesse Ventura.
ceiving support from former Ku Klux Klan leader David
Verney appreciated the gesture and in shifting from his
Duke; something with which Ventura could not associate.
once-chilly reception to the Trump candidacy, welcoming
Ventura invited Trump to run for the presidential nomi-
him into the race. After opening the event to questions,
nation of the Independence Party, which Ventura believed
one attendee asked Trump whether he would appear at the
could become a national entity.[99] At the partys next meet-
Florida Reform Party's state convention. Trump said he
ing, it disaliated.[100] Trump considered Venturas invita-
would consider it very seriously. Concerning Buchanan,
tion but had concerns, particularly the question of whether
Trump repeated he could not support Buchanan as the
other state parties would aliate with the new party.[101]
partys nominee.[91] Despite the retreat, the intra-party dis-
Minnesota political scientist Steve Schier doubted the party
pute over the location of the convention continued.[92] Cit-
could become a national entity, arguing that it was far too
ing scheduling conicts, Trump did not attend the Florida
small to make an impact on the national level.[99] Venturas
Reform Partys state convention. Reports suggested that
move came just ahead of the Nashville meeting where, with
Trump insiders believed Buchanan had packed the conven-
the rationale of failing to faithfully perform and execute
the duties of his oce, Gargan was removed by a 109 to to the Trump campaign.[69]
31 committee vote.[102] The chaotic meeting, dominated by
Several days after withdrawing, Trump reected on his
Perot-faction members, featured shoving matches and phys-
campaign in an editorial published in The New York Times
ical squabbles as the Metropolitan Nashville Police Depart-
titled What I Saw at the Revolution. Disputing the claim
ment intervened to restore order. Gargan charged that the
that he ran for the publicity, Trump countered that he felt
meeting was illegal due to insucient notice, though a quo-
the nation was ready for a non-establishment businessman
rum was present.[103] president who oered straight talk. He cited three rea-
sons for dropping out: (1) the criteria of the Commission
on Presidential Debates, which would have made it im-
7.1.5 Withdrawal possible for him to qualify for general election debates;
(2) the rise of the presidential campaign of John McCain,
So the Reform Party now includes a KlansmanMr. Duke, whose similar message would have made a contrast dicult;
a Neo-NaziMr. Buchanan, and a CommunistMs. Fu- and (3) the exit of Ventura from the Reform Party. Trump
lani. called his run the greatest civics lesson that a private citi-
This is not company I wish to keep. zen can have, but said it was enormous fun and a great
life experience, though it doesn't compare with complet-
ing one of the great skyscrapers of Manhattan.[109]
Donald Trump[104]
7.1.6 Results
On February 14, Trump withdrew from the race.[105] In
a press release, he cited inghting in the Reform Party as During the campaign, Trump qualied for the Michigan and
not conducive to victory, concluding he could not win the California Reform Party presidential primaries. Both of
election as the partys nominee and so, as pledged, would these elections were held after Trump exited the race.[110]
On February 22, Trump won the Michigan Primary with
not continue his campaign. He expressed concerns about
the direction of the party, particularly its membership, re- 2,164 votes defeating uncommitted with 948 votes.[111]
Trump won the California primary on March 7 with 15,311
ferring to David Duke, Pat Buchanan, and Lenora Fulani as
a Klansman, a Neo-Nazi, and a Communist, respectively. votes (44.28%) defeating perennial candidate George D.
Weber who received 9,390 votes (27.16%), former Di-
However, he lauded party members Russ Verney, Jack Gar-
gan, and others as wonderful people he was honored to rector of Advanced Space Programs Development Robert
M. Bowman who received 4,879 (14.11%), former Con-
meet. Trump lamented the exit of Jesse Ventura from the
party, arguing without Jesse, the Reform Party is just an gressman John B. Anderson who received 3,158 (9.13%),
extremist shell and cannot be a force or even a factor in and political activist Charles E. Collins who received 1,837
2000. Trump declined to seek the nomination of Venturas (5.31%).[112] Pat Buchanan was not listed on either ballot.
new Independence Party, nding it healthy but too young A slate of Trump supporters petitioned to list Trump on the
to win. He expressly kept open the possibility of running New York Independence Party presidential primary ballot
for president in 2004.[104] Trump publicly announced his but were denied on a technicality.[113]
withdrawal on The Today Show in an interview with Matt Pat Buchanan eventually won the Reform Party presiden-
Lauer. He explained that though he still could have won the tial nomination at a chaotic[114] National Convention in
Reform Party nomination, he believed he would only win Long Beach in August 2000.[115] Buchanan had lost the sup-
20 percent in the general election, which he did not want. port of the Perot faction, which accused Buchanan of fraud
He claimed the party was on the verge of self-destructing and held a counter-convention, nominating Buchanans only
and referred to it as a total mess.[98] In response, Pat major opponent physicist John Hagelin of the Natural Law
Choate, who became the new Reform Party chairman af- Party.[116] According to Russ Verney, the Perot faction lost
ter the unseating of Gargan, disputed Trumps claim about faith in Buchanan when he emphasized pro-life and anti-
the party[106] and said Trumps campaign was meant only homosexual issue positions after promising to respect the
to smear Pat Buchanan.[107] He declared Trump unwel- partys neutral stance on social issues.[117] After the ling
come to seek the partys 2004 presidential nomination.[106] of a complaint over the partys matching funds, the FEC
Choate later remarked that he believed Trumps campaign ruled against the Perot faction and invalided the Hagelin
was a Republican dirty trick orchestrated by Roger Stone selection.[118] The decision was armed on appeal. On
to disgust people and drive them away from the Reform Election Day, Buchanan appeared on the ballot in all 50
Party.[108] Stone argued that John McCain running on states and received 448,895 votes, 0.42% of the popu-
Trumps message and surging in the polls signaled an end lar vote. George W. Bush defeated Al Gore in a close
contest[119] that required a recount and Supreme Court in- Michigan

tervention.[120] The Bush campaign recruited Roger Stone Donald Trump
to oversee the recount.[121] Uncommitted
Reform Party presidential primary results by county Tie
No votes
7.1.7 Aftermath
California
Donald Trump
John B. Anderson
Robert M. Bowman
Charles E. Collins
George D. Weber
No votes
Trump in 2015
After the election, Trump returned to his real estate busi-

ness, rekindled his relationship with Melania Knauss, whom
he married in 2005,[122] and hosted NBCs The Appren-
tice and The Celebrity Apprentice for 14 seasons from 2004
to 2015, acquiring the catchphrase, "You're red!".[123]
In addition, he continued an involvement in politics. He
changed his voter registration from the New York Inde-
pendence Party (Reform Party aliate) to the Democratic
Party in August 2001[2] as the Reform Party continued its
decline. By 2004 the party had lost ballot access in all but
seven states, which it gave to Independent presidential can-
didate Ralph Nader.[124] Trump was critical of the George
W. Bush administrations handling of the Iraq War[125] and
publicly endorsed Bushs impeachment.[126] He considered
challenging Bush in the 2004 Republican presidential pri-
maries, but ultimately decided against it.[127] Jesse Ven- 7.1.8 References
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supremacists [9] and hate groups promoting racial bigotry
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who have attributed a notable recent surge in their popular-
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his statements about the state of the country have propelled
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as highly oensive by the public, other political candidates,
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2015. over his incendiary racial remarks, as in his description of
undocumented Mexican immigrants to the United States as supporters.[41][42][43] In December 2008, Trump emerged
rapists and drug dealers. Many political analysts suggest as an early supporter of the 2009 government backed res-
that Trump deliberately makes these inammatory remarks cue plan for the U.S. auto industry which by 2012 gained
to increase media coverage of his campaign in the absence the support of 56% of Americans (63% support in Michi-
of signicant campaign contributions or supporting Polit- gan), according to a Pew Research Center poll.[44][45] In
ical Action Committees, which Trump has criticized..[15] May 2015, Trump said he was opposed to granting Pres-
[16][17]
His lack of political correctness, habit of describing ident Barack Obama fast track trade authority in a Trans-
various ethnic and demographic groups such as Muslims, Pacic Partnership.[46] Instead, Trump expressed a desire
Mexicans, and women in perjorative, sterotypical terms, for stronger negotiations with China on trade together with
and his willingness to openly insult members of the media, taris if necessary.[47][48][49] Trump has called for a policy
fellow political candidates, and religious leaders such as the of leadership to deal with the Organization of Petroleum
Pope for what he perceives to be their personal aws, in- Exporting Countries (OPEC) which he has criticized for
cluding their appearance, has been a staple theme of his causing high oil prices.[50][51]
campaign, and has proved to be popular among his sup- In 2011, polls had Trump among the leading candidates.
porters, reputedly earning him the nickname The Glori-
A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll from March 2011
ous Leader in some White Nationalist circles. [18][19][20] showed Trump in the lead for the Republican nomination
Trumps most polarizing and widely reported statements for president of the United States.[52] A February 2011
have been on issues of immigration and border security, Newsweek poll placed Trump within a few points of Pres-
with Trump proposing deportation of all illegal immigrants, ident Obama in a potential 2012 presidential contest, with
a substantial wall on the Mexican-American border, and a many voters undecided.[53] A poll released in April 2011
temporary ban on alien Muslims entering the U.S.,[21] while by Public Policy Polling showed Trump having a nine-point
speaking extensively about perceived issues pertaining to il- lead in a potential contest for the Republican nomination
legal immigrants travelling over the Mexican border into for President of the United States while he was still actively
the U.S.[22][23][24] considering a run.[54][55] In December 2011, Trump placed
In the 2016 Iowa caucus, Trump ranked second out of all sixth in the ten most admired men and women living of
the Republican nominees, garnering 24% of the vote, be- 2011 USA Today/Gallup telephone survey.[56] Trump has
hind Ted Cruz with 28%.[25][26] Trump later won the New been a featured speaker at the Conservative Political Ac-
Hampshire primary with slightly over 35% of the vote,[27] tion Conference (CPAC).[57] In 2013, Trump researched a
the South Carolina primary with 33%,[28] and the Nevada possible run for President of the United States in 2016.[58]
caucus with 46%.[29] In October 2013, New York Republicans suggested Trump
should run for governor of the state in 2014.[59] In February
2015, Trump did not renew his television contract for The
7.2.1 Background Apprentice, which raised speculation of his candidacy for
president of the United States in 2016.[60]
Further information: Donald Trump presidential cam-
paign, 2000
7.2.2 Announcement
Since the 1988 presidential election, Trump has been con-
sidered a potential candidate for President in nearly every
election.[30][31][32] In October 1999, Trump declared him-
self a potential candidate for the Reform Party's presiden-
tial nomination,[33] but withdrew on February 14, 2000.[34]
In 2004, Donald Trump identied as a Democrat, openly
supported Hillary Clinton, and donated a large sum of
money to Democratic groups.[35] Trump rejoined the Re-
publican Party in 2009. In early 2011, presidential spec-
ulation reached its highest point and Trump began to take
a lead in polls among Republican candidates in the 2012
election. However, Trump announced in May 2011 that he
would not be a candidate for the oce.[36][37]
At the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference
(CPAC), Trump said he is pro-life and against Donald Trump speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action
gun control.[38][39][40] He has spoken before Tea Party Conference (CPAC)
Trump formally announced his candidacy for the presi- immigration Trump is more accurate than not.[98] Rudy
dency in the 2016 election on June 16, 2015.[3][61][62] His Giuliani, who ran in 2008, said Trumps statement could
announcement came at a campaign rally at Trump Tower have been better stated, and that most illegal immigrants
in New York City.[61][62][63] Trump said, We are go- are good people who come to the country to work, but that
ing to make our country great again and also announced an insecure border does also let in terrorists, drug dealers,
that he would be the greatest jobs president that God rapists, murderers, all of whom I've prosecuted.[99] Vari-
ever created.[62] His 45-minute presidential campaign an- ous families of the victims of crimes committed by illegal
nouncement speech, the longest of the major party can- immigrants have come forth in support of Trump.[100] For
didates to date, included a pledge to restore the Amer- his part, Trump has defended his comments,[101] claimed
ican dream ... bigger and better and stronger than ever that Democrats and [my] enemies[86] picked a relatively
before.[63][64] Trump said he would keep Iran from ac- small portion of his announcement speech to criticize, cited
quiring nuclear weapons, and criticized John Kerry's Ira- news articles to back up his claims[102] and made illegal
nian negotiations. He also criticized Kerrys overall judg- immigration a major issue in his campaign.[103] Trump
ment, in breaking[65] his leg (at age 71) riding his bicycle; later said that he intended his comments to be aimed solely
Trump made a campaign promise never [to] be in a bicycle at the government of Mexico, specically for using the
race.[66] In the speech, Trump also pledged he would fund insecure border as a means of transferring criminals out of
Social Security, renegotiate U.S. trade agreements, oppose their own country, and says he did not intend his comments
federal Common Core education standards, and complete to refer to immigrants themselves in general.[88]
the United StatesMexico border fence and make Mexico Trumps announcement generated the highest Google
pay for it.[3][66][67] Trump said he would self fund his pres- search volume of any of the presidential candidates to
idential campaign, and would not need to use money from date.[104] According to Politico, the speech was discursive,
donors and lobbyists.[66] pugnacious... bizarre... most entertaining.[66] Trumps an-
Most attention focused on Trumps comment on illegal im- nouncement speech included the song "Rockin' in the Free
migration where he stated in part When Mexico sends its World", causing Neil Young, the author of this song, to
people, they're not sending their best... They're sending distance himself from Trump; Young supports Democratic
people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those candidate Bernie Sanders.[105] Despite a casting company
problems with [them]. They're bringing drugs. They're having sent emails (some of which have leaked) to back-
bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are ground actors explicitly asking them to cheer Trump for
good people.[68][69] money, Trumps campaign manager denied that Trump paid
any actors to cheer him at the event.[106][107][108][109][110]
The comment on illegal immigrants entering the
United States through Mexico led several businesses An early supporter of Ronald Reagan for president, Trump
trademarked the campaign slogan from the 1980 election,
and organizationsincluding NBC, Macys, Univision, and
NASCAR (along with sponsor Camping World)to cut Make America Great Again.[2]
ties with Trump in the following days.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
Reactions from other presidential candidates were mixed,
with some Republican candidates disagreeing with the 7.2.3 Campaign
tone of Trumps remarks yet supporting the core idea
that illegal immigration is an important campaign issue, See also: Nationwide opinion polling for the Republican
other Republican candidates preferring to avoid intra-party Party 2016 presidential primaries and Nationwide opinion
feuds with other Republican candidates and concentrate polling for the United States presidential election, 2016
on putting forth their own positions, and several Re- Immediately after his announcement in New York, Trump
publican candidates criticizing both Trumps remarks traveled to Iowa to campaign in the state ahead of the rst-
and his policy-stances (as did leading Democratic party in-the-nation Iowa caucus.[111] Trump has also campaigned
candidates).[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] extensively in New Hampshire, site of the rst Republi-
Beyond the candidates, journalistic response to Trumps can primary.[112][113] Trumps campaign cancelled events in
statement ranged from negative[86][89][90][91][92][93] to neu- Charleston, South Carolina, in light of the June 17 mass
tral or positive.[93][94][95][96] Fact-checking the comment, shooting.[114] Trump kicked o a western swing in early
Washington Post wrote that the allegation of a correlation July 2015, giving rallies and speeches in Las Vegas[115] and
between illegal immigration and crime was false and gave Los Angeles.[116]
the statement four pinocchios.[97] Republican politician In June, Trump said that he would like to have Oprah Win-
Steve King said he admired Trumps response to the frey as his running mate.[117]
backlash, saying that Trump delivers more facts to
On July 22, the Federal election regulators released new de-
support [his] statement and that on the subject of illegal
tails of Trumps wealth and nancial holdings that he sub-
ing a 1984 NPR report in which the term was used to mean
beaten badly.[125][126][127]
Trump at an early campaign event in New Hampshire on June 16,

2015
Trump and supporters attend a rally in Muscatine, Iowa in January

mitted when he became a Republican presidential candi- 2016. Multiple supporters hold up signs, which read The silent
date. Trumps campaign released a statement claiming his majority stands with Trump.
net worth to be over US$10 billion, but Forbes estimates
that it is US$4 billion.[118] On July 23, he visited the Mexi-
can border to highlight his stance with regards to opposition
towards illegal immigration. The border patrol union pulled Rallies and crowds
out of the planned event.[119]
Michael Cohen, Trumps senior counsel, was criticized for Trump regularly holds crowds with more people[128] in atten-
claiming that you cannot rape your spouse in response to dance than any other 2016 presidential candidate. More
a Daily Beast article about Trumps divorce proceedings. than 9,000 people registered to attend Trumps rally on July
[129][130]
The article related how Ivana Trump had accused her ex- 11, 2015 at the Phoenix Convention Center. Trump
husband of raping her, a claim she has since retracted. Co- was introduced by Maricopa County Sheri Joe Arpaio.
hen subsequently apologized for his comments.[120] During his speech, Trump invoked Richard Nixon's "silent
majority" speech, saying The silent majority is back.[131]
In response to a question asking candidates during the rst
primary debate, the main Fox News debate held on Au- On July 24, the Des Moines Register announced that it had
gust 6, 2015, whether they would pledge to support the Re- been denied press credentials to cover a Trump campaign
publican party in the general election, Trump refused to family picnic in Oskaloosa, Iowa, due to an editorial the
rule out a third-party candidacy. When pressed, he also previous week which called on Trump to drop out of the
[132][133]
refused to say he would endorse the eventual Republican race.
nominee.[121] After meeting with Reince Priebus (chairman On August 21, Trump held a campaign rally at the Ladd-
of the Republican National Committee) in New York, dur- Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama, with approximately
ing a news conference at Trump Tower on September 3, 30,000 people in attendance.[134]
Trump announced he had signed the loyalty pledge.[122] During an August 25 press conference, Trumps chief of
On August 21, 2015, the Federal Election Commission re- security Keith Schiller forcibly ejected Univision anchor
leased the list of lings from Super PAC's backing can- Jorge Ramos.[135][136] On September 3, Schiller was lmed
didates in the 2016 presidential race, which revealed that punching a protester.[137]
Trump is the only major presidential candidate among the On January 2, 2016, Trumps campaign rally in Biloxi,
GOP candidates who does not have a Super PAC support- Mississippi, set a record for most people ever attending
ing his candidacy.[123] a political function in the history of the state.[138] At the
On December 21, 2015, Trump attacked Hillary Clinton Biloxi rally, the YouTuber duo Diamond and Silk riled up
saying that her bathroom break during the last Democratic the crowd, urging Democrats and independents in the au-
debate was just too disgusting to talk about and then stat- dience to ditch and switch, i.e. to register as Republi-
ing she got schlonged by Barack Obama in the 2008 pres- cans and vote for Trump if they really wanted to show their
idential race.[124] Trump responded to critical coverage of support.[139] It is believed that this could be an important
these statements by saying the mainstream media is dis- strategy for the Trump campaign as it might be relying on
honest, that the term schlonged was not vulgar, and cit- people who do not tend to vote and trying to persuade some
Democrats and independents to change parties so that they Trump unfairly when they meet with him if he becomes
can vote in states that allow only registered Republicans to presidenta nefarious source tells us that Trump has his
participate.[139] own secret plan to replace the Cabinet with his Twitter fol-
[161]
Trumps campaign, scheduled for a January 7, 2016, ap- lowers to see if he should even go to those meetings.
pearance in the traditionally liberal city of Burlington, Ver- Trump responded by criticizing the wise-guy press re-
mont, came under scrutiny for releasing approximately lease and said he would instead host a competing event
20,000 tickets for a 1,400-person venue. The Burlington in the state designed to raise money [162][163]
for wounded veterans,
mayor and police chief both expressed concern for a public- which he held the day of the debate.
safety risk from crowds of people, likely including many Trump has frequently criticized the media, saying the me-
protesters, to be turned away from entry.[140] dia is among the worst people I've ever met, I mean a pretty
good percentage is really a terrible group of people. They
write lies, they write false stories. They know they're false.
Media coverage It makes no dierence. And frankly I don't call it thin-
skinned, I'm angry.[164][165][166] He has constantly called
Trump is by far the most newsworthy storyline of Cam- upon his supporters to be the silent majority, apparently
[131]
paign 2016, accounting alone for more than a quarter of referencing the media. At a rally in Fort Worth, Texas
all coverage on NBC, CBS and ABCs evening news- in February 2016, Trump stated that if elected he would
casts, Andrew Tyndall said.[141][142][143][144] In response, a open up our libel laws so when they write purposely neg-
petition to Stop promoting Donald Trump accused the ative and horrible and false articles, we can sue them and
media of relentlessly chasing ratings and devoting mas- win lots of money, specically referencing the New York
[167][168]
sive airtime to Donald Trump interviews and live cover- Times and the Washington Post.
age of his speeches and quickly amassed over 200,000
signatures.[145][146] The medias coverage of Trump has
generated some disagreement as to its aect on his Border wall and illegal immigration
campaign.[147] John Sides of The Washington Post said,
Trump is surging in the polls because the news media See also: Political positions of Donald Trump Border
has consistently focused on him.[148] In a later analysis, wall between U.S. and Mexico
The Washington Post said, support for Trump appears
to increase in spite of media coverage declining.[149] A In his announcement speech, Trump promised that he
Rasmussen Reports survey showed that 47% of likely vot- would build a great, great wall on the United States
ers think most reporters are biased against Trump, 31% Mexico border, and has continued to lay emphasis on
disagree, but 22% are not sure.[150] Politico said, blam- this proposal throughout his campaign, further stating
ing the press for the Trump surge neglects the salient fact
that the construction of the wall would be paid for by
that so much of the coverage of him has been darkly Mexico.[68][169] He proposed a broader crack-down on il-
negative.[151][152][153]
legal immigration, and in a statement of July 6 claimed that
TV appearances and coverage of his tweets, rallies and con- the Mexican government is forcing their most unwanted
troversial statements allowed Trump to dominate the me- people into the United States"in many cases, criminals,
dia landscape on the cheap.[154] In an interview with CBS, drug dealers, rapists, etc.[170] In his rst town hall meet-
Trump said of his campaigns plans to purchase advertising in Derry, New Hampshire on August 19, 2015, Trump
ing, I think Im probably wasting the money. But I'm $35 stated: Day 1 of my presidency, they're getting out and
million under budget. Look, I was going to have 35 or 40 getting out fast.[171] These statements elicited considerable
million spent by now. I haven't spent anything. I almost feel controversy.[170]
guilty ... I'm leading by, as you all say, a lot. You can take Jos Antonio Meade Kuribrea, Mexican Secretary of
the CBS poll. You can take any poll and I'm winning by Foreign Aairs, said that Trump is a politician who ig-
a lot. I don't think I need the ads. But I'm doing them. I nores the context in which it is participating, with re-
almost feel guilty.[155][156][157] gard to U.S. international economic relations and Trumps
Some conservative leaning media sources have covered comments.[172] Trumps Republican rival Jeb Bush stated
Trump negatively. In January 2016, National Review re- that Trump is wrong on this and to make these extraor-
leased a special issue Against Trump in opposition to dinarily kind of ugly comments is not reective of the Re-
Trumps bid for the presidency.[158][159][160] A statement is- publican Party.[173] Trump acknowledged that Republican
sued by Fox News days before the GOP Debate preceding National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus asked him
the Iowa Caucus said, We learned from a secret back chan- to tone down his rhetoric on immigration reform and stated
nel that the Ayatollah and Putin both intend to treat Donald that his conversations with the RNC were congratulatory
as well.[174] However, Jamiel and Anita Shaw, whose son Macys announced it would phase out its Trump-branded
was murdered by an illegal immigrant in 2008, came for- merchandise.[202] Serta, a mattress manufacturer, also de-
ward to defend Trump, with Anita Shaw stating on July 7, cided to drop their business relationship with Trump.[203]
2015, that, its time people listened to Trump and this NASCAR ended sponsorship with Trump by announcing
guy who is running for President, Donald Trump, hes trying it would not hold their post season awards banquet at the
to do something and they're trying to shut him down.[175] Trump National Doral Miami.[204] ESPN decided to relo-
Jamiel Shaw spoke at the podium for Trumps July 11 rally cate its ESPY Celebrity Golf Classic to the Pelican Hill
at the Phoenix convention center, in part declaring, I Trust Golf Club in Newport Beach. The charity golf tournament
Donald Trump.[176] Two days later, escaped high-prole was once scheduled to be held at a golf course owned by
druglord Joaqun Guzmn was alleged to have issued threats Trump.[205]
through a Twitter account against Trump.[177] The brother
Reuters journalists found that Trumps companies sought
of Kate Steinle who was shot in San Francisco criticized to import 1,100 workers on H-2B visas since 2000.[206]
Trump for politicizing his sisters death, telling Anderson
The Trump-owned Palm Beach, Florida resort of Mar-
Cooper Trumps platform isn't exactly what our family be- a-Lago is notable for the large number of guest workers
lieves in.[178] employed.[207]
U.S. Senator Ted Cruz saluted Trump for giving atten-
tion to illegal immigration, while Congressman Steve King
also defended Trumps remarks about illegal immigration Temporary Muslim ban proposal
and crime.[79][98][179] Conservative radio host Rush Lim-
baugh has repeatedly praised Trumps comments and his See also: Political positions of Donald Trump Muslims
continued response to the backlash, saying that Trump has
successfully changed the debate and brought the issue of In remarks made following the November 2015 Paris at-
immigration reform back to the foreground, while also not tacks, Trump stated that he would support a database track-
backing down against media scrutiny and businesses sever- ing Muslims in the United States and expanded surveil-
ing ties with him.[180][181][182] Former Arizona governor Jan lance of mosques.[208][209] Trump justied his views by stat-
Brewer said, I believe that Mr. Trump is kind of telling it ing that he recalled thousands and thousands of people
like it really, truly is.[179][183][184] Over 36,000 criminally ... cheering when the World Trade Center towers fell on
convicted illegal immigrants were released by U.S. Immi- September 11, 2001.[208] On December 7, 2015, Trump
gration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in 2013.[185][186] further called for a total and complete shutdown on Mus-
On July 10, 2015, Limbaugh cited a report which he lims entering the United States until our countrys represen-
claimed supports Trumps remarks about illegal immigra- tatives can gure out what the hell is going on.[210]
tion and crime.[187]
Following these remarks, on December 8, 2015, the
Univision announced it would no longer carry broadcasts of Pentagon issued a rare statement of concern, stating any-
the Miss USA Pageant.[188] In response, Trump indicated thing that bolsters ISILs narrative and pits the United States
the matter would be handled by legal action, and followed against the Muslim faith is certainly not only contrary to
through by ling a US$500 million lawsuit against Univi- our values but contrary to our national security.[211] The
sion. The complaint asserts that Univision is attempting to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron,
suppress Trumps First Amendment rights by putting pres- and the Prime Minister of France, Manuel Valls, both is-
sure on his business ventures.[189] NBC announced it would sued statements in response to Trumps press release con-
not air the Miss Universe or Miss USA pageant.[190][191] Af- demning him.[212][213] However, Geert Wilders, leader of
terwards, the multinational media company Grupo Televisa the right-wing Party for Freedom in the Netherlands ap-
severed ties with Trump,[192] as did Ora TV,[193] a televi- plauded his remarks calling them brave and good for
sion network partly owned by Mexican billionaire Carlos Europe.[214] Among the European right wing, Nigel Farage
Slim.[194] Trump gave the rights to broadcast the Miss Uni- of the UK Independence Party called it perhaps a political
verse and Miss USA Pageants to the Reelz Channel.[195] mistake too far,[215] and Marine Le Pen of the conservative
[216]
Paulina Vega, the current Miss Universe and former Miss French National Front separated herself from the idea.
Colombia, said that, although she repudiates the immi- Benjamin Netanyahu, [217]
the Israeli Prime Minister, rejected
gration remarks of Trump, [196]
who in turn called her a Trumps proposal.
hypocrite,[197] she cannot give up the crown because her Trump was widely criticized by leading GOP gures,
contract forbids it, and she could be sued.[198] including Reince Priebus[218][219] and Republican lead-
[220]
Mexico,[199] Panama,[200] and Costa Rica[201] will not send ers in South Carolina and Iowa. A number of com-
representatives to the Miss Universe competition. mentators and news outlets subsequently likened Trump
to a fascist[221][222][223][224] or Adolf Hitler.[225][226][227]
Other commentators and news outlets refuted the labels as McCain for having totally failed on veterans issues and
obscene,[228] with Gianni Riotta, saying, I am dead sure: on securing the border.[250] Trump declared his support for
Trump is not a fascist. Using the label not only belittles veterans and pledged to build the nest and most modern
past tragedies and obscures future dangers, but also indicts veterans hospitals in the world.[250][251]
his supporters, who have real grievances that mainstream Asked whether Trump should apologize to him for the
politicians ignore at their peril.[229][230][231] remarks, McCain said on MSNBC: I dont think so. I
During the controversy regarding his comments, Trump al- think he may owe an apology to the families of those who
leged that We have places in London and other places that have sacriced in conict and those who have undergone
are so radicalized that the police are afraid for their own the prison experience in serving their country.[252][253]
lives. The Metropolitan Police, responsible for policing Trump later stated that he did not owe the Senator
in London, responded by stating we think its important an apology.[254][255][256] Investigative journalist Sharyl At-
to state to Londoners that Mr Trump could not be more tkisson detailed how the Washington Post had taken
wrong. Conservative Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, Trumps remarks on McCain out of context; she stated in
demanded an apology and described Trumps comments part, In fact, Trumps actual quote is the opposite of what
as ill-informed and complete and utter nonsense.[232] is presented in the Posts rst sentence.[257] Politifact rated
Several Metropolitan police ocers backed Trumps claim; Trumps claim that the quote was taken out of context as
Trumps not wrong; we can't wear uniform in our own mostly false.[258] Trumps comments generated disagree-
cars.[233] ment among the other Republican presidential candidates,
Following Trumps controversial comments on Muslim im- including Jeb Bush, Scott Walker, Rick Santorum, Rand
migration, a petition with the title Block Donald J Trump Paul, Bobby Jindal, Mike Huckabee, and Chris Christie.
from UK entry[234] was opened in the UK, on the Parlia- Two candidates, George Pataki and Rick Perry, openly
ments e-petition website, calling on the UK governments called on Trump to withdraw from the race over his com-
Home Oce to ban him from entering the country. By ments. Conversely, two other candidates came to Trumps
5:00 am on December 11, the total number of signatures defense: Ben Carson and Ted Cruz, with Carson comment-
exceeded 500,000,[235] far above the threshold of 100,000 ing that all diering opinions should be heard, and with
required for a Parliamentary debate.[236] On January 18, Cruz opining that the party should stop its inghting alto-
the UKs House of Commons debated whether to ban gether in order to unite.[259][260] Before the rst voting in
Trump,[237] but ended without a vote, as UK members of Iowa, all the candidates who criticized Trump had either
parliament did not have the power to enact such a ban.[238] withdrawn or were in single-digit popularity polling.[261]
The three-hour long debate saw members on all sides of
parliament describe Trump as a buoon, crazy, of-
Lindsey Graham
fensive, and a wazzock.[239]
Trump caused further outrage when he recounted a story On July 21, Trump publicly gave out Senator Lindsey Gra-
about how U.S. general John J. Pershing shot Muslim ter- ham's phone number during a speech in South Carolina as
rorists with pigs blood-dipped bullets in order to deter a response to Graham calling him a jackass.[262][263] Gra-
them during the Moro Rebellion. His comments were ham released a statement on Twitter that he would prob-
strongly denounced by the Council on American-Islamic ably [be] getting a new phone[262] and later released a
Relations.[240][241][242][243] video in which he destroyed his phone.[264] Gawker subse-
quently released a phone number belonging to Trump,[265]
and he responded by setting the phone number to play a
John McCain
campaign message. Trumps response was described as
brilliant and Time Magazine said, You can't out-troll the
Arizona Senator John McCain was not supportive of
Donald.[266][267]
Trumps position on illegal immigration, and in an inter-
view with The New Yorker said, what he did was he red
up the crazies.[244][245] Trump later asked McCain for an Jeb Bush
apology.[246] McCain did not apologize, saying crazies
was a term of endearment, and a term of aection.[247] The Jeb Bush-Trump dynamic was one of the most ery
Trump received criticism for saying of McCain: Hes not relationships among the Republican contenders.[268][269]
a war hero and He was a war hero because he was cap- Bushs campaign spent millions of dollars on anti-Trump
tured. I like people who werent captured.[248][249] Trump ads,[270][271][272] while in response Trump mocked
acknowledged, If somebodys a prisoner, I consider them Jeb Bush with the lasting epithet that he was low
a war hero"; however, he criticized politicians like John energy.[273][274][275] During an exchange with Jeb
Bush in the ninth GOP Debate in South Carolina, Veterans for a Strong America event
the audience (most favoring Bush) repeatedly boo'd
Trump.[276][277][278][279] Trump scoed that the au- For more details on this topic, see Veterans for a Strong
dience was made up of Jebs special interests and America.
lobbyists".[276][280][281] When asked whether he remained
in favor of impeachment for George W. Bush for starting
The Veterans for a Strong America (VSA) organized an
the Iraq War, Trump said, They [the George W. Bush
event for Trump on September 15, 2015.[296] According to
administration] lied. They said there were weapons of mass
the Associated Press, the IRS revoked the nonprot status
destruction. There were none. And they knew there were
of the organization, and its endorsement of Trump raised
none. There were no weapons of mass destruction.[282][283]
campaign nance questions as corporations are restricted
Yet, according to the Washington Post, the most telling as- to donating up to US$2,700 to a campaign, but the event
pect of the Bush-Trump duel may have been the fact that, exceeded that amount.[296] Other concerns raised include
No candidate in the race was prepared for GOP voters reports that the VSA does not appear to have any mem-
opposition to immigration, with the exception of Trump, bers or relation with veterans.[297] According to CNN, the
and the anti-immigration sentiment that Trump tapped into group sounds like a charity, touted having more than a
throughout the campaign, and, tellingly, with the Act of half-million supporters, is a political action group whose
Love (advertisement).[284] tax-exempt status was revoked but is appealing the deci-
sion, and CNN had found scant evidence the group has
the number of supporters claimed.[298] Regarding female
veteran support, Trump has addressed the issue that VA
hospitals do not permanently sta ObGyn doctors; showing
an utter lack of respect for female veterans. Trump contin-
Fox News and Megyn Kelly
ued on to express that Under the Trump plan, every VA
hospital in the country will be fully equipped with ObGyn
Trump was one of ten candidates in the main Fox News and other womens health services.[299]
debate on August 6, 2015. At the beginning of the de-
bate, Bret Baier asked the candidates in case they do not
win the Republican nomination if they would pledge not Campaign support from family members
to run as an independent candidate and would support the
eventual nominee. Trump was the only candidate who re- Although Trump has called his wife Melania my pollster,
fused to pledge at that time. Baier questioned Trump about and has said she strongly supports his presidential run, he
Obamacare,[285] Chris Wallace asked him about Mexican held back early in the campaign from asking her to actively
illegal immigrants,[286] and Megyn Kelly asked about how campaign for him, although she will, he told CNN in
he would respond to a Clinton campaign saying that he September 2015.[300] She did appear both at her husbands
was waging a "war on women".[287] Trump replied, I June 2015 campaign announcement, and in the audience at
think the big problem this country has is being politically the Fox News debate in Cleveland;[300] and in November
correct.[288] 2015 did several televised interviews, and spoke briey at a
Trump campaign rally in South Carolina, also attended by
In a later interview with Don Lemon on CNN Tonight, a number of Trumps other family members.[301]
Trump said that Kelly is a lightweight and had blood
coming out of her eyes, blood coming out of her... If Trump were to become President, his wife Melania
wherever.[289][290] Trump tweeted that his remark referred (Slovenian-born, and a naturalized U.S. citizen) would be-
to Kellys nose but was interpreted by critics as a refer- come only the second U.S. First Lady in history to be born
ence to menstruation. RedState.com editor Erick Erickson outside the United States (after Louisa Adams, wife of John
[302]
cancelled Trumps invitation to a RedState meeting, saying Quincy Adams).
there are just real lines of decency a person running for
President should not cross.[291] The Trump campaign is- False ag conspiracy theory
sued a statement calling Erickson a total loser and saying
that anyone who thought Trumps comment was a reference A conspiracy theory appearing in the Washington Post,
to menstruation was a deviant.[292] Salon, Esquire, Gawker, Talking Points Memo and several
Trump retained the rst place after the debate, with an other political news outlets, and which has been endorsed
NBC News poll showing him at 23% support[293] and a by several of Trumps opponents, posits that Trump is run-
Reuters/Ipsos poll at 24%,[294] followed by Ted Cruz at ning a "false ag operation for presumptive Democratic
13% and Ben Carson at 11%.[295] nominee Hillary Clinton.[303][304] According to this theory,
Trump intends to help her secure the presidency by obtain- See also: Ted Cruz tax plan
ing the Republican nomination, or running as a third party See also: Marco Rubio tax plan
candidate,[305] which Trump was initially reluctant to rule
out, but eventually did.[306][307][308][309]
7.2.5 Republican front-runner
Tax returns
On February 24, 2016, former presidential candidate Mitt

Romney called on Trump to release his tax returns, sug-
gesting they contain a bombshell.[310] On February 25,
2016, during the 10th Republican Party presidential debate,
Trump claimed he would make the lings available after the
conclusion of an Internal Revenue Service audit of the past
four to ve years.[311]
David Duke and KKK
On February 24, 2016, white nationalist and former Ku

Klux Klan grand wizard David Duke urged followers to vote
for Donald Trump, saying that a vote for anyone else is
Trump signs the Republican loyalty pledge: If Trump does not
really treason to your heritage.[312] In response, the Anti-
become the Republican Party nominee for the 2016 general elec-
Defamation League called on Trump to distance himself tion, he pledges to support whomever the nominee may be, and to
and disavow their ideology.[313] At a press conference on not[lower-alpha 5] run as a third-party candidate.
February 26, 2016, when questioned, Trump tersely dis-
avowed himself of their support though in an interview Trump has consistently had high poll numbers dur-
with Jake Tapper on February 28, 2016 Trump repeatedly ing his candidacy.[13][317] A survey conducted by The
claimed to be ignorant of David Duke and his support. Re- Economist/YouGov released July 9, 2015, was the rst ma-
publican presidential rivals were quick to pounce on his wa- jor nationwide poll to show Trump as the 2016 Republican
vering with Senator Marco Rubio saying they make Trump presidential front-runner.[318] A Suolk/USA Today poll re-
unelectable. Later the same day Trump highlighted his pre- leased on July 14, 2015, showed Trump with 17% sup-
vious terse disavowal of Duke in a tweet posted with a port among Republican voters, with Jeb Bush at 14%.[319]
video on his Twitter account.[314] Duke himself addressed A Washington Post/ABC News poll taken on July 1619,
the controversy in a YouTube video posted on February 29, showed Trump had 24% Republican support, over Scott
in which he denied ocially endorsing Trump.[315] Walker at 13%.[320] A CNN/ORC poll showed Trump in
the lead at 18% support among Republican voters, over Jeb
Bush at 15%,[14][321] and a CBS News poll from August 4
7.2.4 Tax Plan
showed Trump with 24% support, Bush second at 13%, and
Cuts the Corporate tax and Business tax to 15% Walker third at 10%.[322]
A CNN/ORC poll taken August 1316, 2015, in the swing
15% small business Pass-through tax
states of Florida, Ohio and Pennsylvania showed Trump
Eliminates Estate taxes ahead of, or narrowly trailing Democratic candidate Hillary
Clinton in direct match-ups in those states.[323] In Florida,
Eliminates the Alternative minimum tax (AMT) Trump led by two points, and in both Ohio and Pennsylva-
nia, he was within just ve points of Clinton.[324]
Eliminates the Marriage penalty
Trump has had a persistently high popularity among Repub-
Retains the Foreign tax credit, but ends the deferral of lican and leaning-Republican minority voters.[325][326][327]
taxes on corporate income earned abroad. Surveys taken in late 2015 showed Trump polling unfa-
Retains charitable giving and home mortgage interest vorably among women and non-white voters, with 64% of
deductions, while reducing deductions across income women viewing Trump unfavorably and 74% of non-white
brackets. voters having a negative view of the candidate, according
to a November 2015 ABC News/Washington Post poll.[328]
10% Repatriation tax holiday A Public Religion Research Institute survey in Novem-
ber 2015 found that many of his supporters are working bounded to a signicant victory in the New Hampshire pri-
class voters with negative feelings towards migrants, as mary, exceeding poll predictions.[340] Trump commented
well as strong nancial concerns.[329][330] Numerous polls that in the run-up to the primary, his campaign had learned
show Trump polling signicantly favorably among minor- a lot about ground games in a week.[341] This was followed
ity and woman voters compared to past and present Re- by another wide victory in South Carolina, furthering his
publican presidential candidates, citing a September 2015 lead among the Republican candidates.[342][343] He won the
SurveyUSA poll. This poll also reports that Trump garners Nevada caucus on February 24 with a landslide 45.9% of
some support from voters outside of his party.[327][331] the vote, his biggest victory yet; Marco Rubio placed sec-
ond with 23.9%.[344][345]
Trumps status as the consistent front-runner for the Re-
publican nomination led to him being featured on the cover
of Time magazine in August 2015, with the caption: Deal
with it.[332] Although some establishment Republicans ex- 7.2.6 Campaign nances
pressed concern by late 2015 about Trumps perceived neg-
ative eect, were he to become the Republican nominee, Trump rejected all super PACs that claimed to support
on other Republican candidates running for Congressional him. He has said: I am self-funding my campaign and
or Gubernatorial positions in 2016, few leading donors therefore I will not be controlled by the donors, special in-
seemed willing to sponsor a negative campaign against terests and lobbyists who have corrupted our politics and
him.[328] A 'Stop Trump' eort wouldn't work, and it might politicians for far too long. I have disavowed all super
help him, said Republican Senator Lamar Alexander.[328] PACs, requested the return of all donations made to said
While the National Republican Senatorial Committee cir- PACs, and I am calling on all presidential candidates to do
culated a condential memo in September 2015 that did not the same.[16][17][346] Politifact reports that Trumps claims
dismiss the possibility of Trump winning the GOP nomina- that he is self-funding his campaign are half-true. By
tion, it called him a misguided missile with wacky ideas the end of 2015, Trumps campaign had raised $19.4 mil-
about women, and noted that he is subject to farcical ts. lion, with almost $13 million (about 66%) coming from
The memo urged candidates to carve out platforms broadly Trump himself and the remainder (34%) coming from oth-
consonant with Trumps anti-Washington messaging, and to ers contributions.[347]
stake out turf in the same issue zone and oer your own
The announcement came a day after a main super PAC
ideas, while not getting drawn into every Trump state-
backing Trump closed amid scrutiny about its relation-
ment and every Trump dust-up.[333] Candidates were ad-
ship to the campaign itself.[348][349] Trump said he never
vised in particular not to re-engage the 'war on women'
gave his endorsement to that super PAC (Make Amer-
ght and were told they shouldn't go near this ground
ica Great) or any of the other eight super PACs support-
other than to say that your wife or daughter is oended by
ing his run.[350][351] Trump told campaign crowds I dont
what Trump said.[333]
want anybodys money, and criticized other candidates for
form[ing] all these PACs. People pour money into the
PACs. I dont want 'em, dont support 'em.[349]
Early caucuses and primaries
Further information: Republican Party presidential pri-

maries, 2016 7.2.7 Political positions
Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump

In the lead-up to the Iowa caucus, poll averages showed
Trump as the front-runner with a roughly four percent
lead.[334] Ted Cruz came in rst in the vote count, ahead of Trump has stated that he is a conservative
Trump. Cruz, who campaigned strongly among evangelical Republican.[352]
Christians,[335] was supported by church pastors that coor-
dinated a volunteer campaign to get out the vote.[336] Before
the Iowa vote, an email from the Cruz campaign falsely im- 7.2.8 Endorsements
plied that Ben Carson was about to quit the race, encour-
aging Carsons supporters to vote for Cruz instead.[337][338] Main article: List of Donald Trump presidential campaign
Trump later posted on Twitter, Many people voted for endorsements, 2016
Cruz over Carson because of this Cruz fraud, and wrote, See also: Endorsements for the Republican Party presiden-
Ted Cruz didn't win Iowa, he stole it.[339] tial primaries, 2016
Following his under-performance in Iowa, Trump re-
7.2.9 See also coming... if they want to come and share our ag, our
interests, our language, assimilate into our culture be-
Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016 cause they believe in what we stand for.[83]
Republican Party presidential candidates, 2016 [3] Jeb Bush, whose wife is from Mexico, said that we
should control our borders... [but] these extraordi-
Republican Party presidential debates, 2016 narily ugly kind of comments [are] not reective of
the Republican Party,[84] and that such comments are
meant to iname and incite.[85]
7.2.10 Notes Marco Rubio, the other Republican candidate whose
parents are from Cuba, said that Trumps comments
[1] Ben Carson, the only African-American candidate were not just oensive and inaccurate, but also
from either major party in the 2016 race, said that divisive.[79]
Trumps wording was perhaps a little inammatory
Lindsey Graham said Trump was a wrecking ball for
but that this was more a consequence of Trumps in-
the future of the Republican Party with the Hispanic
cendiary style, and that Trumps core message about
community[86]
the problems with illegal immigration was correct.[77]
Carson also said that the uproar over Trumps com- [4] Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders said Trumps
ments was driven by political correctness, under which remarks were throwing slurs... totally unacceptable...
crimes committed by illegal immigrants was a taboo an outrage.[87]
topic.[78]
Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton said Basta!
Rick Santorum said he disagreed with Trumps spe- Enough!... appalling... people and business[es] ev-
cic comments, but that the economic impact of im- erywhere rejected his hateful comments... shameful
migration (both legal as well as illegal) was an impor- and that if elected in 2016, said she would create a path
tant issue.[72] to citizenship, preserve Barack Obama's executive or-
ders related to immigration, and do everything pos-
[2] Ted Cruz, a Republican candidate whose father was
sible under the law to go even further [on immigration
from Cuba, said the need to address illegal immigra-
than Obama]" despite the likelihood of a Republican-
tion should no longer be ignored, and although Trump
controlled Senate and House.[88]
had a bold... brash... colorful way of speaking, Cruz
did not intend to attack Trump over his specic phras- [5] Recent historical examples:
ing, furthermore suggesting that the Washington me- Johnson'12/Roemer'12/Goode'12, Barr'08/Keyes08,
dia was interested in encouraging such Republican Buchanan'00/Smith'00, Perot'92, Paul'88, and Anderson'80,
in-ghting.[79] see also Chafee'16.
Scott Walker has said he does not wish to lock
horns[80] with other Republican candidates; when
asked about Trumps remarks specically, Walker 7.2.11 References
said other candidates would have to speak for them-
selves, and that although Trump may have some ap- [1] Candidate (P80001571) Summary Reports 2016 Cycle.
peal to votes for speaking out boldly, Walker respect- Federal Election Commission. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
fully disagreed with Trumps stances, and said he sup-
ports securing the border and enforcing existing laws [2] Martosko, David (May 12, 2015). Exclusive: Trump trade-
(but that he no longer supports amnesty and that a path marked slogan 'Make America Great Again' just Days after
to citizenship should have a high bar).[81] the 2012 election and says Ted Cruz has agreed not to use
it again after Scott Walker booms it Twice in speech. Daily
Rand Paul also said he tries to stick to laying out his Mail.
own immigration plan, rather than commenting on
other candidates, but that most people come to this [3] Full text: Donald Trump announces a presidential bid. The
country in the search of the American dream... doesn't Washington Post, June 16, 2015.
mean you can have a lawless border though... we do
need to have security at our border.[82] [4] Donald Trump Presidential Campaign Announcement.
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theyre trying to break out of... [immigrants are] some
of the most conservative, family-oriented and faith- [6] Jonah Goldberg (August 19, 2015). Donald Trump &
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[428] Nationalist Pays For Radio Airtime and Robocalls to Pro-
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[413] Only Donald Trump can beat ruthless Hillary; heres why.
October 29, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015. [433] https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DtUoQiKIJ7E
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uary 26, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2016. America Great Again". The Blaze. January 29, 2016.
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[436] Black Pastor: Donald Trump Is The Man. December 31, President!". Mix 96. 16 June 2015.
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[456] John Rocker: Im Absolutely Supporting Donald Trump
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[438] Texas Pastor Robert Jeress: 'God Bless Donald Trump'".
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[439] Stephen Baldwin Donald Trump is fantastic and would
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vote for President, thx for telling the truth!!!!"". Twitter.
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[460] Mike Tyson Just Endorsed Donald Trump. The Hungton
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DiBiase and I'm taking your questions at 7PM!". Retrieved Good Guy. National Review.
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[465] My candidate is Donald Trump, the man with two golden
[446] Mike Ditka says Donald Trump can make America great balls.
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[447] Gluck, Je (February 29, 2016). NASCAR CEO Brian
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France, some drivers endorse Donald Trump for president.
USA Today (Gannett). Retrieved February 29, 2016. [467] Adam Curry announced on the July 23, 2015, episode of
The No Agenda Show that he ocially endorses Trump for
[448] Hulk Hogan: I want to be Trumps running mate"". CBS
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2016-02-19. Podcast
[449] Bobby Knight: 'No one has accomplished more than Mr. [468] Audio: No Agenda Episode 741 - Bad Optics. No Agenda.
Trump has". For The Win. Retrieved 2016-01-23. Episode 741. I, Adam Curry, am as of today, ocially,
ocially announcing my full support my endorsement, my
[450] VanWyngarden, Bruce (February 10, 2016). Jerry 'The
coveted endorsement ... for Donald Trump for Republican
King' Lawler is a Trump Man. The Memphis Flyer. Re-
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[451] Donald Trump 2016: Trump appears at car dealer Ernie
[469] McInnes, Gavin. Donald Trumps Muslim ban is exactly
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what we need right now". The Rebel.
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[470] The fallout of Trumps Muslim ban proposal. Fox News.
[452] Former NFL Player Shawne Merriman Supports Donald
Trump [VIDEO]". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 2016-01- [471] Scheuer, Mike (2016-01-20). Is there an America-First en-
23. emy of interventionism among the presidential candidates?".
[472] Piggott, Stephen. White Nationalists Continue to Support [491] Michael Savage: Hero Jim Webb better than many GOP
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15. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
[473] Diana West: Its Time to Rally Around Donald Trump.
Breitbart. 26 December 2015. [492] Michael Savage Rand Paul and Ted Cruz trustworthy,
Marco Rubio a sleazeball"". YouTube. 2013-01-23. Re-
[474] Yiannopoulos on Sky News: 'Trump Will Make America trieved 2016-02-19.
Fabulous Again!'". Breitbart.com. 2016-01-15. Retrieved
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[475] Datoc, Christian (16 December 2015). Dan Bilzerian In- August 3, 2015.
stagram Billionaire Playboy Endorses Trump. The Daily
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the Real Deal".
[476] Bustle. Bustle. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
[495] Phylis Shay: Donald Trump is 'Last Hope for America'".
[477] Jagannathan, Meera (February 10, 2016). "'Real House- December 20, 2015. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
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[496] "Pro-Rape Leader Endorses Donald Trump. Thedaily-
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[478] Jesse James Endorses Donald Trump: This Guy Is The
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Real Deal". Jan 19, 2016. Retrieved Jan 20, 2016.
[498] Bowar, Chad (2015-09-15). FFDPs Zoltan Bathory
[479] Max Keiser Endorses Donald Trump. January 26, 2016. Tweets Support of Donald Trump. Loudwire. Archived
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[481] Trump endorsed by several black pastors including [500] The Devil and Jesse Hughes: The Donald Trump-
Omarosa after NY meeting. December 1, 2015. Retrieved Supporting, Drug-Hoovering Frontman for Eagles of Death
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[482] Paytas, Trisha. Why I'm Voting Trump. YouTube. Re-
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[483] Breaking: Judge Jeanine just tweeted endorsing Trump.
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2015. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
[484] Tila Tequila For Donald Trump 2016!!". Tila Tequila: Up
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names". The Hill. July 31, 2015.
[485] Rappeport, Alan (July 28, 2015). Donald Trump Aide
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[506] Wall posts by Sergey Troitsky. Corrosia Metalla ocial page.

[487] Alex Jones Defends Donald Trump. December 8, 2015.
6 January 2016.
[507] Collins, Eliza (January 7, 2016). Bill Clinton rape accuser
[488] Olivia Nuzzi. Alex Jones Endorses Rand Paul: America
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Needs Real Change". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2016-02-
25. [508] http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/02/28/
benghazi-heroes-endorse-trump/
[489] Unruh, Bob (July 10, 2015). Trump Earns Michael Sav-
ages Acclaim: 'Yes, I would absolutely support him'". [509] Paula Jones: I like Trump. February 3, 2016. Retrieved
WDN. Retrieved July 12, 2015. February 3, 2016.
[490] The Savage Nation- Michael Savage- June 16, 2015 (Full [510] http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/02/28/
Show). YouTube. June 16, 2015. benghazi-heroes-endorse-trump/
7.2.12 External links Another WordPerfect rider, Viatcheslav Ekimov, captured

the overall victory in 1994, with Armstrong placing sec-
Ocial website ond for a second year running. The American nally broke
through to the winners spot on the podium until 1995,
Donald Trump Presidential Campaign Announce- outcompeting Ekimov and Andrea Peron. Armstrong also
ment, - C-SPAN, June 16, 2015 won the nal tour in 1996; Frances Pascal Herv nished
second.[1]
7.3 Tour DuPont 7.3.2 Past winners

The Tour DuPont was a cycling stage race in the United 7.3.3 References
States held between 1991 and 1996. It was intended to
become a North American cycling event similar in format [1] New York Times articles about the Tour DuPont Retrieved
and prestige to the Tour de France. The tours name came 2011-11-29.
from its sponsor, DuPont. The race was held in the Mid-
Atlantic States, including areas near DuPonts Wilmington,
Delaware headquarters.
The event attracted high-level competitors, including Lance
Armstrong and Greg LeMond, and was attended by high
prole European based cycling teams. After the sixth run-
ning in 1996, however, DuPont dropped its sponsorship and
the race has not been run since.
Before the creation of the Tour DuPont, a similar race spon-
sored by Donald Trump and known as the Tour de Trump
was run in 1989 and 1990.
7.3.1 Results and notable moments
The initial race, in 1991, witnessed an exciting nish, as

the Netherlands Erik Breukink of team PDM came from
50 seconds behind despite a at tire to defeat Atle Kvalsvoll
on the streets of Wilmington, Delaware. That year also saw
the rst occasion in which an American held the overall
lead in the nations premier race, when Greg Oravetz of the
Coors Light team took the yellow jersey on a breakaway in
Arlington, Virginia. Covered on national television, with
video still available, it was the last year that Lance Arm-
strong raced as an amateur, teamed with other young Amer-
icans wearing a Skittles - U.S. National Team jersey, with
American Nate Schafer winning the Stage 5 Criterium two
places ahead of his teammate Lance.
In 1992, the rst American winner of the tour in Tour de
France champion Greg LeMond; his teammate Kvalsvoll
nished second for the second year running, supporting
LeMond over the nal three days even though only one sec-
ond separated the two riders.
1993s tour witnessed the rst stirrings of a future cycling
star, as Lance Armstrong, riding for team Motorola, chal-
lenged team WordPerfect's Ral Alcal for the victory; Al-
cala triumphed after outperforming Armstrong in a 36-mile
(59 km) time trial, but the young American nished second.
Chapter 8
Bibliography
8.1 ''Trump: The Art of the Deal'' 8.1.2 Copies sold
The number of copies sold has been the subject of specu-

The Art of the Deal redirects here. For the Prison Break lation in a number of sources. Trump asserted in his 2016
television series episode, see Prison Break (season 3). For Presidential run that Art of the Deal is the No. 1 selling
the 2016 parody lm, see Donald Trumps The Art of the business book of all time.[7] Some sources report it sold
Deal: The Movie. over 1 million copies.[1] In a more detailed analysis by Linda
Qiu in the Tampa Bay Times, other business books were
Trump: The Art of the Deal is a 1987 book by business found to have sold many more copies than Art of the Deal.[8]
magnate Donald Trump and journalist Tony Schwartz. Part Qiu noted it was impossible to nd exact sales gures, but
memoir and part a business advice book, it reached #1 on gave a range of possibilities based on known claims and
the New York Times Bestseller list and held a position in the facts. Compared to six other famous business books, Art of
list for 51 weeks.[1] the Deal ranked in 5th place according to their analysis.[8]
It was the rst book by Donald Trump.[2] Trump was per-
suaded to write the book by Conde Nast owner Si New-
house after the May 1984 issue of the Newhouse magazine
8.1.3 Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal:
GQ, with Trump appearing on the cover, sold well.[1][3] The The Movie
book was co-written by journalist Tony Schwartz and pub-
lished on November 1, 1987 by Warner Books. Main article: Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal: The
Movie
The book was published three years before Trumps nan-
cial decline in 1991.[4] Trumps self-promotion, best-selling
book and media celebrity status led one commentator to call Aspects of the book were used as the basis for the 2016
him a poster-child for the 'Greed is Good' 1980s.[5] The parody lm, Donald Trumps The Art of the Deal: The
phrase Greed is Good was from the movie Wall Street Movie.
which was released a month after The Art of the Deal.
8.1.4 References
[1] Timothy L. O'Brien (2005). TrumpNation: The Art of Be-
8.1.1 Synopsis ing The Donald. Grand Central Publishing. p. 69-70. Re-
In the book, Trump writes about his childhood, his work [2] Ralph Novak (February 29, 1988). Picks and Pans Review:
in Brooklyn prior to moving to Manhattan and building Trump: the Art of the Deal". People. Retrieved November
The Trump Organization out of his studio apartment, de- 21, 2014.
veloping the Hyatt Hotels and Trump Tower, renovating
Wollman Rink, and other projects.[6] [3] GQ. May 1984. Success Issue. Donald Trump, Sandra Bern-
hard, Bobby Short.
The book also contains an 11-step formula for business suc-
cess inspired by Norman Vincent Peale's The Power of Pos- [4] John Tierney (March 6, 1991). "'Art of the Deal,' Scaled-
itive Thinking.[1] The steps include #1 Think Big, #7 Get Back Edition. New York Times. Retrieved November 21,
the Word Out, #10 Contain the Costs.[1] 2014.
131
132 CHAPTER 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[5] James Brian McPherson (2006). Journalism at the End of 8.2.2 References
the American Century, 1965-present. Greenwood Publishing
Group. p. 101. Retrieved November 23, 2014. [1] Diamond, Jeremy (November 3, 2015). The 5 things you
need to know about Donald Trumps new book. CNN. Re-
[6] Trump: The Art of the Deal Paperback
[2] Bhatia, Shekhar (November 3, 2015). A block-long line of
[7] Mark Krotov (July 27, 2015). Should President Obama and fans for Donald Trump as he launches his campaign book
the Iran negotiators have read Trump: The Art of the Deal?". (but his claim they'd waited 14 hours for signings and seles
Melville House Publishing. Retrieved July 28, 2015. is a slight exaggeration)". DailyMail. Retrieved November
9, 2015.
[8] Linda Qiu (July 6, 2015). Is Donald Trumps Art of the

Deal the best-selling business book of all time?". Tampa
Bay Times. Retrieved July 28, 2015.
8.2 ''Crippled America''
Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again

is a book by Donald Trump, published in 2015.[1] It was
released November 3 with Trump holding a signing session
of it in the Trump Tower. All proceeds from the book will
go to charities.[2]
8.2.1 Contents
In the book, Trump claries his position on illegal immi-

grants, claiming that the vast majority have come to im-
prove their futures and the futures of their children. He
also writes that despite his past aliation to the Demo-
cratic Party, he has always held Conservative values. Trump
informs the reader that despite his previous support for
single-payer health care, a position held mostly by liberals
in America, he has changed his position because It works
incredibly well in Scotland, for example, and maybe it could
have worked here at a dierent time. But not anymore.[1]
Trump writes that he had opposed the Iraq War, seeing it
as a potential destabilising force, and sees military interven-
tion as a last resort because I've seen their broken bodies,
know all about the horrors that live in their heads, and the
enormous eects of trauma. On the subject of the $1 mil-
lion loan given to him by his father to start his fortune, he
states that a similar loan would likely have been given by a
bank. Elsewhere, Trump reects that his focus on his work
was the cause of his two divorces.[1]
Trump admits that he makes hyperbolic statements because
if you're not afraid to be outspoken, the media will write
about you or beg you to come on their shows. He justies
this strategy by saying that he is a businessman and When
was the last time you saw a sign hanging outside a pizzeria
claiming 'The fourth best pizza in the world'?!"[1]
Chapter 9
Text and image sources, contributors, and

licenses
9.1 Text
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Vzbs34, Agtx, Redjar, Adam Bishop, Rainer Wasserfuhr~enwiki, Andrevan, CTSWyneken, Dysprosia, Jay, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Timwhit,
Tpbradbury, Tschild, Furrykef, Itai, Nv8200pa, Thue, Nricardo, Raul654, Jason M, Johnleemk, Palere, RadicalBender, Calieber, Huangdi, Jni,
Dimadick, Bearcat, RedWolf, Moncrief, ZimZalaBim, Stephan Schulz, Romanm, Postdlf, Llavigne, Polonius, Merovingian, Der Eberswalder,
Flauto Dolce, Meelar, Rasmus Faber, Andrew Levine, Matty j, Hadal, UtherSRG, Saforrest, Mushroom, Seth Ilys, Xanzzibar, AmericanCen-
tury21, Pengo, GreatWhiteNortherner, JamesMLane, Smjg, Knobunc, DocWatson42, Christopher Parham, Nmg20, Philwelch, Haeleth, Nunh-
huh, Tom harrison, Rj, Ido50, Peruvianllama, Everyking, No Guru, Dratman, Michael Devore, Gamaliel, Frencheigh, Guanaco, Iota, Jason
Quinn, Mboverload, Pascal666, Christofurio, Fourlittlediamonds, Bobblewik, Tagishsimon, Edcolins, Lawrennd, Manuel Anastcio, Utcursch,
Andycjp, Alexf, Lst27, Spatch, Antandrus, ClockworkLunch, Boisemedia, Jossi, Marcschulz, MacGyverMagic, Phil Sandifer, Anythingy-
ouwant, RealPandemonium, Thincat, Bodnotbod, Borameer, Eranb, Rlcantwell, Cynical, Joyous!, Trilobite, Hillel, Adashiel, Trevor MacIn-
nis, Squash, Grunt, Jxan3000, Canterbury Tail, The stuart, Mike Rosoft, D6, Cody The Blue Bomber, Steven Andrew Miller, ChrisRuvolo,
Freakofnurture, N328KF, AliveFreeHappy, DanielCD, Deadlock, Lan56, Discospinster, Hoice, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Mirko~enwiki,
Vsmith, Florian Blaschke, Ivan Bajlo, Alistair1978, Paul August, Bender235, ZeroOne, Android79, Kosmotheoria, Kaisershatner, Jnestorius,
Meamemg, Kinitawowi, Narcisse, Ylee, CanisRufus, Zenohockey, Aude, Shanes, RoyBoy, EurekaLott, 2005, TMC1982, Bobo192, Stesmo,
NetBot, Feitclub, Smalljim, Func, John Vandenberg, Fenster, Brim, Clarkbhm, Cohesion, Angie Y., Adrian~enwiki, Jerryseinfeld, CoolGuy,
J.reed, Ardric47, MPerel, Sam Korn, Leifern, Luckyluke, Merope, Shirimasen, Patsw, Alansohn, Gary, Inexplicable, 7e7, LtNOWIS, Guy
Harris, Free Bear, Bolwerk, Philip Cross, Babajobu, Jtalledo, Ricky81682, Andrew Gray, JohnAlbertRigali, Jnothman, Yamla, Calton, Mark-
Gallagher, Mace, Mailer diablo, XLR8TION, Malo, TVSRR, Bart133, Snowolf, Wtmitchell, Ronark, Bbsrock, Benson85, James Russiello,
BanyanTree, SidP, BRW, Saga City, Yuckfoo, RJII, RainbowOfLight, Rcnj, Pethr, Geraldshields11, LFaraone, Dave.Dunford, H2g2bob, Jguk,
BDD, Freyr, Versageek, SteinbDJ, Jess Cully, Kazvorpal, Kitch, TerminalPreppie, Forteblast, SmthManly, Matthew238, Hijiri88, Empoor,
KUsam, Novacatz, Weyes, Angr, Woohookitty, Georgia guy, TigerShark, Asav, James Kemp, Ekem, Madchester, Bratsche, Dowew, MONGO,
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133
134 CHAPTER 9. TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
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9.1. TEXT 135
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Jkerrigan8, Khantymansisk, Codyydodyy, Caviar Cohort, TheFancyFedoraWielder, ICat Master, Marquis de Faux, Freys Fray, Theeco2015
and Anonymous: 1672
Ivana Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Trump?oldid=707772914 Contributors: Deb, Modster, Kingturtle, Andrevan, Joy,
Owen, Moncrief, Romanm, Rossrs, Philwelch, Rj, Mboverload, D6, CALR, Haruo, Discospinster, Pavel Vozenilek, Kwamikagami, Sole Soul,
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Dogg, KasparBot, MB298, CAPTAIN RAJU, Roomcool, Qzd, Jkerrigan8, Ushtriapopullore, Adonisscholar and Anonymous: 243
Marla Maples Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Maples?oldid=706954162 Contributors: Frecklefoot, Smb1001, Doovinator, Gzor-

9.1. TEXT 137
nenplatz, Joyous!, D6, Discospinster, MattTM, RussBlau, Hooperbloob, Philip Cross, Andrewpmk, Cdc, TVSRR, Wtmitchell, Dhartung, Pin-
ball22, Ekem, Male1979, Mandarax, BD2412, Tabercil, Koavf, Sdornan, Gurch, Sophitus, Osomec, RussBot, Cancan101, Chick Bowen, Jgrant-
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Caviar Cohort, Kayla12376, Adonisscholar and Anonymous: 127
Melania Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melania_Trump?oldid=707824941 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zocky, IZAK, JeTL,
Sander123, Moncrief, Romanm, Lowellian, Postdlf, David Gerard, Cherkoori, Jareha, Neutrality, Klemen Kocjancic, Arminius, Thorwald,
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siBot, Kovala, RFernandez97, Segenay, RA0808, 89funtime, Dcirovic, Annabarbara, ZroBot, Correctus2kX, Deutschgirl, Ihardlythinkso,
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catthemovieS, Examplar, Chesnaught555, Mwgreenberg, Weltarchiv, Eurodyne, Zppix, NeoRomeoXIII, Vesuvius Dogg, MB298, Dressage3489,
MusikBot, Professor JR, Conlibae M. Rep, Jpz79, Bryantriplex, Conrad Wellingworth, OpusDayNotDei, Zpeopleheart, Winterysteppe, Myg-
gle22, Canadianlasagna, Americanravioli, Caviar Cohort, Mrbigwilly12345, Freys Fray, Adonisscholar, Shawnthomasmcn15, Creeperthesnake,
Biscuit2007 and Anonymous: 272
Donald Trump, Jr. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump%2C_Jr.?oldid=706648931 Contributors: Patrick, Bearcat, Saforrest,
Thorwald, D6, Jojit fb, Nsaa, Disneyfreak96, Astragal, Mduvekot, Denniss, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Trlovejoy, Old Moonraker, Kystilla, Raider Duck,
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cookie, DumZiBoT, Dthomsen8, Kbdankbot, Addbot, Clbast, Transpoman, Wulf Isebrand, ContiAWB, CanadianLinuxUser, Tiger1000, Tide
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please, Munnu20, Ljtrie, 77554Web, Rockstarnoah2002, Qzd, Theburningringore, Americanravioli, Bigpikachu1, Wow897909, Jkerri-
gan8, Lupillo1212, Bear2Man, Anisabegum678, IndigoTiger, Germanese, Brandy&hrvimse, Thelizardlovr, Adonisscholar, Basketball1203 and
Anonymous: 177
Ivanka Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanka_Trump?oldid=706947280 Contributors: Stevertigo, Edward, IZAK, Tregoweth,
Ahoerstemeier, Samw, Ec5618, Bearcat, ZimZalaBim, Postdlf, Lysy, Centrx, DocWatson42, Everyking, Jason Quinn, Quadell, OverlordQ,
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Pointer1, Yobot, Zaclover12, SwisterTwister, Bbb23, Epps22, AnomieBOT, Chuckiesdad, Bukwirm1560, Lsopher, Cliftonian, LilHelpa, Xqbot,
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Leoperarm, Lightbound, Hell in a Bucket, Mersah, Tinton5, Fat&Happy, Mmartinnyc, AlixJ, Micheldene, Zo8shong, Reconsider the static,
Scholar12345, TobeBot, Yunshui, Super Giggles, Lotje, AcidDJDennis, Roddenakirksey, Utbindas, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Winexviv, Wiki-
tanvirBot, Tenairdis, Tsdek, Racerx11, Starcheerspeaksnewslostwars, Active Banana, Mauro Tozzi, Haroldma32, !ComputerAlert!, Dcirovic,
Thecheesykid, Ponydepression, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, Marcobag, Sayemalif, SporkBot, 1stimecaller, Logloader8, Logloader9, Jdillonf,
ClueBot NG, Frietjes, Johnny 42, Widr, ElizabethCB123, Michaelllier, MusikAnimal, Informant16, Bigsean0300, Liam Braithwaite, Pristine-
goal, Safehaven86, Cheezesatzu, Monkelese, WikiaPage, Bigsean0500, Mollskman, Pratyya Ghosh, JamesHorndon, Cyberbot II, The Elixir
Of Life, YFdyh-bot, Dobie80, TheEnterpreneur, Mogism, VIAFbot, SPECIFICO, SchoolMarm101, MonicaTop, Epicgenius, Equilibrium Al-
lure, ToriJana, Lithium Dynamics, Harlem Baker Hughes, EvergreenFir, Backendgaming, DavidLeighEllis, Ms Imperfection., Ouroborosian,
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Naught, Kinetic37, Zacwill, Torrian2014, Te99, ClassicOnAStick, Bigs7, FourViolas, FreeatlastChitchat, FRDHU, Jalapeno26, Shitluz, Kas-
parBot, MB298, MusikBot, JJMC89, Aashay114, SSTyer, Peppy Paneer, Kathelyn1981, OpusDayNotDei, Itrump69, Iamkindle51, Tisaloser,
Tarawa es Puta and Anonymous: 450
Eric Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Trump?oldid=707833943 Contributors: Phil Boswell, Bearcat, Jemiller226, Rjwilmsi,
Koavf, Pleiotrop3, Vegaswikian, The wub, Ecelan, Raider Duck, ImGz, EEMIV, Lawyer2b, SmackBot, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Hmains,
Bazonka, Le fantome de l'opera, Emann15, Ohconfucius, Guat6, A. Parrot, Levineps, Van helsing, BeenAroundAWhile, HalJor, Cydebot, Ten-
dancer, Doug Weller, Ishdarian, Marek69, Obiwankenobi, Avaya1, Albany NY, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Tom342342,
Lclaureate, Dmcnutt, KylieTastic, Luisas, Strongtness, Philip Trueman, Malinaccier, MushroomQueen, Lightmouse, CallMeHenry, Stakelover,
ClueBot, All Hallows Wraith, FDAINFO, Arjayay, SoxBot III, DION 123 YOU NO, Vjmlhds, Fastily, MystBot, Kbdankbot, Emeritahears, Ad-
dbot, Clbast, Wulf Isebrand, Ehrenkater, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, Speedyear123, Liftman, Materialscientist, E2eamon, Rudolph Davis,
Masterknighted, Elevatorman138, Gourami Watcher, Tinton5, Fat&Happy, Fvassy, Mmartinnyc, Inilrn, RjwilmsiBot, GoingBatty, Secret-
Name101, Boycool42, Tolly4bolly, Timcanxitnow, TYelliot, ClueBot NG, Marinna, Trumpgirl, RakiSykes, Bigsean0300, Liam Braithwaite,
Pristinegoal, Monkelese, Jakebarrington, BattyBot, The Elixir Of Life, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Volcontim, EddieMoore26, Mogism, Verba-
timusia, Equilibrium Allure, JTtheOG, Harlem Baker Hughes, Backendgaming, Antideregister, Te9, ClassicOnAStick, Adam9007, Dolly Cao,
Cookieo131, OpusDayNotDei, Jkerrigan8, Adonisscholar, Marianna251, Tomakin walsh and Anonymous: 117
Fred Trump Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Trump?oldid=707828267 Contributors: Tpbradbury, Everyking, Wfaulk, Xezbeth,
Bender235, Wolfman, Noren, WikiLeon, Alansohn, Embryomystic, KevinOKeee, Male1979, DaveTheRed, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Lockley,
Design, Osomec, RussBot, NawlinWiki, Nowa, Jaxl, Nikkimaria, Arthur Rubin, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Garion96, West Virginian, SmackBot,
Brian1979, C.Fred, Yamaguchi , Bluebot, Flibbert, Stevenmitchell, DMacks, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Sliderule, Guat6, Syrcatbot, Stearns-
brian, Levineps, Eastlaw, Cgy01, Ibadibam, Brandubh Blathmac, Cydebot, Crossmr, Gogo Dodo, DumbBOT, Alaibot, TonyTheTiger, Farn-
hamJ, Rothorpe, Acroterion, Canoone, Waacstats, Tgeairn, Sundar1, Donmike10, Erzan, Wikimandia, Rmromero, Hammersoft, Strongt-
ness, Oshwah, Dpodoll68, Maxim, Runerr, Logan, Brandon97, Brettfern, Rystheguy, Flyer22 Reborn, Aspects, G.-M. Cupertino, A21sauce,
ClueBot, All Hallows Wraith, Carnetremula, Tombell12, Trivialist, 842U, Botsjeh, BGAndersson, Cyve, Canihaveacookie, XLinkBot, Wik-
iuser100, Ost316, Bernardoni, Addbot, Wulf Isebrand, Cetaphil, PhilOSophocle, RichardBond, Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313,
Materialscientist, Jbruin152, Purplebackpack89, Coretheapple, GPI-MediaWiki Union, Life 4ft3r Death, NoldorinElf, Metronews, Fat&Happy,
Serols, WikiDropper, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, Wiking, Xatian11968, Dcirovic, SporkBot, Donner60, HandsomeFella, Factothy, ClueBot NG,
NapoleonX, Gareth Grith-Jones, Joefromrandb, BG19bot, Neptunes Trident, Graham11, Bigsean0300, Timur9008, Pristinegoal, VanEman,
Esszet, Finnegas, FoCuSandLeArN, Bigsean300, VIAFbot, Limit-theorem, RotlinkBot, Bigsean12001, Hillbillyholiday, Epicgenius, Distelnck,
Harlem Baker Hughes, Annacannafrannistan, Mike Latorus, Backendgaming, Boone jenner, SNUGGUMS, Kebabpizza, Thesixthsta, Zacwill,
HMSLavender, ClassicOnAStick, Crystallizedcarbon, Knowledgebattle, Sencerselcuk, Anonymous200169, JulianGomez900, Vesuvius Dogg,
Goingagin, KasparBot, 3 of Diamonds, MB298, Musa Raza, Tropicalkitty, CAPTAIN RAJU, Jhhayes1, CyberWarfare, Kurousagi, Chevvin,
Plankton89, Ravespine23423, Indian IT secret police conspiracy, Wackymush45435, HalloweenNight, Jsherm12261990, Stupidliberals, Qzd,
Rvddzx, SocialJusticeWarriors, NeemNarduni2, Jkerrigan8, Black Squirtle and Anonymous: 185
The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apprentice_(U.S._TV_series)?oldid=707701278 Contributors:
Edward, Zanimum, Frin, Moriori, DaveJB, JimWae, Now3d, Rich Farmbrough, SidP, Paul1337, Forteblast, Dismas, Woohookitty, Madchester,
ClaudioFaria, Deltabeignet, BD2412, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream, Koavf, MZMcBride, The wub, A Man In Black, Blmurch, CR85747, Appren-
ticeFan, Chobot, Metropolitan90, Mhking, Zimbabweed, UkPaolo, TexasAndroid, RussBot, Mark Kim, Korny O'Near, Tony1, Caballero1967,
Itub, SmackBot, Georgeryp, Vikramsidhu, Oscarthecat, Chris the speller, Sirex98, Vinay427, Gcollinsii@aol.com, AussieLegend, OrphanBot,
Matthew, Azumanga1, Cybercobra, Primogen, Ohconfucius, Guat6, Ckatz, Fuzzy510, TheHYPO, Masem, Levineps, The Giant Pun, Sean-
9.1. TEXT 139
paune, Godgundam10, Joncnunn, ShelfSkewed, Pit-yacker, Cydebot, Siberian Husky, Sorryaboutleroy, Bmitchelf, Dalejenkins, TonyTheTiger,
ABCxyz, Hoponpop69, Richiew13, Jamie jca, East718, TAnthony, T. Moitie, T@nn, ChristopherF, KConWiki, JohnnyChicago, Seaserpent85,
Makro, Cube b3, R'n'B, Ictl, Dewelar, Aureez, MoiraMoira, 97198, Snake bgd, Danigro89, Jwh335, Shortride, Mrh30, Bovineboy2008, Dr-
margi, Station1, Bbqsauce13, Maxim, Mikipe2, Cooly123, Staka, Feudonym, Joseph A. Spadaro, Italianlover07, SieBot, UWMSports, Jon0513,
MOOOOOPS, D'Ranged 1, Flyer22 Reborn, Aspects, Fnlanzr, Prevalis, Pinkadelica, RealityTelevisionFan, Nemo24, Ruby booby 04, Rate-
month, Mild Bill Hiccup, Sasuke9031, Shirarae, Trivialist, Auntof6, Kaktibhar, PixelBot, Sun Creator, Arjayay, CowboySpartan, Leroyinc,
Anywikiuser, Tdslk, DumZiBoT, Tam001, My December (old), WikHead, DanielHemp, Hellevision123, Likelife, Addbot, Gato08, Blethering
Scot, Mikey-is-lost, TBird100636, Jon2guevarra, CarsracBot, Mickyw1, Glane23, Tassedethe, TNT79, NewYorkStyledCheesecakes, Pointer1,
Yobot, Amirobot, Bathysphere, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, KiasuKiasiMan, GB fan, Laubbaum, Sb1990, Digifan23, Trap The Drum Won-
der, Pizzamaniac09, Armbrust, AVBOT, Beyoncetan, Pedro thy master, IDALGHAMTFPD, FrescoBot, DinajGao, Rycroftdovalani, Ben76266,
Kevinman2, Heddois, Garsty, Lamp301, Samuel Salzman, FoxBot, Trappist the monk, Tbhotch, RjwilmsiBot, MegastarLV, Rollins83, Emaus-
Bot, John of Reading, Louise-Anne BA, TVFAN24, TheAD1000, William Edmonds, BunnyHareRabbit, Daonguyen95, Vgmddg, Unreal7,
SporkBot, Tolly4bolly, , Hurley2000, Epark360, Tangledorange, 0wendy33, ClueBot NG, Ok2010, NapoleonX, Loginnigol, Spartan7W, Kev-
dude24, Ali ringo, Helpful Pixie Bot, Festermunk, Abmnik, MisterXswagX, RAWeyman, Freebiekr, MusikAnimal, JackJackUK, ComicBook-
sRocks, Blonquist, Sulfurboy, Cyberbot II, Raymond1922A, Mogism, Z105space, Sport and politics, Brianis19, CCamp2013, Corn cheese, San-
valentine23, AmericanDad86, Zdawg1029, FedeMonty, Sunny Nights, Backendgaming, A Certain Lack of Grandeur, Ilovetopaint, Monners345,
Timschaefer86, Truewhit, Appetizer8088, IPadPerson, Bearsfan654, Landingdude13, Prof. Mc, Diskutator, Godwin1996, ClassicOnAStick,
Bigs7, Nmatoian2015, Great Lakes Editor, MB298, Rossgritz, Qzd, Golluman, Packathin55, Marianna251 and Anonymous: 262
The Celebrity Apprentice Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celebrity_Apprentice?oldid=706842514 Contributors: Stismail,
BD2412, Azitnay, Bgwhite, RussBot, Tenebrae, Maelwys, Gilliam, Chanlord, BarryTheUnicorn, Esrever, Exhummerdude, Dalejenkins, Bai
brother, AdamDeanHall, Propaniac, Racer Dude, Philg88, Seaserpent85, Makro, Tgeairn, Cooly123, StAnselm, Karaboom, Presidentman,
Fuddle, Erika3536, Icarusgeek, Frmorrison, Niceguyedc, Trivialist, Jpgwriter, NellieBly, Addbot, Musdan77, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou,
AnomieBOT, Rockypedia, Armbrust, Amaury, Tktru, FrescoBot, Allinotte2000, Rollins83, Pol-m-32, Moswento, Vineetmbbs, Unreal7, D-rok
the xer, ClueBot NG, Loginnigol, Spartan7W, BG19bot, Ymblanter, XXniftyXx, Lostrocks123, Joshualeverburg1, Mymis, AmazingRaceClub,
Sharkman720, Brianis19, PC-XT, Distelnck, AmericanDad86, Realityme, UWHuskyFan, Daustinc2, Quenhitran, Sharklover5555, Swag-
boss01, IPadPerson, Bgisbg, Jessicarocks5555, Godwin1996, Br78392, 74thClarkBarHG, Briadean, Equality 7-2522, Wanheda and Anony-
mous: 94
The Trump Organization Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trump_Organization?oldid=707801349 Contributors: Zanimum, Tre-
goweth, SEWilco, Anythingyouwant, Discospinster, Smalljim, Mysdaao, Snowolf, Guthrie, GabrielF, BDD, SteinbDJ, Ekem, Rogerd, Veg-
aswikian, Visor, Albanaco, Hairy Dude, Caballero1967, NeilN, SmackBot, Ashenai, Gnangarra, C.Fred, Commander Keane bot, Chris the
speller, Victorgrigas, TPO-bot, Pilotguy, Will Beback, General Ization, Guat6, Dr.K., Zarex, Sk5893, Mr. Turcotte, Cydebot, Trident13,
Trexer0, Wikid77, TonyTheTiger, Obiwankenobi, Dream Focus, 1g, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, Waacstats, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklam-
bert, WFinch, Jasebee, Katalaveno, KylieTastic, Jvcdude, Wikimandia, Scott Illini, GrahamHardy, Funandtrvl, Deor, Philip Trueman, TXiK-
iBoT, Oshwah, From-cary, Centerone, Bostonzjay, Logan, SieBot, Niceguyedc, Ottawahitech, Trivialist, Jimbalaya1978, John Nevard, Leroy-
inc, Apparition11, XLinkBot, Addbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Amirobot, AnomieBOT, Keithbob, Randomstuikecheese, FrescoBot, Pennmw,
WikiH2O, I dream of horses, Fat&Happy, Ellenb71, , Cnwilliams, BaldBoris, TheMesquito, RjwilmsiBot, Katherine, Mauro Tozzi, J. Clef,
Dcirovic, AaronLLF, Alpha Quadrant, Hodgdons secret garden, Matthewrbowker, Mervynbunique, ClueBot NG, NapoleonX, Costesseyboy,
Widr, Wbm1058, Abmnik, BG19bot, Graham11, TheFilthyMcNasty, Bigsean0300, Frischee113, Sandrastern, Friends147, BattyBot, TheCul-
turati, Cyberbot II, ZappaOMati, Ermanuruk, Frosty, Magellan Maestro, Epicgenius, Equilibrium Allure, Silentvik, Gaknowitall, Lithium Dy-
namics, Everymorning, Backendgaming, NYBrook098, RaphaelQS, Flat Out, DavidLeighEllis, Arthur goes shopping, Weejie54, Joppa Chong,
AirportExpert, Doblecaa, Helanzovinicius, ClassicOnAStick, Holypod, Torrian2016, Zppix, Gladamas, Uishax, Eteethan, SirLagsalott, Bugsys-
iegal, Arnezzman, JJMC89, ProprioMe OW, BU Rob13, CAPTAIN RAJU, Dolly Cao, Oriole7, Chickenmaster21, Munnu20, Gonzolorod,
Odkdkd, Xxdannyputas, Klaus Hohenstaufen, Qzd, Allthefoxes, Doctordannursestan, Jimmyceb, Bart middle, Doodlevonpoodle, Nsc2019,
Fighton0506070809 and Anonymous: 142
Trump Entertainment Resorts Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Entertainment_Resorts?oldid=707150073 Contributors: Ed-
ward, Huangdi, Misterrick, JamesMLane, Sam Hocevar, 2005, Jerryseinfeld, Firsfron, Woohookitty, Ekem, Uris, Mandarax, Rjwilmsi, SiberioS,
MZMcBride, Vegaswikian, The wub, Carina22, Fredricwilliams, Bachrach44, Shyam, NeilN, John Broughton, SmackBot, Yamaguchi ,
Hmains, Stevenmitchell, Njsamizdat, James-wr, The pi pirate, Eric Komar, Accurizer, Green Giant, RafaelRGarcia, Levineps, Jaysonx, Cyde-
bot, TonyTheTiger, JustAGal, Truthbtold, Toohool, Albany NY, 1g, Doc Accurate, B64, Squids and Chips, Strongtness, Bostonzjay, 3yoda,
PipepBot, Jimbalaya1978, Addbot, Blethering Scot, Zarcadia, Buster7, Yobot, Dancing is Forbidden, Doulos Christos, TyrantSinner, Natu-
ral Cut, Bradofathousandnights, RightCowLeftCoast, Full-date unlinking bot, SecretName101, Djembayz, Alpha Quadrant, Mervynbunique,
Slotkin, YborCityJohn, Bigsean0300, BrianWo, Hmainsbot1, Backendgaming, NYBrook098, MuppetHammer26II, Smok3yblu3dog, Classi-
cOnAStick, Hey111184, Curro2 and Anonymous: 46
Trump Model Management Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_Model_Management?oldid=706801635 Contributors: William Av-
ery, Tregoweth, Bobo192, SDC, BD2412, Eugrus, Ryanminier, Lil Flip246, D C McJonathan, Cordless Larry, Robertg9, Cydebot, Thijs!bot,
MainlyTwelve, Obiwankenobi, Iperlchen, Waacstats, Am86, Entinfo, Bwcieslak, Canihaveacookie, MystBot, Addbot, Kerrylionberry, OlEnglish,
Yobot, Fraggle81, IPhone DJ2008, RiverFattieRCool, Juancarlospaz, Begone2, Utbindas, SecretName101, Wayne Slam, ChuispastonBot, Wiki-
wikineoohyeah, Jjj1238, Backendgaming, PetarrPoznic, Donkzilla101 and Anonymous: 29
Miss Universe Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Universe?oldid=707774686 Contributors: The Cunctator, Mark, Someone else, An-
tonioMartin, Ubiquity, Patrick, Ixfd64, Docu, Zannah, Den fjttrade ankan~enwiki, Mpt, Jay, Fuzheado, WhisperToMe, Wik, Zoicon5, CB-
Dunkerson, Nv8200pa, Topbanana, Johnleemk, Eugene van der Pijll, Astronautics~enwiki, Pigsonthewing, RedWolf, Altenmann, Rholton, He-
manshu, Texture, Meelar, Lupo, Seth Ilys, Cyrius, Alan Liefting, DocWatson42, Tom harrison, Zigger, Marcika, Cantus, Niteowlneils, DO'Neil,
Ezhiki, Node ue, Chowbok, CryptoDerk, Abu badali, Quadell, CaribDigita, DragonySixtyseven, Kevin B12, Winston Marshall, Sam Hocevar,
JulieADriver, Gerald Farinas, CyclopsScott, Grunt, RandalSchwartz, Valmi, Mike Rosoft, Poccil, Discospinster, Guanabot, NrDg, ThomasK,
MCBastos, Bishonen, Solkoll~enwiki, Debigboy, Bender235, ESkog, Fenice, CanisRufus, TMC1982, Guettarda, Stesmo, 23skidoo, Reinyday,
BrokenSegue, Maurreen, Giraedata, Vizcarra, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Ricky81682, Lectonar, XLR8TION, Bootstoots, Superbob,
Wtmitchell, Cromwellt, Carioca, Mikeo, Itsmine, Czolgolz, RyanGerbil10, Dismas, Jef-Infojef, Weyes, Mel Etitis, Woohookitty, Mr Tan, Un-
cle G, Thivierr, BlankVerse, Macaddct1984, SDC, Zzyzx11, Cedrus-Libani, Paxsimius, Mandarax, Deltabeignet, BD2412, Melesse, Nanami
Kamimura, SMC, Vegaswikian, DoubleBlue, MarnetteD, Eleazar~enwiki, Gary Brown, Sango123, SNIyer12, FlaBot, Ian Pitchford, Dan Guan,
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tin, Alex Duilius, SieBot, StAnselm, Plumphumps, Dcrcort, BotMultichill, YourEyesOnly, Argentineboy, Timothy Cooper, MISSetc, Savorie,
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Chzz, Jaydec, Peti610botH, MISTER971, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, HAMM, Mohsenkazempur, Rago, Vegaswikian1, 9454pedia, Luckas-bot,
Adam7744, Yobot, MRDU08, Angel Clinton, Imcoolme, Raa74, AnomieBOT, S12796, Jim1138, Cheetah255, Pubmix, Mairol, Kevin mar-
tinez132, Ulric1313, , Materialscientist, Mcrosweet, J1 Formidable, Amit6, RockJuno, , ArthurBot, Mckerym0, MASWJ,
OwnMoony, Xqbot, Stavros 2k5, Sarahmarrow, The Banner, Cleoeric, 205ywmpq, DSisyphBot, J4lambert, Javy150, Raymond011296, FeD-
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Matt025, Blitzkreig22, Wael.Mogherbi, Hoth Hottie1977, Alarics, Mobbodin4, Jonathansuh, Natraj7, P0k3m0nt3am, Fatedtoloveyou, John-
carrey, GeoJoe1000, TheEarthLove, Twilightom, Fat&Happy, Vkhoria, Serols, SpaceFlight89, Rin stephen, Freshpop, Pristino, Max Duchess,
PetrovarAmbassador, Cutebella, Koquala, Gryllida, Darkvindak, Sweet xx, , , Lolita91, Manhpham, Ambrosia4all, Da observer,
Vrenator, Edbacaltos, Saltprune416, Humbertoj, Tbhotch, Zouki08, Voyad M, WinnieFrez, Shiftnoise, Biancaperez0909, Onel5969, Mean
as custard, RjwilmsiBot, Amayaaldin, Radyboy, NerdyScienceDude, Assegaf, Therayandraafnan, DASHBot, Puchiwonga, John of Reading,
WikitanvirBot, Gfoley4, Rocbirdman, GoingBatty, Arilicious, Moswento, Dcirovic, , Ronk01, Daniel Callegaro, Iaki Salazar, Nica-
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Arnavchaudhary, Bdelacru, Lacp...ryro19, Northamerica1000, Yeibatista825, Nelson2013si, EliG.Weinmann, Antonyjeronimo, MusikAnimal,
Kalyanraman, DeshintaChandra, Renzegabriel, GTAjaxoxo, M01022011, Ariftech, Areth Hatta, Supsupfan, Aeshxianne, Limjennyjones, Road-
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Paz, Zaney204, EagerToddler39, E4024, Socal78, ImFromCuliacan, Oasismine, June1981, Mmjjggss, Hmainsbot1, BryanMendozaUSA, Mo-
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Folan, Bryski 25, Mbh 1707, Snawple, Malerooster, BKFREEDOM, Hillbillyholiday, Bangkoksky, Dorots24, Ekips39, Rnogueiraa, JHUbal27,
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noi, Babitaarora, A Certain Lack of Grandeur, Icequeen10, Sandeepmittal622, Sam Sailor, Peaceexclusive, Jackmcbarn, Novr, Vogueprada,
9.1. TEXT 141
UY Scuti, Henry Rojas Pacheco, Adriconline, Jaam0121, Quartzd, Sharwin job, Azmy25, Mf. von Karma, Appleshue, Archwayh, Ed-
itor David, Miss patriot, Alphaceruleus, Purzagaste, Baklangdragon, 16.98.10.15 Pwede, Finnigan7767, WikiWinters, Oxtoterena, Marki-
matix, TresEleven, Vespadriver, Filedelinkerbot, Noxiuzpr, Ortiz Gaytan, , Doncoleogne, Jansonsudaria, Mamayoungggg, Lienatan91,
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son, Noncommittalp, Gvf23, Kjerish, Cargom, Mapdolls, Holypod, Jonathan121501, KH-1, Deferimus, Gusthes, Leox, Melvin Villacote,
Enigma9694, 12345blub, Camo1473, Eurodyne, Elvinsantiago27, Wonder Sunshine, Fejapaar, LincolnRussiaUglySweater, USA19901990,
Jillian Hall, Iwilsonp, San.rama, Akmal90, Gabrielaisler, Romerojg, JMLigad, Dennybluer, Zyannlim, Denny blosum, Amielmathew, Mis-
sUniverse2015Page, DWTSAU15, Syahrial fkhipb, Aoowassana, IrishFemale, AmbassadourXStreamm, Cheruppuppup, ThorpLove, Zule-
icaWilson, Yan2xlloyd, Ksenia2006, PeregrinuxXX, Fabo2014, Oripaypaykim, Evenewyear, Pallanabe, Fanofmissworld, Juanonly29, Niomi44,
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niopaolo, Chburnett98, Jinnykamikaze, Wikidits, Meers boutique, Rendiirfan, Erfaron, JoshuaAngeloSanCarlos, Jejdkksks, Emmanjopplo,
Kevinthevirgin, Valentinaitaly, Theyag, Ohyeah1989, Rievayischa Ariana, Willynleyson, Mlcoching, LucaD96, Amgood1993, AmboyV, Em-
melienalcantara, Schuddeboomw, Welovesn, Venezuela2013, Vidatafazoli, Nitinotecool and Anonymous: 2806
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neeeel, Jrmie23141, Mekanikus, Venezuela2013, Vidatafazoli and Anonymous: 437
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gers76, Escape Orbit, De Boni 2007, Dancingwombatsrule, YSSYguy, ClueBot, Gene93k, Pageantlover, Av99, ChesterCharge, Alboski, We-
stonma, Trivialist, Jusdafax, Legacypac, JamieS93, Noahknows, Myxxd, MystBot, Addbot, Johnsmithx3, Ronhjones, LaaknorBot, Euroleague,
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MASWJ, LilHelpa, 205ywmpq, Ffokoob, FrescoBot, Giang 96, Stevi.kruse, Catoncouch, TheEarthLove, Maxy1993, Tbhotch, Onel5969, Rady-
boy, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Werieth, ZroBot, Evanex, John KB, L Kensington, MissAmericaGirl, Johnny421, Davey2010, BG19bot,
Missbroadway, Mattso896, ChrisGualtieri, Hmainsbot1, AldezD, Rararawr21, Jjj1238, Filedelinkerbot, Riza1234, Jillian Hall, Gabrielaisler,
IrishFemale, Ksenia2006, BestandYoungTwo, Colombiabeauty, Torrie1975, HKelsey25, Amgood1993 and Anonymous: 216
Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign%2C_2000?
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man, Vesuvius Dogg, 3 of Diamonds, Cheep, Tropicalkitty, TheReferenceProvider, WannaBeEditor, ISer Vlad714, Vlad Sanguine, NootLord,
Lonely harvest and Anonymous: 17
Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign%2C_2016?
oldid=707847996 Contributors: Fred Bauder, Owen, Dimadick, Stephan Schulz, Sheridan, Vir4030, Tomruen, Neutrality, AliveFreeHappy,
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manstan, NickW557, DumbBOT, Varavour, Thomas Paine1776, Zigzig20s, Nthep, Inks.LWC, Samuel Webster, Rothorpe, Acroterion, Jmor-
rison230582, Rowsdower45, KConWiki, Elinruby, Sicaspi, Gandydancer, Jim.henderson, Keith D, Mr Ernie, Adavidb, Oceanynn, JayJasper,
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woord, MBUSHIstory, DefenderOfFreedom, Not Here To Build A Encyclopedia, Ghostmen2, Kingshowman Returns, The Soul of the Mari-
onette, The Edit Warrior, DisruptiveEditor23, Kingshowman Rises, Lord Of The Wikipedians, Knowledgeablecitizen, Knowledgeablecitizen2,
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day, Pearle, Duke33, SDC, Stevenplunkett, SuperD, Vclaw, Jamesmorrison, Wade Blomgren, SmackBot, Robth, DRahier, OrphanBot, Quat-
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9.2 Images
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Donald Trump

2.3 Melania Trump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5.1 ''The Apprentice'' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 133

Trump & Son.[32] Trump graduated from Wharton in 1968

1.1.2 Business career

When Trump graduated from college in 1968, he was worth

led to mounting debt,[54] and by 1989, Trump was un-

clude Trump Financial (a mortgage rm), Trump Sales

excess of TEN BILLION DOLLARS (emphasis in origi-

Trump subsequently led a $500 million lawsuit against

1.1.4 Entertainment media

Trumps role in The Apprentice.[159]

World Wrestling Entertainment

Trump is a known World Wrestling Entertainment fan and

Trump speaking at the 2015 Conservative Political Action Confer-

whether Obama had good enough grades to warrant en-

Presidential campaign, 2016

Main article: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

Trump and supporters at a rally in Muscatine, Iowa, January 2016.

estimated approximately 11 million illegal immigrants in

Trumps second-oldest son Eric (serves as executive vice president

They have three children: sons Donald, Jr. (born Decem-

Trump is a Presbyterian.[340] In an April 2011 interview on

with bondholders receiving stock in exchange for surren-

Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again

[79] 5-screw-ups-that-tell-us-donald-trump-should-not-teach- [97] Chuck Epstein (November 9, 2015). Which presidential

[304] Trump UK ban petition passes 370,000 signatures. BBC

[337] Michaud, Sarah (October 3, 2011). Donald Trump, Jr.

[450] Madan, Monique (March 4, 2015). Donald Trump gets his

[451] Hidalgo, Daniel (August 5, 2015). Doral lets Donald

[452] MC-LEF Events. Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foun-

1.1.14 Further reading

1.1.15 External links

Trump biography The Trump Organization

Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The

Donald Trump collected news and commentary at The

[11] Ivana Trump weds actor Rossano Rubicondi: report Reuters

2.2 Marla Maples Theater

2.2.1 Personal life Philanthropy

Motion pictures Maples album The Endless, released in August 2013, is

[11] New Movie Coming from Tyscot Films: Switching Lanes.

[16] Marla Maples at the Internet Broadway Database

[2] The Women of Billionaires. TheRedWire. Retrieved 17

[4] Kuczynski, Alex. Melania Trumps American Dream..

[5] Greenhouse, Emily (August 17, 2015). Vitamins & Caviar:

[6] Tednik CELJAN. Celjan.si. Retrieved 2011-11-25.

[7] Donald Trump and Melania Knauss Marriage Prole.

[8] Melania Trumps Past Took Her From A River Town In

[9] Melanie Trump - My World, melaniatrump.com Retrieved

[10] FMD - Melania Knauss. Retrieved 2015-11-14

by the chef at Mar-a-Lago.[23] [11] Melania Knauss. The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com.

[20] Gregory Pace. Evelyn Lauder, Leonard Lauder and Mela-

[21] Melania Trump Photos - The Breast Cancer Research

[22] Melania Knauss Biography. Star Pulse. Retrieved 2 May

[23] Natasha Stoyno - Donald Trump Weds Melania Knauss

[25] Schneider, Karen S. (May 1, 2006). Billion Dollar Baby:

[26] Katz, Celeste (September 3, 2015). Trump still question-

[27] Desiree Navarro. Melania Trump during Donald Trump

[28] Desiree Navarro. Melania Trump during Donald Trump