500

HIGH-YIELD NUGGETS

500 HIGH-YIELD FACTS

1.
The MCC of aortic rupture is a motor vehicle accident, will show an enlarged
mediastinum on x-ray.
2.
Winged scapula is caused by injury to the long thoracic nerve.
3.
The coracobrachialis is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve.
4.
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaids elbow) results from pulling a childs arm
while extended and pronated. Most worrisome damage is to the deep branch of the
radial nerve.
5.
Wrist drop occurs as a result of damage to the radial nerve.
6.
Loss of sensation to the lateral aspect of the upper arm is caused by axillary nerve
injury, a common injury seen with fracture to the surgical neck of the humerus.
7.
Taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is from CN 7 (Facial n.)
8.
Taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is from CN 9 (Glossopharyngeal n.)
9.
CN 3 & 4 are from the midbrain, CN 5, 6, 7, 8 are from the Pons, CN 9, 10, 11, 12 are
from the Medulla.
10.
Injury to the fibular neck is a common cause of peroneal n. injury.
11.
The majority of vitamin B12 is absorbed in the distal ileum.
12.
The common bile duct is lined with cells rich in Alkaline Phosphatase.
13.
The superior 2/3 of the anal canal is hindgut, the inferior 1/3 is proctoderm
(ectoderm).
14.
A pudendal nerve block is performed by administration of anesthetic at the ischial
spine
15.
Hoarseness is a result of injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of CNX.
16.
The left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein at a 90 degree angle, the right
testicular vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
17.
The inguinal triangle is created by the lateral margin of the rectus sheath (medial
border), inferior epigastric vessels (superolateral border), and inguinal ligament
(inferior border).
18.
Femoral hernias are more common in females than in males.
19.
The ACL and PCL are named based on their attachment to the tibia, not the femur.

20.
The sciatic nerve is composed of L3, L4, S1, S2, S3.
21.
The gastroduodenal artery runs on the posterior aspect of the 1st part of the
duodenum.
22.
Raccoon eyes, hemotympanum, and Battles sign are all indicative of fracture to the
temporal bone.
23.
Anterior shoulder dislocations commonly affect the axillary nerve.
24.
The MCC of anterior shoulder dislocation is a direct blow, the MCC of posterior
shoulder dislocation is tonic-clonic seizure and/or lightning strike.
25.
Inability to dorsiflex the foot is due to common peroneal nerve injury.
26.
The only major nerve that exits the obturator foramen is the obturator nerve.
27.
The splenic flexure is the MC area of ischemia in the GI tract, caused by the
watershed area caused by the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
28.
The MC side-effect of SSRIs is anorgasmia.
29.
PCP inhibits the NMDA receptor, leading to aggressiveness, detachment, loss of co-
ordination, paranoia, and hallucinations.
30.
Major depressive disorder requires a 2-week period of symptoms for diagnosis to
be made.
31.
Low-level depression for at least 2 years is known as Dysthymia.
32.
It is never the right answer to tell someone else about your patient unless they give
you verbal or written permission.
33.
Anorexia is seen when a patient has a BMI <17.5.
34.
The most worrisome complication of anorexia and bulimia is electrolyte
abnormalities.
35.
Stabilizing a patient with acute mania can be done with Lithium, Valproic Acid, or
Carbamazepine.
36.
Long-term management for bipolar disorder is Lithium.
37.
Lithium is a very small therapeutic window, therefore levels must be drawn
frequently.
38.
Patients complaining of anorgasmia and/or low sex-drive while on SSRIs can be
switched to Bupropion.

39.
Bradycardia, dry membranes, and mydriasis are common findings of opiate
intoxication.
40.
OCD is an outward manifestation of internal anxiety, patients are aware of their
problem. OCD personality disorder is characterized by pre-occupation with
neatness and the patient is not aware that they have a problem.
41.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by a minimum of three characteristics
for at least six months in a row.
42.
Cleft lip is a result of failure of the maxillary prominence with the intermaxillary
segment. Cleft palate is a result of failure of fusion of the palatine shelves of the
maxillary prominence with the primary palate.
43.
Alzheimers disease in the elderly is associated with the e4 allele of Apolipoprotein
E.
44.
Turners syndrome is the MCC of primary amenorrhea, and the genetics of the
disease are monosomy 45XO.
45.
The probability that a child gets an AR disease is .
46.
The probability that a child is a carrier of an AR disease is 1/3.
47.
The probability that a child gets an AD disease is .
48.
All sons of mothers who are carriers of an x-lined disease are affected.
49.
All daughters of fathers with x-linked diseases will be carriers.
50.
Different phenotypic manifestations of the same disease is known as pleiotropy.
51.
The MCC of mental retardation is Downs syndrome.
52.
The MCC of mental retardation in males is Fragile-x syndrome
53.
A delta-F-508 mutation affects the CFTR gene in Cystic Fibrosis. This is an ATP-gated
transmembrane protein dysfunction.
54.
Surfactant is released from Type 2 pnuemocytes.
55.
The most abundant pneumocyte is the Type 1 pneumocyte.
56.
The MOA of Warfarin is to inhibit vitamin K epoxide reductase
57.
For a muscle to contract: Calcium is released from SR, it binds to troponin C, then actin
binds to myosin.
58.

Restrictive lung diseases decrease the ability to take air into the lungs, obstructive lung
diseases decrease the ability to remove air from the lungs.
59.
st
The 1 step in management of DKA is normal saline, then insulin.
60.
DEXA scan is the test of choice for determining bone mineral density.
61.
DEXA showing 1-2.5 SD is osteopenia.
62.
DEXA showing >2.5 SD is osteoporosis.
63.
The triad of Pheocromocytoma is: Headache, Intermittent BP spikes, and diaphoresis.
64.
HER2/neu overexpression is associated with increased rates of both breast and ovarian
cancer.
65.
Cancer markers are not normally used to diagnose, rather they are used to rate the
effectiveness of treatment.
66.
Left-sided heart failure MC shows respiratory difficulties, right-sided heart failure shows
systemic swelling.
67.
Drinking plenty of fluids is the best way to decrease the risk of kidney stone formation,
especially in those with a history.
68.
All patients with COPD should receive home 02 and bronchodilators.
69.
MEN 1 consists of tumors of: Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid.
MEN 2a consists of: Medullary carcinoma of thyroid, Pheocromocytoma, Parathyroid.
MEN 2b consists of: Meducallary carcinoma of thyroid, Pheocromocytoma, Marfanoid
habitus & Mucosal neuromas.
70.
Eggshell calcification of the hilar nodes is seen in Silicosis.
71.
Spaghetti & Meatball appearance on microscopy is seen with M. Furfur
72.
The 1st sign of pseudotumor cerebri is papilledema.
73.
The fat-soluble vitamins are D, E, K, and A
74.
25(OH) D is the major circulatory form of vitamin D
75.
1,25(OH)2D is the active form of vitamin D
76.
Hypercalcemia = stones, bones, groans, moans, and psychic overtones
77.
The MCC of viral infections are CMV and EBV
78.
Vitamin E is the main antioxidant in the blood

79.
Vitamin C is the main antioxidant in the GI
80.
Vitamin K is required for factors 2,7,9,10 and Protein C & S
81.
Always give Heparin first, Warfarin second
82.
Heparin blocks thrombin and clotting factors 9,10,11,12
83.
The MC serious side-effect of heparin is HITT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia).
84.
Vitamin A helps with visual acquity at night
85.
Alcoholics are the population who suffers most commonly from a B1 deficiency
86.
Dry BeriBeri = Alcoholic symptoms without heart failure
Wet BeriBeri = Alcoholic symptoms with heart failure
87.
The 4 Ds of Pellagra are: Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, and Death
88.
Pyridoxine deficiency is common with use of Isoniazid, causing peripheral neuropathies
89.
The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein. The vein supplies the fetus with
oxygenated blood, the arteries carry away deoxygenated blood
90.
Lithium use in pregnancy leads to Ebsteins anomaly (low-implanted tricuspid valve)
91.
Diethylstilbestrol is a common cause of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina.
92.
The next best step before prescribing Accutane is to get a pregnancy test
93.
Use of ACEIs in pregnancy can cause renal damage
94.
Branchial Arch 1 supplied by CN V2, V3
Branchial Arch 2 supplied by CN VII
Branchial Arch 3 supplied by CN IX
Branchial Arch 4 & 6 supplied by CN X
95.
st
1 branchial cleft gives the external auditory meatus
96.
Branchial clefts 2-4 form the temporary cervical sinuses
97.
Monozygotic twins = 1 placenta, 1 chorion, 2 amniotic sacs
Dizygotic twins = 2 placentas, 2 chorions, 2 amniotic sacs
98.
The thymus is derived from the epithelium of the 3rd branchial pouch
99.
The ventral pancreatic bud gives: Pancreatic head, uncinate process, and main pancreatic
duct

100.
The dorsal pancreatic bud gives: Body of pancreas, tail of pancreas, isthmus, accessory
pancreatic duct
101.
Wolffian ducts develop into the Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Seminal vesicles, and ductus
deferens
102.
Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tube, uterus, and upper part of vagina
103.
Male gonadal development is dependent on DHT
104.
Female gonadal development is dependent on estrogen
105.
The diaphragm is derived from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds, body wall,
and dorsal mesentery of the esophagus
106.
The most abundant type of white blood cell is the neutrophil
107.
Eosinophils are protective against helminthes and protozoal infections
108.
Schwann cells myelinate the axons
109.
Layers of the skin from outside-in are: Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
110.
Meissners corpuscles are in the dermis of the palms, soles, and fingers. They are
responsible for light, discriminatory touch of hairless skin
111.
Light crude touch is mediated by Merkels corpuscles
112.
Pressure, vibration, rough touch, and tension are detected by Pacinian corpuscles
113.
Drug detoxification and steroid synthesis take place in the smooth ER
114.
The rough ER is responsible for glycosylation, addition of lysosomal enzymes, and
integration of membrane proteins
115.
The innermost layer of the GI tract is the mucosa
116.
Peyers patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue in the ileum
117.
The 3 layers of the adrenals from outside-in are: Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis
118.
Each cilia contains a 9+2 axoneme which provides binding sites for motor proteins
119.
Low frequency sounds are heart at the apex of the cochlea
120.
High frequency sounds are heard at the base of the cochlea
121.
Biceps are innervated by C5, C6

122.
Triceps are innervated by C6, C7, C8
123.
There are 8 CNs, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, and 5 sacral nerves
124.
Midbrain contains CN 3 and 4, Pons contains CN 5, 6, 7, 8, Medulla contains CN 9, 10, 11, 12
125.
Superior Orbital innervated by CN 4, Lateral Rectus innervated by CN 6, all other eye
muscles innervated by CN 3
126.
Conjugate gaze occurs via CN 3 and 6
127.
Lumbar puncture: Skin Ligaments Epidural space Dura Subdural space
Arachnoid Subarachnoid space
128.
Bells palsy = Ipsilateral facial paralysis + inability to blink eye on affected side
129.
Eye movement and pupillary changes are controlled by the frontal lobe
130.
Brocas area is area 44 and 45
131.
The primary auditory cortex is in the temporal lobe at area 41 and 42
132.
Wernickes area is in the temporal lobe at area 22
133.
The principal visual cortex is in the occipital lobe at area 17
134.
The principal motor area is at the back of the frontal lobe in area 4
135.
The principal sensory area is at the front of the parietal lobe at areas 1, 2, and 3
136.
Confabulations and anterograde amnesia are caused by lesions of the Mamillary bodies
137.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome caused by lesion to the amygdala
138.
Ataxia caused by a cerebellar lesion
139.
Spatial neglect caused by a lesion to the right parietal lobe
140.
Hypothalmus functions are: TAN HATS (thirst, adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis,
hunger/satiety, autonomic regulation, temperature, sexual regulation)
141.
Posterior pituitary releases 2 things: Vasopressin and Oxytocin
142.
Basal ganglia important for motor control and learning
143.
Microglia are phagocytic cells of the nervous system
144.
Ependymal cells line the ventricles

145.
Oligodendroglia produce myelin centrally
146.
Schwann cells produce myelin peripherally
147.
Astrocytes provide physical support, K+ metabolism, and physical repair
148.
Four substances can pass the BBB: Amino acids, glucose, fat-soluble substances, and L-
DOPA
149.
Agonist potency is measured with the EC50
150.
If an antagonist is present, the EC50 increases by a factor known as the dose ratio
151.
1st order elimination is proportionate to the concentration of a drug
152.
Zero-order elimination is constant and not dependent on concentration of a drug
153.
Alpha-1 receptors cause smooth muscle constriction
154.
Alpha-2 receptors cause smooth muscle constriction + neurotransmitter inhibition
155.
Beta-1 receptors cause contraction of the cardiac muscle
156.
Beta-2 receptors cause relaxation of the lungs, bladder
157.
Reserpine prevents norepinephrine from being stored inside vacuoles
158.
Parasympathetic fibers are long pre, short post
159.
Sympathetic fibers are short pre, long post
160.
Alpha-1 agonists are: NE, Phenylephrine, Methoxamine
161.
The Alpha-1 antagonists are: Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Phenoxybenzamine
162.
The Alpha-2 agonists are: Clonidine, Brimonidine
163.
The Alpha-2 antagonists are: Phentolamine, Yohimbine
164.
The Beta-1 agonists are: Dobutamine
165.
The Beta-1 antagonists are: Metoprolol, Atenolol, Pintolol, Timolol
166.
The Beta-2 agonists are: Albuterol, Isoprenaline, Isoproteranol, Metaproterenol, Salmetrol,
Terbutaline
167.
The Beta-2 antagonists are: Propranolol
168.
MC direct cholinergic agonists are: Carbachol, Pilocarpine, Bethanecol

169.
MC indirect cholinergic agonists (AchE inhibition) are: Neostigmine, Pyridostigmine,
Edrophonium, Physostigmine, Echothiophate
170.
MC anticholinergics are: Atropine, Benztropine, Scopolamine, Ipratropium
171.
Signs of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning are: SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination,
digestion, defecation)
172.
P450 inducers are: Quinidine, Barbs, Phenytoin, Rifampin, Griseofulvin, Carbamazepine
173.
P450 inhibitors are: INS, Sulfonamides, Cimetidine, Ketakonazole, Erythromycin, Grapefruit
juice, St. Johns wart
174.
Dopamine increases BP in shock patients by maintaining renal blood flow
175.
Dobutamine stimulates the heart with causing excessive tachycardia
176.
Prazosin assd with 1st-dose phenomenon, get orthostatic hypotension
177.
Timolol works for open-angle glaucoma by decreasing amount of aqueous humor formation
178.
Pindolol has the greatest ISA
179.
Mannitol used to decreased ICP
180.
Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
182.
LOOP diuretics cause: Ototoxicity, Hypokalemia, Dehydration, Allergy, Nephritis, Gout
183.
Thiazide diuretics cause Hyper: Glycemia, Lipidemia, Uricemia, Calcemia
184.
ACE inhibitors can cause: CAPTOPRIL. Cough, Angioedema, Proteinuria, Taste change,
hypotension, Pregnancy issue, Rash, Increased renin, Lower angiotensin 2
185.
Nitroglycerine causes more vein dilation than arterial dilation
186.
Digitalis works by inhibiting the Na/K pump and increasing intracellular calcium
concentration
187.
Adenosine works by causing hyperpolarization (blocks calcium influx and prevents
potassium outflux)
188.
For CHF, we use: Inotropes, Diuretics, Vasodilators, Chronotropes, and ACEIs
189.
ACEIs decrease mortality in heart failure patients
190.
The 2 things to watch with Statin use is muscle breakdown (myoglobin) and liver function
(LFTs)

191.
1st generation anti-histamines are lipophilic and thus are sedating
192.
nd
2 generation antihistamines are less sedating and have less anti-cholinergic effects
193.
Steroids inhibit phospholipase A2
194.
Monteleukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist
195.
The 1st line main attack relief for asthma is Albuterol
196.
Patients who require their inhaler more than once per day should be put on an inhaled
steroid as well
197.
Levedopa + Carbidopa are the main treatment for Parkinsons disease
198.
Tolcapone blocks the degredation of levodopa into 3-OMP
199.
Selegeline is an MAO-B inhibitor that blocks the conversion of DA to DOPAC
200.
Disulfiram/Metronidazole block the Acetaldehyde DH enzyme
201.
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) causes the formation of oxalate crystals, which block the renal
tubules when ingested
202.
st
Ethosuxamide is the 1 line treatment for absence seizures
203.
Phenytoin can cause gingival hyperplasia
204.
Succinylcholine + Haldol can cause malignant hyperthermia
205.
Malignant hyperthermia is managed with Dantrolene
206.
Aspirin given to children can cause Reye syndrome (Reye syndrome damages the liver
acutely)
207.
Overdose of acetaminophen, or acetaminophen + alcohol can cause hepatic necrosis due to
glutathione depletion and formation of toxic metabolites
208.
Higher MAC = faster induction but lower potency
Lower MAC = slower induction but stronger potency
209.
Benzocaine (local anesthetic) can cause methemoglobinemia
210.
Lidocaine and Prilocaine penetrate up to 5mm deep into tissues
211.
Midazolam produces up to 45 minutes of anterograde amnesia
212.
Mu receptor stimulation is responsible for sedative effects

213.
Kappa receptors are in the spinal cord and cause pain relief
214.
Morphine causes sphincter of oddi contraction, thus avoid in cases of biliary colic
215.
Meperidine has the lowest tendency to cause sphincter of oddi contraction
216.
Naloxone will help rapidly terminate respiratory depression in opioid overdose
217.
Chlordiazepoxide is the best benzo for alcohol withdrawal
218.
Diazepam is the benzo of choice for status epilepticus
219.
Lorazepam is the benzo of choice for muscle spasms
220.
Alpralozam is the benzo of choice for acute management of panic
attacks
221.
SSRIs are the DOC for long-term management of panic attack
222.
Paroxetine (Paxil) is associated with significant weight gain
223.
MAOIs + wine/cheese can lead to hypertensive crisis due to tyramine
224.
Phenothiazine anti-psychotics have high potency, high extrapyramidal side effects, and high
risk of tardive dyskinesia
225.
Risperidol is the DOC for patients who cannot use stronger drugs or who are not seeing
adequate improvements
226.
The last-resort for refractory cases of severe depression is the electroconvulsive therapy
(ETC)
227.
Doxorubicin causes cardiac toxicity
228.
Bleomycin and Busulfan cause pulmonary fibrosis/toxicity
229.
The fastest-acting insulin is Lispro, which works in 5 minutes to alleviate high blood sugar
230.
Sulfonylureas work by causing depolarization of the beta cells of the pancreas, which
increases the release of insulin
231.
1st line management for type 2 DM is lifestyle modifications
232.
Patients who are not responding to DM2 oral medications will need insulin to manage their
diabetes
233.
st
1 line for GERD is the PPIs (Omeprazole)
234.
H2 antagonist Cimetidine causes gynecomastia

225.
Spironolactone, Digoxin, Cimetidine, Amiodarone, Ketoconazole all have the ability to cause
gynecomastia
226.
Ondasetron (Zofran) is the MC used anti-emetic in the hospital setting
227.
Thyroxin is the DOC for cases of hypothyroidism
228.
PTU inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 T3
229.
PTU is the DOC for hyperthyroidism
230.
Leuprolide is the DOC for precocious puberty
231.
Clomiphene induces ovulation by inhibiting the estrogen receptor on the hypothalamus
232.
Streptokinase inactivates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
233.
Injury to the shaft of the humerus will most likely affect the radial nerve
234.
Injury to the surgical neck of the humerus will most likely affect the axillary nerve
235.
Injury to the supracondyl of the humerus will most likely affect the median nerve
236.
Injury to the medial epicondyle of the humerus will most likely affect the ulnar nerve
237.
Radial nerve innervates BEST: Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist/fingers, Supinator
238.
Claw hand is caused by compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow
239.
Erb-Duchenne palsy is characterized by: Abductor paralysis, Paralysis of lateral rotators,
and loss of biceps action
240.
Thoracic outlet syndrome is characterized by: Thenar and hypothenar atrophy,
Interosseous muscle atrophy, sensory deficit of the medial forearm and hand, loss of radial
pulse upon head movement to the affected side
241.
Muscles of the rotator cuff SITS: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis
242.
The right Coronary artery supplies SA and AV node 80% of the time
243.
The left anterior descending artery is the MC site of coronary artery occlusion
244.
The MC site of foreign body aspiration is the right lung
245.
Respiratory tract is: TracheaBronchiBronchiolesTerminal bronchiolesAlveoli
246.
Right lymphatic duct drains right side of head + right arm, thoracic duct drains rest of the
body

247.
Diaphragm structure: T8 = IVC, T10 = Esophagus, vagal trunks, T12 = aorta, azygous vein,
thoracic duct
248.
Direct inguinal hernias medial to inferior epigastric artery, indirect are lateral to inferior
epigastric artery
249.
Superior rectal artery supplies tissue above pectinate line, inferior rectal artery supplies
tissue below pectinate line
250.
Spermatogenesis occurs over 65 days
251.
Neural tube defects are caused by lack of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy
252.
Megaloblastic anemia + neuro deficits = B12 deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia without neuro deficit = Folate deficiency
253.
Wilsons disease is treated with Penicillamine
254.
Purulent necrosis is caused by bacteria
255.
When theres a deposition of fibrin, think of: Collagen vascular disease, uremia,
Tuberculosis
256.
Fatty necrosis of the breast is caused by trauma (ask about abuse)
257.
The MCC of Turner syndrome is non-disjunction from the father
258.
Turner syndrome sees pre-ductal coarctation of the aorta 5% of the time
259.
Patau = 13, Edwards = 18, Downs = 21
260.
Manage fast-growing cancers with antimetabolites, manage slow-growing cancers with
alkylating agents
261.
Caffeine blocks phosphodiesterase = increase cAMP and cGMP
262.
Tyrosine kinase is the 2nd messenger for growth factors
263.
GABA is inhibitory in the brain, Glycine is inhibitory in the spinal cord
264.
The 1st line DOC for BPH is Prazosin
265.
Muscle strain = overstretching of muscle, muscle sprain = tear to tendon or ligament
266.
With inflammation suspicion, check ESR, WBC, C-reactive protein
267.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy = no dystrophin, Beckers muscular dystrophy = decreased
amount of dystrophin made

268.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rapidly ascending paralysis, we worry it will get to the
diaphragm
269.
Treat Guillain-Barre with IVIG
270.
The neurological symptoms of DM are glove and stocking distribution
271.
Argyll-Robertson pupil is pathognomonic finding for tertiary syphilis
272.
Diagnose Myasthenia Gravis with Edrophonium (an AchE inhibitor) aka Tensilon test
273.
The MOA of myasthenia gravis is autoimmune attack against the post-synaptic Ach
receptors
274.
Treat MG with Neostigmine
275.
The MOA of Lambert-Eaton syndrome is antibodies against the voltage-gated calcium
channels on the pre-synaptic membrane
276.
Common initial findings of multiple sclerosis are: Scanning speech, intention tremor,
nystagmus
277.
Acute management of MS is IV steroids, long-term management are disease modifying drugs
278.
Four main types of MS are: Relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary
progressive, progressive-relapsing
279.
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is caused by a deficiency of Arylsulfatase A
280.
ALS affects the ventral horns and corticospinal tracts (all motor, no sensory involvement)
281.
Friedreichs ataxia is an x-linked recessive triplet repeat disorder, caused by mutation of
FXN gene that codes for Frataxin (chrom 9)
282.
Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by a carnitine shuttle defect, whereby long-chain FAs
accumulate in the cytoplasm
283.
Incomplete penetrance means those affected with a genetic defect wont always show it
phenotypically
284.
Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene has more than one effect on a phenotype
285.
Mitochondrial diseases are only passed from the mother (to all offspring)
286.
Most smooth muscle by area is found in the arterioles
287.
Veins are under parasympathetic control
288.
Arteries are under sympathetic control

289.
Transudate = Mostly water. Exudate = mostly protein
290.
Carotid sinus (at the carotid bifurcation) responds to flow and stroke volume
291.
CN 9 and 10 are responsible for managing HR
292.
Acute stretching of the carotid artery leads to vasovagal syncope
293.
Orthostatic hypotension is caused by hypovolemia
294.
The 3 MC IgA nephropathies are: Bergers, Henoch-Schonlein Purpura, Alports
295.
The MCC of DIC is sepsis
296.
The MCC of renal failure in children is hemolytic uremic syndrome
297.
HUS is associated with E. Coli 0157:H7
298.
Takayasus arteritis is characterized by weakened pulses and very high ESR
299.
The 2 MCC of acquired heart disease in children are: Kawasakis disease and Rheumatic
fever
300.
The 1st line treatment of temporal arteritis when visual disturbances are present is steroids
301.
Sacroiliac joint has to be affected to make a diagnosis of Ankylosing spondylitis
302.
The major finding in psoriatic arthritis is pitting of the nails
303.
Reiters syndrome is characterized by: urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis
304.
CREST syndrome = Calcinosis, Raynauds phenomenon, Esophageal dysmotility,
Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasis
305.
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies are seen in Scleroderma
306.
Post-strep gN is caused by S. Pyogenes and characterized by sub epithelial humps
307.
Subacute bacterial endocarditis is MC on the mitral valve and MCC by Strep Viridans
308.
Main diagnosis of SLE is anti-smith and anti-dsDNA antibodies
309.
The MCC of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is 21-OH deficiency (virilization + hypotension)
310.
Addisons disease patients require lifelong glucocorticoid supplementation
311.
Osteoblasts = bone builders. Osteoclasts = bone crushers
312.
Dysphagia + Halitosis = Zenkers diverticulum

313.
MCCs of esophageal webs are: Plummer-Vinson syndrome and Schatzki rings
314.
Chest pain that mimics MI after drinking hot or cold beverage is Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
(DES) aka Corkscrew esophagus
315.
The MC type of esophageal fistula is type C
316.
H. Pylori is treated with a PPI + 2 antibiotics
317.
Sliding hernia is associated with GERD
318.
Congenital pyloric stenosis presents with projectile vomiting 3-4 weeks after birth
319.
Mid-epigastric pain is commonly caused by pancreatitis
320.
MCC of pancreatitis in adults is alcohol and gall stones
321.
MCC of pancreatitis in children is abdominal trauma, then infections
322.
Ransons criteria are used to make a prognosis for pancreatitis
323.
4 Fs of gallstones: Female, forty, fat, fertile
324.
MCC of unconjugated bilirubin are: Hemolytic causes, Gilberts, Criggler-Najjar type 1
325.
MCC of conjugated bilirubin are: Obstructive jaundice, Criggler-Najjar type 2, Dubin-Johnson
syndrome, Rotors syndrome
326.
Twisting of a segment of bowel around its mesentery is known as volvulus
327.
Volvulus presents with abdominal pain, kidney bean shape on x-ray, and currant-jelly stool
328.
MCC of painless bleeding in patients older than 60yr is Diverticulosis
329.
MCC of painful LLQ in adults is Diverticulitis
330.
Intussusception is treated with sigmoidoscopy and rectal tube placement
331.
Appendicitis beings as general periumbilical pain followed by isolated pain to McBurneys
point (2/3 from umbilicus to ASIS)
332.
Hemorrhoids 1st managed with Sitz bath, increased fiber, and hemorrhoidal cream
333.
Translocation t(11;22) is seen in Retinoblastoma and Ewings sarcoma
334.
Lens-shaped bleed in the brain = Epidural hematoma
335.
Crescent-shaped bleed in the brain = Subdural hematoma

336.
Worst headache of someones life = Subarachnoid hemorrhage
337.
Huntingtons disease is an AD trinucleotide repeat disorder, affecting Huntingtin gene on
chromosome 4
338.
Wilsons disease is an AR disease whereby ceruloplasmin protein is defective, leading to
excessive copper levels in the serum
339.
Pathognomonic finding for Wilsons disease is Kayser-Fleischer rings (check with Slit-
Lamp)
340.
Cherry-red spot on macula seen in Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick, and central retinal artery
occlusion
341.
Murmur that radiates to carotids is aortic regurgitation
342.
Young athlete who passes out or dies while playing sports likely has IHSS
343.
If IHSS is suspected, the entire family needs an ECHO
344.
Pulmonary regurgitation radiates to the back and is louder on inspiration
345.
Dilated heart has S3 and = systolic dysfunction
346.
Hypertrophic heart has S4 and = diastolic dysfunction
347.
Three MCC of restrictive cardiomyopathy are: Collagen vascular disease, Hemochromatosis,
Amyloidosis
348.
PDA can be closed with Indomethacin (NSAID), and can be kept open with prostaglandins
349.
Post-ductal coarctation is associated with notching of the ribs
350.
Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome is a condition wherby ventricles are pre-excited due to the
presence of an accessory pathway known as the Bundle of Kent
351.
WPW syndrome will show a delta wave on EKG
352.
Neural crest cells make: Melanocytes, Odontoblasts, Tracheal cartilage, Enterochromaffin
cells, Laryngeal cartilage, Parafollicular cells and pseudounipolar cells, All ganglia, Schwann
cells, Spiromembrane
353.
Surfactant isnt produced until weeks 32-34 of gestation
354.
Lungs are ready when S:L of 2:1 or presence of phosphatidylglycerol
355.
MCC of pneumothorax in females is OCPs
356.
MCC of traumatic PTX is stab wound to the chest

357.
The obstructive lung diseases are: Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, Asthma, and
Bronchiectasis
358.
MCC of oligohydramnios are: Renal agenesis and Renal obstruction
359.
The most abundant cell type in the airway is the goblet cells (mucus producing)
360.
Upper 1/3 of airway is stratified squamous, middle 1/3 is mix of squamous and columnar,
lower 1/3 is ciliated columnar
361.
The maxillary sinuses are the MC site of infection due to their drainage pathway
362.
Pancoasts tumor is at the apex of the lung, causes Horners syndrome
363.
1st line treatment for Acne is Benzoyl Peroxide
364.
The MCC of Impetigo is S. Aureus
365.
Steroids and UVA light are treatment modalities for psoriasis
366.
Port-wine stain + seizure + mental retardation = Sturge-Weber syndrome
367.
AD disorder that affects heme synthesis, characterized by blistering of sun-exposed areas
without abdominal pain = Porphyria cutanea tarda
368.
Management for Scabies is Permethrin (5%) cream
369.
Oral candida is treated with Nystatin (swish and swallow)
370.
Four sulfur-containing hormones are Prolactin, Inhibit, GH, and Insulin
371.
Maple syrup urine disease is caused by lack of Branched Chain Alpha-Keto acid DH complex
372.
The pre-cursor for Serotonin and Niacin is Tryptophan
373.
The 3 main indications for dialysis are: Hyperkalemia, Symptomatic uremia, Symptomatic
acidosis
374.
Ketogenic and Glucogenic amino acids are PITTT: Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrptophan,
Tyrosine, Threonine
375.
PKU caused by deficiency of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
376.
An AR disorder caused by deficiency of Tyrosinase
377.
Alcaptonuria is caused by a deficiency of Homogentisic Oxidase (urine turns black when
sitting, adults get brown ears and sclera)

378.
Cystinuria is an AR disease whereby theres a defect in renal transport of Cysteine,
Ornithine, Lysine, and Arginine
379.
ETC inhibitors stop the ETC altogether, while uncouplers allow it to continue but generate
heat instead of ATP
380.
Carbon monoxide inhibitrs the ETC at complex 4
381.
Sodium Nitroprusside is the only drug in medicine that contains cyanide, which can lead to
non-competitive inhibition of complex 4
382.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body
383.
4 types of collagen are SCAB: type 1 = skin, type 2 = connective tissue, type 3 = arteries,
type 4 = basement membrane
384.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen
production
385.
There are 3 main types of osteogenesis imperfect: 1 normal collagen in insufficient
amounts, 2 poorly made collagen in insufficient amounts, 3 collagen is formed
improperly
386.
Keratin is a protein made for its tensile strength (nails, hair, bones, cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments)
387.
Elastin is a protein with the ability to stretch and recoil, it is rich in glycine, proline, and
lysine.
388.
Marfans syndrome is caused by a mutation of the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15, it encodes
fibrillin
389.
The main sign of Marfans syndrome are: Wingspan wider than height, Arachnodactyly, and
retinal detachment that occurs from the bottom
390.
Mannose-6-phosphate signals proteins to become acid hydrolases
391.
Anabolic processes occur in the cytoplasm, catabolic processes occur in the mitochondria
392.
Glycolysis is the only catabolic process that occurs in the cytoplasm
393.
Three biochemical pathways that occur in both cytoplasm and mitochondria are: Urea cycle,
Heme synthesis, and Gluconeogenesis
394.
Glucose has 4 calories per gram, Protein has 4 calories per gram, Fat has 9 calories per gram
395.
Epinephrine and glucagon are the control mechanisms of the catabolic state
396.
Phosphofructokinase-1 is the RLE of glycolysis

397.
The allosteric activator of glycolysis is F-2,6-BP
398.
Mercury poisoning inhibits the enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in
glycolysis
399.
The net loss of ATP in recycling 1 glucose in the Cori cycle is -4
400.
The RLE of galactose metabolism is Galactose-1-Phosphate uridyltransferase
401.
Galactosemia is caused by deficiency of Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase
402.
The Krebs cycle gives us: 2 AcoA / glucose, 3 NADH / turn, 1 FADH2 / turn, 1 GTP / turn
403.
The total ATP generated per turn of the Krebs cycle is 10, but 2 glucose molecules are fed
into the cycle, giving us a total of 20 ATP per glucose
404.
NADH = 2.5 ATP, FADH2 = 1.5 ATP
405.
The RLE of Heme synthesis is Delta Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase
406.
Ferrochelotase adds the Fe2+ to the middle of the porphyrin ring
407.
Reversal of methemoglobinemia with Methylene Blue
408.
The 4-step process of beta oxidation is: Oxidation, Hydrolysis, Oxidation, Thiolysis
409.
The RLE of Ketogenesis is HMG-CoA Synthase
410.
Beta-OH Butyrate makes up the majority of circulating ketones
411.
Dont correct sodium >10mEq/L over a 24hr period because rapid shifts can lead to central
pontine myelinosis
412.
Metformin works by decreasing the hepatic glucose output and increasing the glucose
uptake by skeletal muscles and peripheral tissues
413.
Early morning hypoglycemia that leads to reactive hyperglycemia late in the morning is
known as the Samoji Effect
414.
Auto-induced hyperglycemia caused by normal increases of epinephrine, glucagon, and
cortisol is known as the Dawn Effect
415.
The RLE of glycogen synthesis is Glycogen Synthetase
416.
The Pentose-Phosphate pathway (HMP shunt) produces NADPH, Ribose-5-Phosphate
417.
The RLE of the HMP shunt is Glucose-6-Phosphate DH
418.
Deficiency of G-6-P DH leads to oxidation and hemolysis of RBCs

419.
The 3 most important transaminases are AST, ALT, and GGT
420.
The main fatty acid we produce is Palmitic Acid
421.
Linoleic acid (omega 3) is responsible for making Arachidonic acid
422.
The Lipoxygenase pathway produces leukotrienes
423.
The MOA of Aspirin is acetylation of the COX enzymes
424.
MC side-effects of aspirin are: Gastric ulceration, Cinchonism, Reye syndrome, interstitial
nephritis, thrombocytopenia
425.
Osmotic diarrheas are caused by indigestible solutes flowing through the GI and drawing
water to them, while secretory diarrheas are toxin-mediated and lead to secretion of water
into the GI lumen
426.
The 4 causes of secretory diarrhea are: 1 Enterotoxigenic E. Coli, 2- Vibrio cholera, 3
Cryptosporidium, 4 VIPoma
427.
Catalase positive bacteria can break down peroxide
428.
The 3 MC findings of toxic-shock syndrome are: High fever, hypotension, rash on
palms/soles
429.
The MCC of Strep throat is Group A Strep (pyogenes)
430.
The MCC of meningitis in infants is Group B Strep
431.
The MCC of meningitis in 2 months 10 year olds is Strep Pneumonia
432.
The MCC of meningitis in 10-21 year old is Neisseria Meningitis
433.
The MCC of meningitis in those >21 years old is Strep Pneumonia
434.
Bacillus cereus causes vomiting after eating reheated friend rice, due to its Emetic Toxin
435.
Cornybacterium Diphtheria contains a toxin that ADP-ribosylates elongation factor 2, it
leads to formation of pseudomembrane
436.
The 5 MCC of heartblock are: Lyme, Legionella, Typhoid fever, Diphtheria, and Chagas
disease
437.
Infants who eat raw honey can get Clostridium Botulism poisoning (avoid in 1st year of life)
438.
Neisseria has the largest capsule of all encapsulated bacteria
439.
When DIC is suspected, look for D-dimer and fibrin split products

440.
Neisseria gonorrhea is the MCC of purulent STD
441.
Whooping cough is caused by Bordetella Pertussis and comes in three stages
442.
Those who deliver animals and handle animal placenta are at risk of acquiring Brucella
443.
Cat-Scratch disease is caused by Bartonella Henselae
444.
Epiglottitis is caused by H. Influenza B
445.
The three non-painful genital lesions are: Syphilis, Genital warts, and Molluscum
contagiosum
446.
Diagnose syphilis with VDRL or RPR.
447.
Gold-standard syphilis test is FTA-Abs
448.
Treat tertiary syphilis with IV penicillin G for 10 days
449.
Whirlpool or Hot tub folliculitis is caused by Pseudomonas
450.
Salmonella is the MCC of osteomyelitis in sickle cell patients
451.
Egg-white syndrome leads to deficiency of Biotin
452.
Urease positive bugs are: Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and
Mycoplasma
453.
The MCC of food-poisoning related gastroenteritis is Campylobacter Jejuni
454.
The most effective anti-fungal is Ketoconazole, which inhibits the P450, blocks 5-alpha
reductase
455.
MOA of Ketokonazole is inhibition of the enzyme Lanosterol 14-alpha Demethylase
456.
Amphotericin B can cause hyperkalemia
457.
Onychomycosis is the MC nail problem, and is fungal infection of multiple nailbeds
458.
Histoplasmosis is the respiratory disease of the Mississippi and Ohio River Valley
459.
Blastomycosis is the respiratory disease of the Northeast USA
460.
Coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever) is endemic to the Southwestern US and Northwestern
part of Mexico
461.
Paracoccidioidomycosis is seen in Rural latin America and has a shipwheel appearance

462.
The opportunistic fungal infections are: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Cryptococcus neoformans, and Mucur/Rhizopus
463.
The 3 MCC of vaginitis are: Candida, Gardnerella, and Trichomonas
464.
Fungus ball in the lung is caused by Aspergillus
465.
Cryptococcus neoformans causes meningitis in AIDS patients
466.
Mucormycosis is the opportunistic infection seen in diabetic patients
467.
Pneumocystis carinii is usually seen in AIDS patients when CD4 count drops below 200
468.
Prophylaxis for PCP is Bactrim (TMP-SMX)
469.
Rose gardeners rash caused by Sporothrix Schenckii, draining along the LN drainage
pathway
470.
Pregnant patients must avoid toxoplasmosis by avoiding cat feces and/or cat litter
471.
Leaving contacts in too long can expose to Acanthamoeba
472.
Chagas disease is caught by the Reduuvid bug in South America
473.
Giardia Lamblia causes bloating and foul-smelling diarrhea, and is caught by ingesting cysts
from fresh-water sources
474.
Treatment for trichomonas vaginalis is metronidazole
475.
All patients given Metronidazole must be warned against drinking alcohol
476.
The mildest form of plasmodium infection is P. Malaria
477.
The deadliest form of plasmodium infection is P. Falciparum
478.
Tips for preventing malaria are: Awareness, Bite prevention, Chemoprophylaxis, Diagnosis
& Treatment
479.
The rash of rocky-mountain spotted fever begins on wrists and ankles and moves centrally
480.
Mycobacterium Avium is seen in AIDS patients when CD4 count drops below 50
481.
Prophylaxis for MAC is Azithromycin
482.
Primary TB causes a Ghon complex in the lower lobes
483.
Secondary TB causes cavitation in the upper lobe because of increased 02-tension in this
area

484.
Prophylaxis for a positive PPD is INH for 9 months
485.
Patient being treated for TB who experiences peripheral neuropathy is due to Pyridoxine
deficiency (put it back)
486.
Rubella presents with a blueberry muffin rash, cataracts, PDA, and sensorineural hearing
loss
487.
CMV leads to central calcifications in the brain
488.
Toxoplasmosis leads to calcifications in the parietal lobe
489.
The management for herpes is Acyclovir
490.
Obligate aerobes are: Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Bacilluls
491.
HIV/AIDS and HTLV are retroviruses
492.
Croup is characterized by Steeple sign on xray
493.
Rabies is managed with immediate washing, administration of immunoglobulins, and a 5-
dose vaccination over the following 28-days
494.
Coronavirus is the MCC of cold in the summer months
495.
Rhinovirus is the MCC of cold in the winter months
496.
Active immunity occurs when we are infected or get vaccinated
497.
Interleukin-1 does the following: recruits helper T-cells, stimulates fever, and produces
non-specific symptoms of illness
498.
The humoral immune system is responsible for patrolling the blood
499.
Cell-mediated immune system patrols the tissues
500.
Drugs that can cause aplastic anemia (BM suppression): Chloramphenicol, AZT, Benzene,
Vinblastine
501.
Viruses that can cause BM suppression are: Parvovirus B19, Hep C, Hep E