A Concise Dictionary of Egyptian Archaeology 1000036059 PDF
A Concise Dictionary of Egyptian Archaeology 1000036059 PDF
A Concise Dictionary of Egyptian Archaeology 1000036059 PDF
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
EGYPTIAN
A
ARCHAEOLOGY
FOR STUDENTS AND
HANDBOOK
TRAVELLERS
BY
M.
BRODRICK
and
A.
ANDERSON
MORTON
WITH
80
ILLUSTRATIONS
AND
MANY
CARTOUCHES
METHUEN
" STREET
CO.
W.C.
36 ESSEX
LONDON 1902
0C-n6l967
PREFACE
THIS
with travellers contains
has of
a
been
prepared
to
for students
publication
and which would
to
idea
offering
book
Egypt
handy
form
of
reference,
that various
condensed
to
information for in
otherwise
volumes.
have
be
sought
have of the
large
been has
Eeferences but
a
only
the book.
names
occasionally
consulted
given
J
bibliography
at
works
been A In the
placed
selection
the
end of the
of
only
kings'
has of the
been
inserted.
illustrating
form has
most
figures
Egyptian
on
gods
ments monu-
frequently
each
want set
case
represented
chosen.
to
the
not
in from
one
been space,
It has
more
been
one
possible,
aspect
The under
or
of of
depict
than
attributes.
system
the
of
transliteration
adopted
In
or
will the
be
heading
names,
"Hieroglyphs."
the the but in Greek
case
particular
has
not
where
to
some
familiar
general
the
more
reader,
common
transliterated,
used,
scarab such
on as
spelling
has
Thothmes,
is
the the
cover
copied
of Miss
from
fine
green
specimen
in
possession
Molyneux,.
Pitlochry.
Mary Anna Brodrick Anderson Morton
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST
Vlll
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
ah,
who and
is Thoth disk.
purely
the He is
moon
God,
of the
shares
lunar
with
emblems
sometimes
crescent
solar
connected
with
{q.v.).
I.
D
Aah-hetep
Wife of
obscure
III.,
end mother
an
of of the
Dynasty
Aahmes XVIIIth the
I.,
king
In
of
Dynasty. of M. diggers
at
1860,
coffin
Mariette the
discovered
of this
Thebes but M.
queen,
Mariette
at
being unfortunately
time,
many coffin the mummy valuable is and The in is
was
absent
the of The of
a
robbed
articles. the
cover
shape
from
gilt
top
found
articles
a
cofiin
included
double-
gold figures,
blue
enamel
; Aah.
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
a
OF
hinge ;
with
an
axe
with
handle ornamented
covered
gold-leafand
carnelian and turquoise lazuli, ; lapis a dagger in a sheath of gold ; a gold chain with pendant scarabaeus ; a largegold collar with hawks' in These heads at each end, etc. objects are now the Cairo Museum. II. She the
Aah-hetep
Nefertari and
was
Aahmes
I., and
(Dynasty XVIII.).*
Aahmes I. First king Neb-2:)ehti-Rd. of
Dynasty
XVIII.
,
B.C.
Nefert-ari
was
had
war
by
of
children.
Aahmes
independence which resulted in the expulsion He of the Hyksos. captured their capitalHat-nart (Tanis?)and drove them into the Palestine desert. He then Turning subjugated the Mentiu, or Bedawin. Semneh and Nile the the south he went repelled tp up Ethiopians. The body of Aahmes, in a fair state of He Museum. is in the Cairo preservation, appears died in the prime of life. to have
Aahmes
se-Nit,Khnem-ub-Bd,
Amasis
II.,Dynasty
He married the princessAnkhsXXVI., B.C. 572-528. This II. en-Ea-Nefert, daughter of Psammetichus Pharaoh
encouraged
to {q.v.)
a
by opening enterprise
both He with the
as
a
Naukratis
and
as
Greek
free port
place
of
also tide
conquered
of Persian
alliance
Croesus, king of
of
stemming
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY In the
3 the
"
Aalu,Fields
of
of.
found
legend of
tomb
Mankind,"
we
in the
of Seti His
learn how
people on
rulingdisobedient
"
was
declared
about
him
of gathering his purpose men many tion in it, and created for their future accomodadivisions
'
His heavenly world. and majesty spake : Let there be set a great field,' there I will gather appeared the Field of Eest ; plants in it,'and there appeared the Field of Aaru (Aalu), Therein do I gather as its inhabitants things which the stars (Erman). hang from heaven, even the various of the
' *
' "
It
was
to this
on
"
body.
the
Book
of
speaks
in
of it
harvests,"
which
time
cubits
surrounded and
were
by
wall of
iron, broken
ways been
by
several
doors,
to
traversed
Greek
it
compared
to the
Aamu,
Amu.
The
name
givenby
the
Egyptians to
the Sinaitic Peninsula, who inhabiting were depicted They may be seen probably Semites. of Khnem-hetep II. at Beni the walls of the tomb upon Semitic Hasan they have a distinctly type of ; where the beard bidden forcoloured face, are yellow, and wear to the Egyptians. Their clothes are of a shape and colour peculiar to themselves. the Asiatic tribes
"
Aani. Abbott.
The
Egyptian
name
for
cynocephalus{q.v.).
the
modern
Girgeh.
CONCISE
DICTIONARY I. and
a
OF Eamses II. built fine earliest known the 1st and Ilnd
Chief
burial
placefrom
time immemorial
found
to
there the
the burial place says that it was of Osiris,and hence the custom of bringingthe dead, if not to be buried, at least to rest in the sacred cincts prefor a time. (SeeThis.)
royaltombs Dynasties.
they appear
belong to
Tradition
Abydos, Tablets of. One of these was discovered in 1818 by Bankes and given to the British Museum. It is much damaged. The other was found byDiimichen in 1861, and is still in the temple. The first tablet of the chief kings who gives the names reignedover The to Eamses II. second Egypt from Mena tablet, which and ends with Seti L, gives begins with Mena the names of seventy-five kings. It is therefore not but it is valuable as givingthe kings a complete list, in their righthistorical or chronological order.
Acacia.
and Ashic
There
are
now
several
on
kinds
in
sont
Egypt, but
as
"
probablythose
were
mentioned
Shenti
the respectively
tree, or
flora of for for
Nilotica, and the acacia Seyal. The of immense Egypt being so limited,these were
acacia
tance imporused
the
also
Achoris.
to
Diodorus in II.
Cyprus
xerxes
Dynasty XXIX., who according Siculus, joined forces with the King of unfortunate an campaign against Arta-
king
of
Adet.
One
of the
names
of Agriculture. The extraordinary fertility rendered in one sense an agriculture easy The land uncovered after the inundation
the soil
matter.
would
pro-
EGYPTIAX cluce
ARCIIAKOLOGY
But a great three or four successive crops. easily in order to bring of irrigation amount was necessary this the Shadoof the hiter crops to perfection. For also carried two pots used, and men was (q.v.) largely The implements attached to a yoke over the shoiUders. in
use
in ancient
times the
were
very of
a
much
still
^
used
was
by
were
Fellsihin.
to
The with
clumsy
broad
plough
The short then and
attached
horns
yoke
sown,
lioes
wood,
seed the The
blades it
handles.
trampled
driven
over
was
soil
it.
when
the earth, but just under the ears. small sickle, not near sickle is in most The short-handled, slightly cases of wood, set with flint teeth, so that curved and made
reapingmust have been one of sawing cutting. As soon as the corn was cut, the to gather the officialtenth before the tax collector came The treading out the corn" was grainwas stored. Old the most frequently done by donkeys under were usually employed. Empire, but later, oxen and wheat both ments, are representedon the monuBarley
the process rather than of
''
and
occasionally
the modern was pulled probability heads and the from the separated up by the roots, stalks by a peculiar implement that looks like a comb. \^ cultivated, Vegetablesmust also have been extensively the since they figure so offerings. largely among also grown, the former being Vines and olive trees were trained trellises supported by forked over poles. doleful most Certain papyri and tomb give inscriptions
accounts
is
in
all
of be
the
hard
miserable
of
the
labourer. agricultural
to
poverty
treatment
attributed rather
their
but superiors,
to their
improvidence.
son {q.v.),
Ahi.
Ahu. Atum
A form A
of Harpocrates of the
of Hathor.
variant
name
of the
god
Tum
or
{q.v.).
CONCISE The
DICTIONARY of tlie
OF
Akbmim.
Apu
the Greeks, and Shmm or famous in ancient days for its linen
cutters.
and
stone
died found
there
There
is
very
necropohs, in
"
MSS.
notablythe
pseudo-gospelof
Alabaster for The There
on was
Peter.
great deal by the Egyptians of many kinds. statues, sarcophagi, and vases
a
used
chief
quarries were
quarry
near
at
place
There
called
Hat
Nitb.
is another
Dowadiyeh,
near
is alabaster
to
admit
of
Alphabet.
Altar.
' '
Sp.e Hieroglyphs.
"
tables of offerings Although small altars or frequently in the pictures and wall appear decorations of temples and tombs, only one genuine altar has been found in a temple. It is in a court on of the temple of side of the upper court the north el Baliri (Dynasty XVIII.), and is a large stone Der platform measuring about 16ft. Sins, by 13 ft. 9 ins., and about 5 ft. 3 ins. high. There are steps up to it the priest mounted, and side by which the west on discovered This altar was the east. thus faced by Naville M. cavations during his recent ex; until
then, such
form the
Amam.
for Egyptian name the "Dewhat is usually called A composite creature, part vourer." lioness, part hippopotamus, part crocodile,frequently depicted seated in on a small pylon. She is figured the picturesof the judgment before Amam. The
EGYPTIAX
7
on
Osiris in the
at Der
"Book
Dead," and
"
the
walls that
not
on
she
who
destroys
some
the it
wicked," and
was
supposed by
those very who
could
stand this
judgment point.
II.
littleis known
Amasis Amber.
amber Xllth
was was
have from
been the
found
at
Abydos
nearest
Dynasty
tombs.
The
obtainable
some
Baltic,so that
intercourse
fact the
with Europe in possible which is further proved by the Egyptians obtained for alloying
bronze.
frequentlyfound in His name conjunction with Ra than alone. signifies Of the hidden all "the one." gods perhaps he was the one most worshipped,though almost universally with some other god. Thus he always in conjunction
A
god
who
is
more
was
fused
with
with B.'i,
Amsu,
or
Khnemu.
His
in role probably was as a god of the dead, and original late times "much mystic philosophywas evolved out of his name." {See Amen Ra, Amsu.) Amen
-em-
hat.
name
borne
to
by
the
"
four
use
kings of of royalty.
to
One
cry, at Beni
"
the of
"
is that chief
Amen-em-hat
(variant Ameni),
confidential friend of the king Oryx Nome," and learn that he we (Usertsen I.). From the inscriptions behalf made of, his royal w^ith, or on expeditions of these expeditionsw^as One master. against the black peopleof Gush, on the southern Egyptian frontier. Under Mentu-lietep of Dynasty XI., another Amen-em-hat orders to transport the king's received from the quarry the to sarcophagus and its cover eternal resting-place of his lord.
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF and
Amen-em-hat
Dynasty XII., cir. 2778-2748 b.c, probably of the and most of Tlieban a descendant likely origin, under Mentu-hetep, who was Amen-em-hat a prince (q.v.) of aggressionin all quarters His wars of Dynasty XI. and papyri. in rock inscriptions recorded been have
founder of He and his
successors as are
as
much
government
for the
gloryof
Something
to
of the from
at
conditions
country may
Story of
was
temple
Thebes
set
Amen-em-hat
I.,
there
up
red
by granite
Usertsen.
"
years of his with him the throne his young on for this son that he WTote the It was
During
last ten
Precepts
papyrus
contained it would
in the Sallier
Papyrus
de there
II.
From
par
of Berlin
(" Les
seem
Papyrus
that
Berlin,"
^vas
M.
Chabas)
some
his death.
r^
uuu
]
he shared the
Son
some
of Usertsen
I.,wdth whom
people from the incursions of The region was important on account of its negroes. inscribed An stone at gold and precious stones. certain explorationsin the Abydos commemorates conquered country in search of the preciousproducts. official led by a distinguished One of these expeditions, named Se-Hathor, penetrated beyond the Second
frontier to
10
CONCISE it
DICTIONARY
OF
we
are
dependent chiefly
of Aahmes
we
upon
the From
tombs them
and that
or
Penthe
El
Kab.
learn
king made
and the
Nubia,
Amukehak,
"
who
w^ere
Amen-hetep I. had two Sensenb six he had by whom, succeeded I., the son by Thothmes of this king is in the Cairo mummy
"
successful
of the latter.
The
Dynasty
XVIII.
,
ID
cir.
B.C.
1449-1423.
sons,
His of
queen
several
by
As
one
whom,
made
succeeded.
success
usual, he
temples
have enemy
"
raid into Asia, the the walls of the is chronicled upon also to Karnak. He and appears
as we
been
Nubia,
hear
of
"the
other
being
to show
Napata
all the
of the wall of the town upon forth all the victories of the king among
hung
people of
the negro
land." the
Amen-hetepIII., Neb-madt-Ed,
Nimmuriya
of
3
B.C.
Tyi,daughter
had
two
sons
Thuaa,
Kirgipa.
son
He
Amen-hetep IV. succeeded him. a on In the fifth year of his reign he went campaign this there is nothing to but apart from into Ethiopia, him Under record. began the first signs of that a change which, in his son's time, became religious daughters.
reformation.
ECiYPTIAX
ARCHAEOLOGY
11
C
Called cir. B.C. the he
iniiniii
men
KJtu-en-Atoi. He fame in the married Nefertiti
rests
afterwards
1383-1365. The
and
had
six
daughters.
of this
king
entirely upon
country, which
reformation
of the religion
in a more He endeavoured to In'ing brought about. in the adoration of the Aten, or sun's spiritual w^orship of the Theban to disk, and findingthe opposition priests his capital be insurmountable, he removed to a site now known Tel el Amarna, where, aided by his queen, he as tenets, and to raise the sought to inculcate these new moral tone of the people. Of the old deities,Maat, the impersonation of truth, alone appears to have been the king recognized. Unfortunatelyfor the movement
few and within a young, of of his death all traces years the Aten passed worship had
died
successful free
art
from
arts
distinct
nature.
copy and
from
sculpturesand
for their
birds, animals
the usual
stilted
representations.
{SeeAten.)
Amen-Ra. the A
Amen
of The
gods
of his He is
Amen-Ra.
12
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
sented
two
as
one
hand On back
the
user are
sceptre, and
tall
a
the of
other
the dnhh.
the and
his head
plumes
cord.
A at
feathers, from
of which
hangs
{Sec Amsu
Ea.)
the
goddess who
Thebes. with She
takes occasionally
was a
place
of of
feminine
a
form
Amen,
sometimes
represented with
a
sheep's head,
the
crown
sometimes
human
head
and
Egypt.
"
Amenti.
which its
was
The he
Hidden with
over
Land,"
the the dead.
the An
other
world,
Osiris is
sun. settting
lord, and
idea of the
be gathered Egyptian conception of the Amenti may from the pictureson the walls of the tombs of Seti I. the Book of that which and other kings, where is in the Underworld," is inscribed and fullyillustrated. The difficulties that have to be overcome by the Sungod (Ea) during his nightly journey through the
"
are
there
described.
It is divided
into
through all
river,on
eastern
which, in
horizon.
bark,
again
and
"
to
the
Many
who
animal
form
serpents, beset
path.
form of
"He
a
is Osiris in the
mummy.
all dead, being identified wdth Osiris, overcame their adversaries,and as the Sun-god passed through
again in the east, so they expected in like manner to the blessed life. to pass through Hades An inscription of the time of Cleopatra speaks thus : For as for Amenti it is a land of sleepand darkness, those who are there remain. a dwellingwherein They awake forms, they nevermore sleepin their mummy their fellows, they behold neither their fathers to see
night to
"
the
rise
nor
their where
and
not
me.
children. I
am.
came
into this
I valley
know
long
by
the bank
that river,
13 For the
"
refresh my
name
god
or
^vllo ruleth
here
Utter
Death,'
etc.
Amset
whom and who
Mestha,
one
funerary geniito
the
dedicated,
cardinal
represented
Some of
texts
points.
children
was
Horus,
father.
their
Figures
in
of
these
found bronze.
faience, and
{See Canopic
called the
Khem,
the
god
of
Panopolis,the Apu
and As modern
of ancient Akhmim
representing the
and He
as a
Egypt, {(l-i'-)generativepower^
identified
is sometimes called is
Min-AmenT!
Amsu.
Amen-Amsu. monuments
the
on represented tightlyswathed
free, that being raised figure with only one arm if waving the flarjclluiii it holds above the head. as For head-dress the long plumes of Amen. he wears Behind him there are usuallygrowing plants. found statues of this god at Coptos, and thinks "\Tetrie it probable that he was brought by his Avorshippers
from Amt Nebesheh formed for its wine. attributed magical to which were objects of protection, worn were by the livingand powers Some disposedin and about the body of the deceased. of power," inscribed with are hcl-au, i.e. "words the land of Punt. The its site.
or
Pa-Uaz.
nome
nineteentli
of Lower
and
Horus
worshipped there.
celebrated
Amulets,
or
OF
and
several
were or
are
of the Dead."
They
the
Every
in their in
kind
position, comone
of stone
besides
were
frit was
of
more
some or
value, made
Amethyst, garnet,turquoise, obsidian, amber, agate, jasper,lapis lazuli, felspar, and porphyry hematite, malachite, granite,serpentine,
stone particular
colour.
were
the
harder
the
substance
the
finer
tAnWi
remains
the
the
figure represents.
the
important of
amulets, and
been
in every kind of material. It is sometimes large numbers with the dad, and has depictedin combination an independent existence ascribed to it.
""".
"
Tliet.
The made
girdlebuckle
in
some
of
Isis.
An
amulet such
was as
H usually
sins the 156
'^
red
material,
carnelian, jasper,porphyry or glass. The washed of the blood of Isis, which typical
of the
mummy,
wearer.
colour
and
"
placed on frequentlyinscribed
was
It
with
chapter
of the
Book
An
"
"
of the placed on the neck word for its protection. The Jimummy signifies The 155th firmness, stability, preservation." ter chap-
Bad.
of the
*'
Book the
of the Dead
"
orders be
it to be made in water
of in
gold.
which
thct,it had
flowers An had
to
dipped
lain.
gold, and in the 157th the rubric which chapter of the the commands to be placed on of the Dead Book It symbothe day of burial. neck of the mummy on lized mother of Isis, the the protection goddess.
amulet
"
usually made
of
"
"
ARCHAEOLOGY collar of
15
gold
which
was
to
be of of his
placed on the neck of burial, to give him power bandages. {See Eubric of the Dead.")
V^
the
day
Book
from
''
chapter of
Urs. It in is
An
amulet
representingthe
the heads of of hematite. the
"
pillows,or
of the
mies. mum-
generallymade
earliest ritual
It is Book of
scribed dethe
the
tQ"
Ah. of
tain the heart, the founrepresenting the conscience. sometimes life, typifying An amulet The
Symbolic Eye, an amulet fastened which to the wrist or arm, protected the w^earer from the evil eye, against the bites of serpents,and againstwords spoken in anger or malice.
'^^
"
Uzat.
'^-^
^=^^
sun.
The
two
were
the
Eyes
of
Horus, but in
moon,
some
instances
the left
the
represents the
the
right
It
the
[See Eye,
An
amulet
a
luck."
musical
instrument.
amulet Kim.
representingthe
Found in
sun's the
rising from
An amulet
horizon.
Shen.
thought
to
Uaz. It is is
representing a
some
lotus
column.
green
substance, and
eternal of
youth.
Q
\/
Tesher.
The
red
crown
of Lower
10
CO"X^ISE
DICTIONARY
OF
^n^
Menat.
OY
which
was
the sightof signof divine protection, Most supposed to drive away care.
in frequent
Saite times.
w^as
laid
on
the
Frog
It
is not
w^as
found
in
use
until
Dynasty
The
Fingers.
Generally
found
inside
the
abdomen
/^
and
The
royal sceptre,which
and earth.
secure
gave
dominion
over
heaven
and justice
moderation
Anastasi.
Ancestors. four the of
names
and of
are
Frequently,however, they
the
only
those
of the
house, the
side being reckoned of through the mother's more importance than that through the father. paid by relatives to the Although much attention was descent tombs honour
ancestor
fathers, and
festivals
were
held
to
in"
dead, this
op
never
actual
worship.
"
Ancestors
to
chamber in it contains
from
Karnak Prisse.
the
so
BibUotheque
Nationale
by
It is
called because
III. making offerings to of Thothmes representation at of his predecessors. Similar scenes occur sixty-one Sakkfira and Abydos.
18
CONCISE
were
DICTIONARY found of
OF
at
and
mummy
by
B.C.
Arabs
the
western
mountain
the found
Theban
Necropohs.
surnamed
coffin of
2945,
by Brugsch Bey
in 1854.
It
is
B.C.
now
in
the
Louvre. second
Another
name,
cir.
madt.
(HI-)' Ba-seslies-ii])
Museum.
Antef
Antef
2902, is only
If
known mention
by
his
brick
name
pyramid
his four
at
Thebes
and
the
of his
in the Abbott
2852.
An
in-
the decree for the degradationby containing scription this king of Teta, son of Min-hetep probablyone of for bouring harthe feudal princes or a very high official,
"
"
**
Museum.
b.c.
2786.
Ninth
and land
last
king
of
Dynasty
undertaken
XL
An in his
of Punt
was
to expedition reign.
the
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOCiV Antha.
A
19
^0^^
goddess imported from Asia, probablyof Phoenician the in origin,often mentioned 11. and of Kamses inscriptions
Eamses
war
III. with
She and
is is
kind
of
goddess
represented
shield, and
armed
hehnet,
"
swinging a battle-axe. She is called Lady of heaven of the and gods," and is queen of in the company usually seen Eeshpu (q-v-)'
lance, and
Antha.
AnubisorAnpu.
The who
"
god presided over embalming, and especially a god of the dead. His cult was very general but to it seems throughout Egypt, have had its centre at Lycopolis also a Lycopolis (Asyut). There was
in the Delta and rise to
where
this the
he fact
was
shipped, wor-
may
have of of is
son
given
of the Anubis
apparent doubling
the texts
god,
of
for
speak
Anubis He and
the
north
and
Anpu. and
to
Nephthys,
his father
"
swallowed
nature
sun
"
Osiris.
god
he
his father
being
the with of
a
twilight.
a
may He is and of
represent
depicted
the his head
names
human
"
body
One
jackal. Ap-uat
"
is
(q-V.).
A and
Anukit.
Khnemu
Anukit.
goddess,
third Her in the
w4fe
of
triad of
Elephantine. J
distinguishing
20
.
CONCISE is
a
DICTIONARY
OF
head-dress she
wears
crown
called island
being
was
the
a
name
for
to
the the
Sehel, where
Sati and Anukit.
there She
temple
goddesses origin.
is
of possibly
Nubian
Anupt.
goddess
found
at
Dendera.
She
sents repre-
the feminine
Apeum, the, often but erroneously called Serapeum was the palace in which the sacred were lodged at Memphis.
"
"
Apis Mausoleum,
the.
The These
excavated
vaults
were
at
sacred
Apis
are
bulls often
buried
erroneously
^
Serapeum.
(SeeSeeapeum.)
personati Apepi (Greek Apophis). The great serpent, the imof spiritual evil ; and head of the powers of the sun darkness under the form of Ea againstwhom Horus He is represented or as waged his dailywar. a serpent of many folds having a knife stuck into each. As the
sun
went
by
Apepi
with The
the west, he was confronted troops of fiends called Qettu, battled with the them
"
Sebau,
Dead" also
a
all
night
is
until dawn.
chapter of
The Book
Book
of the There
entitled
Overthrowing
of Apepi treats ; also Nesi-Amsu), which of this opponent of Ea who is,through Ea, the entirely
(seebelow
opponent
were
identified with
Osiris,who
sun-god,lord of the "underworld ; therefore on the sun's ultimate victory depended their safety. In some find Apepi identified with instances we Typhon, and in Graeco-Eoman times with Set. ''Apepi was called He therefore never a god. represents,not a regularlyoccurring phenomenon, but an irregular
the
ARCHAEOLOGY He forced
names
21
storm-
occasional is One
one. overcome
is the
strong, dark,
his his
cloud, and
by
of
Sim-god
and
back
of his
is represented
blind, and
another
like the
Latin
Ubar, Cacus, or
(Apophis).
Hyksos kings. Should be placedprobably in Dynasty XV. It is thought by many Egyptologists that Joseph served under the latter. Apepi, Book
forms Amsu and "Book about
a
of the
of the third
Overthrowing of.
of the funeral
work
which
{q^v.).It treats recalling certain chapters of the Apepi {q-i'-), of the Dead," notably chapters 7, 31,
and 35
to
33,
was
39, from
The
the
us
has
the book
temple
monotonous
of Amen-Ea
Apts
of
day.
there
treat
It contains
a
fifteen
chapters, in
They
of
of the
are
fiend,and
both
of phrases. repetition for destroying the methods various mythical and magical. The name in green also to be
on
Apepi
;
was
to be written
figureswere fiends, and, after being defiled, were most interesting part of the work
wax an
burnt
to be burnt.
The
which
men
gives
and
account
were
of It
the
creation,
and
tears
wohien
formed of Ea." is of
by
"
the The
Khepera.
Evolutions That variant known.
is called
Book
the work It
some
by
the
readingswhich
differs
occur,
other
from
as
funeral
is yet papyri in
speakingof
the deceased of
as
P-iia
(^^^^
instead Pharaolij
the Osiris.
22
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF in
Apes.
some
tortoise-headed
for the
texts
Apes
or
Apet.
Another
{q.v,).
which
was
to have
been
ancient of
coveries dishis
into
Apis.
lis in the Ilnd times that the Eenouf
Heliopountil
not
so
of
much
triumph of the the over sensibly visible in the thought is most The development of the worship of the Apis bull." Apis symbolized the second life of Ptah," the god of to whom born of a cow, a deity Memphis. He was had descended in the form of lightningor a ray of he was black, moonlight. According to Herodotus with a square white spot on the forehead ; on his back the figure of an was eagle,in the tail double hairs, searched for The priests and on the tongue a beetle. found such animal an throughout Egypt, and when he was Egypt, brought first to Nicopolis, in Lower and then with and ceremony to Memphis. great pomp and put in an When embalmed he died, the body was enormous sarcophagus. The so-called Serapeum at numbers where Sakkfira is a great Apis mausoleum,
"
importance. symbol
of these covered
were a
sacred
bulls
w^ere
buried.
The
large part
of the
of immense
ARCHAP:0L0GY burial
a
23
to say
and in disk
of the
bulls,that is
was
year
a
king'sreign. Apis
and
at
uraeus
with
was
"
between death
"
the
a
supposed that,
he became
Greek
nome one
his
like
being
with for
Apis.
el Hism.
name
of the third
of Lower
Chief
Hathor. deity,
Greek for Tejj-ahet, name Aphroditopolis. The of Upper Egypt, capitalof the twenty-second nome Atfih. Chief deity, the modern Hathor.
Aphroditopolis. The Greek name of the tenth nome of Upper Egypt, Chief deity, Hathor.
for the
Tebt, capital
modern Itfu.
Tlie Greek for Tebt, name Magna. Apollinopolis the capital of the second of Upper Egypt, the nome modern Edfu. Chief deity, Hor-belmtet ((/.r.).
Apt.
bank of
That the
part of Thebes
Nile. It
was
lay on
into
"
the
east
Northern
Southern
Apt,"
He is
at
Ap-nat
one
"
literally the
"
of the
forms
ways."
souls land."
worshipped
introduce hidden
the
of the
divine
(See
Name
was
of
the
worn
Uraeus,
on
serpent which
of emblem
the
Uraeus.) Although the Egyptians were the arch they but acquainted with rarely used it. The earliest specimen
Arch.
//C^^
24 of
a
A true
DICTIONARY in
a
OF
IVth
Dynasty
mastaba
at Medum.
Architects.
Since
architecture
was
Egypt's principal
less accessory or art, all others being more or is i t natural of that all artists the architects subsidiary, should of many tombs. disdain which in the and
are
have
been
on
most
honoured.
in
museums
The
to have
names
recorded
stelae
and
in
The
to take
appears
a
been
not
and hereditary, of
was
royal princedid
the holder
Lower Upper and Egypt," apparently highly honoured it was of combined with the first
At times
case
Bak-en-Khensu,
Seti I. and under principalarchitect at Thebes Eamses II., whose sepulchralstatue is preservedat Munich.
come
The down
most to
us
famous is
architect
whose the
name
has of
Sen-mut,
favourite
Hatshepsut, and
a
builder
of Der-el-Bahri. This of
Ari-hes-nefer.
son
Ethiopian god
was one nome
is of of
of Ea chief
and
Bast, and
the
are on
the
deities
tenth the
There is head
remains
the Island
a or sisting con-
He and
represented with
double
a
lion's
crown,
and
headdress
disk, ram's
horns, plumes
two
Arit.
of
a
the
gates
of
Hades,
creature
guarded
called Aau.
Ari-hes-nefer.
by
mummiform
Arms. Arrows.
two
to
(SeeWeapons.)
and reed
arrows
Wood
from
inches thirty-four metal have or wood, flint, hard wood and flint heads
long, tipped
been
were
found.
Those
26
A such
CONCISE
as
DICTIONARY
in
OF
with these
none
accuracy
Egypt.
during an
of these Thoth
w^as
"
have
come
taught men
part of the
the science
of
priestly college The priests of Ea seem was to have been the first to recognize the importance of this study,and their keenness of sightis indicated in of the titles they bear, as some great of sight," the
the school
" "
the heavens.
important astronomy.
reader of The
"
who
knows
the
sightin
astronomers
attached
the
temples were
knew
called
w^atchers
night." They
at least five of
and some of the constellations have been planets, identified. Saturn, Mercury, Mars and Venus Jupiter, were not depicted under various forms, but were Orion Sirius actually worshipped. (Sahu) and (Sothis), were according to our interpretation, supposed to be the abodes of the souls of Horus and respectively Isis. in various placesas human They are represented beings standingin the little barks in w^hich they sailed
our
the
man
ocean
of the him.
sky, or,
to
as as
at
a
Dendera,
cow
Orion
as
beckoning
behind The
"
Sirius
recliningin
to
the
bark
constellations the
were
be
thirty-six
buted attriof Isis, Osiris."
in number,
decani thirty-six
to whom
were
mysteriouspowers,
was
"
into the
of
(Maspero.)
"
The tomb
chief walls
of the sky preserved on temple and maps those at the Eamesseum, are Dendera, and of Setil. at Thebes. Star tables are found of Eamses IV. andEamses IX. at Thebes,
as
decoration
represented
Our Behind
outlining
came a
"Plough,"
Haunch."
haunch
EGYPTIAN female A
27
hippopotamus,
Hon faced
her
back with
crocodile.
a
couchant
haunch,
curious
composite animal
Atef.
Aten.
underneath.
Sec Crowns.
The
name
given
that
name
to
the
was
solar
disk, the
tried
to
ship wor-
of which it the
under
religionof
had
"
Aten
country. Until this period the rarelystood alone, although the phrase Ea
the is not the
uncommon.
in his Aten
The disk
god
IS
always
solar from
a
it,
hand,
form. the the
in
human hold
hands
usually
which "J",
they present
queen.
was
to
king
Tel his is
to
and el
The
at
centre
the and
Amarna,
are
the
worshippers. In one tomb preserved a very fine hymn Aten the (published by
in
au
"
Bouriant Mission
Memoires
de
la
Khu-en-Aten
Athribis.
Hct-ta the tenth the The
heraht, the
nome
capitalof
of
Aten.
Egypt,
A.sal.
modern
Benha
w^as
Avaris.
name
by Josephus {contraApion) as having been built their last stronghold in by the Hyksos, and eventually Egypt, it being the last place to give way before the
28
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
Egyptian dynasty,which drove out the invaders. Its site is doubtful, some identifyingit with Tanis ; Pelusium. the coast near it was on possibly
new
Ba.
In
Egyptian pneumatology
man.
the
Ba there the
was
the
which
at the death
of the
gods.
back
But
at
it did not
to
remain comfort
body entirely,
intervals
mummy.
K
BT
The Ba.
H^ a
Ba visitinor
mummv.
It
was
the
form
of
human
hold frequently
7iif (q.v.) Thus in one scene In shaft to the deceased. the tomb as flyingdown with out-spread another it is resting wings on the top
{q.v.) represented
29
tured sculp"
conception was
chapterin
of food
to
the
not, Book of
assures
abundance
the Ba
great
the
west
canal
which
runs
parallel
the
in the side,commencing and nearly opposite Akhmim, the modern El Wasta than in miles.
one,
the It it
Nome,
distance
by
river of 350
continuous
series of canals
and
dation. onlynavigablethroughout its lengthduring the inunIt is evident from Strabo and Ptolemy that, in their time, the important canal known the Bahr as Y ilsuf did not flow as it does now. If,as is probablythe
"
case,
its bed
is
natural, and
not
the work
great part of it would have been silted up of the Greek waiters, and according to
tradition it was who led then
to
reopened by the
it his
name
famous
Sultan We
Saladin,
are
of Yusuf."
writers,the Bahr
be very old. and modified
probably a
of
work
man. by the hand of the Xllth Dynasty may have water regulationin connection with the works of Lake is always attributed After to them." Moeris, which Yusuf Derut the Bahr changes its name successively Eairm. Its ancient to Ibrahimiyeh, Sohagiyeh, and name
of nature
Bak-en-ren-f. Bal.
A form from
eastern
part of the
introduced XlXth
Delta, with
He is
temple
after form
at
Tanis. the
war wars
He of
was
Phoenicia
a
the
Dynasty.
of the
god.
80
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
Ball.
Bakh,
Bacis,
was
the
name
of the the
sacred Mentu
bull at HermontJiis
was
(Erment) in {SeeMentu.)
The
which
god
god
head,
of Mendes.
a
He
is represented
ram's
to
fact which
curious
error,
that the is
"
goat
Ba-n-neter.
to the
king
In his
forty-seven(?) years.
throne
was
of
secured.
The heavens
Barks, Sacred.
ocean,
gods were
The At his
sun's
are
the
birth
morning
him
to
Sektit
bark,"'' ^UnS_which
at
noon.
southern
point
He bark
travelled
the Mazit
or
Madet
j"^.
During
night he changed into different barks, until received again into the Sektit bark next morning. The pictures the boat is extremely Sometimes of these barks vary. simple and contains only the sun disk. At others it is large,with a cabin or shrine in the centre for the chief gods, who are accompanied by other gods before and
behind. Sometimes
there
are
rowers,
a
at others
it is
to
without either with or self-propelled and Khepera are guide it. Tum The Ea. most frequently accompany
helmsman
the
gods
of
who Nun
bark that of
of Ptah-
Seker-Osiris Neshmet.
in
was
called
and
The in
some
temples
cases
models
these
boats,
which
kept.
the
*
These
barks stated
temple at
Erman
of the
reverses
this the
calls
the
Mazit
the
bark
of
the
morniBg,
and
Sektit the
bark
of the
sunset.
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAKOLOGY rock It
was was
;]1
Basalt.
the
This
volcanic Nile It
highly valued
for
making
found
too
of statues. in the
being
was
preciousa
material is
for
mere
tectural archi-
work,
in
these
XXVIth
to extremely hard and statues on sarcophagisculptured is as perfect could be as produced finest specimens belong to the
also
Bast.
solar
goddess
and useful
who heat
the
sun,
as
gentle
She
one
is
hand
arm
over
"
the
a
of which The
seat
she
cat
carries
basket,
to
was
"
shield. chief
"
was
sacred
her.
at
of
her
worship
Tell
was
Bubastis
a
the
modern
Basta
to
a
great temple
w^as
built
her. form
husband
Her-hekennu,
of Horus. Bastinado.
was
This
form
of
punishment
and children. held
two
^
Bast.
used
Wall his
victim
by
men.
arms
legs to the
ground by
Beards.
gentleman
beard. fastened
of cleanliness the Egyptian purposes in everyday life, w"ent clean shaven but on For it
w^as
great occasions
This
w^as
customary
to
wear
an
artificial
made
by straps on than his subjects. The king wore a longer beard ears. Figures of the gods are usually represented w^ith a and on the coffins pointedbeard curled up at the end form the same is frequently of the mummies found, the deceased an Osirian, i.e. made one having become slaves with Osiris. and Only foreign shepherds were
"
allowed
to shave.
to
wear
beards.
Prisoners
were
not
allowed
32
CONCISE
"
DICTION
"
ARY
OF
Beer. There in
were
barleywine
sorts
four
in
use
later
that
most
from beer of
Qede, in Asia
was
esteemed
highly,and during
the
corn
the Ptolemaic
was
period
made but how
a
Zythos
the
"
favourite.
from
Upper Egypt,"
One
papyrus
to
beer
amounted
3100
drachmae The
month. of
to
Bennu. the
name
sacred been
bird, an
to Osiris.
emblem It
seems
of of
and resurrection,
the
forerunner
Phoenix.
a
two
long
"
flowing
Its
from
the back
name
signifies
or
"
revolves,"
turns
legend at
rose
which
out
of
tree, its
that In bird.
song
even
being
Ea
so
himself
Bennu
bird.
compared
to the Bennu
Bes.
from from "Book with
seem
A
remote
god
whose
worship
who He he is
was
dates of of
times, but
of Punt. Dead"
in
foreign origin,having
the land of the be somewhat
been
introduced
a
god
In
complex
the
is identified
Set, and
to
aspect
nature.
would He
of
an
also all
in figures in birth scenes invariably the mammisi of Egyptian temples, his of function could form he for he
not
where evil.
a
have
been
to be
Bes.
In another
appears
kind
Bacchus,
over presides
34
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
Ol^"
of the most primitive kind, consisting steering gear was of two one or enormous oars or merely paddles. The There onl}^sails represented are square. are many of boats the tomb and walls. on pictures temple (See Barks.)
Bocchoris.
The
a
Greek
name
given by
Manetho
to
Bak-en-ren-f,
who,
Saite
was
it appears,
Ethiopian kings.
Book which
"
of the Dead.
may manifested
given to Pert em hru, be translated, "coming forth by day," or in the light." It has also been called the
name more
The
"
Funeral
Bitual," and
been It has found in many Egyptian Bible. papyri,and chapters from it are inscribed on the walls of tombs and pyramids,and on sarcophagi and mummy contains all the chapters No one wrappings. copy is the same case (about 200), and in no sequence observed all through. The chapters are as independent
"
the
of
one
another is in The
as
the
Hebrew
Psalms," and
The
like 165
are
them,
known
were
composed
a
at different times.
longest
copy
chapters.
the text had in the earlytimes immense, for even become copying of it by the corrupt, and the constant uninitiated increased had rendered it most obscure. This is
by the fact that the work is mythological the knowledge of all current throughout, and assumes ideas set The lofty myths on the part of the reader. in great out forth in some to stand chapters seem with the apparentlygross conceptionsfound contrast
in others
may
"
; but
in the latter
case
some
esoteric is lost.
ing mean-
be
imagined,of
which
the
key
The
every
Beatification
of the Dead
is the main
chapter." The deceased recite the chapters in order that he of his new and enjoy the privileges
of
was
to
have
all the
powers
he
bad
AIUIIAI^]()L()(;V Of
35
him. have
punishment
was
almost
nothing
with
is
The
bHss liighest
to
to be identified
the
gods, and
the power
of
transforminghimself
are
Ra, Seh, Nut, Osiris,Isis,Horus, Set, Nephthys, Ptah, Thoth, The Theban Khnemu, and Turn. gods are conspicuous
mentioned
by
their absence. The oldest papyrus of the work copy earlier copies The is of the
not are so Dynasty. the copiously illustrated as later ones, vignettes of and more more gradually becoming importance. in many coloured. Most of are cases The}'' brilliantly the versions agree in saying that the oldest chapter is the sixty-fourth, the Turin papjTUs adding that it was discovered by a son of Khufu, of the IVth Dynasty ; another ascribes it to the 1st Dynasty. text It is called "The chapter of coming forth by day in the underworld." Other chaptersare called, of coming forth by day and living after death"; "of driving
"
XYIIIth
away
shame
from
the
heart of
"
of he
the
deceased";
land
to
"a
setteth in the
power not
of the
magical
the
deceased
; "of
dying a
"
second "of
time";
giving
air
in
underworld";
"
form he pleaseth ; "of changing into whatsoever ing making the soul to be united to its body ; "of know"of the souls of the west"; making a mango into heaven The those
to
There
on
are
directions
lets. amu-
that certain
chaptersshall
most
be written
certain
English
in
translations
are
the Proceedings of by Sir P. le P. Renouf, the Society of Biblical Archaeology, vols, xiv., xv., xvi., "c., and by E. W. Budge.
Bow.
in
at
It
was
made A
of
round almost
or
5 to 5i ft. in
length,either
the
centre.
received
piece of
the
groove else it
at
a
each
end
projecting
or
hide, catgut,
30
CONCISE
DT(
OF
represented
the
so
much
different ways, either to the effective w^ay, when the more the arrow-hne is level with
is held
made simply Ordinary oblong bricks were and a little sand, with chopped straw of clay mixed materials easilyobtained, and suitable to the climate, the Tomb to sun. quickly drying ]:)yexposure l)rick-makers us kneading the paste paintings shew with the feet, pressing it into hard wooden moulds, to dry. After an exand layingthe l)locks out in rows posure stacked of about half a day, these blocks were to allow the air to circulate freely in such a manner as
,
them,
and
remained
thus
for
week
or
two.
was the poorer only for a dwellings the exposure commenced. In the building was hours before
size the
a
bricks
usually
also
measured
8-7
4-3
5*5; but
x
5*5.
in various
in the ways, those made of stamped with the cartouche A the few
glazed bricks
at
have
been
Eamses,
brick-moulds
Tell have
and
Nebesheh. The
Wooden labour of
imposed on not being the only subject captives,the Hebrews A of. use painting at Thebes, people thus made us executed period, shows long before the Mosaic Asiatic prisoners making bricks for a temple to Amen ; in a papyrus confirms and a passage (AnastasiIII., iii.) led to by Exodus v. 8, the supposition we are required daily that a certain quantity of bricks was
found.
was
brick-making
from
each
worker.
one
of Bridge. Up to the present time we only know bridge in Ancient Egypt and that appears to have
a
crossed
An
canal
at
Zaru,
frontier town
on
on
the
Delta. wall
the
outside
at Karnak.
ARCHAEOLOGY metal
or
37 of the
favourite
invention used. the the The
Egyptians.
hronze,
the this flint copper metal
discovery of
in
implements
and vary tin used
proportionsof
making
it
\vas
by according to
mirrors
Egyptians
use
for
wliich contain
destined. 80
to
Vases,
and and
weapons
15
to
from
85
was
parts of copper
for largely used Init these figures, Dynasty. The fine work has
20
of
tin. and
Bronze
making
do
not
occur
statuettes
miniature
until
bronze
an
intended
and No
seen
often of the
representation
on
alloy working
and
of
gold
Tin.)
silver. is
of this
metal
tomb
walls.
(Sec Copper
Greek
nome name
Bubastis.
the Tell Basta.
The
for Fa-Bast
capital
of
eighteenth
of
Lower
a
Chief
a
deity, Bast,
cat's head.
represented with
Bull. the bull Of
all the
sacred the
animals
most
in
Egypt perhaps
In
Amen
received cult he
"
attention. Khem.
the is
ithyphalhc
addressed took
name a
is
represented by
The Theban bull, fair of face." kings title "strong the Bakut, bidl," possibly from
as
under
the
bull The
to
Mentu emblem
was
worshipped
strength
and
the and
of and
(Sec
Mnevis
Sehapeuai.)
Busiris. ninth The
nome
Greek of
name
for
Pa-Ziusar, capitalof
the modern
the
Lower
was
Egypt,
Abusir.
chief
deity
The
nome
Osiris
(q.i'-).
for F((- Uazt, the
Greek of
name
capitalof
the
Lower
Egypt
(^.r.).
North.
the
modern
Nebe-
Chief
deity Uazit
of the
Buto.
Goddess
See
Uazit.
38
CONCISK
DICTIONARY
OF
Calendar.
See Year.
See PpmsiAN
Cambyses.
Dynasty.
Canopic Jars.
the embalmed said to have been
The viscera
four
jars in
which
were
placed
name
of the
deceased.
The
is
adopted,because of the resemblance the jars bore to a form of Canopus worshipped in the of each jar was The cover in the place of that name. form of a head, the heads being those of the four genii Osiris according to either of Horus children or who different texts representedthe cardinal points, dedicated. The jarcovered and to whom the jars were
" "
The
four
"eiiii.
by
the man-head
of Mestha the
or
south, contained
That head the
stomach
large
intestines.
the covered by the dog-head of Hapi representing intestines. The the small north, contained jackal of
Tuamautef, who
jar containing the lungs and heart, while hawk-head of Qebhsennuf god of the w^st, covered
,
liver and
gallbladder.
These
jarsdo
not
appear
ARCHAEOLOGY
89
Dynasty Dynasty, and after theXXVIth In the earlier fell into disuse. period they gradually fine kind of stone made of alabaster or some ; they were blue of green and later on glazed faience, also of still later of teiTa-cotta. wood, and Occasionally An solid wooden jars are found. inscription incised and stone was ones on ones painted on wooden usually placed on each, and from these inscriptions of Isis, under the protection learn that Mestha w^as we w^as guarded Hapi under that of Nephthys, Tuamautef four and Selk. The Qebhsennuf by jars by Neith, were frequentlyplaced in a sepulchralchest. very mummied bodies of Jars of the same shape,containing
"
"
various
sacred
animals,
have
:
been
found
at
several
2nd
Egyptian
Gallery ;
given
end,
to
the
was
elliptical
inscribed
an
line at the
in which
"
of representation of
a
Pharaoh
is his
were
enclosed thus.
by
Each
this line.
written
one
king had
cartouches,
the other
containing his
prenomen
divine
name,
his
dynasticcognomen.
It
was
supposed, before the great advance in Egyptology that was cipherme brought about by the deof the hieroglyphs, that caste existed in ancient Egypt. But more discoveries have comrecent pletely
Caste. with this idea. away impassablebarriers between class and
one
done
There
were
no
class,or between
was
to
Bast, who
a
is frequently
name
represented with
nuiu
of
cat.
Its
vN
tSn appears
holds
be
onomatopoetic. The
"Book of the which
cat
often where
the
Dead,"
to slav
a
knife, with
40
DICTIONARY
OF
serpent.
animal the
was
meaning
venerated
here is obscure.
is
the
shown
by
fact of
numberless
mummied
cats
that have
found,
especiallyat Bubastis, Sakkfrra, and Beni Hasan. It was perhaps a symbol of the Sun-god and day, of evil and darkness. slayingthe serpent, the emblem On tomb walls the cat we see accompanying his in his little skiff when he goes fowling in the master marshes, and it has been suggested that the animal was taught to retrieve. Many figares of cats of
different sizes have been
found,
and
in bronze
and
faience. A acted
Royal
the
Xllth
before
king in
and
treasury
taxes,
on
bearingthe
royal king'sseal.
power
the
decrees
'
and
Light is
the
public perhaps
to be
of these
officials in the
Joseph, by
head
Pharaoh,
royal seal
Cippi
3 in.
X
of Horus
are x
small
stelae
or
tablets, from
on
2 in. to 20 in.
16 in. in
size,having
them
form of talisman a magical formulae, and constituting for mitiates. They are of late date,probablylater than the XXVIth Dynasty. Circumcision. That and this
was a
custom
is asserted
by Herodotus,
monuments.
given
to the
the by pictures on if any, significance was Very little, point of view. practicefrom a religious confirmed The
name
Cleopatra.
of different
and
daughters
Ptolemies.
first
her
seven
Philometor.
name
Indeed
to
the had
all
seem
have
42
COiXCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
deceased, also chaptersfrom the ''Book Dead." The scenes represent the deceased
varnished with adoring the gods. These coffins were thick yellow varnish. Coffins of XXIInd a to XXVIth of the weighing of the heart in Dynasties have scenes the judgment hall of Osiris,and pictures of the Ba the body. After this period the art degenerate {q.v.) visiting The lids
were
fastened these
were
on
with inserted
wooden
dowels, the
places
and
where
being
plastered up Coinage.
Colossi.
painted over.
placed in front of the temples. There the founder were two, four, or six representing of the temple. So much was thought of these figures that if a Pharaoh would not be at the pains to have his own he would the names erase portraitexecuted of his predecessor from some and substitute statues existing his own. But few of these left standing. are The most celebrated the statues of Amen-hetep were
III. at Memnon seated
Thebes,
"
one
of which
was
the The
"Vocal colossus
was
statues, are
the
of Kamses
Thebes
being 57i
head the south
ft. high.
to
that
found
near
It is now in the British to England. transported Museum. At Memphis lies another of Ramses statue II.,31| ft. high. The two seated colossi in front of the temple at Luxor 45 ft. high. All these figures are of Ramses of granite. The colossal are figures carved out of the gritstonehill at Abu Simbel, which form the fa9adeof the temple of Ramses II.,are about 66 ft. high without tomb the pedestal. In now a almost destroyed at El Bersheh there was a representation the wall of the transportation of a colossus. on The chief colossi belong to the period of the New pire, Emafter have died which
out.
time
the
taste
for
them
seems
to
ARCHAEOLOGY
of comb known
"
48 dates from
The
is
the The
back.
and is period, rude but vigorous carvings of Specimens of this period are
Pre-historic
later kind
our
sides
exactlylike
are
sometimes with
the
one
the other.
The
flat surface
along the
centre
carvingor inlay.
Copper. The copper used by the Egyptians in the from the Wady chiefly making of their bronze came Magharah, in the peninsularof Sinai. Many traces of the have been found among ancient mining operations rocks of this district. [SeeBronze.) Coptic. Roughly speaking Coptic is the modern survival of the ancient Egyptian language,and the glyphs. for the study of hieroknowledge of it is invaluable of the modifications The Copticcharacters are added six signs were from the Greek to which letters,
ii(3|)(oiiiiovcipc3
zu
nro^iiovii
thoak;
Demotic,
two
in order Greek
that the
those be
"
sounds
which
had
no were a
in equivalent dialects
"
could
expressed.
"
There
called
Boheiric," from
the
BohOra,
provincein
was
the
Delta, and
fuller.
Sahidic," which
last
for the
Qeht, capitalof
Kuft.
most
the
fifth
the modern
to this
Chief that
deity,
of
of it
was
important
town
towns
Egypt,
the trade
Kosseir, on
the Eed
Sea,
to
came.
Cosmetics.
the
Perfumes much in
body
were
give an request,as
agreeablesmell
to
CONCISE
DICTIONARY for
on
OF
unguents
and
rubbing into
their
new
"
Sweet
"
was
requiredon
Cakes
at
great festivals by
were
all who
afford of
it.
placed on
with found
use
feasts,and
an
to be
anointed been
considered and
especial honour.
have also hi
was
unguent
green
paint were
This the anirnal whole it.
are
Cow. who
or even
is sometimes
representedwith
cow
cow's
ears,
head. In the
also times
represented
Isis is also
"
at
seven
mystic
there
given
to
who
is
the wife
(SeeMehukt.)
were
\/'
Crocodile.
crocodiles
hunt
innumerable
in the
Nile, and
them.
tomb-walls The
of this animal
Egyptians went out to there are no representationson gious hunting,possibly because of relithe animal
w^as
scruples,as
{q.i\).
sacred him
to
is often
some scenes
depictedin
show
boats, and
by
hippopotamus.
the It was Ancientlycalled Shed. Crocodilopolis. as Ta-slie, capitalof a provinceof the Fayum known the land of the Lake," probably a reference to Lake
"
Moeris. Crown
,
^,
^.
j^f
seen on
Yf^
are
the The
crowns
most
frequently
formed
an
head-dress of the
important
significant part
arc
king's royal
uniform, and
many
the varieties of
crown
pictured
ECn^PTTAN tomb
to
AHClIAK()L()(iV
45
upon
seems
a
temple
been the red
walls.
The
festival
crown
(No. 4)
On the
(No. 7), which was of Upper Egypt crown of Lower Egypt (No. 6).
in times of peace,
"
occasions
seen
and
even
wearing the Khepersh (No. 3) or helmet. The war keeper of the king's diadem held a high position under the Old Empire ; at court done with during the New but the office was away Empire. The gods are always depicted as wearing and many of them most are complicated,as crowns, Nos. 15 and 16 ; No. 18 is one which is frequently seen the Atef cvown. on as kings as well as gods,it is known The queen's head-dress with his a vulture represented wings spread round her head in the act of protection. king
"
Cubit. 20-6
This
measure
inches.
It
varied
of
periodsas employed by
Cusae. fourteenth Chief The
nome
Greek of
name
Upper
deity,Hathor.
Cynocephalus {Aroii).The
to
Thoth,
under
which
form
represented. Thoth being a moon god,the cynocephaliare frequently represented w^ith the lunar disk The Hermopolitan their heads. on sometimes eunead was represented that is,Thoth by nine cynocephali, and eightother deities ; but sometimes the eightapes attend Amen. watchers for They are called dawn." Nine the cynocephali Cynocephalus. the said in the to were gates open for the west setting sun, and each is then called Soul of the : Opener of the earth," by a name earth," ''Heart of the earth," etc. They are thus
" "
"
46
COXCTSP] in the
DI(
TTOXARY
to
OI^^
a
represented
inscribed and called of
on
illustrations of
sun
work
to the passage
"
royal during
scene
Theban the
book Book
of that which of
a
is in the and
In
judgment
represented
on
papyri
walls
the
the el heart
the
Dead,"
at DOr
Medineh,
of the
cynocephalus is
of the beam is
seated
of the scales in
whicli while
to
deceased
being weighed,
by
with In
record
result.
and reed pen waiting palette this case the cynocephalus would
may
a
naturallybe
qualityof
god
Thoth.
D
Dance.
amusement
Dancing
of the
a
as
old
the upper classes. pastime,at least among and the dance The usually women, performers were been to have would more a rhythmic movement seem than anything involving much Dancing energy. in representationsof feasts. are women usually seen They appear also in funeral processions,and in every are case accompanied by music and clapping of the that it
was
hands. dances apparently war which dances performed by men, A picture on tomb national dances. a dance. Hasan represents such a war There
were
and
were
harvest
probably
at
wall
Beni
Darius.
See Persian
Dynasty.
17
on
of Canopus.
in
is inscribed
to be
demotic, and Greek hieroglyphs, made at Canopus by the Egyptian priests, assembled, concerning the festivals which of Ptolemy Euergetes and held in honour
Mention ruler is also made had is added of the great conferred the upon
country, and
statement
of this the
country.
the great arms of the This district from Memphis. letter A, received
in
in Lower
the
the
name
Demons
the
modern
"
sense
"
in Graeco-Egyptian largely spirits figure magical papyri in which the greater part of the spells Much addressed demons. to are importance was and their right of the demons attached to the names Khebu.) pronunciation. (Sec Maat evil
Demotic.
of the hieratic
The
name
given to
for the
cursive
modification
vulgardialect; it is not found introduced until the XXVth Dynasty. It was about B.C. 900 and was in use until the fourth century a.d. of signs as the hieratic, mixture Composed of the same it is extremely difficult to decipher,owing partly to
))O
o
used (q.v.)
^ 1 i
V
h
I ,1^4y
))
,^"
".
))
J") A\ )))
of signs which similarity and partlyto the equivalents, the thick reads and from careless. Like
have
separate
the
hieratic
fact that
writing is
hieratic it
its
parent the
rightto left. Professor H. Brugsch has publisheda but very little advancement is made
demotic
in the
grammar, studyof
IS
CONCISf]
DICTIONARY
OF
in it l^eingdone the characters, all the work by documents of demotic the Nor are men. subjects rule
very contracts texts
few
as a
and
interesting,since they consist of sale and magical legal matters ; some tale being the chief exceptions. curious a
Setna Eev.
in
chieflyof
(Papyrus of by Brugsh,
Griffith.)
Der IV. Colossi
the Cairo
Museum.
See and
trans,
Arch.,
Sept., 1867,
by
F. LI.
small
and
by Ptolemy
Habu.
It lies between
the
It is
Siculus. in
Greek
was
fortybooks
of Julius
Caesar.
of
to
its value
author's
of discrimination.
for Pa Kheji-oi-Ament, Diospolis. The Greek name of Lower of the seventeenth nome Egypt, the capital Ea. Chief deity. Amen Ebshan. modern Parva. Diospolis of the seventh nome Hathor. Chief deity, The of Greek for Het, Egypt, the modern
name
capital
Hou
Upper
Dog.
This
was
animal
was
used
for of
desert, and
occasionally made
of the and
same
the The
hunting dog
was
nature
curly tail.
purpose
in the
50
DICTIONARY
OF
certain date.
dreams
of
late
sometimes required explanation Prophetic dreams there was a by a professional expert, of whom recognized class, the Hersheshta, lasting until Greek in Egyptian lore times. Among instances of dreams : are (a)that recorded on the tablet in front of the IV. tells how the god Sphinx, in which Thothmes him (Harmakhis) appeared to him and made many promises on condition that he cleared away the sand from his image, i.e. the around Sphinx ; (b) the of Amen-em-hat Sallier Papyrus II. givesthe counsels
"
I. to dream
his
;
son,
which
was
were
revealed
a
to
son
in
(c) it
was
in
dream
that Khensu
Prince of
of the
Bekhten
to
visited his
statue
by
the
to
god
Thebes
ordered
return
(see story
possessed princess of Bekhten, on a stela in the Nationale); (d) an Ethiopian stela records Bibliotheque which had how the Pharaoh was a dream interpreted unite Egypt and Ethiopia that he would to him to mean of the Pharaoh under one sceptre; (e) the dream which was interpreted by Joseph in Genesis xli. Egyptians dyed linen, as well as wool, we they understood It is to this process of preparing of mordants. the use the dye that Pliny refers, to receive the materials exists in Egypt a wonderful he says, "There when in w^hite cloth is stained of dyeing. The method but with substances various places, not with dye stuffs, colours. which have the property of absorbing(fixing) the cloth ; but not visible upon These are applications ing when the pieces are dipped into a hot cauldron containout an instant after dyed. the dye, they are drawn circumstance The remarkable is, that though there be only one dye in the vat, yet different colours appear Dyeing.
Erom the fact that know that
on
the
the
cloth;
A several
on
nor
can
the would
colours
be
afterwards confuse
removed.
the colours it boils."
vat
which cloth
of itself
only
imparts
as
colours
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAKOLOGY
.1
Manetho Dynasties. for the history of Egypt unknown some adopted, on thirty-one dynasties from
*'
of
use
Sebennytos,
of
who
wrote
x\lexandrine
a
Greeks,
division of
authority,
Menes
to
the
"
Macedonian
conquest,
on
and
account
one
has not, indeed prevailed system of its excellence, but because it is the only his which has
were come
complete
These into three
down
to
us."
Dynasties
Empire,
Dynasties XVIIL"
grouped together great divisions, usually called Middle I. the XI.; Dynasties
" "
by Lepsius
the Ancient
XII. XXXI.
"
XYII.
the
New
Empire,
Empire, Dynasties
Dynasties.
Name.
Duration.
I."
II. V.
Thinite
.
555
Years.
,,
^1 f
Memphite Elephantine
I.
746
203
.,
(142
-YII ~XI.
Memphite
Heracleopolite
Theban
.
"
1
294
70
Days.
Years.
XIII.
666
,,
Xoite
184
,,
XVII.
Hyksos
Theban Tanite Bubastite
(Delta)
511
,,
XVIIL"
XXI.
XX.
593
,,
130
"
170
.
"
Tanite Sa'ite
89
,,
6
"
XXV.
Ethiopian
Saite Persian Saite Mendesian
50
,,
XXVI. XXVII.
SI
138
"
121
"
7
"
21
"
Sebennyte
Persian
38
,,
8
.,
52
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
E
of the Eileithyias. The city of Lnciiia, Ciipital of Upper Egypt, the modern third nome El-Kab, and the oldest objects dating the site of a very ancient city,
back
VI.
The
goddess
Nekhebt
was
Electron. and
An
of amalgam consisting
two-fifths
gold
three-fifths silver. The Greek The of Ab, capital Egypt, an island opposite to chief deityworshipped there
name
Elephantine.
the first nome the modern
was
for the
of Aswan.
Upper
Khnemu.
Embalming.
elaborate and
According expensive
came
to
Herodotus
cost
most
process
body
"
thus
mummified
through
following
made in the incision :" First, an was processes side, the operator being ceremoniallychased away, the viscera removed and (see Canopic Jars).
"
The wine
was
cavity
and removed
thus
made
was
cleansed nostrils
sewn
with The
means
palm
brain of
a
through
bath
by
bent end
instrument.
a
incision for
body
was
placed in
innumerable
of natron
was
seventy days.
At the in
of this
period
washed,
swathed
placed gummed bandages. Amulets were the breast the bandages, and on and again under now^ shroud scarabaeus. was kept in a Finally,a canvas place by four or five broader bandages. Chapters from
the the "Book of the Dead
"
were
sometimes
written
on
wrappings. In a less expensive method, costing about "90, the cedar tree pitch,"which with abdomen was injected
"
Herodotus
on
states
"
had The
corrosive
contents
and
were
solvent
action
the
viscera."
afterwards
ARCHAKOLOC^Y The
natron
5:",
bath
was
common
to
by simply rinsingthe
; another
name
abdomen
with
"
smyrnaea." (q.r.).
one was
Enchorial
for Demotic
A the
cycle of
others
and
cycle
represents
Egyptian Pantheon at others the gods of the particularlocality.The the Heliopolitan ennead. It important was
of Tum-Ra Seb and
as
sometimes
consisted children
chief, Shu
the
to
one
Nut, and
Isis,Set and
were
not
gods
of the enneads
another.
added Epagomenal Days. The five days which were of twelve months of thirty to the old Egyptian year days, in order to bring it to the lengthof the true year. that Thoth had invented The legend was them for the of Nut. For that goddess having fallen convenience into the embraces of that her she
on
Seb,
no
was
cursed of any
by
Ra, who
swore
day
; but
bring
these
forth
children
was
by
days {SeeYear.)
Esneh.
so
rescued
from
predicament.
The
Egyptian
S-net
the
were
Greek said
Latopolis,
to
called
because
its inhabitants
of remains worshipped the latus fish. The temple are of the Roman period, though Thothmes built one here. originally Evil record Dendera
eye.
Eye.
existed of A
means a
There
is distinct evidence
the old among book stored in the treated she who of the
turns
which
favourite
"
w^oman's
Stau-ar-ban,
which
away
the evil
eye."
54
CONCISE Horus."
DICTIONARY
"An
OF
"Eye
God-sent
of
expression denoting
any
gift." (Erman.)
Eye,
the Sacred. The sacred
a
^^^
^^~^
eye,
or
the
"
eye
Ea, or poetic symbohsm sun, Leaven's used by poets throughout time, being a eye
of
heaven, is the
"
frequentShakesperianphrase.
who resides
two
a
Horus
says,
But
"
am
he
are
in the
middle
of the
eye."
there eyes
usually
Horus,
the
called and represented, a right. They sometimes the left the when earth "Call Sekhet
"
the but
of
represent,
;
some
moon
inferred
eyes
it is said of is flooded
unto
me
Ra,
with
Thou of
openest the
two
and
rays
text
light."
When
Ra
says the
mine
eye,"
goddess
as
{q.v.).Another
"
speaks
Utckat
of Tum."
or
"
Egyptian
w^ord
eye Uzat
or
"the signifies
healthy"
the
work
; the
It^forms
Amsu
funeral
in the
(No. (q.v.)
"
10158
Museum),
title is
The
Verses
of the Festival
Zerti," and
it was tells us the papyrus virgins in the temple of Osiris festival held
season.
days
in the
sowing
is evidence old
copiesexisted,and
that it was
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOfiV of variant of it
H^
enough
With
to
"
allow
in. the
the
Litanies
Seker," which
the
was
of four
columns,
occupies twenty-one
papyrus. intended evidently whole
sung after the Festival Verses, consists of three parts : I. A Litany to the Sun-God Eecitation ; II. A hy Isis ; III. A have A
Litany to the Hathors. During the of it which it was were repetitions required, an accompaniment of tambourines.
a
teen sixto
work been
very
lated trans-
hy
"The
M.
de
Horrack, and
"
is entitled
"
Les
tations Lamenthe of
Nephthys iq.v.). of the verses subject throughout is destruction of Osiris hy Set, and the reconstruction his body by Isis and Nephthys."
Festivals.
Innumerable festivals
were
d'lsis et
held
during
festivals
vear
the year in honour of various gods. held in honour of the god Mix. were
was
Harvest Part of
of the
devoted of
to those
on was
in honour
end the
which,
30th
at
of the Busiris of
strange festival
settingup
then
of the carried
backbone
on
the
god.
mock
was fight
priestsof different sanctuaries, possiblysymbolizing the fight between Set and Osiris. acknowledged Perhaps the most universally
of all the Nile have taken of
an
between
festivals and
a
were
those Those
in honour of
of
Hapi
seem
the
to
god,
Osmis.
Hathor
form. in her
were
somewhat At Sais
"Intoxication
to Neith.
Dendera.
At
Memphis
with
that of
was
22nd
hymn
to
Amen-Ea and
act
a
speaks
of
festival
quarter month,
For every there was
importance to
56
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
the cutting of the dyke, opening the specialfestival, and canals, reapingthe first sheaf carryingthe corn, On great festival occasions the image or symbol so on. carried in its specialbark of the god or goddess was round about the temple and the precincts. There
,
was,
as
priests sepulchral chambers, and the whole country lighted new lamps, and spent the night in feasting and visiting.One of the most important of the festivals was that which took the earlydays of August) place on the 1st of Thoth (i.e. which the day of the rising of Sothis on (Sirius), marked the ]:)eginning of a new year.
kindled fires in front of the
statues
Thoth,
well, the festival for the dead on when called also the fire festival,
of
in the
Fish.
on
fish been
are
among
best
drawn fish
animals
tomb
temple
of Dor
walls.
able to
tlie identify
ichthyologists represented
Sea fish.
on
el Bahri
in the Nile found specimens that were considered which several were good for food, among Wilkinson Gardiner Niloticus, jjcrca gives Lahrus nilotica, cj/prinus benni, silnnis shall,silurus schilbe Some niloticus,silurus bajad,silurus carmuth. were
Of
considered Such
were
sacred the
in
different
parts of the
country.
oxyrhinchus,the latus, the phagrus, and former to two the lepidotus. The gave their names well as as a places. That fishingwas great industry, be of the chief sports and amusements, one may of Nets gathered from the pictures on tomb walls.
various fish.
spears
were
used
for
catching
preserved and fed they were for the table in private ponds, and here the Egyptian himself by fishing with a line, or gentleman amused going out in a small l)oat to spear the fish with a bident. fished for his livelihood, The ordinary fisherman, who used a net ; a drag net is often worked by two boats. both fresh and salted. The fish thus caught were eaten bone, and opened out, exposingthe backThe latter were split Herodotus salted, and hung out in the sun.
58
DICTIONARY sometimes
OF of the
which South."
was
Thebes, and
At
by the
and
"
just III. (Dynasty XIL), above the second cataract, Usertsen erected two great forts immediately opposite to each
the southern other, to bar the w^ater-way against Most of
"
Kummeh,
Nubia,
tribes.
the
cities of ruins
ancient
Egypt
On,
still
were
strongly
and Sais. the other
fortified
San
El-Kab, the
oldest walled fortresses
are
standing,is
cityin Egypt.
stillin existence.
The
ruins of many
Foundation
the of the
corners
finds have
at
been
corners
at
the four
ones
great temenos,
of the central of of fort.
"
and hall.
" "
two
smaller
;
on
at
the
a
Illahun
the site of
; at
ruined
corners corners
Tell Defenneh
Tell Nebesheh
; at the N.E.
;" also at destroyed limestone building three corners, (notN.E.) and centre, of a temple built Aahmes II. of the XXVIth Dynasty. Gemaiyemi ; l)y at three corners, (not N.E.) and centre of a building. Der-el-Bahri the temple of Hatshepsut.; beneath of area Kahun of temple built by centre ; in the Usertsen II.,a hole 31 ins. sq. by 4 feet deep, four A Ptolemaic find. sets of objects. Alexandria ; a tion recording the foundagold plate with an inscription
a
"
" "
" "
at Kanobos
to
the
deposits were
placed
were
slabs with
sand
plaques of gold, silver,lead, copper, carnelian, felspar, lapis lazuli,jaspar, terra-cotta, and green enamelled various kinds, some ware ; pottery of ceremonial imitations of largerones evidently ; ; mortars
corn-rubbers
;
bones
of
sacrificial animals
libation
porcelain saucers
formed
part of
the
deposit.
In
the
ECiYPTTAX four
ARCHAKOT.OCV
were
no
.",0
of Naukratis at the temenos deposits there are eight objects. In later deposits beads
; but the
sixtycarnehan
are
model memoirs
tools and of
corn-rubbers
still
the
Egypt
Exploration
Funerary
inches
Kough
terra
cotta
cones
about
ten
high and three inches across, with horizontal the base, which lines of inscription were on usually of the coloured. The gives the name inscription been proposed as to Various theories have deceased. but it is most of these objects, the probable use likely that cakes of loaves or models that they w^ere were placed in the tomb, and neither seals, architectural sites. for sepulchral marks ornaments nor
G
Games. tomb and walls
even,
The have
mora,
that
have
pictured
ones.
on
Odd
Shooting
a
with
arrows
block
of wood
and
form
men
of "la have
"
grace
also
occur.
been
found, but it
the
in w^hich it was the way the varietyof boards discovered Mora ways. also played is the
name
given now"
Italyto
by the old Eomans, which consists in of one suddenlyholding up a certain number person for an instant,the other player having to guess fingers Games the number. played with dice belong to late times. {SeeSports.)
game
()0
COXC A the
rSE
DTCTIOXARY of
to
OF
Gardens. luxuries of
garden
was
one
wealthy, owing are perpetual irrigation. There plans,of gardens on tomb walls.
trees
and
shrubs,
and
a
one,
two,
or
more on
of
water-
plants,fish
boat, vines
small
kiosques.
Glass.
to
The
manufacture
of
glass was
the
white
to
could Egyptians, but they never and absolutely transparent,from certain chemical The
a
eliminate
substances. manufacture
has
an
always
exact
greenish tinge.
Strabo
an
not
empirical,and
was
the that
I'esults uncertain.
Egypt possessed
suitable
*'
"earth"
in the
for the
"
manufacture
earth
was
soda, for
Venetians
for the importing soda from of glass manufacture. On early tomb walls purpose are seen men working glasswith a blow-pipe. Glass was employed for vessels of many shapes, and also for enamelling. In rare cases inscriptions very largely filled in with cut in the wooden it. sarcophagiwere amulets and beads were made of it. Beakers, figurines,
hieroglyphs["m"^. It was in common in Egypt, vases, use rings cups, ingots,plaques and The rings may be being depictedon the monuments. in scales, seen being weighed, doubtless a substitute for ledge. coinage, of which the ancient Egyptians had no knowobtained so-called The from the gold was
"
Gold.
In the
Arabian and
Nile the
the desert," that is, the country between the Eed the veins of quartz in Sea, where contain
mountains
gold, and
from
"
Nubia.
The
as inscriptionsspeak of different qualities,such mountain gold," gold of twice," gold of thrice," "c. or largely Gilding, "overlaying with gold" was objects in stone, wood, and other materials practised, well as the heads of mummies as being thus decorated.
"
"
ARCHAEOLOCiY
(51
lapislazuli
chambers
or
were
sometimes
gilded.
ing standoven-
{SeeJewellery.)
Granaries.
in
a row
Large
of had
no
ten
twelve.
They
wuth
were
shaped
The
corn
and
was
communication
each
other.
poured in through an opening'atthe top and removed through a small door at the bottom. The were guarded,and w^ere under granaries kept carefully of the the care Superintendentof the Granaries."
"
from Syene, i.e. Aswan, whence Syenite, it was most extensively quarried,is found in great in Egypt. There are pink and red syenites, variety porphyritic granite, yellowy grey, black, and white
Granite,
or
kinds
are
; to
and be
veined
a
with small
white
area
or
with the
black first
within
was
round of
cataract.
in the
of building The
finer
grained
kinds
w^ere
even
used
The
principal
in this material.
H
Hair remedies Restorer. Medical There
are
several which
are
in prescriptions said
to
the Ebers
Papyrus
be
sure
for restoring hair to the for baldness, and colour after it had turned white. Queen Shesh, original of King Teta, of the Vlth Dynasty, found the mother
an
excellent
the
of her hair of
a
in
donkey, a
dog's pad
all boiled
was
together in
to
be
in the
of the
plantDcgcni.
To
62
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
restore
prevent the hair from becoming white or to to its youthfulcolour,a remedy could be made
blood
"
it the
of in
"
of made
black of the
an
had
boiled
"
The
blood
black
was
a
bull
and
same
into
ointment
"
useful It
purpose.
The
fat of
snake
was
equally
to
rival"
to boil
fall
together
worm,
of
get
it
put
on
the head
was
an
of the antidote
a
Against this,
fat of the had
however,
there
boiled
tortoiseshell
must
the head
be anointed
very, very
often." Hamhit. of A
goddess spoken
as
"
of
on
the
stela of Mendes
one
Hamhit
the
Mendes,
of the
temple
ram,
lady
She
of
heaven,
is
representedwith
Name of the
fish
on
sacred
(SeeApis.)
The form his
seen
Nile of
a
deified human
the In
figure, partlymale
sometimes and is
a
a
and hands
partly
are
table
of
are
offerings upon
lotus
on
which
vases,
Howers
libation
while
his head
bunch
of lotus flowers.
Hapi. One of the four sons of Horns, the funerary genii who also represent the four cardinal points,and were tectors proof the four canopic jars(q-r.). He is represented with the head of a cynocephalus. (SeeAmset.)
Hapi.
EGYPTIAN Harem. of the word Pharaohs of the The did had Harem
not
(";j
sense
of the
several the
"
quite
incompatihlewith
house
is
the tress mislanguage in which spoken of, that the practiceof have been
common. we
polygamy
A few with
two
and
concubinage should
occur
instances wives.
in which
find records
of
men
Harmakhis. Hor
"
-
The
or
Egyptian
Horniakhu,
horizons."
em
Kliuti of the
Horus is
more
two
the rising especially and as such was represented sun, the by the great Sphinx on is also pyramid plateau. He called Ea-Harmakhis as god of picted Heliopolis. He is always dewith
a
He
hawk's
head
and
uraeus.
The of
Greek
name
in
son was
Harmakhis.
form
of Hathor.
He
and the double worshipped at Letopolis(g.v.), temple dedicated Oml)o Kom at and was partly to him he was said to be a In later timss partlyto Sebek. of Ea. son (See Horus.)
Harp.
the tomb
This
was
in it
times, many
walls. with
varieties
in
instruments,
and
sometimes
as
number of accompaniment to the voice. The four to twenty-two. Some varied from were strings of great size, the musician More standing to play. the ground. The his heels on often he sat on strument inthe ground or either rested on was sup
64
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
ported by
was
kind
often
elaborate
designs
Lay
colours.
(See Harper,
the.)
A chant before
Harper; Lay
or
of the. is written
song
"
that
the
on
harper,"which
the walls and of two
is inscribed tombs
at
Thebes Harris
transcribed
in the
Harper.
Papyrus. It is not a religious chant, but rather a in the strain moralizing poem of the ScripturalEcclesiastes.
One version
his
ends
thus
"
For Yea
no no
one one
carries
returns
away
goods
has
witli
gone
him,
thither."
again in
who
translation
may
be found
'"
Eecords
of the Past,"
vol. iv.
Harpocrates.
Horus,
his his sented
son
The He
name
for of
of
Isis, and
avenger
father
Osiris.
always
repi'e-
in human
form,
usuallywith
to finger
Hatasu. Hathor.
most
important
Pantlieon. House
a
goddesses
Her
name
of
Egyptian signifies"the
in
one
the
of
Horus,"
and
aspect she is
sun
sky
and form and
goddess, settingin
is
as
rising
known in later with
best
the As
goddess
beauty, love,
was
joy.
times their
Harpocrates.
identified
lield in her
was
honour,
to her
devoted
66
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
and which
besides
w^re
brought to
Punt, and At Karnak she skins, incense, and wild animals. erected two obelisks,the greater one being to celebrate in the sixteenth year of her reign. It the Sed festival,
is
was
of the precioustrees, returningwith some planted in the garden of Amen, they the allegiance their queen of the people of of electron,ebony, ivory, rich gifts leopard
in
nearly100 ft. high, and is cut out of red granite; it and set up quarriedat Aswrm, inscribed,polished, its place in the incredibly short period of seven
Hawk.
This of bird
was
Horus, and
was
frequentlymummified.
with the head
Avas one a
hawk
that he Heh
deity is represented be safely concluded gods. eternity. He is represented A feminine form, frog.
heads, sometimes
cat.
a a
or
Hehu. the
god
of
of
a
with
Heht, is shown
uraeus,
different
sometimes A form
sheep, or
Heken. of
a
of Ta-urt and
with represented of
a
the
body
hippopotamus
vulture.
Heqt.
mother is rather
was
of
spoken of
as
vague,
associated and
symbol,
Christian
terra-cotta
carried
on
often found
Heliopolis. The
Anint
Heqt. from which Lower The
Greek
name
^ [R
of capitalof the thirteenth nome the modern Egypt, near Matariyeh. chief deity was Ra, the sun god,
name comes.
It
was
the
ScripturalOn, Annu.)
Joseph
took
his
wife.
[See
67
was
through
temples at
theism.
(See Barks.)
phase of rehgious thought, in which not conceived the individual are gods invoked limited by the power of others." as (Eenouf.) Each god is to the mind of the suppliantas good all other gods. He is felt at the time as a real as and absolute in spite of the as divinity, supreme of mind limitations w^hich to our a plurality necessary entail on gods must every single god. All the rest is to and he only who disappearfrom the vision fulfil their desires stands before the eyes in full light of the worshippers." (Max Miiller.)
Heno A
"
. . .
Trismegistos.
of Much under several
''
Hermes
thrice his
great"
name.
was
works, of which
attaches
to
only fragments
The into their Thoth
mystery
the
name
pantheon
Alexandrinus, Thoth
According to forty-twobooks,
probably dates from the XXVIth Dynasty. But only very small parts of these works of that remain in the writings of Stobaeus and others These time. been claimed by some again have authorities as post-Christian, of their similarity because of Neo-platonic waiters. to the works
the latest of w^hich Greek for Seten henen, name Magna. Heracleopolis the capitalof the tw^entieth nome of Upper Egypt, the modern Ahnasieh. Chief deity, Hershefi.
Heptanomis.
of
seven nomes
Tiiebaid
and
the Delta.
Her-hor.
Dynasty
XXI.,
The chief
circa
B.C.
1100.
]
the
priestof
who
Amen
at
end
of
the
XXth
Dynasty,
wrested
the
08
CONCISE the of
DICTIONARY
OF
throne himself
from
"
to the Thebaid
The
Greek Karnak.
name
for Jnnu
nome
qemdt, the
of
Southern the
Hermopolis.
of the El fifteenth
The
nome
Greek
name
for
Pa-Tehuti, capital
the modern
Egypt,
Bakaliyeh.
Chief
{tekuti).
for
The
name
Khemenmi,
the the
fifteenth
of
Upper
Egypt,
Chief second
The in w^hich
of Herodotus'
"Euterpe," gives
appear recorded
cases
history of
statements
extravagant.
from where
but in the
found generally
to be accurate.
Hersheli, Arsaphes. A
form
of
Osiris
generally
representedwith
ram's
name
Hesepti.
years. Berlin. Dead Het.
"
Eifth
king
and
of
Dynasty
in
He
the of
Books
are
130 back
Book
of
the
to his
reign.
of
name nome
town
Parva, Diospolis
the seventh
Upper Egypt.
sacred
name
Het-sekhem.
of the
of metropolis
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY Hathor
60
were
and
Nephthys
here
cursive form
of
language,
used
chieflyon
coffins.
to
so
is
usuallywritten from right and very rarelyin columns as left, hieroglyphsare into use often engraved. How earlyhieratic came but fragments of papyri inscribed with unknown,
The
characters
are
these
characters
have
town
been
at
found
in the ruins
of the
oldest Elephantine. The is the Prisse Papyrus (Bibliotheque hieratic document Nationale, Paris), datingfrom about the Xlth Dynasty. until the fourth century a.d. in use This script was
Vlth
Dynasty
Greek
nome
name
for
Niit-enf-bak,
the
Chief
of
character employed Hieroglyphs. The hieroglyphic form it a pictorial, originally by the Egyptians was
70 retained
CONCISE
or a
DICTIONARY
case
OF of stone-cut of
more
until
late date.
invention
The
a
/
Alphabet.
m
sh
ni
kh
cl
was
attributed
to
the
all
knowledge
out, and
Stone
of the it
was
By
the
about
300
a.d.
characters
had the
died
until
the
discovery of
Rosetta
in 1799 that any real (q.v.) was progress made in their decipherment. We know that the now sounds and signs are of two kinds, those representing those called 2^^onetic and ideorepresentingideas Of the former, the phonetic characters, there grajjJiic. two and the syllabic. The are kinds, the alj^hahetic of the objects ideographic signsare pictorial representations spoken of,which are placed after the phonetically written word to "determine it,and hence they are
"
"
determinatives.
genericand
a
class
"
as
Determinatives of two are kinds, the former sioecific, being determinative of for instance the pictureof the hide of an
EGYPTIAN
71 the latter of
a
an
"
object. particular
from or left, there side towards
are
The
texts
either from
rightto
left to
or right,
arranged
commences
being no
rule. which
The the
text
bird
and
other
facing. There are about 500 characters in frequent use. Many of the syllabicsigns are polyphonous. The cursive form of the hieroglyphic this In later times script is called hieratic (q.v.). cursive form degeneratedinto a much simplercharacter called demotic. {SeeSeten-hetep-ta.)
characters
Hipponus.
The
Greek
name
for
Ilet-bennu, the
the
capitalof
modern Hiser. El
the
of the
Temple
of Thoth
at
Hermopolis.
Hit. A form of Bes found {q.v).,
at Dendera.
Hittites.
{SeeKheta.)
in Honey. The Egyptians evidently succeeded of flowers, for keeping bees, in spite of the scarcity recipes. honey enters frequently into their medical There for is
some
evidence dead.
it
was
used
preservingthe
Hophra.
{See Uah-ab-Ea.
attributes the
added
to those
of Amen.
He
is
represented
mouth,
fingerto
and
plumes
of
of Amen. fourth
HorapoUo.
work It is
in Greek
author
century,
is known
an
a.d.,
hieroglyphs. Nothing
is called
a
"
of
the author
except that he
he
was
that probai)le
Copt,and
that
72 of his
CONCISE written
DICTIONARY
OF
work
was
in
one
Greek
we
form know
by
his
whom
name
Phihp.
He is also the sented repre-
The
winged
disk.
on
two
m-aei, one
disk,
Upper
and
of the
South, Uazit
and
Nekhebt.
deity who traversed Egypt with the sun god Ea, warding off evil from him and His symbol was placed over conquering his enemies. doors of the temples to protect the gates and chamber Edfu destruction. from the place where them was honoured the nome he was as god.
Horbehutet
was a
solar
Hor-em-heb,
XVIIIth Bd-ser-Jihejyeru,
Dynasty,
cir.
V^
A^/SAAA
AAAAAA
-/-L\-"
^^-Y^^
\^^
\^J
1332-1323 the
B.C.,
married of the
Nezem-mut,
IVth's
who
was
sister of
Amen-hetep
little is known
seems
abuses
reignof this king been to have occupied in checking chiefly the militaryclass. that prevailed among
Eyes (*S'ee A Edfu. form He
of
Hor-merti.
Hor-sam-taui.
Dendera headed. and
of is
of followers The ShemsU'heru or Kor-shesu, Horus who, according to the Turin Papyrus, are sup.
CONCISE
DICTIONARY his
OF father's
waged
war
against Set,
with
was
murderer,
sun,
identified
Horus
the
rising
the
forms worshipped in many and under names throughout Egypt. As a many child he was with the side lock of hair, represented and As a frequentlywith his fingerto his mouth. solar deityhe figures with either as a hawk or man a the As of crowns. a hawk's head, wearing a variety in his full strength," he is sometimes sun merged in Ea. Eyes op Haepoceates, (See Haemakhis, HOEUS.)
Apollo.
He
"
Hyksos.
word
probably
tribes
"
derived
from
haq,
prince, and
"
inhabitingthe eastern Of the Hyksos desert. erroneously called Shepherd that is absolutely certain. Kings very littleis knowm been barbaric to have a They appear people from the east, who, taking advantage of a period of weakness, into Egypt, established their own poured down Ha-uart and, after restoring government, (Tanis), from After 511 years they were Memphis. governed I. and forced expelledfrom Lower Egypt by Aahmes I. finally into the Delta. Thothmes expelled them, and they retreated into the country from whence they came. originally Up to the present time there have only been found and of the three remains Hyksos kings, Khian it is thought Apepi I. and II.,under the last of whom of The that Joseph served. genuineness of many in museums found the so-called Hyksos monuments has been doubted by eminent Egyptologists. hymns that have been in praiseof Ea, the are preserved the greater number sun-god. But there are also hymns to Ptah, Osiris, and Hathor. the Nile, Amen, According to Eenouf side of Egypthese hymns represent the henotheistic tian often ideas The in them are expressed religion. and the conceptionof the Deity is in such very lofty, But language as would be employed in these times.
Hymns.
the Of number of
Shasii,the
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
75
there is mixed invariably up with these fine passages chief a teaching. The great deal of polytheistic hymns that have been studied are, Hymn to the Nile, in the Sallier Papyrus, translated by Maspero ; Hymn XXth lated in a Cairo papyrus, to Amen, Dynasty, transstela in to Osiris, on a by Grebaut ; Hymn Paris, translated by Chabas ; a pantheistic hymn from the temple of El Khargeh, translated by Brugsch, at to the Aten, in a tomb Birch, and Eenouf ; Hymn Tel el Amarna, translated by Bouriant Breasted and ; of of "Book in 15th the the to Ea, Hymn chapter the Dead (TurinPapyrus),translated by Weidemann and others. {SeeHenotheism.)
"
Hypocephalus.
found It is under the
A disk of heads
paintedlinen
or
of
bronze,
of Graeco-Eoman
mummies.
reallya form of amulet, and is inscribed with of gods the Hathor cow magical formulae and figures them and is designed to being invariablyamong for the obtain warmth runs body. An inscription of the the border round the disk, other representations the field. A scene across being drawn frequently o f is depicted one consisting cynocephalus apes adoring Part of the border inscripthe solar disk in his bark. tion follows : Chief of the gods, come thou runs as of the hypoceto the Osiris Hor [name of the owner phalus]
"
"
"
Grant
one
under the
head, for he
Another himself shineth in the is
was
thy
whose
followers."
:
"
prayer
thus in his
May
is
(Weidemann.) god,
hidden,
and
face
forms
concealed,
upon
the world
underworld, grant that my May the great god in his disk give his rays
of and
an
the
an
underworld
entrance
or
Heliopolis. Grant
exit in the
thou
unto
underworld
withoiit
let
hindrance."
(Budge.)
any hall the such the as roof
great
76
CONCISE
at
DICTIONARY which
was
OF
hypostylehall
over.
Karnak
roofed originally
Hypselis.
of the Shodb. Human Chief
The
Greek
nome
name
for
eleventh
of
Upper
point
Pharaoh battle. certain
were
the
pylon
still
to kill his
bound
enemies the
indicates
the
a
god
that
after
it be death 1ms
positively proved
we are a
from
that and
so
in tombs
to
learn
man
victims
killed at the
or spirits
of other
in follow
their the
{seeKa) might
survive
minister Theban
to him
in the
not
If this
custom
did
civilization
*'
of
the
into
the times
of the
Empire."
I
lamblichus.
A
Syrian Neo-platonistof
has been ascribed
**
the
fourth
century
book
"
a.d., to whom
Egyptian Mysteries,"or the master Ab-Amen to Porphyry's letter to Anebo, and therein of the doubts solutions expressed," a work of Egyptian religion. to the student interesting
On
the
Ibis.
The
bird
sacred
to
Thoth,
the
that of
an
god being
ibis. It
frequentlyrepresented with
head
ARCHAEOLOGY
north of of
was
Wady
the
name
Haifa.
part
of Thoth.
Spc
Ideograms.
Im-hetep.
r..c.,
Hieroglyphs. of
Eighth king
years.
Dynasty IV.,
cir. 3730
reignednine
A He
Imhetep.
Greeks
to
god
called
likened
Imuthcs, and
Nut
by the by them
of Powers buted attribuilt to and the
Asklepios.
exorcism
to him.
is the first-born
Ptah, and
of him
between and
Abusir.
Imhetep.
Imuthes.
Incubator. deserves the with
rearers
form
Imhetep [q^v.).
our
"
most
excites the
wonder,
not
and
the
shown industry
by
geese,
who,
contented in other bv
an
the
course
procreationknow^n
number hand of the
countries, hatch
infinite their
birds
Dispensing with
own
incubation
of
maturity;
not means."
and
the young
chickens
inferior in any
respect to those
(Diodorus i. 74.)
See Pigments.
to
Ink. Iron.
seems
have
had
no
''iron
age"
78
CONCISE will
account
DICTIONARY for
was
OF to accoixling abhorrence by
obtaining it
some
this, but
held
to
authorities
the metal
was
in
the much
Egyptians and
may iron have tools
dedicated
few
Set, which
found.
w^ould
also account
for the
examples
Moreover,
Many
obtained
during the
at Naukratis.
The is the
goddess
and She
a
Aset
daughter
wife is the is
name.
Seb
and
Nut,
as
sister of Osiris.
always
represented
wears on
woman,
her head
throne
"
which her
also
the But
hieroglyphfor
at times
she
wears
other
the particularly cap, the disk and the double crown. mother
seems
horns, and
She
as
of
Horus, and
to be
merged
She
was
in Hathor the
true
Isis.
at
type
Osiris she find
of
wifehood
been
and
Her
husband
body
hidden
to
by Set,
pains
was
him, and
sister
Nephthys.
dead
It is therefore,
of every
so
become the
an are
Osirian, that
and feet of tomb
frequently represented
mummy walls, and
at
head
the
Osiris and
Horus,
triads. dedicated
Isis The
to
one
great temple
In the
Philae
was
legend of
Ea
she
figuresas
also the
Isis.
is called
71)
measurinf^ syenite,
13in. thick, found of Mer-en-Ptah at
and
temple used in the first placeby Amen-hetep It was Thebes. of his rehgious inscribed it a record on III., who His son, Khubenefactions to the temple of Amen. the erased en-Aten a great part of it, particularly restored by of Amen was names ; but the inscription by
Petrie Seti I. his
on
Mer-en-Ptah
blank side he
took
the
stone
and
temple with
the
face
a
to
the wall.
account
long
Libyan invaders, followed by a record of of various a Syrian campaign, with an enumeration which tribes and peoples. Among them occurs a name is thought by many to refer to the Israelites of the follows: The Bible. runs as "Vanquished passage Kheta the Tahennu are are quieted; (Hittites) ; the with all violence ; taken is ravaged is Pa-Kanana of the Askadni (Askelon?); seized is Kazmel ; Yenu as though it had not existed ; the Syrians is made it hath no seed ; Syria has people of Ysiraal is spoiled, widows of the land of Egypt ; all lands become as together are in peace." The stela is in the Cairo
defeat of the
"
museum.
The
name
been
found
on
another
See
x4.msu.
of
ivory objects wellfound, we elephantwas from the earliest times, since the animal known figures of Elephantineas far back in the name as a hieroglyph the Yth as Dynasty. The perishablenature of the for the small number of the material probablyaccounts and for small used for inlaying finds. It was furniture, such as combs, dice, and objects, spoons, ornaments, also been found. castanets ; boomerangs of ivoryhave it was dyed red or green, and sometimes Occasionally it was engraved with the pointand filled in with black.
no
great number
that the
has
know
80
CONCISE of
DICTIONARY
OF found
and of
arms
ivory
In at
have 1898
been
laid
on
the
mummies.
excavations several
Nekhen,
other
found
figurines and
Jewellery.
been
A the
considerable
amount
of
jewellery
has
of greater part of it in the form of carnelian, turquoise, lazuli, amethyst, etc., beads The and faience, which were arranged in necklaces. has the of burying ornaments custom on mummy of the fine examples jeweller's preserved to us many
found,
work,
Museum.
as
the
best The
of work
which
be
seen
in
was
the very
Cairo
Empire
fine,
of the bracelets, gold and inlaid work collars, and pectoral of Queen Aah-hetep show, but is of the almost surpassed by that of the ornaments of cloisons The Dahshur. Xllth at Dynasty found filled with carnelian, turquoise, lapis lazuli gold are of paste, though and other precious stones, instead More used. that also was recently, wonderful chased of cast bracelets and gold, and amethyst and w^hich found been lazuli at Abydos, beads have are of Zer, of the thought to have belonged to the queen 1st Dynasty. {See Eings.) the beautiful
Judgment.
See
Psychostasia.
82 and
CONCISE These
one or
DICTIONARY
were more use
OF
mummified.
exact
were
likenesses in
a
of the serdab
deceased, and
placed
Ka.
a
for the
name
of the in
was
Each
king
enclosed It
kind
banner.
not
beings who had Kas but everything,gods, localities, and in order that the Ka might be well furnishings, were served, objects he might be supposed to want and broken free their in the tomb. The to Kas, placed idea is almost equivalent to Paracelsus' theory of astral bodies. (See Seten-hetep-ta.)
Kabasos. eleventh The chief
nome
Greek
name
for
of Lower Isis.
Egypt,
deitywas
A
goddess,
eye
one
"
Lady
there
a
of
Heaven,
no
gods, the
was
of of
Ea,
exists
governess second to
introduced
was
into
Astarte.
Ka-ka-u, second
nine
established the He is said to have (?) years. worship of the Apis bulls at Memphis, the Mnevis and the sacred at bulls at Annu rams (Heliopolis), Mendes. {SeeApis.) Kamit. the
"
The
ancient
name
of
Egypt,
which
means
black
Khat. the
ideogram
to embalm
body, symbolized by This dead fish. body it was in order to preserve it from decay,
the future become
a
might
in
sdJm
or
ledge knowto
the
to
a-apKo^
does
{SeeSahu.)
EGYPTIAN
ARCIIAKOLOGY
83
Khaf-Ra
J
those well of known Khufu httle
to
the
Khephren
His
of the
Dynasty.
and of
us
pyramid
at
Men-kau-Ra
Inscriptionssay
are
this from
Pharaoh,
but
features
diorite statue
a
discovered
near
by
M.
Mariette
the
Sphinx.
a
splendid
advanced in the
were
statue
were
indicates
of art.
There
several
other
statues
place, but all, having been thrown broken. tell us Fragments of inscriptions
name
in,
that
the
of
wife
Meri-s-anch.
of
man
or
woman,
a
which
body
at death
to continue
elsewhere
separate
of
entityof
a
own.
representedunder
the form
sunshade.
Khem.
Khensu
{SecAmsu.)
or
Khonsu. He
The is
third
son
god
triad,the
a
lunar
such
as
is confused, and
sometimes,
with assumed is then Thoth.
a
at
Edfu, identified
He solar
occasionally
character, and
a
with represented
was
hawkof the
head, and
emblematic He from
was
rising
as we
sun.
also
an
exorcisor XXth of
of find
in spirits
a
where
read
to
Khensu.
sent
Bekhten
possessed
84
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
He is represented as swathed, princessthere. tightly side lock of the His youth. wearing proper symbol,
worn on
the
head, is the
a
sun
disk
are
in the
the
crescent,
of
and life
he
carries
staff and
on
which
emblems
-V-stability u
or
dominion
/\
.
Kheper
The actual
the
sense
of
a a
transformation, and
of the
as or a a
the He He head
god
is
is
is also for
risingsun.
man
represented
a
with
a
head,
his
with
man's The
surmounted
by
beetle.
being
a
thus of that On
in
tudes multiand
in
seen
faience
found he is
sun.
Egypt.
seated later Kheper,
walls of scribes
the
the in the
In
times
frequently
various
name
Khepersh.
royal battle
(SecCrown.)
Kheta. A
Syria, whose
Carchemish
Pharaohs
east
of
Orontes,
and
XlXth attack.
sar,
by the Dynasties as
Kamses alliance
important
after
a
pointsof
Khetaand the
II.,
Kheta with
with struggle
an was
the then
king, made
him, which
with
defensive
marriageof the Pharaoh the daughter of the Kheta king. Some Egyptologists of with the Hittites these wish to identify people by
Testament.
the Old
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY From
s:
Khian,
Se-itser-en-Rd.
the
form
of
the
n
scarabs and
El
found
bearing
tolerable
this
or
Khnem.
deity wor-
/"
he at Philae, where shipped chiefly is represented as making mankind of clay upon out a potter's wheel. His the moulder." name signifies He is represented as ram-headed a god, and is often found in conjunction with Khnem Amen being ; Amen identified by the Greeks with their in Zeus-Ammon, or JupiterAmmon Latin sculptures.
"
Khu.
"
The Eenouf is
"
-luminous,"
the that
^h^emu.
clear."
points
out
perhaps the true meaning of it. It is one of the immortal and probably represents parts of man, the spirit ; it is symbolized by a flame of fire.
''
glory
Khufu.
r^0 ^
cir. 3969 builder
one
''"=^
^ J
known,
^^''''^^
^i"g
of
Dynasty IV.,
name
b.c.
Eeigned
of is
daughter
tablet
is
years. Henut-sen.
63
The This
king was
There
the
a
of the Great
at
Pp-amid
of Gizeh.
rock
Wady
Maghfirah containing
IV. The built
name
Khut-Aten
(Tel
to
Amarna).
took the
name
that Khu-enmade
Amen-hetep
aten,
gave
IV., who
the
new
of
city that
he
and
80
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
his his
capital.
successors
On
account
of
the
hatred
with
which
form of rehgion he regarded the new had started, they completely destroyed the town, The few^ remains that have palace. temple, and been in recovered show
an enormous
advance in the
course
in
art,
of
design
and
adaptation.
some
Petrie
uncovered
most
beautiful
painted
of the
ments pave-
charming
of
decorative
the floor
treatment.
palace.
Green
and
black
cosmetic
used
to
for
painting
the eyes
to is
make
ascribed there
eyelids and eyebrows in order large. Healing properties w^ere of it ; for in the use Leyden
box with four
toilet
divisions, and
are
for expelling opening the sight," for expelling the flower," "daily eye-paint." tears," carbonate of Sulphide of lead, sulphate of lead, green entered to have tion largely into the composiappear copper of kohl, which points distinctly to commercial with from the earliest the intercourse east period of Egyptian history. {See Stibium.)
"
purposes described ;
'*
of for
the
different
preparations
"
thus
A the
crude
east
brick bank
fort of
standing
the It
was
on
natural
Nile, about
the
above III.
the
as a
first
cataract.
thirty built by
Nubians.
protection
against
for Ka-sa
the
capital
modern
of
Upper
Egypt,
there
the
was
deity worshipped
Anubis.
RGYPrrVX
ARCHAEOLOrTY
87
Labyrinth,LajJe-ro-Jutn-t. Temple at the opening of the canal (Brugsch). Herodotus, ii.148, says that the citynamed it lay a little ahove Lake Moeris, near
"
"
the it
crocodiles. the
Strabo, who
visited that
'
it, states
from the
thirtyand
on.
fortystadia
It must and
canal, and
Arsinoe
Arsinoe
lay
have
therefore
situated
Fayilm, and
Kuriin,
as
the
further
have
thought.
by Petrie as the site of the Labyrinth. According to Herodotus, "the pyramids may of the magnificent be compared to many individually
structures
of
Greece, but
It is
;
even
these
are
inferior to the
Labyrinth.
which each wall and the the from
are
composed
their
of twelve
are
courts, all of
covered
entrances
oppositeto
south
are
other, six
encloses
are
to the
to the
one
apartments
surface
of two
kinds, there
as
above and of
the
ground
upper
many I
apartments
almost
myself saw,
I pronounce
industryand winding
my passages
warmest
through
different and
excited
again
end.
each
to
courts, almost
all of and sculpture, w^hitest and the
without around
The
pillarsof
led
"
most
polished marble."
speaks of
to
long and intricate passages courts, all backing on to peristyle hall of twenty-seven columns,
courts,
the number of them
wall
and
of the
to
connected
with
being equal
88
nomes
A of
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
to
OF
Egypt.
a
Pliny,who
courts
appears
have
strung
there
together
were
number
nome
reports, says
crocodile for his
sixteen them.
fortystatues
the
of Nemesis
in
He
also
burying guides,
that the ft.
places.
Petrie, taking Herodotus
no
Strabo
possible for
area
"
enormous
a
1000
bed
of limestone
chips,
**
and
traces
beneath
some
it
of
foundation, evidently
enormous
building.
the
we
Mere
signifyreadily to
; but
mind
the vast
it with compare the greatest of other be Egyptian temples it may somew^hat On could be erected realized. that space when and all the successive temples great hall of Karnak it,and the great court and pylons of it ; also adjoining the temple of Mut and that of Khensu, and that of Amen-hetep III. at Karnak ; also the two great be room for temples of Luxor, and still there would the the the
area a
of construction
whole
of
the
Eamesseum. and
In
one
short of the
all of
the
temples on
west
on largest one
have certainly
which the Labyrinth worthy of the renown careful observations made the on acquired." From of the arrangethis much spot,Petrie has recovered ment On the eastern side may of the Labyrinth : yet has be seen pavement, which part of the limestone of the French survived the needs engineers who laid the Faytim railway and used it as their stone quarry. have been This to double, and pavement appears with fine white consisted of blocks of yellow limestone slabs superimposed. A few of the blocks limestone of the architraves stilllie about, bearing the cartouches Sebekneferu III. (Dynasty XII.) and of Amen-em-hat (Dynasty XIII.),as do also the fragments of a clustered of three red granitecolumns. column, and the remains From the levels it is clear that the building was square,
"
90 statue
CO]vrCISE Osiris.
OF of the
of
some
part
papyrus
glyphs. chapters of the funeral ritual in hieroThe second of part consists of five pages fine hieratic writing of the lower epoch, probably of the time of the Ptolemies. The rection subject is the resurand renewed the birth of ''Book
contains
Osiris,and
of
it has
great
analogy
"
with
Festival
Songs
of Isis and
see
2nd
Records
of the
Past,"
language
in the world.
of
the other
exceptionof
Semitic
as
the
(q-v.).It
Hebrew African and with
affinities, however,
languages,such
Berber
Somali,
Africa.
languages
of years in use it that it was During the thousands naturallycame through different phases.v^For practical students have divided the period into purposes three sections,called Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian, and Late Egyptian, corresponding to the historical divisions of Old, Middle, and New Empires. In the ancient times it was most written with purelyphonetic little inflected. No treatise or signs,and was very of any kind, or of any period has been found. grammar Lasso. Tomb of The show the pictures at Beni Hasan wild bulls and of the gazelles by means been to have a Egyptian lasso appears
a
capture
lasso.
long rope
with
ball
at
the
end
of
it, which
would
giveweight and enable the rope to catch more the legs, round body or horns of the animal. Latopolis.
Latus. Lead. doors and See This See Esneh. Fish. metal has
"
certainly
been Also
found small
used
as
inlayon
were
furniture.
statuettes
91 of
Leg",the.
constellation
identified
by
Eenouf
with
Greek
name
for
of Lower
Egypt, the
modern
Usim.
Horus. deity,
no Library, xllthough great collection of books, such the treasmre of claytablets in Assyria, has ever been as found in Egypt, there is sufficient evidence to show formed. that collections of papyri were A chamber in the temple at Edfu, off the Kheiit Hall, was a library, the catalogue of books being inscribed on its walls.
The
us,
name
of at least of Eamses
one
librarian
has
come
down
to
that
Amen-em-hant,
11.
director
of
the
Theban
Library under
the country lying north-west Libyans. Libya was of Egypt, inhabited the Pharaohs by tribes with whom The kept up an intermittent warfare. Libyans of classical geographies the Labu, Lauhu, Lebic of the mentioned for the first time are Egyptian monuments in the XlXth Dynasty. They are represented in with fair hair falling rather fine men, in a as paintings side lock, having fair complexions, with blue eyes. Whenever there was the petty a conspiracyamong kings againstEgypt, the Libyan king was, if not actual of the chief ringleaders. When leader, at least one Eamses conquered them they made splendid troops for him, and formed an important part of his auxiliary
" "
army.
Linen.
most
The
manufacture
of linen
w^as
one
of the
It was used for clothing, important industries. than woollen being considered garments, and purer immense used in the mummifying of were quantities
men
and
animals.
In
tomb
at
Medum
there
is
list
02
CONCISE
DICTIONARY Three
OF
are
of linen.
are
mentioned, and
mentions from there in resembles that than districts
kind
there
three them
quahties. Phny
after the
finest
quahty almost
shows in
Indian
the
the woof
Dyeing.)
must
In the of
ancient desert
times and
have
been
many
are
Ethiopia,for
bags as Amen-hetep
or
there
lion-hunts,with immense
scarabs he The The
tame
caught
killed
seen
hundred
animal
is often
upon the It
on
temple
same
tomb
a
by
favourite
battle, and
at home.
as seen
animal
was
also
tomb in
walls.
Egyptian
than
two
artist
was
more
successful animal
this beast
papyri
of his back
a
drawing portraits.In
the solar Over
one
to
back, with
the
them, is
Shu and
frequentvignette.
and
over are
"Yesterday,"
solar all at
other
"This
two
Morning."
lions. and head. Litanies
AND
Tefnut
also
depictedas
The
are
Bast
of
Seker.
See
Festival
Songs
of
Isis
papyri have
been
found
in
Egypt,
matters.
buried But
on
relate to religious gi^eaterpart of which This is natural, since these documents were then well preserved. with the dead, and were the
account
perishablematerial on which is left to us must literature finds its expression,what of ancient books of the be but a small proportion Egypt. There is plenty of evidence that the art of is it at a very earlytime, nor literature was practised
of the
**
"
ARCHAEOLOGY
as
03
that of
should sculpture,
and the writer's art have perfection, remained undeveloped. Of the papyri that remain the subjects There are moral precepts are very varied. mathematical (scePTAH-HETEP), hymns and love-songs, and medical treatises,judicialinquiries, religious works, one epic (see Pentaur), letters, literary criticism and fiction. The drama alone is unrepresented.
reached
[SeePapyri.)
AOriA IH20Y
(LofjiaIcsoii).A
found the
at
fragment
of the
of
papyrus
"
book
the
site
ancient
modern Discovered
Behnesa,
containing
in all
Lord," and
dating back
and edited
bility proba-
300. Hunt.
true
by
Messrs.
Grenfell Lotus.
and
The white
Egyptian
It is
lotus the
Lotus,
called
is the
is the blue
rose
variety.
and
not
Nelumbium
Speciosum,
because
the
lotus.
saw
sacred,
Egyptians
As
in it Horus
symbol
on
rising
of
such, it is found
is the
the head
; and
ancient
art.
Both
forms
for columns in ornaments, : and designedcapitals largeand small, it is found in great variety. Ladies are representedwith it in their hands, and it figures altars of offerings.As an amulet it signified the on divine gift of eternal youth. The realistic repremost sentations of the plant are conventional form in so that it is difficult to distinguish betw-een it and of the papyrus pictures plant.
Lycopolis.
of the
The
Greek
nome
name
for
thirteenth
of
Upper Egypt,
94
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
"
the city deity,Ap-uat. This name, of wolves," came from the jackal-headedform of the god worshipped there.
Asyut.
Chief
important goddesses of the She is truth and justice perEgyptian Pantheon. sonified for the word but madt more also, signifies ; Gods moral and and order and law, physical. kings all confessed to *'ankh en maat," i.e. "living or existing by or upon rule," as if they recognized the She is unerring order which governs the universe."
Maat. One
of the most
"
associated
with
Thoth, and
two
in
the
conception
we
of these
divinities
find is and is
"
deity. daughter
assisted creation.
to have
Khnemu mistress of
at the
heaven, ruler of
earth, and
world." which
scenes
presidentof the nether Her symbol is the feather, in the we see judgment weighed in the balances
the heart of the deceased. with with their the with identified her
as a woman
Maat.
against
The She is
Greeks her
Themis. feather
a
represented
on
of
truth
over
head, and
sometimes
bandage
Maat
her eyes.
Kheru
after the
U.
name
,'
"
A of
formula the
in
inscriptions
The that
exact
added
deceased. been
a
translation
of it has
for
long
Renouf
subject of
"
cussion disone
among
scholars.
considers
ARCHAEOLOCiY
95
approximates most closelyto the original Maspero would translate it "true ; while of intonation," in allusion to the true voice required by the departed for the recitation of those magic incantations which would render them all-powerful
in the underworld.
Mammisi.
in
a
"
House
of
of the
Alexandrian
school,
Ptolemy Philadelphus(thirdcentury B.C.) wrote a history of Egypt with a list of its thirty he professed to have draw^n from dynasties,which genuine archives in the keeping of the priests. He himself was at Sebennytus, an Egyptian priest, living in Low^er Egypt. His book is now only known by lists and some fragments preserved by Josephus in his treatise in his x\gainstApion," by Eusebius Chronica," and by Syncellus. Of these, Syncellus does not quote from the original.Though Egyptian
"
"
who, under
monuments
have
afforded
confirmation
of
many
of
his statements, it is not w4se to rely entirely his on and retranassertions, since through transcriptions
probably suffered from alterations. His method was apparentlynot strictly of years for each dynasty the number chronological, of the kings' reigns, of the sum being made up for the overlapping without allowance of being made of these some is, however, dynasties. The work invaluable to the student for comparativeuse. Several
other works Mashuasha.
have been The ascribed of
to Manetho.
the scriptions
originalhas
name
tribe of
occurringon the monuments, the Pharaohs waged war. They allied themselves tribes against Mer-en-Ptah, with and other were defeated. But trouble under again they caused Ramses settled in the to have III.,when they seem
96
CONCISE
OP
Delta.
Eamses,
however, drove
seem
out, and
sequently subin
they
that Pharaoh's Mason.
a
to
have
auxiliaries
army. "builder is
{SeeLibyans.)
of walls
"
trade
hardest
least The
represented as profitable.
Arabic word
Mastaba.
a]'e
for the
benches
that
Usuallyplaced at the entrance of Arab doorways, of the Ancient and applied by the Arabs to the tombs "c. The at Sakkara, Medum, name Empire found and is recognized among was adopted by Mariette, consists of a rangular quadarchaeologists.The mastaba with inclined massive walls, having building is It low, and fiat on the no opening but the door. of a truncated pyramid. top, having the appearance
It
was
built the
of stone
or
of
crude with
brick.
When
of
stone
fagade was
decorated
sculptures. Like
ancient
ones
{see Tombs) these every Egyptian tomb consist of three parts the chapel,the
"
in vertical
shaft),and
of
a
^7^^
chapel
various
cases
mastaba In
more
a
forms.
it is
no
than
fagade,
and
names
a
with and
false of
stela
settingforth
titles
being
The
east
solid is
mass
door
T^ock
usually on
orientated
side, the
being
to
roughly
four p?-^ other
Wa"^'-
the In the
at
sists con-
cardinal of of
points. in examples, as
Thi the
a
tombs
and
Mera
Sakkara,
Mastaba.
chapel
succession
of
98
A Medicine.
OF
evidence ancient
of
the
Egyptians. It seems that forbidden from religious fore thereand surgical operationswere scruples prohibited, the knowledge that physicians had of the organs of the body and their functions limited. was necessarily
practice of
among dissection was The Ebers papyrus
twenty-two
into it and heart because
was
vessels,
send called them
"
says which
that draw
the the
head
contains
thence lead
the
(oflife) spirits through the body. The beginningof all the members,
to
its vessels
some
members,"
of
and is that
perhaps
indicated wherever
idea the
circulation
the
blood
by
student
"
is told
everywhere does he meet with the heart (pulse). The medical papyri consist chiefly of prescriptions mixed up with magical formulae. of these Against some recipes the practitioner has written their to comments as efficacy. but The drugs were chieflycomposed of vegetables, and also used. insects were {See parts of animals Medical Papyri.)
hand,
Medinet
the doctor
laid his
el-Fayum.
or
town
in the
the
Fayum,
to
called
in
reference
its
being
lake
out," from
it it
was
surrounding
as
being
centre
was
of
crocodile
Crocodilopolis, worship. In
in
Arsinoe,
honour There
of
are
sister-wife
a
of
Ptolemy Philadelphus.
temple.
A
Mehit.
wind.
goddess
"
the
of personification
the north
Mehurt.
heifer of whom
The the
given
to
the
great celestial
a
cation personifisun
the
rises
She Hathor. is
is at times Besides
a
identified
being
woman.
presented re-
cow,
she
portrayed as
99
of the abode
Dead,"
placein
of Mehurt."
An
and The
rora, Autwo
were
statues
of
Amen-hetepIII.
at
Thebes
by
the Greeks
were
to be
of representations
monoliths originally a pebbly conglomerate exceedinglydifficult to work. The northernmost it having been severely damaged is supposed by the earthquake in ]^.c. 27 presenteda curious phenomenon, emitting sounds at sunrise,which caused it to be called Vocal Memnon and brought it from far to hear Many travellers came great fame.
statues
" "
the their
musical
sounds, and
some
have
left records
of
inscribed on the legsand pedestalof experiences the statue. The clumsy restoration, of five by means of sandstone, which effected by Septimius courses was Severus, put a stop to the sounds. Among those who left inscriptions Balbilla a court were Asklepiodotos, of Egypt. The poetess, and several governors menon phenois discussed Strabo who could not believe by that the sound actually proceeded from the stone by Pausanias and Juvenal. {Sec Colossi.)
" "
Memiionium.
Name
given by
III. which
at
the
Greeks
to
the
rounding sur-
temple
two
of
4men-hetep of dwellings,
Also
Thebes, with
little remains
its but
the
colossi.
called
the
Amenophium.
{See
Memnon.) Memphis.
the first
nome
Greek of
name
for
Lower
Eahineh.
Chief
deitv,Ptah.
Mena.
or
I cir.
b.c.
4777, of
Tini
[Gr.
This
or
Thinis],whose
name
100
A
"
CONCISE the
DICTIONARY
was
OF
signilies
1st of in
a
Steadfast,"
All that of These
first of
kmg
him
Dynasty.
few^ the under he the classic
is
statements
credit
no
writers, there
one
being
tell
us was
monuments
left of
period.
founded
that
he
Egypt
to
secure
sceptre and
site
; that
a
suitable
course
Cocheiche.
seven
by the construction of an enormous French M. Linant, professes to engineer, in the this construction great dike of followed Tradition by says that he was
in succession. The Greek
nome name
sons
for of Lower
Fa-ha-neh-tettet, capital
Egypt,
the modern
Ba-neb-Tettet. deity,
goddess akin to Hathor and form or some degree of the heat of Bast, representing She was the sun. worshipped at Heliopolis.
lion-headed
Men-ka-Ra,
Nlt-aqerti. Probably
the
Queen
Nitoeris of Manetho
ruler of the Vlth
and
She
B.C.
was
the last
Dynasty,
Men-kau-Hor.
of
(
the
S^^
Vth
U U ) uuu~]
M
The
seventli
There is
king
a
rock
tablet of
Men-kau-Ra.
of the IVth
/^q
The
t!^=
U
cir.
U
B.C.
U
the
1
third
^^^^^"^^^
king
Dynasty,
3845.
Eeigned
of the
sixty-three years.
builder
of
EGYPTTAX
ARCHAEOLOrJY
101
iL^reiit pyramids at
coffin
Gizeh.
The
name,
lid
of
the
a
wooden
and
skeleton
British
Museum.
The of
; his
god.
adored
at
one
Thebes
as
time It is
of the
Amen.
original
and form. Herthat
was case
god
The
of
district between
Kus later
Gebelen,
chief monthis
being
of
it
a was
at at
(Erment).
was
His The
wife in
place
sacred called
Ea-t-taui.
bull this
to
to
him,
an
being
Ea.
BakJi,
of
a as
equivalent
Mentu
man
the
Mnevis-bull
is represented
hawktwo
headed
wearing
II.
Mentu,
plumes. Eamses
in the wrath
to his
"
himself
Mentu-hetep
Neh-hctep.
Second
I.,
king
of
Dynasty XI.,
Fifth
cir. 2965
b.c-
Mentu-hetep
" 1 1 m 1 1 11
II.
Neh-taui-Bd.
king
of
Dy-
1^1
b.c,
O
and
mi
of
are
son
Queen
found
Am.
bearing this king'sname Inscriptions A tablet quarriesof Hammamat. that he conquered thirteen tribes. Mentu-hetep III.,
Neb-JcJier-Bd
.
in the
states
at
Konosso
Eighth king
of
"^r^i
3
"=
102
CONCISE
DICTIOXARY
b.c.
OP
Two
queens
are
known,
-Ptah,
1300.
j\ JJjI (^g
^
Dynasty XIX.,
II. be It is
B.C.
The
son
of Eamses
believed generally
the is
that tomb
this
king
Exodus.
may
identified
Pharaoh
in the in into the
His
An
at
body
was
discovered
now
Amen-hetep
Museum. their defeat
II. in
1899
Cairo
Libyans
Egypt
of this otherwise
uneventful
Mer-eu-Ka, Mehti-em-sa-f.
Fourth
king
Dynasty
AAA.
b.c.
The
at
in important inscription
the
Her-khuf
dates
from
this
king's
reign.
His
pyramid,
A
"
dnkh,
the
Mer-sker.
name
"
form she
goddess
loves
signifies
silence."
She is represented with the regent of the west." disk and horns of Hathor, and is sometimes pictured in the
"
of the west."
Meskhent.
goddess of
birth
scene
birth
on
seen
on
her
at
throne Der el
presidingover
Bahri. She
the
walls of the of
figuresin the scene Hall of the heart in the Judgment symbol on her head is a straightstem and either side, like on curling over head of A nit {q.v.).
Meszemt. See A
name
weighing
The end the
Osiris.
Stibium
and
Mestha.
Metelis.
given to
Greek
name
god
Amset
{q.v.).
The
ARCHAEOLOGY of Lower
103
seventh
nome
Egypt.
Chief
deity,
Hebrew
mazors or
name
of
E^ypt.
It
means
Name
of the
Hehopohs.
Moeris.
[SeeAns.)
Moeris.
of coin the ancient of but
See Lake
In
Money.
had
was no
the the
sense
money.
The
during
was
Egyptians a coinage
no
real
established
Ptolemaic
times.
the weighed. Under purchase-money was in the form of rings, but made New Empire it was to have then was rings seem even weighed. The diameter varied in thickness, though having a uniform Such of about 5 ins. a weighing out is frequently Poole's "Mr. depictedon the tomb and temple walls. of into the very researches complicated numismatics the Ptolemaic Dynasty show that the first Ptolemy established drachma both
as a
coinage
copper
on
the
basis unit."
Attic
was
ordinary
silver
silver
coinage.
[See
and
Trade.) Monogamy.
Moon.
moon was
under Khensu
most
different
But Thoth
is
it connected
with "the
Lunar
bark.
104
COXCTSE the
moon
DICTIONARY
OF
measurer,"
Thotli times it is form and
moon
being
the
measurer
of As
time,
In
a
and
being god
sciences.
moon.
later
symbol
Khensu,
ocean
represented as
it may others.
was own
crescent
on
holding a disk,
of Thoth, all the
in which
be
seen
the
sini
Like conceived
the of
planets, the
as
sailingthe
celestial
in his
that oftenest
were
of, or
the
to, gods
Those
carefully
met Egyptians. with the bull, antelope, jackal,hippopotamus, are cat, monkey or ape, crocodile,ichneumon, hedgehog, shrewmouse, ibis, hawk, frog, toad, scorpion, beetle, snake ; and the latus,oxyrhynchus, and silurus fishes. Of these, the Apis bulls (q.v.) buried in sarcowere phagi,
by
many
of
which animals
cases,
have
were
been
discovered
at
Other wooden
each
the animal
it contained
in of
cases
which
cat-
shape
were
of the animals
themselves. eyes
at
Thus numbers
cat-
shaped, with
paste.
been
obsidian, rock
of
crystal, or
coloured have
Large
cats
found
was
the cat-headed
were were
placedin earthenware
often
prepared Mummy
an
term
"
from
"
fore, there-
In while
qes,
hieroglyphsthe
the
"
word
is into
^^ "T '^'^^"^
is
c
verb
to
to
make in
mummy
lit.,
wTap
up
Mummifying
earliest ages, and
the
was
bandages." dead the w^as practised from in general use until the fourth
100
DICTIONARY It resembles
OF
the of
tomb
fmmel-shaped vase
over
pottery
parchment
were were
strained similar
to
the
wide
ones,
mouth.
The and
Cymbals
modern
or a
only
of
smaller.
They
silver.
made
of brass
were
mixtm^e
of brass
The
Castanets
or
in the form
curved sticks of wood slightly long, terminatingin a human Tambourines metal But hold from it up
was on
the
we
tomb
walls the
indicate
the
ringswhich
the way
we
associate
the
instrument.
in which conclude
may
provided with them. Of Wind Instru7nents have been ones only wooden the monuments show preserved; but pictures on with Trumpets. The troops accompanied by men instrument about represented is a simple one 1^ ft. of long, made apparently of brass. The Flute was kinds. various Sometimes it was of extraordinary 4 and 5 ft. The length between specimens found made of vary from 7 to 15 ins. in length. They were reeds chiefly, and had three, four, and sometimes five holes. Flutes also made of wood, of ivory,of were The Double Pipe is more horn, and bone. frequently the than monuments the depicted on flute, oftenest and sometimes while the performer played by women,
"
It
was
made
of the
same
as
the
Strmged
are were we
Instruments kinds.
represented on
Besides
or
ments monu-
of several do
not
the The
(q.v.)
of is of
lyres, guitars
know the
lutes, and
names.
others
lyre
forms, and
or
is decorated
in
by
the hand
were
plectrum
; and
sometimes while
chords hand
touched
a
with
right
plectrum. The instrument was held in various The the arm. occasionallyunder ways, quently fremost Guitar, or lute,is perhaps the instrument with. It was met played chiefly by women. The oval body is of wood, or of wood covered with
played with
ARCHAEOLOGY
10'
several
holes.
4
a
long
three neck
it must
measured
to tlie
about
were strings
body by
bar.
triangular piece
of w^ood
or
bone, and
end
kept from
a
contact
at the other
by
There
small
must
cross
Musicians.
have
been
two
kinds
of
exponents belonged to very different grades in society. The higher kind, which was bably pro-
nuisic,and
very
their
taught and performed by the priests, and was less religious, w^hile the more or popular music which the people loved to have at their feasts was provided by paid entertainers who were usually accompanied by dancers, if indeed they did dance themselves. That not the Pharaoh enjoyed and musical entertainments evident from is singing the fact that there was a functionarywho bore the title Superintendent of song and of the recreation of the king"; but the king never done to have seems honour to any particular performers, nor do w^e hear of any musician of high rank. There both men were and and ^Iusical women performers. (See Music Instruments.)
was stereotyped,
"
Mut.
goddess,the
of Amen-Ea Her
triad,where
of Khensu. which
"
name
signifies"the
mother,"
stands She
the
for it also
is
mother." of
eye
called
"mistress of in
gods,
Ea."
lady
to her
heaven, Asher,
of
a
built
temple
a
worship, w^hich
of Karnak.
as a woman
w^earing
the double she is
Mut.
the vulture
crown.
cap Sometimes
a
and
with figured
lioness' head.
108
CONCISE
DICTTOXARY her
OF sister
Mut-em-ua.
Co-heiress, with
of Thothines is in the III. She her
son
Khut, of
mother of the
Amen-hetep II.,wife
Amen-hetep
left of the
on
IV. and
at
represented standingto
Colossi Luxor.
king
Thebes, and
temple of
Mythology.
See Religion.
carbonate
are
of in
a
sodium, obtained
in valley
lakes which in
the desert
Delta, not
substance, used
entombment
This very far from the river. the preparation of the body for
was
probably
the earth lakes
on
obtained
;
or
of the
by
it
which
or
Nahal. Nile." A
town
Semitic it is
word be
river
"
; and
"
by Brugsch
thought to
of the word
Naukratis.
in the
in the north-west
fifth
nome
Egypt, by
be
an
not
Delta, Sais,
fifth it.
about Strabo
6| miles
says
B.C.,
of the modern
el Hism.
in the in the
it was
Milesians
error,
century
sixth
because
to the
century
Amasis the
to
to granted privileges
Greeks,
as
city of
dwell of in. Greek
Naukratis
During
trade .and
reign
it
enjoyed
monopoly
flourished.
EGYI?TIAN Its
101)
invasion, but revived under Alexander. It suffered, however, rival,Alexandria, and was by the growth of its new
prosperitydeclined
cityabout the beginning of the third century. During its period of prosperity it had attained well as commercial a as positionof literary probably extinct
as a
eminence. The site has remains been excavated Herodotus lord ruler of the archaic covered by Petrie, who distemples of Apollo and and Athenaios speak.
two
Aphrodite,of
which
"
Neb-taui, i.e.
of
of
the
lands,'' usually
Lower the
two
thought
It is
to
mean
Upper
and
west
and
Egypt.
lands
more
likely,however,
east
that
of the Nile.
361-340, XXXth
O
U
who
1
was
Dynasty.
defeated
Instead himself He of up
The
king
of
Egypt,
by
Darius
Ochus, the
Persian, at Pelusium.
Nectanebo himself
to
defending
in
kingdom,
devoted
shut
Memphis
to
magic.
Napata,
in Nubia.
See Obelisk. Bronze 8-10 for needles work. Ninth have But been found
are ing measur-
centimetres.
coarse
they
and large,
only suitable
Nefer-ka-Ra, Heni
Heni
king
of IlIrd
Dynasty.
Eeigned twenty-six(?)years.
may
thought that the the predein the Prisse Papyi'us as mentioned cessor of Sneferu, the first king of the Vth Dynasty, be identified with this king.
It is
or
Nefert-ari,
was
Aahmes-Nefert-ari,
wife of Auhmes
I. of the
the
sister and
XVIIIth
110
CONCISE and
was was
DICTIONARY
OF of that
Dynasty,
and Her
as
reallythe
adored
foundress
line,
such
she
until
the XXIst
Dynasty.
beautiful
Turn,
or
Nefer-atmu.
The
third
god
in the
Memphis, the others being Ptah and Sekhet, taken by Imthough his place is frequently the son of Sekhet, or Pakht, hetep. He was Bast. iVs a nature or god he representsthe
heat Dead" but He he is of the his is
risingsun.
function of life in
not
In the
seems
"
Book be
to to
of the
to
grant
come,
continuance
the
world with
very
as
frequently mentioned.
a
man
represented
his
lotus
head.
Miniature
are
figures
paratively com-
various
substances
Ifehesi.
A
1/
among
name
those
suggests that he
have
been
Nefer
Turn,
negro. The
Nehesiu.
Egyptian
or
name
Neit,
whose
or
Neith,
is
Nit.
in her
k the
goddess
oldest does much of it the
was
name
inscriptions, although
not
seem
cult
to
gained
time then she Horus.
to
formed She
triad
with
is the
represented as
crown
woman
wearing
and her sometimes
two
Egypt,
are
sometimes
She
arrows
and
ARCHAEOLO(iY
111
by
may
the
Greeks been
with of Her At
their
(Minerva).
we see
have
Libyan
used
name
for origin,
as a
decorative
"
shuttle,much
nation. shooter."
the signifies
as a cow. or
weaver
or
the she
"
times
times She
Mut,
is said to and
"
be the in
a
mother
of
text
the
"
pyramid
of Sebek.
Nekan
II., Non-ab-Rd,
XXVIth
Dynasty, b.c.
o
612-
u
596. The
1:1
Pharaoh Necho
o
the Old brave He
on
1
Testament and Eed
getic ener-
of xlvi.
(2 Kings
a
2),a prudence.
and
maintained
of the Nile
the
Sea,
from
sailors, circumnavigated
to re-cut
Africa. Bubastis
attempted
head
the canal
of the Gulf
of Suez.
Nekhebt
The South. form of
(Sivan).
of in the
Nekhebt.
goddess
She is
usually
the She
was
represented
a
vulture.
worshipped
Sister
at
Eileithyias.
sz::7
Nephthys.
and her him. wife search of
goddess to Isis, Set. She helped Isis in for the body of the slain
in her
Osiris, and
lamentations
is
over
Nephthys.
always asso-| ciated with Isis in funerary scenes. I The two stand facingeach other with wings outspread on either side of the or they are carved at each mummy, of end sarcophagi, or painted on
Therefore
she
112
CONCISE mummies.
DICTIONARY
OF
coffins and
Nephthys,
or
Nebt-het, is the
daughter of Seb and Nut, and as a nature goddess She is depicted as probably,the sunset. represents, her only distinguishing feature being her a woman, head-dress. According to Plutarch's legend,she was
the mother of Anubis. in 1860 ; of, found at Thebes papyrus Bhind and sold to the trustees of the
Nesi-Amsu,
purchased by
British careless Museum
by
the
David
Bremner.
Owing
to
the
it has been concluded colophon, that the papyrus for Nesinot written was specially but was of a number Amsu, one prepared by some whose business it was to supply funeral person papyri to relatives of the dead, for placing in the tombs. It consists of three separate works the : first, Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys (q.v.) ; secondly, the Litanies of Seker (q.v.) the Book of ; and thirdly, the Overthrowing of Apepi(q-V-)- The whole papyrus, which is of very fine texture, and measures 19 ft. by and 940 has lines), 9| ins. (containing33 columns been transliterated and translated by Budge in Archaeovol. 52, part ii. logia,
writing of
Neter-khertet.
name
for
the
"
divine "Book
underof the
w^orld,"which
Dead
"
and
in
"
the
land
"
probably
from Suez
the
on
extending
mountains
)^ )
The
The ba
little sail be
was
symbol
for
to
(q.v.) may
seen
bringingit back
of the
to
Nile,
of these
name
river
that
Egypt.
names
remark
derivation
of the word
Nile
"
is
114
CONCISE of the
or
DICTIONARY Nile
are
OF and
Statues
very
rare,
are
usually
of the
painted
red
to
represent
has it is of the 5" the the been
the
colour time
from
morial imme-
mystery
further
modern south
travellers
Nyanza Lake,
river,
passing through
north
as
Albert
far
Gondokoro,
called flows
by
to
Nile);
it.
stream
Nyanza, proceeds it is joined N., Sobat ; from this point Bahr-el-Abyad (White (Blue Nile)unites with to the sea, receiving on
Its the Atbara. its way only one tributary, about 3300 miles. Every year the Nile overflows its banks. the time of the
summer
length is
About
to beginsgradually rise, and continues so to do until the end of September, subsides, leaving behind it a deposit it gradually when The prosperityof the country of rich, black mud. depends upon the height to which the flood Nile rises.
solstice it
Should
there houses
be
are
an
excessive
overflow and
a
down,
swept
damaged. villages
away, If there is
the deficiency,
11')
must
Nile the
Semneh,
above rocks
the second
towns
at
cataract, to carry
the
are
through
inscribed of the and
and
villages.
There
Semneh
height
while the
inundation
monarch,
the
recordingthe average during the reign of this that of our days by 11 J ft.,
is 27 ft. 3 ins. above
in
our
greatestinundation
times.
Nitocris.
See Men-ka-Ea.
Nomarch.
See Nomes.
Nomes. the
mil
Ilesei).The
great divisions of
Egypt, and_ dating back to.the IVth mentioned are some, by name Dynasty, where wath their chief 'towns. There in all forty-two were nomes, twenty-two in Upper Egypt, and twenty in Lower was placed under the protectionof one ; each each had two oneparticular divinity capitals, ; and the other religious, the former civil, being the seat of was g^overnment. The office of governor hereditary, from father the eldest the to passing grandson on the mother's side (Brugsch). There four divisions were
kingdom
of the
nome :
"
of ancient
certain
ditions, con-
could
be cultivated.
canals, sluices,"c.
is
a
following
towns
or
list with
most
the
names
of
the their
that villages
nearly mark
116
CONCISE NoMES
OF
OF
ARCHAEOLOGY
Lower
.
117
Egypt
.
Tehuti
.
{Continued). El-Bakallyeh.
El-Amdid. Ebshan. Tell Basta. Nebesheh. Saft el-Heneh.
The The
number
of
iiomes nome
was w^as
not
always
the
same. a
called the
by
nomes
the
Greeks
are
temple
the
walls Nile be
seen
figures of
god
at
offerings.Such
lists may
Philae, Karnak,
the
father since
the
him
' '
water
by
the
Egyptian idea
the
source
macrocosm,
of
the
of all that
' '
is.
Book disk
of the and
to be
show
seated
figurewearing
is
sidered con-
the
plumes
/1\. The
goddess Nut
of Nu. for the
manifestation used
Nu,
The.
instrument
mystical
opening
of the mummy.
Numeration.
system.
Units
decimal tens,
f| ;
nil
hundreds,
(^ ^
thousands, T
T inn
1335. signifies '?3' Nut. touches studded The with with Shu female her stars, stands She is repreof Nu. principle sented the earth, which she body over and toes fingers. Her body is since she representsthe sky. Frequently underneath
on
arching her
to
support
There
her, and
She
are
the of
a
ground
cow.
beneath.
depictedin
the form
two
118
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
variations
as
of
the
story
that her
of Nut
Nut. from
One her
speaks
husband
was
of
Shu Seb.
to
violently separating
other the tells earth where
men
The leave
father, Ra,
rebelled
anxious his
against
rule,
Nut.
and
that from
Nut the
of
her
own
will the
left
Seb,
of
a
and
cow,
raised while
self her-
earth
in
Shu,
Still the
her
as a
son,
cow was
dutifully supported
she safe
in this
position.
which
represents
from his
sky,
in
Ea,
sun,
troublesome
mortals.
A Nu. with
goddess
She
a
distinct is
from
Nut,
in
the
female of
a
ciple printhe
or
depicted
head In tombs
the
"Book
surmounted and
on
by
and
to
disk,
she
cat's
stelae
is the
emerging
and this
water
bread In
offering
the
deceased. with
Hathor
capacity (q.v.).
confused
KGYPTIAX
AHCHAKOLOGY
119
o
the Owing probably to their inaccessibility, in early times oases were regarded with a certain been The Oasis had of superstition. Great amount in considered kind of paradisew'here the dead went a from which search of happiness, fact,in all probability, Oases.
came
"
Blessed," found
in
in Herodotus.
as were
early times,
are more
oases,
there
Ptolemaic,
in these
Coptic
It
"
Egyptian
remains Great
was
to the oasis of
JupiterAmmon
went to
modern
that
Alexander
the
consult
the famous A
oracle.
shaft,with slightly long square tapering faces, and pyramidion at the top. Obelisks convex made of varying sizes and in different materials. were The in granite from the Aswfin finest are quarries. of those still standingis The largest and best worked that erected by Queen Hatshepsut at Karnak. It is tells hcw^ it was 109 feet high, and an inscription in carved, and set up in position transported, quarried, obelisk at Heliopolis, months. The which is seven the oldest,is 68 feet high, those at Karnak measure 77 feet and 75J feet. Usually they were capped with bronze or placed in front of They were giltcopper.
the colossi that
entrance
to
a were
Obelisk.
put
on
either
side
of
the main
were temple. There always two of them, though in point of height they might not be a pair. Although many have thought that the obelisk emblem of God, or a finger religious represents some it is more probable that the idea in ray of the sim
"
"
of those who
raised them
or
was
standingstones.
obelisks
Dynasty
we
find small
placed on either side of the stela. At Begig, in the form, having Fayum, there is an obelisk of rectangular
120 rounded
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OP
top
was
with
a object, possibly
an
obelisk
decorated
with
scenes
of
offerings.The
ing perpendicularlines of hieroglyphscontainand titles, and his praises. The the king'snames decorated stood was the obelisk pedestalon which of cynocephali(q-v.). with inscriptions or figures sides bore
cycle of eight gods and goddesses,a number not frequentlymet w^ith. The example is which found in the eight gods at Hermopolis, from "the the town city of the got its Egyptian name, eight." They were four gods and their wives, and the subordinate been to Thoth, and to have eight seem figuredas eight cynocephali his sacred animal. Ogdoad.
A
"
On.
See Heliopolis.
A term
came
Osirian. Osiris
to
was
applied to
to
the
blessed
so
dead.
As
died
and
life
again,
the
live
faith
to their dead.
Osirian" formula
M.
N.
Osiris. Ausar.
of the
who
"Highest
and of
Powers,"
king
Egypt,
mankind,
taught
gave He and
agriculture,
laws, and
in
son
religion.
of and
was
brother
ously treacher-
]nurdered
"
by
"
the
darkness
and
122
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
The
ostrich
for Pa-mazet, the Oxyrhynchus. The Greek name of Upper Egypt, the nome capital of the nineteenth Chief Behneseh. modern deity,Set. In the fifth a stronghold of Christianity. Many centmy it was papyri have been fomid on the site.
Pakht
lioness of the
-
or
Pasht.
nature
some
headed
same
goddess
as sidered con-
Sekhet, and by
She and is
a
her.
goddess,
tion variaHer
* '
represents some
of the
sun
heat.
temidos the
at
Beni of there.
Hasan,
her cult
centre
having been
Palette.
figured
tomb which
in
walls have
The
Fakht.
found.
ARCHAEOLOGY
12:3
varying from
of
At hold
one
end
are
the different
is cut a groove ending in the centre pigments. Down kind of pocket for holdingthe reed pens or brushes. a Several palettesin other materials have been found, and sometimes such as limestone, basalt,ivory, they decorated. inlaid or otherwise These, how^are finely probably funeraryobjectsnot intended for ever, were Sometimes use. they have been found buried with is frequently of the owner scribes, and the name ing dedicatengraved on them, followed by an inscription The 94th the paletteto Thoth. chapter of the
"
Book
of the
Dead" ink
contains
prayer
to
Thoth
for
paletteand Panopolis.
pot.
name
Greek
for
Apu,
capital of
Akhmim.
the
ninth Chief
nome
of
Upper Egypt,
the
modern
Amsu. deity,
Papyri.
papyrus form a
of several
long sheet, w^hich, being written on, was rolled from left to right. The longest known is the up usually Harris Papyrus in the British Museum, which measures tied wdth a 135 ft. in length. Being rolled up, it was and sealed with a lump of clay. piece of papyrus string One of the most familiar hieroglyphic signs is roll. The representing the papyrus writing reads from right to left in most though occasionally cases, in columns. the signs are The latter applies placed in linear hieroglyphs, the to papyri written such as of Ani in the British Museum. The great papyrus of papyri found in museums numbers all over Europe and in private collections cover a long period of and show of style a Egyptian history, great diversity both in language and caligraphy. The earlier ones in linear hieroglyphsand hierS^tic (q-v.), the later are in demotic and Greek. The of Book papyri of the
"^ '
"
"
A
"
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
which form of the a (q-v.), large number papyri, are frequentlyelaborately illustrated, with coloured cases are pictures. These with the
found
buried the
mummies,
the
sometimes
under
on
the
bandages, at
or
others
arms
between
or
hands,
legs. They were in wooden statues of gods hollowed out for the purpose. When found and they are extremely dry and brittle, in handling. The scribes wrote care requireimmense with a reed pen, using an ink which to this day retains its splendid black. composed of Pliny says it was smoke black, or the calcined dregs of wine added to
gum. There
was
a
under
can
be little doubt of
that the
no
making
was some
of
papyri
of
kind Book
trade,and
a
since
burial have
some
considered
complete
the
one. were
"
without of the
copy shows
of at least that
chapters
a
Dead," it must
been
lucrative
Examination
not
of these
papyri
with prepared for the deceased specially whom has been filled in buried, as the name they were last. The following is a list of some of the best known of which called by the names of are papyri, many their finders Abbott
a
or
Museum.
Subject,
of
Hackney. by
Mr.
tions Transla-
Newberry
Egyptian
1400
B.C.
to
Subject Syria
about
Translation
by
1. Tale
Translations
4
of
Sanehat.
contain
Medical and
by George
Harris
Ludwig
Translations
in the British
Subjects,
ARCHAEOLOGY of
a offerings,
12r,
discourse 1225
of
B.C.
his
chiefs.
Date
about Museum.
Translations
by Piehl, Chabas,
Papykus
Eisenlohr.
in the British
Subject,
Magic.
Lee Medical
l)yChabas.
Subject,Harem
of Berlin. and
by Brugsch
of the in
Chabas. Brothers.
Dynasty.
Prisse
Translations Papyrus
Bibliotheque Nationale. ^loY?il treatise. -Da^e, Middle Empire. Translations Subject, The by Chabas, Heath, and Virey. Called
"
oldest book
Ehind
in the world." in the Griffith. in the British Museum. No. British Museum.
Subject,
Translation
*
Mathematics.
Date, Eamesside
period.
by
Eisenlohr Sallier
"
1. Subject,
of the Egyptians against Historyof the uprising i.e. the Hyksos. the yoke of the foreigners," Date, Translations XlXth Dynasty. by Goodwin, Chabas, Instructions of Ebers, and Maspero. No. 2. Subject, Usertsen I. and a Hymn Amen-em-hat I. to his son Translations to the Nile. by Maspero, Schack, and Amelineau. No. 3. Subject, Epic poem of Pentaur (q.v.). Translations by de Eouge, Goodwin, and Brugsch.
Setna,
Cairo
Papyrus
of.
demotic of
Museum.
Subject,Tale
papyrus search a
in
the
a
for
Translations
Hess.
a.
by
in
Sailor, Tale
collection
at
of
papyrus
Hermitage
or
Xlllth Papyri.
scheff and
Dynasty. Maspero.
The
so
St.
most
important to chronologers. has old published several Contes PopuEgyptian tales under the title of the same for English laires,"and Petrie has done
"
126
A in
COXCISE his
DICTIONARY
OF
readers series.
''Egyptian Tales,"
first and
second
Papyrus.
now
It
in
was
the
found
Egypt,
made.
writingon
It grew in marshy places,and the cultivation of it seems to have been a government other varieties of this monopoly. That there were
was
useful hieratic
plant
seems
evident
from
the from
references the
to
it
Strabo
the
sort.
it hyhlus,to distinguish
in the Sebennytic cultivated chiefly Pliny says it was Nome. According to him, the triangularstalk of the 15 ft. high, and it was crowned with a as plant was used. The thyrsus." Every part of the plant was root, which was large and thick, provided fuel and material for making certain utensils, and out of the
''
stem
were
made
small
boats.
bedding, and clothes were famous Herodotus tells us writingmaterial. shoots were gathered,"topped," and young for food, being considered a delicacy. The is said to be identical now growing in Sicily Egyptian papyrus.
The books papyrus
was
upon
which
the
scribes
wrote
prepared by removing the outer rind and into very thin layers. Several then slicingthe stem laid side by side,other layers put widths of this were
on across
these
with
thin solution
of
some
unknown
adhesive
pressed and
papyrus
to
us
the whole between, then was The a good plant of result,when a used, was very fair surface for
writing upon.
vary
cream
specimens
from
are a
that
have dark
come
down
to
a
colour
rather
brown
colour, and
[See
Papyri.)
conventionalized
for decorative and form purposes, walls. It
temple Egypt.
KCiYPTT.AX
7\RCHAEOLOOY
man
127
"
Paraschistes.
the stone," made order to withdraw
Tho sht
who, with
side before
an
Ethiopian
in
in the
of the
deceased
the intestines
embalming
the
body. king of the XXIst Dynasty, of Amen, and son brother of Men-kheper-Ea, high priest I. He was of Painezem king of Tanis while Shashanq He the throne is chiefly known at Bubastis. sat on the wall which he built round Tanis (q.v.), the from bricks of which are stamped with his cartouche.
Pasebkhanu
A Pasht. Pens. Pentaur. the writer
was
I.
celebrated
as
of the
epic gi'eat
poem
probablynot the author, as was of the but only the transcriber Poe:m of Pentaur.) Pepi,
Meri-Bd. Third
king
of
Dynasty Vlth,
cir.
CaogJ
3467
B.C.
CliiQ
number of
From
the immense
and monuments bearing his name, graffiti, have been a vigorous monarch. that Pepi must From which of Unas is the earhest histhe inscription torical (q.v.), of any length, we document learn that in this reign the Eg^^tians began to make expeditionsfor Pepi'spyramid, Men-nefer, is at conquest and travel. Sakkara.
inscriptions, we gather
Ast,was either the balanites Aegyptiaca (Eaffenan-Delile) the Arab lehaJch or the mwuisops Schimeperi(Schweinfurth). of the principalsacred of ancient It w^as trees one
Persea tree. This
128
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
Egypt.
Thoth,
It
or
in which
seen
the
god
the inscribing
Persea
Tree.
name
thus
of
on
its
leaves,
Persian defeated
Dynasty. Cambyses
Psammetichus III. caused of is said to have
monuments
and
took
possessionof
of many himself
Egypt.
He
the destruction
of the wonderful
odious to the particularly shows that he new Apis bull. But another account restored the temple of Neith at Sai's and performed the succeeded rites as other Egyptian kings. He was by Darius Hystaspes, who tried to improve the condition of the people and country. He established a coinage, canal, and completed the Red Sea to Mediterranean Towards the end of improved the system of taxation. but was itself independent, his reign Egypt again made ArtaHis successor, I. again subdued by Xerxes I.,had great trouble there,but finally xerxes conquered
130
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
first surgeon. seemed, however, to have Bone-setting been under the protection of Sekhet, fractures being cured
by intercession with her. The tion. royal physicians enjoyed considerable distincA certain king Sahura presented his chief for his tomb, the physician with a costly false door making of which he personally superintended.
" "
Ethiopian king who hved at Napata during the eighth century B.C., and conquered Egypt. The celebrated Stela of Piankhi," a granite block covered with an inscription of his victories in telling set up at Gebel Barkel in Nubia. His Egypt, was
''
Piankhi.
The
from Museum.
her
beautiful
frame.
one
present time there has discovered specimen only found, and that was
when
Until
the
excavatingin the cemetery of 1889. It is made of painted wood and contains a corners portrait are ; the joined with mortises and tenons. There is a sht running down both the top sides, for the purpose ing of allowevidently to pass ; and as a sheet of clear glass a sliding cover
in
by
Petrie
has with
been
discovered
the
among This
Tanis, it is
been is
now
not
impossible that
the British
picture
covered in
unique specimen
the figures but rarely on and monuments, for food. was probably not used Herodotus speaks of seeing a herd of pigs "treading in the seed." {SeeAgeicultuee.) From the "Book of the Dead" learn that Set,the enemy of Osiris, we (q.v.) took the form of a pig. once
Pig.
This
animal
Pigments.
colours white
were
As in
far back
use
as
the
Vth
Dynasty
seven
and
green
; and
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
131
"
yellows,three browns, tw^o blues, two reds, and two sixteen different fourteen or greens ; making about The tints. as composition of the chief colours was follows : White sulphateof lime, or gypsum ; Yellow^ ochre, or sulphateof arsenic,our modern orpiment ;
"
Eed with
"
ochre,
a
or
cinnabar admixture
Dark of sand
Red
;
"
oxide
"
of
iron
pulverized lazuli,or a cheaper kind from glasscoloured by lapis and silicate of copper sulphate of powdered ; Pink lime coloured by some organic substance, probably
small
"
Blue
madder
; Black
"
from
so
calcined well
animal
bones.
prepared,that to this day of the work of Egyptian artists retains almost much all its original brilliancy.The pigments w-ere mixed as required with w^ater and a little gum tragacanth.
The
colours
w^ere
Varnish
w^as
not used
Dynasty.
some
It of
was
probably
made
kind
acacia.
method,
however,
about
found the of
Pithom
Exodus of
i.
11., the Fa
have Tel has el
Egypt.
Edouard
statue
excavations and
the
Maskhutah,
on
by
a
Naville.
on
great tablet of Ptolemy Philadelphus is also written Ha discovered at this spot. The name known Turn, or Ha-neter Tarn, and was through the
lists of Lower In
no nomes
the
to be the
of capital Timsah.
was
the
eighth nome
ten
of of
Egypt.
end all
It is situated of Lake
about
miles
w^est
the southern
monuments
Pithom probability
more
built There of
by
Ramses is
II.,
ancient
than
those which
no
bear his
mark
having
on
"
been
royal
been the
stamp
found. time of of
the
bricks.
the II.
"
XXIInd have In
Dynasty
Shashanq
Nectanebo
Osorkon built at
starting-point
Various
Red
132
COXCISE Pitliom
\
DICTIONARY with
"
""
OF
papyri
or
associate
g
-s
(3
Thuket
;
^
(^
has
(Pap. Anastasi
with
was
vi. 4,
line in
town
13)
heen
identified
the the
in
(Exodus
w^as
xiii.
and
which
Pithom
Pithom
by
the Eomans.
the walls of
chambers
been
excavated
a
are
good epoch.
no
I believe them
to have
than that of storehouses, other purpose the Pharaohs into which gathered the progranaries, visions built for necessary for caravans for armies and about
to
cross
or
even
travellers which
to
Syria.
as
them took
that the Ptolemies It is also very likely warehouses in the trade with Africa,
place through the Heroopolitan Gulf." Naville.) (" The Store-Cityof Pithom," by Edouard See statue of Ankh-renp-nefer in British Museum No. 1007. Southern Egyptian Gallery,
Planets.
Poem E. de it from the and See Asteonomy.
of Pentaur.
The
name
which
w^as
given by
He studied
a
Eouge
the
to the
made
"
by
scribe
was
he concluded
"
that
this
on
of the author.
poem
is found the
the
temples
It
was
at
Simbel,
Sallier
first discovered
Its subject is Papyri (No. 3) of the British Museum. Kheta II. against the the campaign of Eamses if the story as (Hittites?).The styleis most graphic, dramatic told by an eye-witness. The most part were
describes
the
enemv,
the
hero
Ramses serried
whose
alone
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
seem
188
taining three
Then these those Eamses Asiatics who know have
more
men,
calls upon
to
thy
the
heart ?
Amen
Have thee ?
. . .
will
humiliate
god. offeringsunto
not
I not
. . .
consecrated
My
forsaken
to
me
me.
But
a
than
million
Amen
soldiers,than
hears
thousand
son
tells his
him Then
and
enemy hand of a
returns
retreat
god
recognizingthe
and
the coward
to the
"
king,he reproachesthem,
how his favourite Nuret
his
gallantaction
and
horses, "Victory
in Thebes him.
Egyptian no a rhythm is poetry. found of the hymns and eulogies, in some and much poeticfeeling. Their similes show imagination and of nature, and observation not above the they were
sense
Poetry.
In
the
of
rhyming
lines
literature
has
But
distinct
use
of alliteration.
to
The
is sweet
the alone
mouth
can
thy
breath has
my
says, "What the gall of birds ; heart." One love of poem which
a
song flower.
commencing with the name every verse The greatEgyptian epic is the so-called
of Pentaur
we are
{q.v.).It has
in
part
"
form
with
parallelism of the phrases ; two short sentences following each other, and corresponding in arrangement, and also as a rule in purport." Many poems written were to be accompanied by the harp, as so we frequently
see
familiar in Hebrew
poetry,the
so-called
It is from
tomb
walls which
also that
are
we
have
people.
"
of the
Your
shepherd
talks
He From
with
west
sheath
the
with the fish, fish,he salutes the pike shepherd is a shepherd from
water
the
west."
134
OF
painted portraits
succeeded which that the
Egypt
and
from
about
a.d., and at
to the moulded
stucco
cartonnages with
were
of the mummies
covered.
in'
in
the
from
was
the Greek
period cemetery of
excavated
by
Mr.
1889, and
strong
influence.
was
is to be
accounted
by
period a large Greek colony in the Fayum. The portraits executed in colours, which are have been then rubbed ground to a very fine powder, and were
up
to
a
this
with
heated
wax. or
This
panel
of cedar
J^ to J inch, and
appliedwith the brush fine wood, varying in thickness about 9 by 17 inches in size.
was
laid over the face of the mummy, portraitwas the conkept in place by the bandages. From ventional of these it is style portraits thought that
were
they
executed There
are
after the
death, and
National
finished
these and
from the
memory. British
good specimens of
Graeco-
Egyptian pictures in
Museum. For
Gallery
Praefects.
see
the best
''
list of under
Praefects Eoman
of
Egypt
Professor
Milne's A
Egypt
Eule."
appliedby some Egyptologists to all objects which they believe to be anterior to the 1st Dynasty. The for considering them to reasons be of this remote periodare hardly sufficiently cogent at present to permit of this definition being accepted in all cases. It must be remembered that the dynastic not aboriginal, and that traces of what Egyptians were in all probability the native races survived until were of the Pharaonic long after the commencement period. It is therefore than probable that many of the more so-called pre-historic objectsbelong not to the antePharaonic, but to the aboriginalinhabitants of the
term
Pre-Mstoric.
country.
Priests.
The
to
have
EGYPTIAN been
ARCHAKOLOGV
18.1
Kings and goverlargeand elastic order. nors, and a ll held offices, princesses, priestly queens those of high rank there were numberless and below with the various grades of officials in connection temples and services of the different gods. The ritual and services of the temples were elaborate, and there entailed a were recurring festivals which perpetually
a
very
great
find
amount
of labour.
From
we
"
of importance, but the priesthoodwas faction gradually of the priestly increased during power the Middle Empire, and under the New Empire it of the most forms one important elements of the kingdom. There chief whose were priestesses, many have function been to recite. to sing and seems titles the following the best known are : Among priestly the The chief priest at Memphis. JSani priest was The
a
that
the
Hcrsheshta
was
The
Khcr-heh
was
master
of ceremonies.
the
fatlier,"all ranked
Prisse
Papyrus.
I.
See Ptah-hetep
trecepts
of.
Psammetichus
Uah-kh-Bu.
The
founder
of
the
He married Dynasty at Sais, b.c. 666-612. heiress of the Ethiothe daughter and pian Shep-en-apt, his queen and x\meniritis, and king Piankhi as a brought Patoris to her husband wedding gift. Psammetichus made successful a military expedition his reign is chiefiy remarkable for into Nubia ; but fiourished under his fostering the revival of art, which Saite art shows a influence, care. strong Hellenic those which as though the ideas are the same vailed preThis king employed under the ancient Empire. and permitted Greeks Greek mercenaries in his army, XXYIth
to
establish themselves
in the Delta.
136
CONCISE III
.
DICTIONARY
OF
Psammetichus
Dynasty
J
resisted II.,who gallantly of his country by Cambyses. After a the invasion phis, stern resistance, lirst at Pelusium, and then at Memtaken he was prisoner,and put to death within
B.C.
525.
Son
of Aahmes
six months
of his accession.
Psychostasia. It
was
an
accepted
one
belief from be
the
very earliest ages that every of Double the Hall Truth, Osiris for their The before the
course
must
and
of conduct Assessors
Forty-Two
the
of the
The of Osiris. heart or presence conscience, in the form of a small vase, is placedin the the beam scale opposite to the feather of Truth ; upon the sits the little cynocephalus (q.v.), of the balance into attendant
to examine
of Thoth.
or
Anpu
by
the soul
deceased
at hand
resting upon
Shai, or
the and
top of
pylon (?).
him
sided pre-
stands birth
"
and the
Eenenet,
over
education
yond Be-
the scribe of the gods,"reed-pen and Thoth, palette in hand, ready to inscribe the result of the is
weighing of
head and
the heart.
him
is
hideous
a
posite com-
animal, Amam,
body
of
lioness,the
the the quarters hind"
of a crocodile,and forequarters of a hippopotamus; she is called Wicked." and beneath of behind The soul is then
to
;
De-
vourer
of the hand
on
taken him
an
by
is
are
the the
by Horus,
a
conducted
a
Osiris,who
before
seated
**
throne
canopy
are
four children
ing openis
Nephthys.
deceased in the
permitted
to
188
CONCISE The in
OF
teachingis
Book
of the
same
that
fomid
of Proverbs.
The
pious son
is extolled,and duty to parents and superiors inculcated. The path of the virtuous is shown to be
advantageous, and by
contrast
the evil of
disobedience,
vices is of the
other ''Eecords
Ptah-Seker-Osiris.
which he
form
of the
god
Ptah
under
symbolized the inert form of Osiris, the with its possibilities and of resurrection. certainty mummy of Ptah-Seker-Osiris Large numbers figures been have found. made of wood, and They are mounted little pedestal, which a on projects some distance in front. This pedestal and the statuette itself are scribed frequentlyhollow, and contain papyri inwith certain chaptersfrom the Book of the Dead." The figures and pedestalsare gailypainted, and are usually inscribed with the ordinary prayer for sepulchral formula meals.
"
Ptolemies. 323
B.C.
At the death
of x\lexander
the Great
in
his generals, divided empire was among Egypt fallingto the lot of his favourite and famihar had risen from who an companion, Ptolemy, a man obscure in the founded He a dynasty position army. which lasted nearly three hundred years, ending with the death of Cleopatra in 30 B.C. The historyof the fourteen Ptolemies and the seven Cleopatras is a record of small campaigns, murders, and immorality. At the same time there was and scientific great literary during the early part of the period. Many activity of built,the well-preservedremains temples were form some of the finest examples of architecture which of art had, however, altered considerably extant ; the style from that of Pharaonic times.
are
his
At
Philae, Kom
Ombo,
there
Ptolemaic
temples.
{See Cleopatra.)
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
180
Punt, called
This
also
Ta-neter, the
"land
of
God."
region is identified by Maspero, Mariette, and tends Brugsch, as that part of the African coast which exfrom the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb to Cape It was in balsam and incense-be Gardafui. a country rich trees, in precious woods, lapislazuli, this blessed To land Queen ivory and amber. and building equipping Hatshepsut sent an expedition, for the purpose. On their a fleet of five largevessels received in the most arrival they were friendly by way wife of and their his Prince Ati, Punt, Parihu, daughter After an interchangeof gifts, the fleet and two sons. with odoriferous returned to Egypt, laden sycomore with identified by Mariette the trees myrrh tree" of Pliny ivory,skins, logs of ebony, apes, gold dust, and heaps of the precious gum. gold and metal rings, The whole depicted story of this expeditionis vividly of Dcr the walls of the great temple el Bahri. upon
"
"
"
"
"
Pylon. The colossal gateway forming the fa9adeof a temple. It consisted of a large,ordinary entrance,
with
enormous
masses
of and massive
masonry
an
on
either
side,
small
overhanging
towers
contained On
chambers, sometimes
were
only
staircase.
in which
were
great wooden
covered
statues
masts,
bearing floatingstreamers
different colours.
and sculptured Inscriptions pictures the (see Pentaur), and sloping fronts The obelisks were or placed before them. there
were
statues, of which
of
enormous
four
or
six,were
times some-
dimensions.
of the There Abu
They representedthe
royalfounder Pyramids.
more or
temple.
are
remains
on
of at the north
least
seventy
in
pyramids
Eoash
long plateau,
to Medum
extending from
the south. Abu and the
in the
Faydm
group,
that of MedCim
standingalone.
140
DICTIONARY
But
as
twenty
of different
as
kings. Many
excavation
theories method
advanced
of construction,
etc., and
much
and
built between they were 1st and Xllth for the Dynasties,solely as tombs The method of construction preservationof royal mummies. has been a puzzle to the engineeringmind
proved
that
classic what
times.
had been be the
Herodotus told
to
and them It
on
both
point,but
theory
labour
a
is conclusive. command
has of the
recently
to
proved
manual
that itwould
at
pyramid without any complex or elaborate The finer examples are built of nummumachinery.''' litic limestone from the quarries of Turah and Masarah
construct
on
the
other
were
side
of the
river. of
Dahshur,
and
cases
chambers
being
limestone. such
In
some
only the
led to the
accidental
discoveryof
chambers
of detritus knowledge that the mound above was once a pyramid. The great pyramid at Gizeh in its original surfaces to state presented four smooth the beholder, as it was faced with graniteand entirely limestone blocks the most joined. But beautifully whole of this outer the place casing has disappeared, The passages having for centuries served as a quarry. inside were arranged with an intricacy designed to foil the efforts of plunderers. In spiteof the great care thus taken the mummy, the pyramid was to conceal opened many times, by Persians, Eomans, and Arabs, and when in more modern times nothing investigated in the chambers remained but a lidless sarcophagus without above of the chambers inscription.In some the of Khufu name was discovered, conclusively the tomb of the second proving that this was king of the IVth Dynasty. Of the two other pyramids that
has
See
"
Mechanical
Triumphs
of
the
Ancient
Egyptians."
Commander
Barber, U.S.N.
ARCHAEOLOGY
111
the larger is that of Khafra or groups, the other, that of Men-kau-Ea or Mycerinus.
at
Abusir Vth
are
the
tombs
of
Sahu-Ea,
and tombs
other of
the
Pepi
x\men-em-hat also
III. of the
Xllth el
Napata
in
inscriptions of Unas, in the pyramid tombs Teta, Pepi I., These long, exquisitelyPepi II., and Seker-em-sa-f. various carved contain chapters from the inscriptions of the Dead." Book They have been published by lation. Maspero in the Becucil de Travaux, with a French transThe form of the language differs greatlyfrom phrase
refers
to
"
the
that
found
in
later
times, and
is
more
difficult to
translate.
Q
Qebhsennuf Quarries.
or
Kebhsenuf.
chief
See
Canoptc
Jaiis
at are quarries for limestone Masfirah, nearly opposite to the site of Tiirah, and Sandstone was chieflyquarried at Silsilis Memphis. and Hammamat Gebel Abu Fedeh and ; granite at alabaster and at Aswan at Hammamat, ; porphyry
The
Hat
Nub.
142
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
R
Ra. the the The
was
The he
world.
was
of
ancient The
sun,
even
than of
firmament. chief
emblem
and life,light,
seat
Annu,
the
BethHe is
Heliopolis.
a
and
grasping the
sceptre
Ramesseum.
Ea.
given
to
the
on
great temple
the
Eamses
XL, built
plain
of the tomb
Nile. in the
valley behind
Memnonium,
called
it the
Egytian word viennii, which word they observed in the inscriptions, turningthe simple word frequently into a proper "memorial" or meaning "monument" name. They also called it the tomb of Osymandias, User-maat-Ea, that is who, accordingto Diodorus, was covered with inscriptions II. Eamses The walls are of which relate the story of and illustrations, many the king'swars againstthe Kheta.
Eamses
I., Men-i^ehtetBd,
Dynasty
XIX.,
cir.
B.C.
came
1400
(B).
With
the
U3
more
government.
a source
rise of the
danger
to
fame the
of
Eamses
I. rests of the
Seti of
I.,and
most
grandson,
II., were
two
celebrated Ramses
long line
of Pharaohs.
II., User-maut-Bu,
Sctep-en-Ba,Dynasty
XIX.,
and
cir.
B.C.
1333 of the
(P.).
The
Sesothis
one
of Manetho of the
most
Sesostris
Greeks, and
Egyptian kings. The first care of this monarch to finish on ascending the throne was the beautiful temple of Abydos begun by his father, also to the temples of Karnak and Seti I. He added Luxor, restored that of Ptah at Memphis, and built as of his fame the rock-cut temple of memorial a lasting
x\bu Nubia
not to
names
celebrated
of all the
Simbel, and
are
the
Eamesseum,
statues
before that
are
which known.
he In
buildings. This king did the work of his predecessors hesitate to appropriate himself, and both on temples and statues their
may be the
seen
of his
his
own
cut
over
them.
II.,the powerful Kheta, reignof Eamses under their king,Kheta-sar, waged war againstEgypt, Kadesh being the rallying-point ; and, although in the of Pentaur and prowess Poem the king's {q.v.) courage of the war but a very out are loudlysung, he comes doubtful conqueror. Peace was ratified by the marriage of the Kheta In king's daughter with the Pharaoh. more ful, successSyria,however, the Egyptian army was and there are long lists of the conquered peoples
During
to be
seen an
From the
II. 's monuments at Thebes. it is clear that the working at Kuban inscription upon
Eamses
of the Nubian
goldmines,which
I,,was
continued
was
begun during
his
successor.
reignof
Seti
under
144 The
"
CONCISE cities
"
OF
treasure
Ramses,
built
by the forced labour of the Israelites,date from this became of the one reign ; and Zaan or Pa-Ramessu, of the kingdom. capitals Ramses 11. is by most Egyptologistsconsidered to be the Pharaoh of the oppression; he reigned sixtysucceeded seven by his fourteenth son, years, and was
Mer-en-Ptah. Cairo Museum. The mummy of this Pharaoh is in the
Ramses
III., Uscr-maut-Ra,
the
Rhampsinitus
of
the for
The reign of Greeks, Dynasty XX., cir. b.c. 1200. this king marks of great commercial era an prosperity celebrated for his buildings and Egypt ; he is more his rich gifts to the alreadyexisting temples of Abydos, for any Thebes, than Heliopolis (On), and great The his victories. of turbed dismilitary reign was peace Harem by the famous conspiracydescribed in the Turin, the Lee, Rollin, and Amherst papyri.
Ramessides, the.
numerous
The
name
"
usuallygiven
to
the
XIII. XXth
"
from Ramses III. to kings of that name who occupied the throne of Egypt during the Of them there is Dynasty, cir. B.C. 1200"1100. the the
little to say but that in their hands the country steadilydeclined, and of high priests Ra-t. A Amen
at Thebes
greatness of
power of the
rose. steadily
goddess
feminine idea
not
representsthe
an
abstract is
of the
a
She frequently met with. of Ra, and was rather principle prieststhan a distinct deity. with also
as
She
representedas
on
woman
cow-horns
same
uraeus
with
the
Razors.
razors,
resembling
140
DICTIONARY and
OF
return
recurrence
"
sunset, the
of
day
and
night,the
battle between
lightand
darkness.
Egyptians considered the name to be a most important part of a hum^an being in fact it as a separate entity. looked they practically upon A man's was name thought to exist after him, and to
Ren, lit.Name.
The
"
be known
or
The
good fortune,
connected
L
harvest
Meskhent.
/(?
1\
is the
a
representedwith
uraeus
human
body
and
head, and
of
tw^o
sometimes
head-dress
plumes
divine
insignia.
or
Renpit
the
Repit. A goddess representing the personified year, rejijntbeing She longed befor year. Egyptian word to the Memphite cycle of gods.
Ta-urt her. She and Hathor
are
Sometimes
Eenenet,
identi-
fied with
form, the
notched carries hand.
being
goddess Ta-urt merely for the Egyptian hippopotamus. She the is spoken of as dwelling in of Suckling." House
Rert.
late
form
of
the
{q.v.).The
word
rert is
"
god imported from Asia in later times, probably the same as Eesef. Phoenician He the war god, called is great god, lord of heaven, lord of might in the ruler of eternity, Reshpu.
A
"
Renpit.
EC^YPTIAX midst
a
It'
of
the face
divine and
represented^vitll
of the
Semitic
Eert.
Reshpn.
head of
a
m^aeus
wears
the miniature
gazelleon
his
forehead.
Rhampsinitus.
Herodotus,
The
in
Greek
one
name
for Eamses
numerous
III.
however,
before
of his
mistakes,
placeshim
Khufu have
or
(Cheops).
been found in
gold, silver,
Some of
a
bronze, iron,enamel,
frit and
stone.
of the
consist
turn
single
round. the
Rohes. Roman
A.D.
worshipped in
the years of the Eoman
Fayum.
30 and
Emperors.
Between
b.c.
Empire. Egypt formed part The emperors governed the country through apraefect. The emuneventful perors It was an period on the whole. translated into Egyptian, and had their names of their cartouches maybe seen on the walls which many occurring they built or restored, those most frequently {SeePeaefects.) being Tiberius and Claudius.
640
148
CONCISE Stone. A
OF
Rosetta
basalt, bearing
which trilingualinscription,
proved the key to the decipherment of the hieroglyphs; for it is inscribed then in first in hierogl3^phs, with decree written a the found It was near demotic, and thirdlyin Greek. officer of the Nile by a French Rosetta mouth artillery named Boussard, in 1798, and at the capitulationof Alexandria into the came possession of the British in 1802 who Government, placed it in the British Museum (Southern Egyptian Gallery). Part of the off,also a portion of the righttop has been broken
has hand lower
corner,
so
that
it
now
measures
3 ft. 9 ins.
lines of 14 are by 2 ft. 4| ins. by 11 ins. There 32 lines of demotic, and 54 lines of Greek. hieroglyphs, The ferring subject is a decree of the priests of Memphis condivine honours on Ptolemy V., Epiphanes (b.c. Rosettana," by Inscriptio 195). For translations see LTnscription hieroglyphique Brugsch, Berlin, 1851 ; For de Rosette," by Chabas, Paris, 1867. tion, reproducsee Lepsius, Auswahl, Bl. 18.
" "
Bouge.
an
Rouge
for the
was
in
use
among
the
Egyptians
as
toilettes of ladies
statues
of fashion, for
the
in gods. A papyrus contains Museum the Turin an amusing caricature of in hand, rougeing her lips. So long ago a lady,mirror mentioned the Old are Empire two sorts of rouge as for the dead ; and according to in the lists of offerings an Abydos ritual the priestof the day on first entering of the god and the statue to incense the temple was its toilette by removing the then proceed to commence
dead, and
of the
from
the
of the An
East,
Ruten
was
Syria.
Upper
from
distinction
the Lower
Dynasty,
Thothmes
III.
for Egyptian name Rutennu is spoken of in or Rutennu. The country and of the XVIIIth inscriptions having warred against them.
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
119
goddess of learning, or properlyof writing. perhaps more She is usually representedstanding by the sacred tree of HeUopoUs, on she is writnig the leaves of which of the king,thus endowing the name
him
scene
Safekh.
The
r^
eternal
life.
In
such behind
usually stands
venerated
at
inverted
The
carries
or a
either reed
notched
palm
Safekli
y
"
and
palette. {See
Seshta.)
Sahu. The
body, spiritual
In
which
"
shall
not
see
"
in the vignette
Book
the
Sahu-Ra
king
of
b.c,
reignedthirteen
years.
for
Egypt, the
modern
Hagar.
Chief
deity
fifth nome
of Lower
Egypt,
The
local
deitywas
Sakkara. of the
ancient
Arab
150 monuments
or
"
CONCISE
at
DICTIONARY the
" "
OF
are
Pyramid
and
of
Degrees
"
Stepped Pyramid,"
and
the
Mastabat-el-Farun," the
Serapemn,
of Thi
Ptah-hetep.
great
the historic
tions excava-
Sakkara, the
interest
at
Tablet
of. M.
stela of
discovered
by
of
a
Mariette
during
Sakkfira, and
now
It
was
found
named Tunari, and reprepriest sents of Eamses in the him name paying homage of whom II. to a series of forty-seven kings, many belong to the first six dynasties. It agrees closely the Tablet of Abydos. with the list of kings given on Mer-ba-pen, the sixth king of Dynasty I., is the first in the tomb
mentioned
on
the Tablet
Sam-ta,
a name
or
Sam-taui. Thothmes
"
two
worlds,"
given to
Sandals.
or one
Formed
of generally
were
leather. It
They
was
fastened
palm bast,
two
straps,
the the in
passing over
of
a
the
between
toes.
presence
almost
confined entirely
The the
sarcophagus
mummy, with
was
the its
one,
outer
stone
two, three,
may have still been
wooden in situ
was coffins,
placed.
Several many
be
in the
tombs, and
The
workmanship displayedin in these is unsurpassableeven them of the finest and usually made kind of stone hardest procurable. Various kinds of used, also limestone, basalt,and breccia were granite, of Seti I., a beautiful semi-transparent and in the case The design varied with the dynasties. At alabaster. lid. vaulted flat or with a first it was rectangular, to XVIIth the Vllth From Dynasty time the custom in abeyance. been to have of using sarcophagi seems
ARCHAEOLOGY
Dynasty
Some
a
we
find in
;
form
were
succeeding dynasties
then
cartouche
From into favour. rectangularshape again comes the numerous times this period up to Ptolemaic and decorated. worked massive, finely examples were The short, recording on were inscriptions early ones the and td the names and titles of deceased Seten-hetep formula however, the sides were {q.i'.). Occasionally, sculptured to represent a building with doors and became decorations various the openings. Later and more elaborate,usually incised or in relief more in relief. Scenes but sometimes en crciix, entirely form and long extracts from the "Book of the Dead the main subjectof the decorations.
"
Sati.
was
One
of the
Elephantine triad
who is with who
of
gods.
wife
She
wife of of
Khnemu,
She the swift
Anukit
formed
the triad.
as
picturesquely cataract)
Little the island found
to
spoken
forth
archeress
the
current
as
the (i.e.
an arrow. on
straightand
is known of Sehel remains
texts
as a
her, but
have
been
the
two
some
temple
of
the in
goddesses.
as
She of
is mentioned is
daughter
Isis, and
vulture
Ea, and
also
form
represented
with the
Sati.
wearing
the cow's
crown
head-dress, and
Upper Egypt
horns.
Scarab.
This
as
is
an
amulet
'*
made
sacer.
in the
"
form
of the of
beetle known
the
Scarabeus
It is the
symbol
god Khepera, i.e. he who turns or "rolls," for the conception was that Khepera caused the sun to the sky as the beetle causes move across its ball to roll. A scarab inscribed with the 30th (b)chapter of the Book of the Dead" took the place of the heart
"
152
CONCISE of the
DICTIONARY deceased.
was
OF
body
heart-scarabs
attachment. and
form for prescribed with a silver ring gold plated, The have been fomid in
Scarabs
great
made in amethyst, variety. They were crystal, lapis lazuli, carnelian, granite,and many other The stones. composed of majority were
faience.
large beetle of black metallic for the It is remarkable in Egypt. colour common and shape of the hind legs, which are peculiar position end of the placed very far apart and at the extreme body. This is to enable the insect to roll the ball of refuse containingits eggs into some place of safety. soft and balls are first these At shapeless, but as they are pushed along by the scarab's hindlegs they
Scarabeus become firm and
Sacer.
round,
an
and
increase and
a
in
size
until
they are
This of
sometime^
inch
half in diameter.
as an
insect is looked
upon
by
the Arabs
emblem
fertility.
to one no was sceptre proper Sceptre. There royalty. Kings and gods are alike representedholding the usei' sceptrewith the greyhound (?) head, and though holding one frequently shown goddesses are more wdth a lotus flower at the top, they also often carry
the other.
Scorpion.
common
must
have
been of
in have the
formulae It
was
with represented
Scribes.
ambitious
To
be
scribe
was
the
great desire
of the
Egyptian youth, almost any rank could be of the profession. The attained by a clever member most phrase in the scholars' frequently-recurring exercises of the New Empire was, *'One has only to
154
CONCISE of
DICTIONARY husband of
OF
was
the
son
Shu, the
Nut, the sky, and father of Osms, Set, Isis, and Nephthys. His symbol is a
goose,
and with
he
"
is
human head.
form He
that the
is called
some was
by
egg
supposed to
w^hich
"
from
the
earth
thingssprang.
back of Seb the earth. Sebek.
a
as
^^^
crocodile, or
a
human He
one r(51es,
with
seems
the head
to
of
crocodile.
various in and The
have
an
played
evil
deity
other Ombo
deities,
with Set.
was
such
at times
confused
at Kom
double
temple
Sebek.
partly dedicated to his cult, and the also a great centre of his Fay dm was of the one worship. That he was oldest gods of the Egyptian Pantheon is evidenced by the fact that his name has been incorporated into many royal of the Xlllth names Dynasty. The sacred lake of the temple to Sebek in the Fayilm contained numbers of the sacred crocodiles,which, accordingto decorated with jewels and Strabo, were fed by the priests. Sukhos is the Greek of the god. name
I., Bd-scldiem-uaz-ldiau,
Sebek-em-saf
Probablya
Xlllth mamat,
Dynasty king.
and
a name.
His
name
is found have
at
Ham-
statue
and
statuette
been
found
his bearing
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
155 This
Sebek-em-sauf
II., Bd-selchem-s-shedi-taui,
mJt Qiii^m)
king
Amherst appears is
to
us
from
the
Abbot
and
have
had
Nub-khfi-s, he
Sebek-hetepI., Rd-sekliou-lchu.
C^3D
Sebek-hetep II.,
(US)
Ra-sekhcm-suaz-taui.
Two
kings
U^fA
Dynasty XIIL, frequent occurrence,
of
QElj
cir. 2420 but
B.C., whose
names are
of
at
of whom
httle
is known
present.
Sebek-hetep
III.,
Ed-khd-nefcr.
king
of
D^
Dynasty XIIL of this king than
There of any
are more
(jm
monumental of this remains other
dynasty.
Sebek-neferu
(Queen).
last
was
f
of
^^s-s^
^^ i i A
XII,
circa III.
Eighth
2569 and
B.C.
and She
Dynasty
daughter
of Amen-em-hat
Sebennythos.
of the twelfth The
name
for
Thch-nctert, capital
of Lower
Egj-pt,the
An
modern
Samanhud,
chief
deitywas
her.
150
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
Seker.
See Ptah-Seker-Osiris. of
a
Eighth king to tradition this king was palms in height,or just over 8
Sekhem.
The
most
Seker-nefer-ka.
ft.
sacred in
place
which
in
was
an
the
Egyptian temple, placed the shrine containing emblem of the titular deity.
A
Sekhet.
of the
was
be
the
wife
Ptah
Tum disk
Im-hetep.
a
represented with
Sekhet.
lioness'
uraeus.
other
lioness-
cat-headed
sun.
deities,she
Sekhet
text at must
of the represented the power have represented its great of Isis that she is says In the legend of the destruction who
heat,
"
Philae
terrible of
Sekhet." it
was
mankind,
Sekhet
helped to destroy
them.
Sekhtet.
Sacked
The
boat of the
sun
in the
morning.
[See
Barks.)
or
Selk
Serqet.
goddess
of
like
a
nature
with
"
protectress of the canopic jars. She is figuredwith a scorpion on the top of her head, or sometimes a as scorpion
with
was
a
Isis, also
human
head. of identified
She
daughter
and the
sun.
Ea, is
with
at
times
Safekh,
Selk.
bolized of the
perhaps symscorchingheat
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOCJY brick
ir,7
Semiieh.
west
crude
fort still
standing on
III. the from
bank
of the
Nile, erected
his southern It stands
on an
by
Usertsen
the
of protection
frontier
of the Nubians.
artificial platform of
Architects.
king of Dynasty II. Eeigned fortyThis king is mentioned in the Berlin one (?)years. IMedical Papyrus ; and on the tomb of Shery, a priest.
Senta.
Fifth
cir. 1660
b.c.
the queen
two sons,
of this
one
king
was
Aah-hetep,and
young, and
one
we
know his
of
of whom about
died this
daughter.
was
Nothing
one
is known
of
the
royal tombs
that the
Rames-
sides.
cir.
1610,
B.C.
several
children of them.
was
celebrated
coffin the
"
Princess
The among
found of his
Evidently he
wounds.
had
Petrie
suggests
that
a
for
Queen
Aah-hetep
her
the
magnificent
the
now
few
feet under
made.
It is
in the
Cairo Museum,
158
CONCISE This
name
DICTIONARY is
OF
to
Serapeum.
Apis
was
mausoleum
at Sakkara.
the
the
temple
built
over
the
proper excavated
tombs, of which
the very few remains covered with are sand. The ruins were discovered by Mariette in 1860. The word is a combination of the two Egyptian words
combination of which the Greeks a Osiris-Apis, made their god Serapis(q.v.). The huge vaults opened by Mariette consist of three parts,one which originally contained the bulls of the periodfrom Amen-hetep TIL to the XXth to Dynasty, another those of XXIInd XXVth Dynasties, and the third part those from the I. (XXVIth reign of Psammetichus Dynasty) to the
"
time
to 50
Thus
the
burials about
cover b.c.
period of about
B.C.
i.e. from
1500
Only the third part is open to the public,the two first being covered with sand. This part consists of in the rock, and one some long gallery excavated shorter ones. On either side of the long gallery are the enormous deep pits in w^hich are sarcophagi. These monoliths of red or black granite, stone, limeare or the average measurements being length,13 ft., width, 8 ft., height, 11 ft. Mariette found the covers of most of the sarcophagi pushed aside and the contents Of the twenty -four that are there,only three gone. bore an}^ inscription.
"
a Serapeum or Serapeion a.t Alexandria was temple of Serapisfounded by Ptolemy Soter, which said to be only surpassed in splendour by the v/as It was Capitolat Rome. destroyedby order of Theo-
The
dosius
in
a.d.
389.
Ausar Hapi. This god i.e. Osiris-Apis, or Serapis, of the Apis with is a combination Osiris, and was introduced into He is Egypt by the Ptolemies.
accounted
to be the second
a son
of
Ptah, and
with
bull's head
surmounted
by
EOrPTIAN His
was
ARCRAKOLOOY all
over
loO
uraeus.
and
very
the
kingdom,
Eoman
domination.
Serdab.
from
an
or
cell in
"
the
tomb In
Arabic
w^ere
hidden
chamber.
depositedKa statues {q.v.)of the deceased. completely sealed up, but Usually it was left communicating small sometimes a aperture was incense tomb with the or chapel, through which The walls of Serda])s perfume might reach the statues.
the Serdab
were
not
decorated.
Serpents.
serpents
numbers
enters
As
of them
tomb
walls, some
of
evil
portent, but
of good. They were perhaps as many of the sun-god,opposing his progress enemies during underworld the his through the journey through twelve hours of night,and as such Bes and Ta-urt are them. In the their foes,and are often seen strangling
tomb
are
of Seti of
depicted.
with
serpent with
and
legs,opposes
is Horus of
the
in which
standing
chief all the The evil winged snake. who seems to have serpents was Apepi or Apophis ((/.v.), evil. There of spiritual is a been a personification of the Overthrowing of called the Book work religious of fear and the idea of proApepi" {q.v.).A spirit pitiation which led the to to probably great popularity
"
one
time of
attained.
kinds
serpents
cobra
are
(a) The
cli
was
Greeks, which
the forehead of and is seen on royal sovereignty, gods and kings. (6) The "sj; or cerastes, a poisonous of Scripture, (c) cockatrice viper, possibly the A great coluber of what speciesnot yet deterrnined. the Typhonian Apepi. It was this last that represented
"
"
160
COXCISE formulae
DICTTOXARY
OF have been
Many
found.
magical
against snakes
word in the in
There
is
**
translated
means
slajve,"but it
more
servant
our
in the
real been of
sense
of the
w^ord from
having
merchant,
actual the soil
;
or
either
been
importations, foreign
were
They
serfs that
the
to
property
masters,
attached
but there
is
no
good
"
evidence
have been There treated. must cruelly in thirty III. find that in Egypt, for we years Eamses The presented113,433 of them to the temples alone. at all periods, Directors of the Eoyal Slaves occupied of Pharaohs." the the court at an important position man's a Then, as now, importance was partly of servants he kept. A high measured by the number I. of the Xllth Usertsen official under Dynasty had enumerated the officers and servants on sixty-three
'
'
walls nine
at Beni
Hasan.
Of these there
were
maid housefive scribes,seven providers," of canals,four herdsmen, a superintendent the chief servants were priests.Among with had to do food-providing.In the el Amarna find among "Superintendent of
we
at Tel
other the
servants
the
Seshta.
but
name
is often,
Sesostris.
The
{SeeEamses god
He the whom
was
II.)
the the
son
Greeks of Nut
identified
and
with
Typhon.
on
Seb, born
third
to
of the
hence
brother
Osiris.
162
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
to drink
OF the the
wind, and
the is
from
About
time
of
the
Xllth
for distinctly
U
Sefen
fa
n
Ijefep
Asdr veh
Zattu
neter
da
Osiris
lord
(of)
Tattu
God
great,
!Je
Ahtu
:r"
may
s
per kheru
"^ i"l
du oxen,
ner
"C.
Aby dos
td-f give
he
sepulchral meals
birds,
menTch clothes.
Seti I.
Maftt-men-Ba.
Dynasty XIX.,
cir. b.c.
13G6.
The
early years
the constant
of this incursions
king's reign
were
troubled the
neighbourhood of the Delta, and on the walls of the temple be seen of Karnak a vivid representationof the may of the successful campaign againstthe events principal Shasu. Having been victorious in the Delta, Seti I. Kadesh the Orontes to to on punish pushed on who broken had the Kheta the Mauthanar king, treaty by
made between himself and
war
Ramses
I.
After
this
we
waging
Gurnah,
among
and
lastingmemorials
el Molouk burial Ramses The
of this
and his
the celebrated
son
places.
II., was
mummy
The
of
successor,
Tiu,
daughter grand-
of Seti I. is in
Sethroe.
nomes
of the
capitalof
one
of
identified.
yet
been
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
168
ioiixteenth,Khent-abt. It
may
he ThcJcut.
The
chief
deity^vas
in the Thebes which
Atmu.
written found
at
other from
wooden
box,
taken
the tomb
the probably constituted Tale of Two Brothers," itis written Though, unhke the of it is very similar to that of the in demotic, the style earlier papyrus, the being, Brugsch says, grammar The colophon, which does not give quitethe same.
"
author's and
name,
reads w^hich
thus: tells
"This the
of
manuscript
of of Merhu
story
Setna
Kharmes,
wife,
. . .
day
of
son
his son, w^ritten in the year 35, the of the month Tybi ; that is the thirty-fifth year of the Ptolemies. search its of Setna that is twice is Eamses book of called II. of the
one
''the The
king User-maat,"
a
story tells of
(See
"
Thoth, and
the finders.
possessionbrought on
by into French Goodwin by Maspero ; also translations and Eevue into English by Griffith ; Brugsch, in Archeologique," Septembre, 1867; M. Soury, in Revue des Deux Mondes," February 15th, 1875.)
" "
2 Kings, xvii. 4. Shabaka, Sahaco, or So. Ethiopia,B.C. 700, Dynasty XXV. Shadoof. used in the ancient The
King
of
ordinary shadoof,
w^as
such
as
that
still in It
a or a
country,
the usual
means
employed
from the Nile. w^ater Egypt for lifting consists of a pole restingon an upright post, or on of brick horizontal beam supported on two columns end a weight which as mud, having at one serves to the bucket. counterpoise
Shai.
The He
god
of
with should
Renenet,
goddess
to
men.
of fortune.
happen
in
with figures
Meskhent
164 the
scenes
CONCISE of the
OF in the
weighing
His
ment judgor
hall of Osiris.
portionout. Shashanq.
Shasu. A and
to signifies {SeePsychostasia.)
name
divide
See tribe
Shishak.
inhabitingthe
"
deserts
of
north
the kings of Egypt Syria, with whom in conflict Bedawin. Thus were perpetually literally, those of conquered peoples their name figuresamong of Thothmes on II.,Amentemple w^alls in inscriptions II. hetep II., Amen-hetep IV., Seti I., and Eamses in Syria it was inevitable In campaigns carried on that the marching Egyptian armies should come into collision with these people, since they were obliged to pass through their territory.
Arabia
Shenthit.
and Dendera
Funeral
were
form
of Isis.
At
Busiris, Abydos,
to her.
dedicated
Shepherd Kings.
Shepses-ka-f.
Dynasty
IV.,
(M. 0 P
3759
b.c.
Sixth
king
of
cir.
Shishak
I.
Dynasty
cir.
b.c.
966.
HilMil
^
zi
known the monarch to whose as chiefly fled (1 Kings xi. 26-40). In the fifth court Jeroboam Eehoboam's stigatio reign, and possibly at the inyear of marched of Jeroboam, Shishak againstJudah Jerusalem and pillaged (1 Kings xiv. 25-28 ; 2 Chron. of the conquered Syrian the names xii.). Among districts and towns engraved upon the walls of the This
king
is
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY is that of
165
Judah-melek, which some have considered of represents the king or Icinfjclovi Jiidali. Maspero, on tlie other hand, beHeves that it is more hkely to be Jehudah, a town of the tribe of Dan.
temple of
Karnak
Shi'ew-mice.
These have
were
sometimes bronze It
was cases
mummified,
with
to
a
and
in small
of figure
was
the
mouse a
the
top.
sacred
to
Her-khent-an-ma,
of
Horns, supposed
be
blind, who
Shu.
worshipped in Letopolis.
son
The
says
of Ea Ra
and
Hathor, though
Tefnut
later
produced Shu and without of a goddess. the co-operation As a nature god he may be said to be a of the atmosphere which personification the sky (Nut) from the earth divides (Seb). He is frequentlyfigured with arms supporting the starry uplifted, legend
that
{q.v.)
Nut,
while
Seb
a
lies beneath.
man,
He
is The
representedas
the feather the the
on
with
his
symbol
the
little faience
figuresof Shu holding up sun-disk, represent the god placing in its right position between sun
and
sky
of
earth.
two
He
two
is the
twin-brother
Tefnut, the
as
being frequently
Shu.
associated Silver.
lions. old
it is clear that silver inscriptions the most looked upon as w^as precious metal, possibly found Under there was in Egypt. because not any the New more Empire, when gold and electron came From into
use,
it decreased
was
Silver
in
rings,
called
was weight. in the hieroglyphs white gold," from which it is know^n inferred that gold was to the Egyptians prior Fevv objectsmade in this metal to silver. remain, them chains are specimens of statuettes, some among and a few vases and rings, part of a temple treasure.
"
bricks,and
sheets
It
166
CONCISE sometimes
OF
Silver
was
making
the
eyes
of
statuettes.
Sistrum. of bronze
or
A four
musical metal
ribbon
passing through holes in bars were each side of the loop. These quiteloose, from being merely bent at each end to keep them bore metal rings, slippingout, and they sometimes the added the sound when which to considerably
three instrument the form usual
as a was
Sometimes The
the bars
was one
were
in
of little serpents.
sistrum
of the
attributes
design for
The
goddess Hathor, and was used of columns the head of over capitals
of the instruments of that inlaid found. sixteen mentions
was were
Hathor.
almost silver.
goddess,and
with The
or
also been
length
varied
eight to
Plutarch
63) that
some
the sistrum
to
by
have
the
frightening Typhon, away used in the most spirit. Sistra were when solemn services, they religious of high often carried by women were
rank.
ware
Models
were
of sistra in enamelled
often
were
deposited
first broken
in in
the
tombs, but
of
sign
4th
Sistrum.
Slaves.
Sneferu.
First
king
of
Dynast}^
years.
IV.
cir. queens
3998
are
B.C.,
reigned twenty-nine
Mertitefs
and
Two
known.
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
167
Meri-s-ankh,
and
one
pyramid
From
an
and
temple
at
The daughter, Nefert-kau. Medilm belong to this king. it is evident Bedawi. A that Sneferu
sent
the
Sinai
tablet
expedition againstthe
Sokaris,or Sokar,
or
{SeeMedum.)
god
of whom with emblem bark
was
Seker.
in
little others.
was
is known He
was a
except when
sun-god at
at
one
time, and
carried hennu.
round The
festivals
called held
at
great festival of
with
Sokaris
Memphis,
him, it
in connection
solstice. and
To fifth He
especially belonged the hours of the night, through which Ea, passed during his journey from sunset is represented as a mummy with a [See Ptah-Seker-Osikis.)
seems,
fourth
sun,
nightly
head.
to dawn.
hawk's
Sopt,
or
Sepd,
the
god
Bes
of the x\rabian
times some-
nome,
and,
accordingto Wiedemann,
identified He is described
at
"
with
{q-v.)ments monuas
Sopt,
the and be
Spiritof
the
as
the
East,
of the with of the
Hawk,
Horus connected
East,"
to
{q.v.).
He
Naville herald
considers
the
probably represents zodiacal the light, the long pyramidal shaft of light seen
after is the
sun
has
set
or
before
he rises. The
a
firms
Sopt.
SotMs.
of the the
Egyptian
constellation
word
for
Sirius, the
from whence
brilliant star
name
Canis,
dog-star, perhaps the most Its to Egyptian astronomers. modern chronologercan hardly
the
168
CONCISE
DICTIONARY the
OF
was Egyptian calendar The star arranged by the heliacal risingof Sothis. was personifiedas a goddess, and frequentlyrepresented, i n the Graeco-Eoman especially temples,as a She is queen of the thirty-six constellations cow.
be
over-estimated, for
recorded of Isis.
to
astronomical
tables,and
at
was was
of the in
temple
Dendera the
the
honour
of
rising of
{SeeYeak.)
Soul. See Ba
A
and
Ka.
word used
to
Speos.
rock-cut
Greek
or
designate a
small
temple
Speos Artemidos.
rock-cut
name
temple at Beni Hasan. III. Queen Hatshepsut and Thothmes Dynasty. It is dedicated to Bast, one headed the Greeks goddesses,whom
their Artemis
"
Diana.
known
monument
a platform mile S.E. of the great pyramid. Its date is unknown ; of Khufu but an inscription mentions it it,and possibly restored by this king ; though some was Egyptologists
Sphinx. standing on
The the
about
Egypt, quarter of a
in
later date.
contour
It is hewn
out
of
being supplied
body greatest height about 30 ft. long, and the breadth of face have been spoiled by Mohammedan by
masonry. 50 ft., the made red
a
150
ft.
The
features that of
But
on
some
original
Parts Museum
ment monu-
colouring
and been
More
the
from
the sand
which
constantly
Government
buries it. Of late jxars the Egyptian made excavations here. extensive
170
to
A the
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
10 ft. 3 ins. high, syenite, called the Israel Stela {q-v.).They have been found in a variety of materials limestone, wood, and granite, pottery. The majorityare sepulchral, bearinginscriptions life of the his and the titles to deceased, relating relatives. These They contain also forms of prayers. stelae were placed in the tomb in various positions. The earliest examples are square at the top, the later rounded. The latter are ones frequently decorated at the top with the disk and wings. In the early dynastiesthey usuallybear picturesof the deceased, accompanied by his wife and family,and are often coloured, while in the time of the XYIIIth Dynasty the relatives gave place to representations of gods. The these stelae have of the been biographies on greatest importance to chronologers and historians, and in some the only authorities for certain are cases periods. inscribed with Stelae, other than are sepulchral, records of important events in certain reigns,decrees, Sometimes these are religious given in hymns, "c. renders three languages,which the tablet of two or Such Stone and the Rosetta are (q-v.), great value. found at Philae in hieroglyphs, Greek, and Latin. one
"
painting hieroglyphs of meszemt. Besides name being used for of adornment, it was for probably used purposes of its in cases of ophthalmia, on the eyes account that disease being frequent in healing properties,
the eyes. under the The best kind is known in the ancient times. The In the
Stibium.
cosmetic
in
frequent use
for
Strabo.
famous
the
Greek
geographer of
he visited and
the first
century
and with years
centre
B.C.
ascended the
Egypt,
Philae
Syene
work.
He then prefectAelius Gallus. spent some in Alexandria,which then the great worldwas of learning,amassing materials for his great This geography is the most important work
EGYPTIAN
on
ARCHAEOLOGY has
come
171
to
us
the
down
from
times. north
last
describes
coast
Libya.
Great.
Stream,
mean
of the
The
Understood
Kenouf
the
"
to
Book
Sun. Ea
the
form
of
iq-V-)'Many
were
of
attributes, and
different
the night personified.Osiris was Horus at times the rising Tuni the settingsun, sun, The lioness- and cat-headed sun. goddesses represent The Egyptian varyingdegrees of the heat of the sun. of the sky beingthat it w^as avast ocean, they conception bark. the disk this in across sun a represented sailing
aspects
also
Sntekh.
name
givento
Set
(q.v.).
trees were sycoinoie trees of Egypt. It was
The and Sycomore. pcrsca the most important of the sacred sacred
to
to Nut
and
Hathor, whose
doubles of
were
supposed
"
South the was "Sycomore the livingbody of Hathor on earth," regarded as the Memphite Hathor being called Lady of the of Southern Sycomore." The peasants made offerings and water fruits and vegetables in jarsto such trees, as from picturesin the tombs. be seen Land The may of the Sycomore was a name given to the Memphite and Letopolite The tree is the wild fig. {Sec nomes. Trees, Sacked.)
" " "
"
inhabit
it.
The
for Aswan. It gives name Scriptural form of granite found there to a particular its name called syenite. The is derived from and hence name It owed its ancient the hieroglyphicswi. tance impormaterial for whence its to granite quarries, and statues was taken, and on account obelisks, temples, between of its being a frontier town Egypt proper and
Syeiie.
The
172
A In
CONCISE Ptolemaic
DICTIONARY times it
was
OF considered
to
Nubia.
lie
because it was noticed immediately under the tropic, that during the summer solstice the rays of the sun fell vertically to the bottom of a well in the town. This made well
use
has of
not
been fact in
discovered. his
this
calculations
measurement
of the earth.
Syenite.
Sec
Granite.
Taharqa, Tirliahah (2 Kings xix. 9),king of Ethiopia. He is best known to history Djmasty XXV., B.C. 693. for havmg rescued Hezekiah, king of Judah, out of the hands of Sennacherib, king of Assyria, whom he conquered. Later on Taharqa was in turn defeated by the son and grandson of the Assyrianking. Tahpanhes,
Defenneh. camp known The
as
"
the
Greek of The
Daphnae,
an
the
present Tell
fortress and
ruins
old
frontier
Palace
of the Jew's
Daughter."
of the Carian and Ionian Probably the original garrison mercenaries aid Psammetichus I. fought by whose his way of Egypt, and whose foundation to the throne discovered beneath the four corners of depositswere the fort (Herod, ii.30 and ii. 154). It was the home of Zedekiah's daughters after Jerusalem had been besieged and taken by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, B.C. 588 (Jer.xliii. 6, 7 ; Josephus, Ant. ix. 7). In the (Aahmes II.) the whole Greek reign of Amasis and its place garrison was deported to Memphis
EGYPTIAN
178
taken
by
were
succeeded
Tanen.
He Tanen At Abu He
two
god,
another
of Seb
(q.v-).
Ptalialone.
is
witli
Ptah,
as
god
Tanen
being
Simbel is
often
spoken
man on
he is described
a
represented as
and disk
feathers
his
Tanen,
besides
of the earth, is also identified being a personification with the night sun. He is the presidingdeity of the land borderingon Lake Moeris.
Tanis.
fourteenth and
The
nome
Greek of
name
for
Lower
Zoan. Scriptural An
Chief
embalm The
Horus, deity,
er
Taricheutes.
of the dead.
Ta-urt, or Thoueris.
sometimes
as was
whole
woman.
She
at
was
Thebes,
have
given
Osiris.
plumes,
the the
leaning on
is called
amulet of Isis.
represented
"
mistress
children.
Taxation. records
that
It is evident there
was
from
a
various
regular
system of taxation, and that in old the people only as now days even is no paid under protest. There
evidence of
a
polltax
even
as
late
as
Ta-urt.
174 the time intervals each until each induced there the
w^as
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
of the several
earlyPtolemies.
times be had
a a
But
when
at
regular
came,
year
scene
uproar times
paid up
the and
to
by
stick.
tion, crushing system of taxathe injustice arisingprobably from the fact that farmed collection of the taxes was out. Ptolemy V.
elaborate
instituted
tax
on
all sales.
Tefnut, twin
sister to
Shu
and
As a daughter of Ra and Hathor. nature goddess she probablyrepresents the dew. Philae, Elephantine, Memphis, Dendera, "c., w'ere
centres
of
her
cult, but
functions
the
ceptions con-
of her She is
varied.
a
represented with
the the
to
lion's
uraeus
head, with
above. is from In
disk
and
pyramid
texts
she
supposed
aw^ay
thirst
Tel
Tefnut.
el Amarna.
The
name
of
the the
modern site of
East
most
was
Royal palace of
**
was (q.v.)
House here in
Royal
in the
Rolls." finds
important
of modern of three
1887,
clay tablets inscribed in character. the cuneiform They proved to be despatches the neighbouring kings of Babylon, and letters from the Cappadocia, also from Assyria, Mitanni, and Egyptian rulers in Jerusalem, Canaan, the "field of Bashan," and Syria. They throw a great deal of light, not only on the historyof the reign of Khu-en-Aten, but on the state of Palestine, and the relations existing
shape
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
at
I.)
Among the letter writers are Burnaburyas, king of Bab3'lonia, Dushratta, king of Mitanni, and Ebed-tob, the vassal king of Jerusalem. IV.) {SeeAmen-hetep
between
the powers that time.
Temple.
Christian
The
not
built
as
are
for the mosques, of public worship and instruction ; its very purposes It precludessuch possibilities. arrangement at once churches Mohammedan shrine for as a generallyerected by a monarch then the tutelarydeity first,and the personal as raised l:)y him which monument to himself, on may of the he seen his deeds slaughter of his prowess, of gifts to the presiding enemies, his dedication deity,Sec. of wood or wattle, The earliest temples were evidently and were the symbols of merely the shrines enclosing the god ; under built of the Old Empire they w^ere stone, i.e. temples of the Second Pyramid at Gizeh, but were and of King Sneferu at Medfim, severely Empire the temple became simple; under the New from the fact that successive much more complicated, buildingsby adding kings enlargedtheir predecessors' halls of columns, chambers, "c. The essential plan of the same brick a crude practically every temple was the pylon or entrance surroundingw^all, gateway, with flanking towers, before w^hich generally stood two colossal statues of the king and two obelisks,and the containingthe innermost naos, sanctuary where was of time this simple kept the divine symbol. In course ture, plan became expanded into a most complicatedstrucreached sometimes by as many as three pylons, of sphinxes, and followed separatedby three avenues courts, a hypostyleor columnar hall,and by columned flanked by numerous ments, chambers, where the books, vestand treasures of the temple were kept ; all of which led up to the seWiem or holy place. The roof was of flat slabs of stone, while light always constructed admitted either by stone was gratingsor by small slabs. shafts in the roofing
w^as
"
170
COXCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
iiiiiiiiiii
iiiii^^*""'
c
lllllll
|'iimiiim"","'^",""^
I
i
20 w bV SO m 120
moo
Scale of feet.
Plan
a, the
c, screen
of very
;
simple form
Dromos
of
an
Pylons ; h, the
d, the Pro-naos
the
; e,
this
Naos.
In
some
cases
the
fillsthe whole
of the Naos.
Osiris,held
from of the
on
and
In
the
greattext
the
temple of
and
Denis
directions
Tenait
also the
day
of certain
days
Tentyris.
of the sixth dera.
name
Ta-en-tarert,capital
the modern Den-
nome
Upper Egypt,
Chief
^'Tesherit.
desert.
red
Teta
I.
First
king
of
Dynasty VI.,
cir. 3503
B.C.
178
CONCISE
DICTIONARY and
to
wears
OF the lunar
are
deity
and sacred
crescent
disk.
Two
especially
and the the is quently fre-
him,
ibis
cynocephalus. represented as
he with
god
ibis,but
most
by
the
and branch.
disk, and
pen, He is
paletteand
or
carrying the
palm
in
always
where result of the of all had
judgment scenes, records his palette the on the weighing of the heart
He the
as was
the
deceased.
the exact He
wrote
Greeks
fied identi-
{Sec Hermes
Trismegistos.)
cir.
Thothmes
B.C.
1541
"
1516.
It
is from and
the
tombs
of the
at
two
Court that
"
Aahmes officials,
we
Pen-nekheb,
El-Kab,
the Nubians, the king subdued Anu of Khent," and the people of Upper Mesopotamia, far as the cityof Niy, situated near as Aleppo and on the Euphrates. and Thothmes I. married Aahmes Mut-nefert, and had He succeeded three children. was by his son, learn that this Thotlimes II. His mummy is in the Cairo Museum.
Thothmes
(Ailfl
B.C.
(
his half
3
^
1
A
1516
"
1503.
Married
sister, Hatshepsut
EGYPTIAN and
ARCHAEOLOGY
179
three he had royal blood, by whom his children. His III., was only son, Thothmes successor. Perhaps it was owing to his delicate health left the government of that this king seems to have the country chiefly of Queen Hatshepsut. in the hands He maintained his predecessor's have to appears authorityin Gush, in "the land of the Fenkhu the shores of the Mediterranean. and round (Phoenicians),
Aset,
not
of
"
His
mummy
is in the Cairo
Museum.
Thothmes
8J
are
cir. who
B.C.
1503
"
1449.
His and
two
Meryt-Ea
one
had
son,
him,
this
was a
several
actual
pedigreeof
not
king has
the
son
of doubt. concubine
he the
whether
under
of
II. has
not
been
yet
son
the
XVIII.
,
cir.
had
B.C.
1423
"
1414.
one
He of asserted
Mut-em-ua, married^
and
two
sons,
whom,
the
Amen-hetep
the in sands
III.,
succeeded
him. himself of
He
Nubia
to
and
Syria,but
of Egypt in power ence is better knowm from the referstela between removed the paws
quence conse-
the
Sphinx.
a
of the
di'eam, he
was
of
desert which
Tin.
god.
in
Very
discovered
Egypt,
180
A
no
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
hieroglyphs has yet been found. No traces have yet appeared of the sources whence the tin used obtained. in making bronze was Professor Petrie Objectsin pure tin are extremely rare. discovered tin ring set with glass at Gurob. a pure {See Bronze.)
Tomb.
care
and
word
for it in the
Egypt
on
is
land
of tombs.
Yet
with
all the
bestowed of the
the
tomb, but
in
houses
Egyptians.
is correct
littleremains The
saying,
"
Egyptians
short
on hostelries,
account
of the
during which they inhabit them, but the tombs tion they call eternal dwelling-places. Hence the elaboraThe tombs of Egypt in every detail of the tomb. those excavated in the fall naturally into two classes
' '
"
rock there
and
are
those
which
were
built.
Of the
former
kind
examples covering the entire historic period. latter belong to the time of the earlydynasties. The (q.v.). They are of two kinds, pyramids and mastabas tombs those of the of rock-cut The great groups are Vlth and other dynasties at Aswan, those of the Xllth and Dynasty at Beni Hasan, those of the XVIIIth successive at Thebes ; those of dynastiesof Pharaohs But and his people at Tel-el-Amarna. Khu-en-aten
besides tombs in almost there are groups every available hillside throughout the country. The of all these tombs idea in the construction tially essenwas the same, though carried out in different ways. these main Each consisted of three
parts
"
forming a kind shaft, leading to (c) the tomb was prepared during
of chambers The
scenes
series or {a)a chamber of chapel, (b)a passage or The sepulchralchamber. the lifetime of the the
an man. were pations occu-
with
which
of the chambers
cases
decorated find
in represented
majorityof
the
of its owner.
we
If,for instance,he
was
admiral,
There lands. are foreign other of the chase, and representations in In a secret chamber (Serdab,q.v.)
the
wall
were
ECiYPTIAN
^^^
placed the Ka statues, a the being left by which penetrate to the statues.
In chamber known Hasan the
was case
aperture sometimes
of incense the
might
of reached in
rock- cut
tombs
by
deep
of
shaft Bakt
is
that
over
the 105
tomb
III. the
Beni
; it is
which, ft.)
after
The low
scenes
walls
are
sometimes The
at others relief,
hieroglyphsbeing
of the Theban When
hills afforded
a or
good
painting on.
fossil occurred
cement.
the sometimes scenes, Inscriptions accompany which have of much been containing biographies, of Egypt. importance in piecingtogetherthe history
Toys.
discovered many Some the
Several
playthings
There
have
been of
during
"
are
dolls
sorts
from
ivory ones
to
Dynasty
holes
with
the been
Eoman
have
left
on
heads,
hair
arms a
inserted.
a a
with
stand,
man
crocodile
with
movable
come
have
colours rushes.
in
Trade.
commerce
was
limited their
for
;
the
a
fewness of
of
ports
carried from
but
on
amount
trade
was
by
objectsimported were vases Cyprus and Crete, seats, wines from chariots,coffers, Syria,"c., birds and fish (driedfish from Tyre), eye-salve from Syria,fruit.
various countries from
Among
the
182
CONCISE
some
DICTIONARY animals.
OF
horses, and
domestic
The
rareness
of
is waters expedition beyond Mediterranean any trading evidenced by the extreme importance attached to the
expedition to
and
sent out
the
"Land
by Queen
of Punt"
recorded
with
at
objects desired and obtained incense were trees, incense, gold, ivory, woods (including ebony), eye-paint,dogprecious headed apes, long-tailedmonkeys, greyhounds, and obtained leopard skins. All these were iDybarter, the Egyptian ships having brought daggers, battle-axes, and gay ornaments ; though the record puts it more picturesquely, callingthe objectsobtained ''tribute," and the articles brought for exchange "an offering trade Of home put there for the goddess Hathor." well informed tomb walls. are we on by the pictures in daily Since everything made in the country, use was the class of craftsmen and tradesmen was very large. But trade seems to have developedbeyond the never ordinarybazaar marketing business such as one sees in any eastern town were no nowadays. There merchant did any mere tradesman win princes,nor his way to notice,though one of the professions or two
enabled
trade had
or a man
temple
the walls
of her
to
climb
the
ladder
mason,
of rank.
or a
its
chief,its
master
master
master
smith.
According to
waiter
hard a Papyrus the lot of all craftsmen was but the hardshipshe enumerates would to seem one, be merely the necessities of the conditions of their "as labour; for instance, the blacksmith's are fingers rugged as the crocodile,"the barber has to run from street to street is seeking custom,", the mason w^hile he builds, "c. The exposed to all the winds w^alls are represented on tomb principalcraftsmen boat-builders, sculptors,painters, carpenters,masons, sandalmetal-workers, glass-blowers, weavers, potters, in early times, There was makers, and confectioners. and later among the poorer classes, no recognized medium of exchange, so that business done was by Anastasi
" "
"
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
at
18.'^,
barter, and
the
important a part do certain trees have that some cult, play in the religions Egyptologists read of a very acceptedtree worship as a fact. We ancient sacred tree in the at Heliopolis, great hall
Trees, Sacred.
So
"
"
on names
the
leaves
of
which
to
Thoth
secure
and
to
Safekh him
write
the
immortality ; but here the tree is rather a symbol than an object of worship. The nearest approach to actual worship under the Ptolemies, when was every temple seems
to
of the monarch
have
had
its sacred
tree.
Ten
kinds
of trees
are
mentioned.
(See
Persea
Tree,
Sycomore
and
Flora).
from the fact cycle of three gods, arising of other deities being associated with the chief god of the place. It consisted frequently of the god, a The most important goddess his wife, and their son. triad was that of Thebes, which was worshipped in most his wife, and of its temples. They were Amen, Mut at Memphis their son Khensu. triad honoured The Ombo, Sebek, wasPtah, Sekhet, Im-hetep; that at Kom Triad. A Hathor and Khensu.
Tuamautef,
the four children lotus head of
or
Duamautef,
are
one
represented standing
flower. of
a
jackal. They are the cardinal points,and preside over four Canopic jars(q.v.).
Turn. Also
was
four the
Atum,
Annu
He (Heliopolis).
as
aspect
represents
the
night
He
is
Turn.
18i
CONCISE of
DICTIONARY
OP of the
"
called
"
''creator
men;"
ancient
''maker
gods;"
took
"
city of Pithom from the fact of there being a temple name there. He is represented house) of Tum of Egypt. wearing the double crown
self-created."
The
its
pa
as a
(lit.
man
u
TJah-ab-Ra.
Hdd-db-Ed,
Dynasty
XXVI.,
cir.
B.C.
The Old
Apriesof
the
Hophra
Babylon. against the Babylonian, and with its help Tyre held for thirteen years. out againstNebuchadnezzar Hophra l^uilt a beautiful temple at Sais,in the Delta. soldiers revolted His againsthim, shut him up in his Aahmes II.,a man and made of low origin, own capital, but who had married the daughter of Psammetichus II.,
his
successor.
Testament, who leagued unsuccessfully Zedekiah against Nebuchadnezzar, king of The Egyptian fleet, successful however, was
TJast. the
The
name
for Thebes of
fourth
nome
Upper Egypt.
district of
east Ethiopia,
of Korosko.
180
TJr
heka.
symboHcally opening
sceptre with
the
found It is
(1u~^
cir. 3721
B.C.,
The
first
king
of
Dynasty V.,
Usertsen
I.,Khejyer-ka-Rd. Second
B.C.,
on
longer.
At
Carried
works building throughout Egypt. lies red a Fayiim, graniteobelisk of is unique, as it differs in shape from as yet found.
at
of Ameni of this
Beni
one
Hasan,
of the
we
have
an
pictureof
the life of
nobles
period.
Fourth
Usertsen
II.
Klul-khepcr-Rd.
king
of
1P"""^
Dynasty
OS
A queen, Nefert, and XII., cir. 2684 B.C. three daughters are known. to the Fay um, The pyramid of Illahun, at the entrance AvorkThe marks the burial place of this Pharaoh. men's town lay a mile to the east ; and was completely who publishedplans of both streets excavated by Petrie, and houses.
EGYPTIAN Usertseu
ARCHAEOLOGY
,
187
III., KJia-kdu-Ra,
fifth
king
of
Dy-
"^
^^1
cir. 2660 her
in
]'..c.
To
His It
was
nasty XII.,
known from
pyramid Morgan
Princess This
at Dahshur.
in this beautiful
found
de the
III. Set-Hathor, probablya sister of Usertsen Pharaoh, accordingto a tablet at Sehel, first
channel to be made a cataract, ordered through the cataract, 34 ft. wide and 24 ft. deep,preparatory to the
conquest
of Nubia. south
At
Semneh
and
Kummeh,
two
about of his
fortifications
protection
frontier The
againstthe
name
Nubians.
TJshabtiu.
of
was a
mummy
to
"
with deposited
as
act
the
servants
underworld. Dead
"
The
6th
chapter of
on
Book
runs
is
usuallyinscribed
them, and
O do
whatsoever in the neter kJiert let all any work from before him." obstructions be cast down
to
"
am
I, ready whensoever
to
"Be
to
ready always
canals with
the sand
fields,
from
water, and
Again, here
c=:!.
am
I when
ye call." of
Uten.
measure
value,
or
standard
of
translated tahmi. It consisted recently wire, weighing from 91 to 92 (?) copper So uniform its weight that it was also was grammes. used in the scales as a weight. The uten was only a itself the did not standard, piece change necessarily hands in transactions. [SeeMoney.)
exchange,more of a pieceof
TJzat.
See
Eye, The
Sacred.
188
COXCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
V
various been fomid
Veterinary
their
were
Art.
From has
inscriptions,it
in
the
habit
of
a a
painting represents
has throat
a
taken of
an
out
ox,
of the ox."
in
front
of
him, reads,
down
"
inscription
Careful
above
humerus
in
a
young of
examination
of and learned
mummied
ibis, fractured
convinced the
reunited
that
Cuvier
surgical treatment.
the
Throughout
Delta
to
country
We
are
vines told
were
grown
(Harris papyrus) that Eamses III. planted numerous vineyards in the southern well and northern others, having as as oases Another speaks of ponds with lotus flowers. papyrus celebrated mountain vineyard which belonged to the a Thebes. The of Amen at vine, as pictured Temple
on
Nubia.
tomb
walls,
was
trained
over
trellises, which
more
were
supported by wooden
Vulture. and divine
as
either forks.
by
wooden
pillars or,
simply,
[See Wine.)
bird sacred Thebes.
was
This such is of
the
to
symbol
the vulture
of
maternity,
in the the graphic ideoof of is
Mut,
The
second is the
a
triad
mut.
her
wear
name
has head-dress
value kind
vulture.
in
goddess
of
a
Nekhebt
represented
the
vulture.
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
189
belonging to the early recovered. been They are of a lightthe Egyptians and arrows, bows flint. Besides brown of spears, javelins, different kinds used slings,short clubs. and swords, daggers and knives, battle-axes from five to six made of a shaft of wood Spears were feet in length. The heads, fitted at the end into a of various of bronze, and metal shapes. band, were Weapons. period have
Stone weapons Javelins also had wooden shafts. Swords handles
were
short,
sharp-pointed. The sometimes took the shape of hawk and Arrow^s.) {SeeBow
and straight,
of
or
daggers
are
heads,
laid. in-
industry,which w^as carried on by Linen as was brought to great perfection. women, and the Egyptians fine as silk muslin was woven, The were very proud of their skill in its manufacture. garments for their goddesses Isis and Nephthys wove Weaving.
This husband and brother
Osiris, and
her head.
;
Neith Two
bears kinds
walls
the
one
earlier and
at
Beni
Thebes.
simpler (See
Linen.)
Wigs.
women were
Artificial
head-dresses
in
use.
for
both
men
and shaved
always
are
Apparently men
put
on
their Two
one
heads, and
kinds and
wig.
short
the the monuments, on distinguished curly hair,and the other long. imitating
The
details and
periodsand kinds always prevailed. The ladies' wigs were long, though invariably fashion of the coiffure changed continually.
arrangements of them vary at different accordingto current fashions, but the two
the
190
CONCISE
OF mixed with
usually
favourite
were
drink
use
in
red,
the
w^hite, black,
to
and
answered best.
the
wine, w^hich
Under
Empire
several
made the wdne was together. When sealed stored in carefully stoppered jars and by the of wine be of the making Pictures treasurer." may walls. The tomb are men seen depicted treading on wine from the which at the the wine-press, out runs the and other bottom; men put it in amphorae of mixing A them. curious seals treasurer scene shows three wines siphons in separate jars being to one large one. (See Vine.) brought down often mixed
"
Winged
Wool hence in the
was case was
Disk, The.
to
never a
See
Hon
Behutet.
certain used
extent
considered
of
some
found
wear
at Tourah.
For skin
priests did
their
and
outer
garment
one
before much
use
Only
But,
commerce
garments.
articles of
of the
sheep
to
reared
mutton
Strabo,
that
two
yielded two
rule the
fleeces
was
wool
w^omen
large flocks of in the Thebaid, where, according food. Each unlawful was sheep An in the year. exception to the of regarded as impure is the case
from fact that
were
"
who
to
recite The
the
"Festival in of
{q.v.).
were
directions
to
wear
garlands
EGYPTIAN
ARCHAEOLOGY
lUl
X
Xerxes. Sec Persians.
Xois,
Sakha.
or
Chois.
the sixth
The
nome
Greek Ea.
name
for
capitalof
of Lower
Egypt,
Chief
Amen deity,
(a)
The
Civil each of
or
months,
five divided
consisted which
were
of
intercalary days
into the three
These
months
of
Shet, inundation,
20th
July,which
looked
about
as
the
upon
New^
of the Nile
rise,was
This the
(6) The
calculated
Sothic
of 365
j days.
Sothis
on
period w^as
first day of with the and
by
rising of
Shat, when
which
was
it coincided
(c) The
solar
same were
year,
as
to
all intents
day, month, and Professor H. Brugsch year of the reigningmonarch. of opinionthat the w\as correspondedto great year a lunar days, year wath the addition of the intercalary little year to a lunar year, thus givingfive and the of reckoning the year. difterent methods
"
"
"
"
192
CONCISE
DICTIONARY
OF
Zaan
(themodern
is
a
San
Greek, Tanis
; and
Hebrew,
Zoan)
kind
in the swamp of the Delta on of the river flowing into Lake Menzaleh, and miles north of Tel-el-Kebir.
are
of island
twenty
The Xllth
earliest local
remains
discovered
of
the
of bearing the name Dynasty ; the few inscriptions Pepi-Meri-Ea being on blocks probably brought from Dendera and which used here and
was
time. been
Statues
; the
of Amen-em-hats
found
temple,
Eamses of the
enlarged
of these
beautified
by
II.,was
monarchs.
Most
recovered which have been Hyksos antiquities from San. came They are all either of black or darkgrey granite. A great feature of the temple precincts was a statue between of Eamses was II., which eighty and a feet high, and hundred was probably a monolith. Shashanq, of the XXIInd Only fragments remain. of of the work Dynasty, probably destroyed much built of the fragments. Eamses, for his pylon is largely To this day, San has served as a quarry for the neighbourhood.
Dynasty, built an wall enclosing the temple. It was enormous eighty feet thick. Portions, twenty-fivefeet in height,still
Pasebkhanu,
of the XXIst remain.
Dynasty, when Sais became the capitalof the Delta, the temple fell into disrepair. built in the shelter of the great wall But houses Avere II., of Dynasty, and Nectanebo during the XXIXth the XXXth againstthe Dynasty, sought its protection Three Persians. sphinxes of this period liave been
Under the XXVIth discovered. Under the
Ptolemies
more
houses
were
built.
As
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Classic
Writers. Book Eook Bohn's xvii. Classical Book See i. ii. See vol. iii. of the
Herodotus. Strabo.
in
Geography of Straho,
Library.
See below, Fragments, etc.
Diodorus. Maneth.0.
Chronologie
ties
ManeihOy by
Plutarch.
De of
Unger.
Isicle et Osiride.
Fragments
thenes, EratosDiodorus, Ptolemy, and that Chaemeron, Eusehius, Syncellus, have classic been preserved in the writings of other in Ancient will be found Fragments, etc.,by J. P. authors, Cory.
Maneth.0,
History.
Maspero
VOrient
Les
; Gaston,
a.
Ancienne
vols. the I. Les
des
Classique,
in
in
Premieres Civilization.
Melees
Peuples.
names
III.
:
translated
English
II. the
of
The
Nations.
Ancienne
J.
Egypt's
under
in
History.
Brugsch
Petrie
XYII.
; H.
; "W.
Egypt
F.
2 vols.
M.
In
Dynasties
Dynasty,
I. to
Mahaffy;
series
as
J. P.
Ptolemaic
same
Petrie.
Milne
; J. Gr. Petrie.
Egypt
under
Roman
Rule,
same
series
as
196
Mariette
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Outlines of Ancient ; Aug. with notes by Mary Brodrick.
; C. A. Gli
lated Egyptian History,trans-
De
Cara
Hylcsos o
de
re
Pastori
de
JEgitto.
1889.
Abd-el-Latif.
Relation A.
L'Egypte,
The Tel-el- Amarna lets. Tab-
Budge
; E.
W.
and
Bezold.
Arch.eology section
are
and
Art.
The
first
works with
mentioned
in
this
chieflyfolio volumes
R. Denkmdler
aus
plates.
ttnd
Liepsius
; C. 1849-59.
Aegypten
Aetliiopien.
Mariette;
sur
Aug.
fouilles execu,tees
Monuments Monuments
Divers.
of Upper Egypt.
I Monumenti
Rosellini.
1844.
delV
Egitto
della
Nuhia.
1832-
Duemichen.
XVIIth
Tlie
Fleet
of
an era.
Egyptian
1868.
Queen
from
the
Prisse
Histoire
Monuments
Egyptiens,
monuments.
bas-reliefs,
1879.
de Der-el-
Maspero
G.
and
Brugscb.,
H.
La
Trouvaille
Maspero
Parrot
; G. Edwards.
and
Egyptian Archaeology,
The Art
translated
by
A.
B.
Chipiez.
Monitments
of Ancient Antique.
Egypt.
2 vols.
Rayet.
Soldi.
La
Les
de I'Art
Sculpture Egyptienne.
The Grammar
Goodyear.
Religion.
of the
Lotus.
Lanzone Wiedemann
The
; R.
W.
; A.
Dizionario
di
MitologiaEgizia.
3 vols.
Ancient
the
Soul.
Renouf
; Sir
P.
le
Page.
The
Hibbert
Lectures
for 1879.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
197
Ideas
Budge;
the
E.
A.
W.
of
in
See
Maspero
Bulletin critique de la religion 4gypiienne. ; G. ^^ de VHisRevue Ritual dv. sacrifice funeraire, from
toire d.es
Religions.'"
Language
and
Letters. H.
Brugsch;
i.-iv.
Hierogh/phisch-demotischesWdrterhuch.
; vol.
Vols.
1867
v.-vii.
1880.
1872. HieroglyphisclieGrammaAik. 6 vols. Thesaurus inscriptionum aegyptiacarum Verzeichniss der Hieroglyphen mit Lautivorth (from
.
the
Hieroglyphic Grammar).
Pierret
mots et
; PauL de la
Vocahulaire
noms
hieroglyphique,comprenant
les
Levi
Vocahulario
copto-ehraico.7 geroglifico
in
v.
Birch;
Place
Samuel.
Egypjfs
1867vols.
de
Rouge
Emmaiiuel.
; J.
Chresiomathie Grammaire
egyptienne. 4
1836.
ChampoUion
Erman
F.
egyptienne.
Egyptian
Gmmmar,
translated
by
J.
H.
1894."^
Le "W. P.
First
Renouf; Budge
P.
A.
Egyptian.
in
Egyptian
Language;
Easy
Lessons
Egyptian
glyphics. Hiero-
of the
Dead).
Maspero;
Pyramid Hymne au
Les Du Contes Genre ; W.
G.
texts
Etudes JEgyptiennes.
in Recueil 1868. de travaux,
(Late texts).
since 1882.
Kil.
Petrie Records
Egyptian
Tales.
Two ii.
series. The
even
of
contain
numbers
198
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Civilization
and
General.
Wilkinson;
the Ancient
Sir
Gardner.
The
Manners
and
Customs
of
Egyptians. Life
Dieiionnaire in Ancient
Erman
Adolf.
Egypt.
de Vancien
Brugscli
1880.
H.
ge'ographique
Egypte.
Budge
Chabas.
E.
A.
W.
Egyptian egyptologiques.
and die Biicher
Magic.
The
Mummy.
Melanges
Ebers.
Aegypten
G.
2Ioses.
Maspero Brown,
Moeris.
TJne
Enqnete
Judiciare
Thetes.
R.E.;
Major
Hanbury.
The
Fayum
and.
Lake
Petrie
W.
M.
F.
Ten
Years'
Diggings
The
in
Egypt. Triumphs
Barber,
of
the
U.S.N.
Ancient
Commander.
Mechanical
Egyptians.
Bibliotheque
egyptologues by
Publications
egyptologique
frangais
In
comprenant
dans
divers
les recueils.
oeuvres
des Edited
dispersees
progress.
Maspero.
of
of records
the
of
Egypt
excavations
Exploration
done
in
Fund, Egypt
for the
consist-
ing
Fnnd,
containing
many
plates.
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