UWORLD Notes by Subject (Main Division) (Usmle Grassroots)
UWORLD Notes by Subject (Main Division) (Usmle Grassroots)
UWORLD Notes by Subject (Main Division) (Usmle Grassroots)
MainDivision
Id
SubDivision
Notes
654
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
1699
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
The aorta and superior mesenteric artery can compress the left
renal vein. The increase pressure in the left renal vein causes
retrograde blood flow to the testes and dialtion of the pampiniform
plexus ==> *VARICOCELE*
Cardiovascular System
1805
1813
Anatomy
Anatomy
1871
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
1967
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
2023
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
2130
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
7646
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
8294
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
8332
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
8333
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
11764
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
11780
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
11956
Anatomy
Cardiovascular System
1106
Anatomy
Dermatology
1686
Anatomy
1698
Anatomy
1814
Anatomy
11783
Anatomy
Anatomy
1747
1632
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1739
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
8390
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
16 year old female with pelvic pain every 28 days and resolves in a
day or two with fully developed 2ndry sexual characteristic. She
has a palpable mass anterior to the rectum. Serum Beta-hCG is
negative. Most likely Dx is *Imperforate hymen*
11781
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
11820
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Anatomy
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Anatomy
Anatomy
303
Anatomy
838
Anatomy
11823
11908
129
292
Anatomy
Anatomy
10583
Anatomy
11771
Anatomy
11775
Anatomy
11782
Anatomy
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition *Teniae coli* are used to locate the appendix.
Anatomy
Anatomy
Anatomy
1737
Anatomy
8326
Anatomy
11658
Anatomy
11762
Anatomy
Anatomy
Pt that presents with amenorrhea and notes that her breasts have
become engorged. She is taking an antipyschotic drug. She
probably has galactorhea in which the dopaminergic athway
disturbance responsible is the the *Tuberoinfundibular*. It
connects the Hypothalamus to ant pit and is responsible for
dopamine-dependent prolactin tonic inhibition. The drug she is on
blocks dopain in that pathway.
1832
8587
11817
11840
839
513
Nervous System
566
635
1452
Anatomy
Anatomy
Anatomy
Nervous System
Pancoast tumors are non-small cell lung cancers that arise near
the superior sulcus. Pts may develop ipsilateral shoulder pain,
upper limb parethesias and areflexic arm weakness due to involv of
brachial plexus. Horner syndrome (ipsilateral partial ptosos, miosis,
anhydrosis) can occur due to invlove of cervical sympathetic
*Autnomic Ganglia*
Nervous System
Nervous System
1687
Anatomy
Nervous System
1696
Anatomy
Nervous System
1741
Anatomy
Nervous System
1742
Anatomy
Nervous System
Pt with nerve injury and prsents with foot slapping the ground with
each step (steppage gait) has *Common peroneal nerve injury*
1749
Anatomy
Nervous System
1815
Anatomy
Nervous System
1829
Anatomy
Nervous System
Pt who falls from tree and tries to break fall ny grabbing tree
branch will likely suffer from *Lower trunk injury of Brachial
Plexus*. He will be unable to perform fine finger movements with
hand (Lower trunk supplies median and ulnar)
1846
Anatomy
Nervous System
1933
Anatomy
Nervous System
Pt with diplopia and has problems walking down stairs and trouble
reading probably has a lesion to the trochlear nerve which is
responsible for depression of adducted eye.
2024
Anatomy
Nervous System
Nervous System
2076
Anatomy
2077
Anatomy
Nervous System
fluid filled cavities in the deep structures of the brain arise from
lacune formation due to occlsuin of small penetrating arteries that
supply the structures. These lacunar infarcts are cause by
LIPOHYALINOSIS (hyaline thickening of vascular wall) &
Microatheromas (athersclerotic accumulation of lipid-laden
macrophages on intimal layer of penetrating arteries. These
predispose to *Small-Vesel Occlusion*
2127
Anatomy
Nervous System
8522
Anatomy
Nervous System
The vagus and spinal accessory nerve exit through the *Jugular
Foramen*
8564
Anatomy
Nervous System
8592
Anatomy
Nervous System
8594
Anatomy
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
8636
11742
Anatomy
Anatomy
11744
Anatomy
Nervous System
The three trunks of the brachial plexus pass between the middle
and anterior scalene muscles (scalene triangle). Interscalene
nerve block (anesthesia) in this arrea would also affect the Phrenic
Nerve and hence affect the *Diaphragm* causing transient
ipsilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. (Phrenic nerve roots pass thru
the interscalene sheath)
11777
Anatomy
Nervous System
11952
Anatomy
Nervous System
1535
Anatomy
1695
Anatomy
1745
Anatomy
Pts who is supine will aspirate into the *Post segment of the upper
lobe* and the Superior segment of the lower lobes of the right lung
8703
Anatomy
Pt with a fish bone lodged in the left piriform recess would impair
his internal laryngeal nerve which is a branch of superior laryngeal
nerve (CN X) and hence would impair his *Cough Reflex*
11845
Anatomy
1680
Anatomy
1700
Anatomy
A fracture of the elft 12th rib can cause laceration to *Left Kidney*
10962
Anatomy
11708
Anatomy
Anatomy
1634
Anatomy
Pt with sensory loss over the medial 1 and 1/2 digits and
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
hypothenar eminence indicate ulnar nerve injury which often
& Sports
occurs at *Hook of Hamate*
1697
Anatomy
Anatomy
1704
Anatomy
Pt who falls on his can hands and cant extend wrist. Mid humoral
Rheumatology/Orthopedics shaft fracture is detected. Artery is injured is *Deep Brachial
Artery (Profunda brachi)*
& Sports
(Runs along the radial nerve)
1730
Anatomy
1812
Anatomy
Mastectomy with axillary lymph node removal can injur the long
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
thoracic nerve and henc injury seratius anterior and lead to winged
& Sports
scapula.
1956
Anatomy
Rheumatology/Orthopedics In a pt with a femoral neck fracture. The injury that would lead to
& Sports
osteonecrosis most likley involves the *Medial Cicrumflex* Artery.
7621
Anatomy
8671
Anatomy
11659
Anatomy
11683
Anatomy
11727
Anatomy
1491
1702
Anatomy
11819
Anatomy
13 yr old boy comes with right knee pain. It started as a mild ache
in lower part of knee then worsened and now causes him to limp.
Pain is relieved with rest and reproduced when knee is
Rheumatology/Orthopedics straightened. Evaluation reveals avulsion of 2ndry ossification
center of tibia due to repetitive muscle contraction and traction of
& Sports
bone. Most likely insertion site of involved muscle tendon is *Tibial
Tuberosity*
[Osgood-Schiatter Disease]
11629
Behavioral
science
8456
Behavioral
science
GeneralPrinciples
11534
Behavioral
science
Miscellaneous
(Multisystem)
11550
Behavioral
science
Miscellaneous
(Multisystem)
247
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
248
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11778
520
Behavioral
science
574
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
707
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Pt with painful erection for more than 4 hours. Past med history is
sig for treatment-resistent depression, OCD, and insomnia. Drug
most likley used is *Trazadone*
[Priapism, rare side effect of trazadone]
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
1165
Behavioral
science
1287
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
1288
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
1352
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
1429
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Young man who says that his parents who are about to get a
divorce are angry at him. His defense mechanism is *Projection*
2047
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
2049
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
2053
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
7752
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
8954
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
9814
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
10581
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
10785
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11594
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11603
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11605
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Pts who has pyschotic symptoms has been staying up late for
exams probably has *Substance Induced Psychotic disorder*
11743
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11746
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11756
Behavioral
science
11807
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11809
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11810
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11838
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11854
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11866
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11899
Behavioral
science
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
2057
Behavioral
science
Social Sciences
A pregnant minor is entitled to consent to prenatal care. Not an
(Ethics/Legal/Professional) electiveterminationhowever.
10290
Behavioral
science
Social Sciences
The requirement for hospice care referal is *Prognosis of less or
(Ethics/Legal/Professional) equal to six months*
10399
Behavioral
science
Social Sciences
Physicians must report impaired collegues in a timely manner.
(Ethics/Legal/Professional)
11668
Behavioral
science
Social Sciences
a health insurance plan with low monthly premieums is *Health
(Ethics/Legal/Professional) MaintenanceOrganization*
1064
Biochemistry
Dermatology
1244
Biochemistry
Dermatology
1245
Biochemistry
Dermatology
Dermatology
Dermatology
1247
1334
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
2037
602
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Dermatology
847
Biochemistry
934
Biochemistry
997
Biochemistry
998
Biochemistry
1010
Biochemistry
1019
Biochemistry
1021
Biochemistry
1022
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
1031
1034
1063
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
1070
Biochemistry
1073
Biochemistry
1119
Biochemistry
1121
Biochemistry
1370
1501
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
1990
Biochemistry
2066
Biochemistry
Pt with orotic acid urea and normal ammonia levels could have a
defect of UMP synthase (hereditary orotic aciduria)
Supplementation with *URIDINE* helps this pt.
11917
Biochemistry
11918
Biochemistry
11950
Biochemistry
67
Biochemistry
790
Biochemistry
1068
Biochemistry
1072
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
1807
Biochemistry
8425
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
1251
1475
8482
995
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
996
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
1028
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
1248
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
GeneralPrinciples
1424
Biochemistry
1434
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
1437
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
2035
Biochemistry
GeneralPrinciples
868
Biochemistry
1035
Biochemistry
1036
Biochemistry
G6PDconvertsglucose-6-phosphateto6-phosphogluconate
1337
Biochemistry
1338
Biochemistry
1386
Biochemistry
1413
Biochemistry
1419
Biochemistry
1456
Biochemistry
1470
Biochemistry
1487
Biochemistry
1847
Biochemistry
1471
Biochemistry
Infectious Diseases
Nervous System
64
Biochemistry
598
Biochemistry
Nervous System
1335
Biochemistry
Nervous System
1371
Biochemistry
Nervous System
1372
Biochemistry
Nervous System
1480
Biochemistry
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Biochemistry
Nervous System
Biochemistry
1500
2036
2067
8524
1454
1249
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
1989
Biochemistry
18 year old male with progressive skin rash. He has long standing
history of intermittent burning sensation in his palms and soles that
is exacerbated bt stres and fatigue. Burning is severe after
exercise. He sweats very little. Lab test reveals undetectable levels
of alpha-galactosidase A. Pt is at greatest risk for *Renal Failure*
[Fabry Disease, X-linked alpha-galactosidase A def]
11939
Biochemistry
361
Biochemistry
1250
Biochemistry
2090
Biochemistry
2091
Biochemistry
8802
Biochemistry
1175
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1178
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1187
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1188
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1189
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1272
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1303
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
10570
Biostatistics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
1174
Biostatistics
Cardiovascular System
1301
Biostatistics
Cardiovascular System
1190
Biostatistics
GeneralPrinciples
1233
Biostatistics
1208
Biostatistics
35
Embryology
Cardiovascular System
202
Embryology
Cardiovascular System
1705
Embryology
Cardiovascular System
1750
Embryology
Cardiovascular System
The common carotid artery which is palpatrd along the inner side
of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is derived from the 3rd
pharyngeal aortic arch.
1740
Embryology
543
Embryology
550
Embryology
1809
Embryology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
320
Embryology
321
Embryology
330
Embryology
437
Embryology
11803
Embryology
419
Embryology
MaleReproductiveSystem
1449
Embryology
If Leydig cells are working in a male (46xy) and Sertoli cells are
not then the fetus will have female and male internal genitalia and
MaleReproductiveSystem
male external genitalia. Why? becuase sertoli cells produce MIF
which inhibits female internal gonad differentiation.
252
Embryology
Miscellaneous
(Multisystem)
Fetus that has closely set eyes, middline mass cosistent with a
proboscis, fused cerebral hemispheres, and an absent forebrain
fissure has Holoprosencephaly whicha type of *Malformation*
496
Embryology
Nervous System
502
Embryology
Nervous System
8702
Embryology
Nervous System
337
Embryology
1833
Embryology
652
Embryology
837
Embryology
1752
1915
Embryology
Embryology
Embryology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics Both the thymus and *Inferior parathyroid* originate from the 3rd
& Sports
pharyngeal pouch.
1684
Embryology
11835
Genetics
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
756
882
Genetics
Cardiovascular System
1476
Genetics
Dermatology
256
Genetics
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
8556
Genetics
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
8283
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
1438
Genetics
1462
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
1469
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
1728
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
1970
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
2015
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
2025
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
2029
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
2030
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
2033
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
The poly A tail at the *3' end of RNA* is not transcriped from DNA
template and was a post transcription modification.
8328
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
11904
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
11913
Genetics
GeneralPrinciples
1474
Genetics
2087
Genetics
11907
Genetics
Infectious Diseases
807
Genetics
701
591
Genetics
Genetics
Miscellaneous
(Multisystem)
Nervous System
1307
Genetics
Nervous System
1421
Genetics
Nervous System
955
Genetics
1688
Genetics
1830
Genetics
Genetics
1935
Genetics
8711
Histology
Cardiovascular System
8424
Histology
904
127
Histology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1957
Histology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
11890
Histology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Revisebreastneoplasia!
367
Histology
889
Histology
483
Histology
Infectious Diseases
20
Histology
Nervous System
1536
Histology
Nervous System
1922
Histology
Nervous System
1936
Histology
Nervous System
478
Histology
480
Histology
488
Histology
524
Histology
Histology
1159
Histology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
Osteocytes are connected to each other by *Gap Junctions*
& Sports
1734
Histology
556
Immunology
743
Immunology
965
Immunology
2068
Immunology
2069
Immunology
Dermatology
Dermatology
Immunology
Dermatology
Immunology
589
Immunology
745
Immunology
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition NK cells kill cells that do not express MHC class 1 antigen.
1467
Immunology
1596
Immunology
Immunology
1133
1613
2078
373
8539
Immunology
Immunology
11674
537
545
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
GeneralPrinciples
ErthroblastosisFetalis(Jaundice,hepatosplenomegaly,edema,
low Hb, nucleated erythrocytes, extramedullary hematopoiesis) is
caused by *RBC opsonization by maternal antibodies*
558
Immunology
953
Immunology
CCR5 protien plays a role in HIV entry into CD4+ Cells. Blocking
of CCR5 receptor blocks entry of HIV into cells.
1598
Immunology
1614
Immunology
8480
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
112
Immunology
378
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
379
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
560
Immunology
676
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
1468
Immunology
Infectious Diseases
673
Immunology
Nervous System
762
796
1466
1763
1995
2128
569
742
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
747
Immunology
750
Immunology
8530
Immunology
Pt with renal cell carcinoma and given high dose IL-2. There is
reduction in tumor burden. Mechanism? -> *Enhanced Activity of
NK cells*
11786
Immunology
298
Immunology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
& Sports
Pts with Lymphocytes with mutated Fas gene product (i.e Fas
receptor) would have an impaired *Activation-Induced T
Lymhocyte Death*
Fas ligand that binds to Fas receptor on t cells activates Fas assoc
death domian (FADD) which activates caspases leading to
Apoptosis.
Immunology
Immunology
754
Immunology
Pt with sign of RA. Pt serum most likely has IgM antibodies that
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
react with *Fc portion of Human IgG*
& Sports
(Rheumatoid Factor)
759
Immunology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
IL-4 & 5 are respnsible for antibody class switching.
& Sports
538
741
1388
Microbiology
1389
Microbiology
645
Microbiology
Cardiovascular System
679
Microbiology
Cardiovascular System
733
Microbiology
Cardiovascular System
1001
Microbiology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
1003
1092
Microbiology
Microbiology
8282
680
1313
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Cardiovascular System
Dermatology
Infant with diffuse skin erythema, and epidemris comes off easily
with gentle pressure. This is caused by *Exotoxin-mediated skin
damage*
(SSSS by staph exofoliatin exotoxin)
Dermatology
1316
Microbiology
Dermatology
1553
Microbiology
Dermatology
Dermatology
Dermatology
Dermatology
Microbiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Microbiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1669
1898
8858
8342
1027
1929
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Microbiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Microbiology
278
Microbiology
976
Microbiology
1100
Microbiology
1136
Microbiology
1397
Microbiology
1398
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
1932
11961
62
1422
1602
7573
8873
Microbiology
10401
1592
732
1097
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
1374
Microbiology
1722
Microbiology
45
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
48
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
106
107
111
376
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
532
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
678
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
722
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
728
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
907
968
971
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
1007
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
1026
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
6 yr old with fever and sore throat. Non immunized. P.E shows a
grey pharyngeal exudate and gram stains shows g+ve organisms.
The culture type that facilitate teh growth of this organism is
*Cystein-tellurite agar*
[C.DIPTHERIA]
[Bordet-Gengou medium is for pertusis, thayer martin for
gonorrhea, mcConkey is for enterics]
1093
1095
Microbiology
Microbiology
1137
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
AfricAmer womann with fev, malaise, and intense pain over right
thigh. She has long history of frequent presentation to hospital with
painful crises that respond to supplemental O2 & IV narcotics. The
new episode is diff cuz is Febrile with exquisite thigh pain &
abnormal MRI finding. Blood grows nonlactose-ferment, oxidase
-ve, motile organism. Virulence mechanism is *Resistance to
Opsonization*
[Salmonella osteomyelitis in Sickle cell pt, encapsulated, functional
asplenia]
1139
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
1309
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
1408
Microbiology
1498
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
1550
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
1594
1672
Microbiology
Microbiology
1723
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Pt with HIV who presents due to several months of pain and itching
in perirectal area. He also has intermitten rectal bleeding. Exam
shows a visible ulcerative mass. Most likely responsible pathogen
is*HumanPapillomavirus*
[Anal squamous cell cacinoma]
[CMV causes retinits and colitis, not a mass]
1949
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
8593
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
10168
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
11459
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
11524
11540
11547
11604
11670
11766
11812
11822
11859
113
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Pt with fever and malaise. He had fever and chills which later
became fatigue. He lives in easter Massachusetts. There are lung
crackles and palpable splenomegaly. Peripheral blood smear
shows Intraerythrocytic pleomorphic forms (Maltese Cross). Most
likely source of infection is *Ixodes Tick*
(Babesiosis)
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Pt bitten by his dog. Wound is warm, red and swollen after 24hrs.
Wound culture grows g-ve coccobacilli and culture has mouse-like
odor. Organism? => *Pasturella Multicoda*
Infectious Diseases
20 yr old woman comes due to vaginal pain with sex annd dysuria.
She has a new boyfriend. Exam shows multiple, painful, shallow
ulcers with an erythematous base on the left labia. There is no
vaginal discharge. And no cervical motion tenderness. She has
bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy. Best diagnostic test for pts
condition is *PCR fro viral DNA*
[Genital Herpes, Tzanck smear is also possible][Syphilus is
painless chancre]
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Old pt with fever and altered mental status whos urine culture grow
g-ve rods that are lactos fermenting and indole-postive probably
has *E. Coli*
(UTI) (Indole positivity distinguishes it from Enterobacter cloacea)
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
Nervous System
116
118
735
737
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Nervous System
Pts with headache and fever. CSF has low glucose and high
protein. Microscopy shows transparent capsules on india ink is
suggestive of Cryptococcal meningeoencephalitis. Tx with
Amphoterain B. `
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
738
Microbiology
Nervous System
1005
Microbiology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Infant with meningitis and culture grows gram -ve rods that form
pink colonies on McConkey agar has E.coli neonatal meningitis
and the bacterial virulence factor is *Capsule*
(K1 capsular polysaccharide)
Nervous System
A motile gram +ve rod that has a narrow zone of beta hemolysis,
and can grow well at refrigiration temp is likely Listeria which is an
Inracellular Organism and therefore requires *Cell Mediated
Immunity* to eliminate.
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
1006
1038
1140
1391
1401
1573
1601
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
1853
Microbiology
Nervous System
1906
Microbiology
Nervous System
1966
Microbiology
Nervous System
2082
Microbiology
Nervous System
8324
Microbiology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Microbiology
Nervous System
Microbiology
8533
11862
1464
Microbiology
1575
Microbiology
117
Microbiology
120
Microbiology
266
Microbiology
267
Microbiology
269
Microbiology
665
Microbiology
730
Microbiology
731
Microbiology
958
960
961
962
964
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
999
Microbiology
1216
Microbiology
1377
1666
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
646
Microbiology
845
Microbiology
Microbiology
1101
Microbiology
1394
Microbiology
11868
Microbiology
1667
1677
1679
9989
974
458
459
Microbiology
Microbiology
Microbiology
Pathology
Pathology
Skin biopsy from thigh of a child shows vascular lesions with IgA
and C3 deposition. The most likely clinical presentation is *Skin
rash and abdominal pain*
[Henoch-Schonlein Purpura]
39
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
41
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
43
73
Pathology
Pathology
74
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
82
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
83
Pathology
84
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
91
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
6 year old pt with Long QT interval and with family histo of sudden
death probably has congenital long QT syndrome and can have an
associated*Neurosensorydeafness*
94
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
97
Pathology
98
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
176
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
181
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
185
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
188
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
228
231
232
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
241
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
242
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
445
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
447
Pathology
451
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
30 year old asian male presents with exertional calf pain and
painful foot ulcers. He demonstrates hypersensitivity o
intradermally injected tobacco extract. The process responsible for
his condition is *Segmental vasculitis extending into contiguous
veins and nerves*
[Buerger's disease]
452
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
453
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Old Pt with severe drug resistant HTN who dies and autopsy shows
shrunken right kidney probably has unilateral renal artey stenosis
due to atheromatous plaque at origin of renal artery. Stenosis
eventually leads to renal atrophy due to *O2 and nutrient
deprivation*
460
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
462
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
466
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
469
Pathology
470
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
471
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
474
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Pt with dilated and tortuous superficial veins in her lower legs. Pts
condition is most likely to be complicated by *Skin Ulcerations*
[Varciose Veins][Rarely to they lead to pulmonary embolism since
they are superficial]
751
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
782
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
809
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
939
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Pt with chest pain that radiates to left shoulder. Pain increases with
inspiration and partially relieved by sitting up and leaning forward.
She was seen for a facial rash 6 month ago. She is also being
evaluated for proteinurea. Cause of this pt's chest pain is
*Pericardial Inflammation*
(Manifestation of SLE)
Cardiovascular System
Pt with blunt chest and head trauma who has pulsus paradoxus (fall
in systolic BP greater than 10 on inspiration), Jugular venous
distention and tachy cardia. He probably has *CARDIAC
TAMPONADE*
947
1040
1439
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
1875
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
1882
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
8296
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
8458
Pathology
Cardiovascular System
Dermatology
Dermatology
Pt with small bluish lesion under the nail of her right index finger. It
is extremely tender to touch. If the lesion is a tumor, its cells of
origin are likely to have a function of *Thermoregulation*
[This could be a glomangioma or a melanoma, since pigmentation
is not in answer choice, it must be a glomangioma][A glomangioma
is a tumor of modified smooth muscle cells of a glomus body.
Glomus bodies are involved in thermoregulation]
Dermatology
Dermatology
Dermatology
104
467
876
1042
1108
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
1111
Pathology
Dermatology
Pt presents with pruritic skin rash over elbows and knees. He also
has prolonged abdominal discomfort, faltulence and voluminous
greasy stools. The finding most likely to be seen in this pt is
*IncreasedIntestinalintraepitheliallymphocytes*
[Pt has Dematitis Herpetiform which is associated with celiac
disease that has increased intraepithelial lymphocytes]
1113
Pathology
Dermatology
1114
Pathology
Dermatology
1117
Pathology
Dermatology
Pt with bilateral skin lesions over his elbows. Biopsy shows very
thing stratum granulosum and prominent parakeratoic startum
corneum with occasional foci of neutrophil accumulation. Most
likely Dx is *Psoriasis*.
1314
Pathology
Dermatology
1937
Pathology
Dermatology
11502
Pathology
Dermatology
11852
Pathology
Dermatology
191
Pathology
Pathology
220
225
585
Pathology
Pathology
768
Pathology
848
Pathology
986
Pathology
1659
Pathology
1660
Pathology
1844
333
Pathology
Pathology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1057
Pathology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1928
Pathology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1992
Pathology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Pt with HIV whose PAP semar shows high grae cervical dysplasia.
The strongest risk factor for cervical dysplasia in this pt is
*Immunosupression*
[Risk factors for cervical cancer]
2056
Pathology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
11858
Pathology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
54
Pathology
56
Pathology
57
Pathology
Moldy grains from asia that cause specific G-to-T mutation in gene
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition p53. This is aflatoxin exposure, the mutation of which can increase
risk for developing *Hepatocellular Carcinoma*
71
Pathology
Pathology
88
Pathology
125
Pathology
79
Pathology
132
Pathology
135
Pathology
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition The NF-kB factor pathway stimulates *Cytokine Production*
255
Pathology
Pathology
65 yr old man with iron def anemia. He has weight loss and
anorexia. He has no change in bower habits. Rectal exam shows
guaiac-positive brown stool. A 3cm mass is found on colonoscopy.
Biopsy shows pleomorphic cells with large, dark nuclei forming
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition
irregular, crowded glands, some of which contain mucus. Studis
show multiple mass lesions in the liver and lungs. Pt's neoplasm
most likely originated from *Ascending colon*
[Right sided colon Cancer]
Pathology
284
Pathology
290
Pathology
Pathology
131
257
281
304
305
Pathology
326
327
Pathology
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition Celiac disease is diagnosed with *Small intestine Biopsy*
Pathology
Infant with poor weight gain since birth. He has bulky and greasy
stools. Jejunal Biopsy (Image) shows foamy or clear cytoplasm of
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition
enterocytes with normal mucosal structure. Dx is
*Abetalipoproteinemia*
Pathology
368
Pathology
370
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
403
Pathology
405
Pathology
406
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
366
394
401
407
410
411
413
421
Pathology
426
Pathology
Gastrointestinal & Nutrition The initiating factor in acute appendicitis is *Lumen Obstruction*
427
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
434
Pathology
435
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
881
Pathology
1143
Pathology
429
432
436
440
1396
Pathology
1783
Pathology
Pathology
1927
Pathology
7710
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Child who presents with headaches and gait instability. MRI shows
tumor in the cerebellum wtih both cystic and solid components
(white and dark). Most likely Dx is *Pilocytic Astrocytoma*
(Medulloblastoma is only solid, ie dark)
1863
8290
9920
11548
58
341
423
615
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
710
Pathology
829
Pathology
873
Pathology
894
Pathology
895
Pathology
896
Pathology
1083
Pathology
1086
Pathology
Previously healthy woman comes due to fever and sore throat. P.E
shows tonsillar exudate and nontender cervical lymph nodes
measuring 3.5cn. Antibiotics are started. A week later, pt says
symptoms resolved but the cervical lymph decreased lil bit inside.
On follow ups, the node fluctuates in size but doesnt disappear.
Most likely seen on biposy is *Follicular Lymphoma]
1292
Pathology
RBC cell fragments, burr cells, and helmet cells are associated
with either microangipathic hemolytic anemia or mechanical cell
destruction.
In pts with prosthetic valves, red blood cells are exposed to
excessive shear and turbulence in the circulation, causing damage
from mechanical trauma.
1293
1297
Pathology
Pathology
1405
Pathology
1406
Pathology
1580
1630
1717
1754
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
1755
Pathology
8 year odl pt from east africa with Large tumor on Mandible with
palbable regional lymphadenopathy. Biopsy shows diffuse infiltrate
of lymphoid cells with numerous mitotic figures and interspersed
macrophages surrounded by clear spaces (star-sky app). The
gene translocated in these lymphoid cells produces a protein that
is most directly responsbile for *Transcription Activation*
-(Burkits lymphoma, C-myc gene, t(8:14))
1758
Pathology
1759
1760
1761
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
1785
Pathology
1786
Pathology
1793
1796
1797
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
1848
Pathology
1851
Pathology
1873
Pathology
1879
1880
1953
1954
1964
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
2084
Pathology
2093
Pathology
Breast cells that over express 185kD glycoprotein and that have
intracellular tyrosine kinase activity are probably the HER2/neu
oncogenes that *Accelerates Cell Proliferation*
11750
Pathology
11754
Pathology
11869
Pathology
390
Pathology
Infectious Diseases
472
Pathology
Infectious Diseases
651
Pathology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
1045
Pathology
1138
Pathology
Infectious Diseases
1958
Pathology
Infectious Diseases
Pathology
624
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Miscellaneous
(Multisystem)
14
Pathology
Nervous System
63
Pathology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
664
1055
347
397
Pathology
Pathology
468
Pathology
Nervous System
492
Pathology
Nervous System
494
Pathology
Nervous System
495
Pathology
Nervous System
497
Pathology
Nervous System
499
Pathology
Nervous System
504
Pathology
Nervous System
505
Pathology
Nervous System
593
Pathology
Nervous System
597
Pathology
Nervous System
636
Pathology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
647
671
Pathology
Pathology
674
Pathology
Nervous System
794
Pathology
Nervous System
871
Pathology
Nervous System
Nervous System
902
906
Pathology
Pathology
Nervous System
915
969
1058
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
1152
Pathology
Nervous System
1153
Pathology
Nervous System
Child with brain tumor comprised o spindle cells that have hair like
glial processes and are associated with microcysts. These cells
are mixed wuth Rosenthal fibers and granular eosinophilic bodies.
Most likely Dx is *Pilocytic astrocytoma*
1260
Pathology
Nervous System
Pt with HIV and has mass on temporal lobe and biopsy shows cells
with EBV probably has a *Primary CNS Lymphoma*
Nervous System
1264
Pathology
1268
Pathology
Nervous System
1304
Pathology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
11462
11568
Pathology
Pathology
11574
Pathology
Nervous System
11627
Pathology
Nervous System
11632
Pathology
Nervous System
863
Pathology
Ophthalmology
Infant with white pupillary reflex and father has had a retinal
neoplasm during childhood most likely has Familial Retinoblastoma.
He is at greastest risk for developing *Osteosarcoma*
Ophthalmology
11675
Pathology
8325
485
486
531
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pt who history of heavy alcohol use and was admitted before for
acute pancreatitis. He presents with nausea vomitting and severe
abdominal pain. On 2nd day he develops dyspnea, and
hypoxemia. The parameter that is most likely normal in this pt is
*Pulmonary Capillary Wedge pressure*
[signs suggest ARDS for whch pancreatitis is major risk factor,
pulmonary edema with normal PCWP]
533
Pathology
552
Pathology
Hamartomas are the most common benign lung tumors. They are
composed of disorganized *Cartilage, fibrous, and adipose tissue*
55 yr old woman present due to cough and recent weight loss. She
doesnt smoke. P.E shows decreased breath sounds and dullness
to percussion at the left lung base. Image studies show an irregular
mass in the lower lobe of her left lung and left-sides pleural
effusion. It malignancy is diagnosed it is most likley
*Adenocarcinoma*
[Most common lung cancer in general populattion]
Pt with shoulder pain (pain under scapula and in right arm). Pain
is associ with numbness on his right forearm and tips of fingers.
He has Hemoptysis. He smoked 2 packs/day for 40 years. Most
likey cause is *Superior Sulcus Tumor*
(Pancoast Tumor)
554
555
565
648
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
649
Pathology
668
Pathology
795
Pathology
799
Pathology
803
Pathology
806
Pathology
877
Pathology
1221
Pathology
1579
Pathology
1925
Pathology
2116
Pathology
Pathology
10
Pathology
11
Pathology
PSGN:
1)Enlarged, hypercellular glomeruli on light microsc
2) Lumpy-Bumpy granular deposits of IgG & C3 on
immunofluorescence
3) Electron dense deposits (Humps)on epithelial side of the basal
membrane on electron micros
12
Pathology
28
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
382
385
811
Pathology
814
Pathology
832
Pathology
834
Pathology
886
Pathology
888
Pathology
Pt with chronic lower back pain who has been using over the
counter NSAIDS ever since pain started 8 years ago. He has
elevated BP, trace lower extremity edema. High BUN. High
Creatinine. 1+ protein and 3-4 WBC in urine. Renal ultra sound
shows bilateral shrunken and irregular kidneys with few papillary
calcifications. Most likley cause of renal dysfunction is *Crhonic
Interstitial Nephritis*
[NSAID associated chronic renal injury]
1016
1049
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
1862
Pathology
1913
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
Pt with multi system systems and history IV drug use. His muscle
biopsy shows transmural inflammation of mid-sized arteries with
areas of homogeneous, eosinophilic arterial wall necrosis (i.e
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
fibrinoid necrosis). Areas of internal elastic lamina disruption are
& Sports
also present. Most likely predisposing factor to this pt's current
condition is *Viral Hepatitis*
[Polyarteritis Nodosa]
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
721
Pathology
820
Pathology
Pathology
1850
2131
340
457
461
667
702
914
Pathology
Pathology
Pathology
pt comes with fever, right flank pain, and difficulty walking. He has
diabetes. The pt lies supine with his right knee flexed and externally
roatated. He resists extension of the leg and thigh, particularly at
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
the hip. The pathologic process occuring in this pt involves the
& Sports
*Psoas Major* Muscle.
[Psoas abscess associated with diabetes as a rsik factor][Psoas
sign is elicited on hip extension]
11653
Pathology
Pt with who presents with pelvic pain. She has fibrous Dysplasia
(multiple osteolytic-appearing lesions of the hip and pelvis),
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
enodocrine abnormalities (hyperthyroidism, percocious puberty)
& Sports
and cafe-au-lait spots. (Triad) suggest a Dx of *McCune-Albright
Syndrome*
11798
Pathology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
Pt with sign of SLE would have *Low C3 and C4*
& Sports
11821
Pathology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
Rheeumatoid arthritis most likely affects *Cervical Spine*
& Sports
984
1266
8710
761
33
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
42
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
96
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
186
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
187
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
Pt with VSD would also have a *Holosystolic murmur over the left
sternal border*
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
193
201
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
235
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
The opening snap in mitral stenosis occurs shortly after the mitral
valve opens when *the left ventricular pressure drops below the left
atrial pressure*
238
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
244
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
446
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
843
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
944
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
1578
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
1903
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
2099
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
2100
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
2105
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
2117
PathophysiologyCardiovascular System
1860
PathophysiologyDermatology
233
234
8904
PathophysiologyDermatology
308
212
226
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
454
Pathophysiology
582
Pathophysiology
608
Pathophysiology
611
Pathophysiology
623
Pathophysiology
656
Pathophysiology
764
765
Pathophysiology
766
772
Pathophysiology
921
Pathophysiology
922
Pathophysiology
925
Pathophysiology
Pt with history of SLE dies at home. At her last P.E, her BP was
150/90. Clinical records show progressive truncal obesity, facial
plethora, and proximal muscle weakness. Lab showed mild
hyperglycemia. Evaluation of her adrenal galnds will most likely
show *Bilateral cortical atrophy*
[Iatrogenic cushing syndrome due to prolonged glucucorticoid
use, leads to supression of of hypothalamic oituitary axis]
928
929
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
930
Pathophysiology
933
981
Pathophysiology
985
Pathophysiology
1326
Pathophysiology
1327
Pathophysiology
869
Pathophysiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1549
Pathophysiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
2094
Pathophysiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
2095
Pathophysiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
Pts with PCOD who desire fertility are treated with Clomiphene,
*An estrogen receptor Modulator*
78
Pt with cholestrol gall stones would have *High cholestrol, low bile
salts and low Poshatidylcholine* in the gallbladder.
80
133
279
306
Pt with systemic signs and rash with skin biopsy showing large
clusters of mast cells positive for KIT probably has Systemic
PathophysiologyGastrointestinal & Nutrition
Mastocytosis and an additional finding will be *Gastric
Hypersecretion*
363
369
391
402
441
1581
1907
11860
425
890
1339
1855
Infant with hand and foot syndrome (Dactylitis) with family hsitory
of penumococcal sepsis (encapsulated) probably has sickle cell
disease and his *Serum Haptoglobin would be Reduced*
1877
1940
2133
11805
822
PathophysiologyInfectious Diseases
PathophysiologyInfectious Diseases
1390
PathophysiologyInfectious Diseases
966
PathophysiologyNervous System
PathophysiologyNervous System
PathophysiologyNervous System
PathophysiologyNervous System
897
1141
1255
1854
8352
360
PathophysiologyOphthalmology
68
Pathophysiology
11919
Pathophysiology
527
528
Hypocapniaimplies*alveolahyperventilation*
661
1910
1939
1985
8262
11900
813
817
Pathophysiology
804
1942
831
Pathophysiology
956
Pt with Metablic Alkalosis (pH > 7.45 & pCO2 >24). Lab study most
useful in diagnosing pt is *Urine Chloride*
Note: Volume status and urine chloride are important in the workup
of metablic alkalosis.
1050
Pathophysiology
7569
11038
11040
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
11464
Pathophysiology
11516
Pathophysiology
753
867
978
Pathophysiology
Pt with lung mass and Hypercalcemia but with no bone focal lytic
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
lesions probably has Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia that is
& Sports
characterized by elevated *Parathyroid hormone-related protein*
982
Pathophysiology
1450
1600
A young man with acute lower extremity artthritis and a sterile (no
bacteria) joint effusion following a GI infection (diarrheal illness)
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
has typical symtoms of "Reactive Arthritis". It is a associated with
Pathophysiology
& Sports
*HLA-B27*
[Sponduloarthropathy assoc with HLA-B27]
11646
11770
11818
Pathophysiology
1612
726
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Biostatistics &
Epidemiology
38
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
136
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
137
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
138
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
140
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
141
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
142
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
147
Pharmacology
149
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
156
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
689
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
711
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
713
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
780
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
823
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
899
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
900
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
901
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
949
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
1014
1080
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
1118
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1164
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1194
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1252
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1343
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1344
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1365
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1367
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1507
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1509
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1565
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1828
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1947
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
1948
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
2006
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
8289
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
8869
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
11844
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System
836
Pharmacology
Dermatology
Terbinafine*inhibitssqualeneepooxidase*
Dermatology
Dermatology
Pt with hair loss at anterior scalp and vertex has typical features of
androgenetic alopecia.
5-alpha-redyctase inhibitors such as *Finasteride* help minimize
progression of this disease.
1214
1726
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
8569
Pharmacology
Dermatology
166
Pharmacology
167
Pharmacology
209
Pharmacology
548
Pharmacology
549
Pharmacology
584
Pharmacology
600
Pharmacology
604
Pharmacology
605
Pharmacology
606
Pharmacology
622
Pharmacology
625
Pharmacology
626
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
658
920
1655
Pharmacology
1673
Pharmacology
1984
Pharmacology
11565
Pharmacology
11634
Pharmacology
808
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
865
Pharmacology
1156
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
1290
Pharmacology
8455
Pharmacology
11661
Pharmacology
11739
Pharmacology
1710
Pharmacology
GeneralPrinciples
841
1258
1712
Pharmacology
GeneralPrinciples
2112
Pharmacology
GeneralPrinciples
219
Pharmacology
In
893
Pharmacology
1077
Pharmacology
1079
Pharmacology
1087
Pharmacology
1628
Pharmacology
1674
Pharmacology
1784
Pharmacology
1816
Pharmacology
1819
Pharmacology
1890
Pharmacology
1893
Pharmacology
2018
Pharmacology
2132
Pharmacology
8371
Pharmacology
8542
Pharmacology
11585
Pharmacology
11728
Pharmacology
271
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
274
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
277
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
819
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1000
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1004
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1104
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1198
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1223
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1228
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1488
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1644
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
Pt with HIV being treated for Colitis (most likely CMV) with IV agent
that does not require intracellular activation and is known to bind in
vitro with viral encoded enzymes such as DNA polymerase, RNa
polymerase, and reverse transcriptase is *FOSCARNET*
1648
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1952
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
1965
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
Infectious Diseases
8288
Pharmacology
8538
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
11590
Pharmacology
Infectious Diseases
8930
Pharmacology
Pt with BPH and treated with drug that reduces prostate volume is
MaleReproductiveSystem probably beig treated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors such as
*Finasteride*
264
Pharmacology
Nervous System
265
Pharmacology
Nervous System
348
Pharmacology
Nervous System
349
Pharmacology
Nervous System
351
Pharmacology
Nervous System
352
Pharmacology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
354
508
660
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
774
Pharmacology
Nervous System
851
Pharmacology
Nervous System
852
Pharmacology
Nervous System
854
Pharmacology
Nervous System
855
Pharmacology
Nervous System
Pt with fever and muscle rigidity soon after surgey. He has high
BP and high HR. P.E shows muscle stiffness and cyanotic skin
mottling. Most approprate treatments affects *Intracell Ca release
in skeletal Muscles*
(Pt has Malignant Hyperthermia, Treated with Dantrolene, a muscle
relaxant that acts on ryandoine receptor and prevents further
release of Ca)
856
Pharmacology
Nervous System
866
Pharmacology
Nervous System
Child with High fever and seizures has febrile seizures and shud
be given *Acetominophen* (Antipyretic, never give aspirin to a
child)
1322
Pharmacology
Nervous System
ST-Segment elevation in inferior leads tells you its Inferior MI. Inf
MI is due to blockage of right coronary artery which supplies SA &
AV nodes. Thus, inf MI's Often present with bradycardia. Treating
bradycardia with ATROPINE thru blocking vagal influence on
nodes thus increasing HR. Side effect of Atropine in the eye is
GLAUCOMA. So pts complains of severe right sided eye pain.
1360
Pharmacology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
1368
1777
1946
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
2000
Pharmacology
Nervous System
2089
Pharmacology
Nervous System
Nervous System
Nervous System
8476
11458
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
11680
Pharmacology
Nervous System
1363
Pharmacology
Ophthalmology
7721
Pharmacology
Ophthalmology
172
Pharmacology
Poisoning&Environmental
Theophylline toxicity leads to *Seizures and Tachyarrhythmias*
Exposure
507
Pharmacology
1568
Pharmacology
1775
Pharmacology
222
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
350
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
519
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
704
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
706
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
937
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
1868
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
8259
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
8327
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
11577
Pharmacology
Psychiatric/Behavioral &
Substance Abuse
168
Pharmacology
170
Pharmacology
171
Pharmacology
903
Pharmacology
1312
Pharmacology
Hiv Pt with CD4 Count of 40 and blood culture grow acid fast
bacteria that grow optimally at 41 C. This could have been
prevented by prophylaxis with *Azithromycin*
(MACComplex)
1446
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
681
Pharmacology
685
Pharmacology
1425
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
8754
151
275
1642
1643
2003
Pharmacology
8249
Pharmacology
11945
Pharmacology
699
Pharmacology
718
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
A gout drug that causes nausea, vomiting and diarhea after intake
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
is a drug that *Inhibits microtubule formation*
& Sports
[Colchicine]
Pharmacology
1773
Pharmacology
7792
Pharmacology
8481
Pharmacology
144
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
183
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
192
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
Really old pt with BP 180/70 at one visit then 175/68. The age
related changes that best explains his BP reading are *Aortic
Stiffening*
[Isolated systolic HTN, Aortic stiffening decreases comppliance of
aorta and elevates pressure during systole]
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
720
859
1168
1212
456
951
1511
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
1512
1513
Physiology
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
1515
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1516
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1528
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1529
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1557
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Pt that presents with with dyspnea, orthopnea, and fatigue and with
a history of MI that was not revascularized due to delya in Tx. The
fact that the pt also presents with a diastolic heart sound that is
best heard in the left decubitus position at the apex is consistent
with a decompensated HF. The physical exam finidng (i.e the heart
sound) can be accentuated when *Listening at the end of
expiration*
1589
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1609
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1621
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
1624
Physiology
1625
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1653
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1661
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1931
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
1973
1977
Physiology
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System
2009
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
During a study, the blood oxygen content of the aorta and several
other vessels is measured at rest. The greatest difference in these
measurements will most likely be between the aorta and the
*Coronary Sinus*
[myocardial oxygen extraction is very high]
8546
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
8563
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
When you give Acetycholine to dilat blood vessles. The amino acid
resposnible for this vasodilation is *Arginine*
11513
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
770
Physiology
821
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
990
992
1065
Physiology
1615
Physiology
1768
Physiology
11660
Physiology
208
Physiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
299
Physiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
1560
Physiology
FemaleReproductive
System & Breast
126
Physiology
1018
Physiology
1358
Physiology
1546
Physiology
1938
Physiology
1971
Physiology
1616
Physiology
GeneralPrinciples
787
Physiology
1062
Physiology
1082
Physiology
Nervous System
1545
1654
775
Physiology
Physiology
Physiology
776
Physiology
Nervous System
1318
Physiology
Nervous System
1356
Physiology
Nervous System
Nervous System
1493
Physiology
1657
Physiology
Nervous System
11682
Physiology
Nervous System
1987
Physiology
481
Physiology
The resistance in the airways starts high from the begining and
jumps up more at medium sized bronchioles due to highly turbulent
flow. The resistance then decreases going towards subsequent
generations till reaching the terminal bronchioles due increased
surface area allowing low resistance laminar flow.
536
Physiology
1357
Physiology
1514
Physiology
1521
Physiology
Pt with illness like with Obstructive Lung disease would have air
trapping in lungs and hence a high *RV/TLC ratio*
1522
Physiology
1526
Physiology
P(A)O2(Alveolar)=150-(PaCO2(Arterial)/0.8)
The PO2 in the left atrium and ventricle is lower than that in the
pulmonary capillaries due to mixing of oxygenated blood from the
pulmonary veins with *Deoxygenated blood* arising from the
bronchil arteries and thebesian veins.
1542
1584
Physiology
Physiology
1586
Physiology
1587
Physiology
1620
Physiology
1980
Physiology
1981
Physiology
1161
Physiology
1559
Physiology
1588
Physiology
1607
Physiology
1608
Physiology
2012
Physiology
8881
Physiology
638
Physiology
Rheumatology/Orthopedics The marker that reflects the activity of osteoblasts is *Serum Level
& Sports
of bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase*
639
Physiology
Pt with pain and deformity of long bones with hearing loss (due to
bony deformity of the skull). The pathologists identifies
Rheumatology/Orthopedics multinuncleated cells containing over a 100 nuclei. The factor that
is essential for the differentiation of these cells is *Receptor
& Sports
Activator of Nuclear factor Kappa-B ligand (RANK-L)*
(Pagets disease of bone, Osteoclasts)
824
Physiology
Physiology
987
1665
8266
Physiology
ATP helps release *Myosin head from Actin binding site*, and thus
Rheumatology/Orthopedics
lack of ATP leads to persistance of myosin-actin cross bridge
& Sports
(Rigor mortis)
Physiology
Wieght lifter who raises wieght above head and then his arms
Rheumatology/Orthopedics suddenly and involuntarily give away and he drops the wieght to
ground. The structure that was most likley responsible for the
& Sports
suddent muscle relaxation is *Golgi tendon organ*