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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

Principles of Animal Physiology Canadian 3rd

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Chapter 2 Physiological Evolution of Animals

1) Which of the following is a parasitic protist that causes malaria?

A) Paramecium
B) slime mould
C) Platyzoa
D) Plasmodium
Answer: D
Page ref: 22

2) Which of the following characteristics apply to all protists?

A) They are animal-like.
B) They can photosynthesize.
C) They have a nucleus.
D) They have a cell wall.
Answer: C
Page ref: 22

3) Which protist is best described by its lifestyle?

A) Euglena have features of animals and fungi.
B) Paramecium are ciliated hunters.
C) Plasmodium are free-living animal-like protists.
D) Amoebas are sedentary photosynthetic protists.
Answer: B
Page ref: 22

4) Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) Choanoflagellates and Cnidarians
B) Paramecium and ciliated herbivore
C) ancestors of fungi and plants with no cell walls
D) choanocytes and flagellated cells in sponges
Answer: D
Page ref: 23

5) If multicellular organisms have distinct cell types, this means that

A) the different cell types express different genes.
B) each cell can be different.
C) some of the organism’s cells will grow larger over time.
D) some cells will have cell walls and others won’t.
Answer: A
Page ref: 23

6) In fungi and plants

A) the cell wall controls osmotic swelling.

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)
B) the sodium-potassium pump regulates osmotic balance.
C) chemical messengers are not used to communicate.
D) collagen is used to build tissues.

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

Answer: A
Page ref: 23-24

7) All animals
A) eat other animals.
B) are multicellular.
C) reproduce sexually.
D) are triploblastic.
Answer: B
Page ref: 24

8) The three cell types found in sponges are

A) cnidocytes, mesenchyme cells, and nematocyst cells.
B) choanocytes, mesenchyme cells, and pinacocytes.
C) choanocytes, cnidocytes, and nematocyst cells.
D) nematocyst cells, mesenchyme cells, and pinacocytes.
Answer: B
Page ref: 24

9) The first animals to show true tissues were

A) sponges.
B) placozoans.
C) cnidarians.
D) ctenophores.
Answer: C
Page ref: 24

10) One key advantage associated with bilateral symmetry in animals is

A) an increase in speed.
B) the presence of a coelom.
C) the evolution of limbs.
D) the evolution of cephalization.
Answer: D
Page ref: 25

11) In early gastrulation, a depression called a blastopore forms. If this blastopore forms the anus, the
animals are referred to as
A) deuterostomes.
B) protostomes.
C) gastrostomes.
D) diploblasts.
Answer: A
Page ref: 25

12) Which of the following statements is correct?

A) In deuterostome animals, the blastopore becomes the mouth and the anus forms at a distant site.
B) In coelomate animals, the coelom is located between the endoderm and the mesoderm.
C) Arthropods show metamerism and tagmatization.
D) Deuterostomes include the arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates.

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

Answer: C
Page ref: 25-28

13) Triploblastic animals are

A) acoelomate.
B) pseudocoelomate.
C) coelomate.
D) partially coelomate.
Answer: C
Page ref: 26

14) Platyhelminthes exhibit which of the following lifestyles?

A) free-living
B) free-living and ectoparasitic
C) ectoparasitic and endoparasitic
D) free-living, ectoparasitic, and endoparasitic
Answer: D
Page ref: 26

15) Platyhelminthes can live without a circulatory or respiratory system because

A) they rely on their digestive system.
B) they are dorsoventrally flattened.
C) the kidney excretes excess waste materials.
D) the epidermis secretes lubricants.
Answer: B
Page ref: 27

16) Which of the following statements best describes mollusks?

A) Mollusks include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods; they have a reduced coelom, and many
move at a sluggish pace.
B) Mollusks include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods; many move at a sluggish pace, and all are
aquatic.
C) Mollusks include gastropods and bivalves; several bivalves are terrestrial with adaptations to
withstand severe dehydration.
D) Mollusks include gastropods and bivalves, have a mantle, and all are aquatic.
Answer: A
Page ref: 27

17) Which characteristics do annelids and arthropods have in common?

A) Both have feeding grooves.
B) Both exhibit metamorphosis.
C) Both are metameric.
D) Both have a chitin-based body covering.
Answer: C
Page ref: 27-28

18) Which of the following characteristics would be most beneficial for animals to successfully survive on
land?

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

A) The presence of a notocord and dorsal nerve cord.

B) The ability to undergo metamorphosis.
C) The presence of an open circulatory system.
D) The presence of an exoskeleton.
Answer: D
Page ref: 27-28

19) The most ancient deuterostomes are

A) annelids.
B) echinoderms.
C) mollusks.
D) arthropods.
Answer: B
Page ref: 28

20) Gans’s and Northcutt’s “new head” hypothesis proposes that

A) vertebrates have a diffuse nerve sensory system.
B) more complex teeth in the head evolved in response to a more predatory lifestyle.
C) the success of vertebrates was linked to specializations of the head.
D) B and C
Answer: C
Page ref: 28

21) Cartilaginous fish evolved from

A) agnathans.
B) placoderms.
C) ostracoderms.
D) lampreys.
Answer: B
Page ref: 29

22) Amphibians differ from other tetrapods in that amphibians

A) are much smaller.
B) have a more rigid spinal column.
C) depend on water for reproduction.
D) A and C
Answer: C
Page ref: 31

23) Which of the following animals are amniotes?

A) amphibians, mammals, birds, and reptiles
B) amphibians, birds, and reptiles
C) mammals, birds, and reptiles
D) birds and reptiles
Answer: C
Page ref: 31

24) Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

A) modern mammals / anapsids

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

B) all extant reptiles and birds / diapsids

C) extinct group of reptiles / synapsids
D) having one opening in the side of the skull / anapsids
Answer: B
Page ref: 31

25) In terms of reproduction, which group of mammals is most similar to their reptilian ancestors?
A) monotremes
B) marsupials
C) placental mammals
D) flying mammals
Answer: A
Page ref: 32

26) Which of the following statements correctly describes birds?

A) Birds are modern reptiles.
B) Birds differ from other reptiles in their thermal biology.
C) Birds are the only remaining representatives of the therapsids.
D) A and B
Answer: D
Page ref: 32

27) Birds and mammals are similar in that

A) both contain species that lay eggs.
B) both are endothermic.
C) both are part of a group of reptiles that includes the dinosaurs and crocodilians.
D) A and B
Answer: D
Page ref: 32

28) Would you expect gene duplication, such as seen in the Hox gene, to lead to significant changes in
evolution of traits?
A) No, because a duplicated gene would most likely carry a deleterious mutation.
B) No, because a duplicated gene would be identical to the original gene and perform the original
function.
C) Yes, because one gene would perform a specific function, but duplicated copies could perform new
functions.
D) Yes, because the Hox gene controls all traits.
Answer: C
Page ref: 33

29) Which of the following statements is true with respect to myosin?

A) Plants, fungi, and animals share the same myosin families.
B) Myosin is found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
C) Different classes of myosins are distinguished by differences in structural organization and amino acid
sequence.
D) Cardiac α-myosin allows for greater contractile efficiency.
Answer: C
Page ref: 33

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

30) Only certain organisms possess gene variants that are able to exchange Na+ for K+, thus making the
Na+/K+ ATPase unique to
A) animals.
B) fungi.
C) plants and animals.
D) fungi and plants.
Answer: A
Page ref: 34

31) Collagen is best described as a(n)

A) intracellular matrix protein.
B) extracellular matrix protein and one of the earliest innovations observed in animals.
C) matrix protein that all animals have, with the exception of sponges.
D) intracellular matrix that is a basis for communication between cells.
Answer: B
Page ref: 35

32) In tetrapods, the steroid hormone, aldosterone, plays a role in

A) mineral balance.
B) water and vitamin balance.
C) mineral and vitamin balance.
D) water and mineral balance.
Answer: D
Page ref: 35

33) One of the biggest challenges facing terrestrial organisms is to

A) escape from predators.
B) survive food shortages.
C) reduce water loss.
D) find shelter.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 36

34) Which of the following organisms are able to thrive under the most diverse environmental conditions
due to their remarkable biochemical adaptations?
A) prokaryotes
B) plants
C) fungi
D) invertebrates
Answer: A
Page ref: 36

35) Which of the following statements with respect to animals is correct?

A) In animals, anatomy and functional properties played a small role in their evolutionary success.
B) In animals, the ability to digest cellulose depends on symbiotic organisms.
C) There are few differences in metabolic rates among animals.
D) B and C

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

Answer: B
Page Ref: 36

36) The is considered to be the earliest life form.

Answer: progenote
Page Ref: 21

37) are often called extremophiles, because they can survive in some of the harshest
environments on earth.
Answer: Archaea
Page Ref: 21

38) The cell wall of fungi is composed of .

Answer: chitin
Page Ref: 23

39) The tissues of Cnidarians are termed because they are derived from two embryonic
body layers.
Answer: diploblastic
Page Ref: 24
40) The body plan of sponges is , while cnidarians are _.
Answer: asymmetrical; radially symmetrical
Page Ref: 25

41) The body of annelids is divided into repeating segments called .

Answer: metamers
Page Ref: 27

42) In echinoderms and chordates, the mouth forms second; therefore, both are .
Answer: deuterostomes
Page Ref: 25, 28

43) The first group of vertebrates to successfully colonize land was the .
Answer: amphibians
Page Ref: 31

44) In reptiles and birds, the evolution of the removed the dependence on water and
allowed complete transition to life on land.
Answer: amniote egg
Page Ref: 32

45) Birds are most closely related to the group of reptiles known as .
Answer: archosaurs
Page Ref: 32

46) Which family of genes is involved in development?

Answer: Hox
Page Ref: 33

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

47) Many eukaryotes have myosin 2, but only use it to build muscle.
Answer: animals
Page ref: 33

48) The Na+/K+ ATPase enables animal cells to create an electrical potential across the .
Answer: cell membrane
Page Ref: 35

49) Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that is produced only in .

Answer: tetrapods
Page Ref: 35

50) Metabolic rate is measured as _.

Answer: heat production per unit time
Page Ref: 36

51) We often hear the terms protists, protozoans, and metazoans; briefly explain the relationship among
them.
Answer: When we think about the origin of animals, we often think of protists. Protists are single-
celled, eukaryotic organisms that possess a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Protists are a
very diverse group of distantly-related organisms, and hence assigned to more than 50 phyla. Some
protists are animal-like and mobile, and because locomotion was considered a unique trait of
animals, animal-like protists were once considered to be the ancestors of animals and were referred
to as protozoans. Currently, the term protozoan has no meaningful evolutionary basis. The term
metazoan was originally created to differentiate single-celled protozoans from multicellular animals.
“Metazoan” and “animal” are often used synonymously.
Page Ref: 22

52) List the four key morphological traits that characterize all chordates. Discuss the important
physiological transitions from early chordates to Craniata and their evolutionary implication.
Answer: All chordates have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, postanal tail, and pharyngeal slits.
When we compare early chordates to Craniata, we see several physiological transitions such as an
increase in the complexity of the nervous system, the formation of a larger brain, a backbone
derived from the notochord, an endoskeleton with the cranium, segmented muscles, and large
blood vessels. The filter-feeding pharyngeal structures in lancelets and tunicates evolved into a
diversity of structures, including gills of fish, jawbones, ear bones, muscles, nerves, and blood
vessels. The evolution of these structures resulted in an extensive diversity of vertebrates.
Page Ref: 28

53) From an evolutionary perspective, briefly explain why amphibian physiology provides an important
link between aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Answer: Amphibians are intermediate between fish and reptiles in several ways. For example,
amphibian larvae are aquatic and breathe via gills, just like fish. When in water, adult amphibians
face similar osmotic challenges as do freshwater fish. Unlike fish, adult amphibians use lungs to
breathe on land, may also use their skin as a gas-exchange surface, and excrete urea as a waste
product. We see similarities between amphibians and reptiles when it comes to skeletons and
muscles: Land tetrapods require more robust skeletons and musculature to support their bodies on
land. Some amphibians, such as toads, have evolved a thickened body covering to avoid

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 Principles of Animal Physiology, 3e (Moyes/Schulte)

desiccation. Reptiles are even better adapted to dry conditions, having evolved tough scales to
prevent water loss.
Page Ref: 31

54) Why is the sodium-potassium pump so important in the animal kingdom?

Answer: The sodium-potassium pump is also known as Na+/K+ ATPase. It is unique to animals
because only animals possess the gene variants that can exchange Na+ for K+. In animal cells, the
sodium-potassium pump creates an electrical potential across cell membranes and maintains the
membrane ion gradients that are critical for the function of neurons and muscles. Sodium-
potassium genes also allow for adaptations in relation to osmoregulation. For example, some
species of fish can change the expression of their Na+/K+ ATPase genes when they change
environments, thus allowing them to successfully move between freshwater and salt water at
specific times in their life cycle.
Page Ref: 33-35

55) Discuss the evolutionary connection between bilateral symmetry and cephalization in animals.
Answer: As organisms became more complex, this complexity was associated with an increase in
cephalization. Very early animals had simple nervous systems with little centralization for
processing information. Bilaterally symmetrical animals show a concentration of sensory and
nervous tissue in the anterior parts of their bodies. With the evolution of bilateral symmetry,
animals were able to move in a forward direction, using the sensory anterior end to locate food or
sense threats. For example, arthropods, which are bilaterally symmetrical, have a distinct head
region that processes extensive sensory information. Vertebrates show even more extensive
cephalization. In mammals, for example, the brain and central nervous system control breathing,
feeding, reflexes, thermoregulation, and movement.
Page Ref: 36

56) Describe some key physiological adaptations that allowed animals to successfully colonize terrestrial
environments.
Answer: Animals had to evolve physiological adaptations to successfully invade terrestrial
environments. Desiccation is a risk for all land organisms, therefore, adaptations to conserve water
were critical. Animals also had to overcome the challenge of controlling their internal osmolarity,
independent of the external environment. Animals evolved a body surface that would prevent
water loss (e.g., reptilian scales). An excretory system used to expel nitrogenous wastes out of
water was also an important adaptation for land animals. When water was no longer available for
support, skeletons and muscles evolved to allow locomotion on land. In addition, respiratory
systems to exchange gases on land became a requirement for successful survival on land.
Page Ref: 36

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Another random document with
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into execution the contents of the bulls that had been published by
him, and had been promulgated by different preachers throughout
Christendom.
Certain proposals were now sent by the duke of Burgundy to the
king of France respecting the dauphin, and were laid before him by
the duke's ambassadors.
In this season, the Hungarians made a great destruction of the
infidels in Hungary, by the counsel of sir John Capestrian[188], an
ancient disciple of St Bernard, in conjunction with the aid of a wise
and valiant knight called sir Guillaume Blanc[189]. By their means,
the Turks, who were very numerous in Belgrade, were driven out of
that city, and more than fifteen thousand were slain: indeed, none
escaped being put to death. On the morrow, great armies of Turks
advanced, and were valiantly fought with by the Christians, who
again gained the victory, and slew one hundred thousand Turks
between sunrise and sunset.
The soldan of Persia[190], commander in chief of the Turks, was
there in person; and seeing the discomfiture of his army, he fled
with a few of his men to a city called Boibe[191], and thence into
Greece. The chevalier Blanc pursued him, and won the city of Boibe,
putting to death two thousand Turks; and by the aid of God,
following up their success, the Christians won very many towns and
strong castles, namely, the city of Bastiliance, Ulgaria, Fastigia,
Emere, and a very handsome town called Angasta[192]: in the latter,
fifteen thousand Turks were destroyed. The Christians lost, at this
last attack, five thousand men, whom may God receive in paradise!
'Quia dignus operarius mercede sua.'
The Christians afterwards gained St Vincent[193], and the town and
castle of Valence[194]; and as they proceeded, the inhabitants were
converted to the Christian faith. They continued successful, and won
the town and castle of Flagis and Gaunaldalo, and Porrus, Stavengier
and Chastouen[195], where four thousand Turks were put to death,
with the loss of one hundred Christians, whose souls may God
pardon! The Christians now entered Greece with a large army, and
conquered a great city called Glotuase[196], where they slew ten
thousand infidels.
They then left behind them all walled towns, and advanced to the
province of Culdée[197], which is near to Constantinople, having
gained possession of the greater part of the lands in Greece, and to
the westward of it, and also of the cities of Latheris and
Glamus[198], with many other castles and towns.
The Turks that had been slain in these different battles were
estimated at two hundred thousand, with the loss of eight score
cities and walled towns, four hundred castles, great and small.
These victories have been thus detailed for insertion in the
chronicles of the times, and asserted for truth on the holy
evangelists, on the oath of their priesthood, by the following
venerable persons, namely, sir John Valate, priest, sir Patrick
Tournaille, priest also, and Andrew Valate, a layman,—all three
inhabiting the diocese of Umblanum in Dacia.
The chevalier Blanc was grievously wounded by a lance in the last
battle, so that he was constrained to retire into the city of Angasta,
where he died. God have mercy on his soul! he being well deserving
thereof. In like manner was the Turk severely wounded, and forced
to withdraw to Constantinople, where he remained for a long time
very ill.
These three persons having been interrogated by the chronicler of
France on their oaths, how they knew what they had told to be true,
deposed, that they had been personally present in arms at all these
battles and sieges, and had fought at them, and, in consideration of
the very great perils they had escaped from, had vowed to make
pilgrimages to the shrine of St Denis, and to other places, which
they intended to fulfil before they returned to their own country.
They appeared to be well affected to the Christian faith. They said,
that the Turk, when recovered, left Constantinople for Asia.
On Saturday, the 4th day of December in this year, and about three
hours before day, such an earthquake happened at Naples, in Puglia,
and Calabria, as the oldest persons did not remember to have seen,
from which great and numberless evils ensued,—a few of which shall
be mentioned. In the first place, the small city of Ariano[199], in the
kingdom of Naples, was so completely destroyed that eight thousand
persons perished. Another city called Padula[200] was destroyed,
with its three thousand inhabitants, for not one escaped. Item,
another town, called Bouchery[201], was overwhelmed,—and no one
who had not seen these places before this unfortunate event would
have supposed they could have existed, so thoroughly changed was
the whole face of the country.
One half of the town of Troia[202] was thrown down, and many
people perished. The greater part of the castle of Canosa[203] fell,
with some of the town. The cities of Ascoli[204] and Santa
Agatha[205] shared the same fate, as did the castle of Arpi[206] and
several others.
In the country of Molise[207], the cities of Campo Basso[208],
Laurentino[209], the castle of St Julian[210], Macona[211], the castles
of St Lou[212], Castine[213], and La Rippe[214], were swallowed up
by the earthquake, and many lands near to Altavilla[215], when
upwards of twenty-eight thousand persons perished. The city of
Naples suffered some damage, but more in the churches than in the
other buildings. The earthquake lasted for three days, and in some
places more, namely, from the 4th of the month until the 7th
inclusive; when, as reported by men of truth, more than one
hundred thousand persons of both sexes were destroyed.
This earthquake ruined in one night the castles of Sanguine[216],
Presole[217], and la Roche Capoa[218], where neither walls nor
houses were left standing. One half of the city of Sermone[219] and
the castle of Oliveto[220] were destroyed: in which last five hundred
persons were killed, and in the castle of Pesolo[221] six hundred. In
like manner, when the castle of Thoco[222] was overthrown, its lord
and all within perished. This accident ruined also part of the port of
Ancona, and such damages were done to the buildings of
Capua[223], Aversa[224], and Benevento[225], and to the castle of
Lusano[226], as would have been incredible but to those who saw it.
The account of this unfortunate disaster was sent in writing to the
marquis of Ferrara by his brother Hercules[227], then in the kingdom
of Naples with the king of Arragon, and written at Rougia[228], the
7th day of December, in the year 1456.
On the first day of this same year, while the king of France was at St
Prier, near to Lyon, Otho Castellan, a Florentine and treasurer of the
king's household, was arrested on the bridge at Lyon by the provost
of the palace, from informations the king had received that the said
Otho had formed certain devices prejudicial to his personal safety.
He had made certain images that, by diabolical arts, would assure
him the government of the king, and cause him to do whatever the
said Otho should please. Guillaume Gouffier was his accomplice, and
was long detained in prison to obtain from him the truth of these
charges. Otho was carried prisoner before the parliament of
Tholouse, where he had long acted as the king's treasurer; and
Gouffier was sent to Tours. In the ensuing year, Otho was
condemned by the chancellor to banishment and confiscation of his
effects; but the king pardoned him, so that he only lost the places
he had held, and was banished to twenty leagues distant from
wherever the king should be, and was compelled to pay a fine of a
thousand crowns for the expenses of his suit. But Otho was then
accused of sodomy, and brought back to Tours for trial, and thence
sent to Paris, as it was said that he had appealed to the parliament;
but I cannot say how this matter ended, for he was transported from
one prison to another, so that I am ignorant of the conclusion.
This was a great year of rain. The duke and duchess of Savoy came
this year to the king of France and the prince of Piedmont, eldest
son to the duke, was married to Yolande, daughter to the king of
France.
An embassy now arrived in France from Spain, to confirm the
alliances between the two kingdoms; and at the same time, the
prince of Navarre came to demand from the king the duchy of
Nemours,—and also the cardinal of Avignon from Brittany, on his
return from canonising St Vincent at Vannes. Shortly after, the
cardinal waited on the king, to require a tenth from the clergy of his
realm, to carry on the war, as he said, against the Turks.

FOOTNOTES:
[188] Sir John Capestrian. John Capistrian, a celebrated
franciscan monk. Nicholas V. made him apostolic commissary in
Hungary. He was greatly successful in assembling the army,
which, under the command of the great Huniades, raised the
siege of Belgrade in 1456. He died three months after. He was
canonised, in 1690, by Alexander VIII.—See Aikin's General
Biography, Moreri, &c.
[189] Sir Guillaume Blanc. I should suppose this must be meant
for John Corvin Huniades,—the greatest captain of the age, and
the bitterest enemy of the Turks. See more of him in the
biographical works above mentioned.
[190] The soldan of Persia. A mistake. It was Mohammed II. who
was wounded at this battle.
[191] Boibe. Q.
[192] Bastiliance, Ulgaria, Fastigia, Emere, Angasta. Q.
[193] St Vincent. Q.
[194] Valence. Q.
[195] Flagis, Gaunaldalo, Porrus, Stavengier, Chastouen. Q.
[196] Glotuase. Q.
[197] Culdée. Q.
[198] Latheris, Glamus. Q.
[199] Ariano,—in the Principato Ultra of Naples. It never
recovered the desolation caused by an earthquake 1456. Another
more destructive happened in 1732.——Crutwell's Gazetteer.
[200] Padula,—a town of Naples, in the Principato Citra.
[201] Bouchery. Q. Bocchianico? a town of Naples in Abruzzo
Citra.
[202] Troia,—a town of Naples in the Capitinata.
[203] Canosa,—a town in the country of Bari. It was destroyed by
an earthquake in 1694.
[204] Ascoli,—in the Capitinata.
[205] Santa Agatha,—in the Principato Ultra.
[206] Arpi,—in the Capitinata.
[207] Molise,—a country of Naples.
[208] Campo Basso is the capital.
[209] Laurentino. Q.
[210] St Julian. St Guiliano in Molise.
[211] Macona. Q. Ancona?
[212] St Lou. St Lotiero in the Principato Ultra.
[213] Castine,—Castigluini, Principato Ultra.
[214] La Rippe. Ripa Limasara in Molise.
[215] Altavilla,—in the Principato Citra, 17 miles from Salerno.
[216] Sanguine. Q.
[217] Presole. Q. Presciano. Principato Citra.
[218] La Roche de Capoa. Q. Rocca de Minolfa. Molise.
[219] Sermone. Q.
[220] Oliveto. Q.
[221] Pesolo. Pesola is a lake in the Basilicata.
[222] Thoco. Q.
[223] Capua,—fifteen miles from Naples.
[224] Aversa,—ten miles north from Naples.
[225] Benevento,—in the Principato Ultra.
[226] Lusano. Q.
[227] Borso d'Este, marquis of Ferrara, was succeeded by his
legitimate brother Hercules d'Este.
[228] Rougia. Q. Reggio? a sea-port of Naples in Calabria Ultra.
 CHAP. LXV.
THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY, WITH A LARGE ARMY,
ESCORTS HIS BASTARD SON INTO HOLLAND, AND PUTS
HIM IN PEACEABLE POSSESSION OF THE BISHOPRICK OF
UTRECHT.—HE BESIEGES DEVENTER[229], AND FORCES
ITS INHABITANTS TO OBEY THE NEW BISHOP, WHICH
THEY HAD BEFORE REFUSED.
When duke Philip saw that he could not prevail by love and entreaties
to make his son be accepted for bishop by the chapter of Utrecht, he
sent to Picardy and Hainault for a body of troops, and he was soon
joined by full thirteen thousand combatants. The chapter now
changed their tone, and admitted his son as their bishop, under
certain conditions, namely, that the brother of the lord de
Brederode, who had been elected, should receive for his life an
annual pension, from the bishoprick of Utrecht, of four thousand
francs, from the bishoprick of Therouenne two thousand francs,—
and, for the expenses he had been put to, fifty thousand lyons once
paid. He was also to be made first counsellor to the duke in the
affairs of Holland, with a salary of a thousand florins of the Rhine. In
consideration of this arrangement, he resigned the bishoprick, which
was commonly said to be worth yearly fifty thousand mailles of the
Rhine.
When this had been settled, duke Philip entered Utrecht, with his
company on the 5th of August, and was most honourably received.
On the morrow, his son entered in arms, grandly accompanied; and
on the Sunday following, he said mass in the cathedral.
Soon after, the duke left Utrecht, with his whole army, to besiege a
considerable town in the diocese, called Deventer, because it had
refused to acknowledge the new bishop. Those of the town sallied
out against him; and a smart skirmish ensued, in which many were
killed on both sides. In the end, they were repulsed and driven back
into the town; and on the fourth day, a strong bulwark they had
erected in front of the gate was so much battered with cannon that
those within, foreseeing it must be taken, set in on fire, and burnt it
during the night. The siege, however, lasted until the end of
September, when the townsmen sent offers to the duke to obey the
bishop, as the other towns within his diocese had done.
While this treaty was carrying on, the duke of Gueldres, who had
married the niece of duke Philip, by whom he had a fair son about
sixteen years of age, after having promised his aid to the duke of
Burgundy, quitted his country, and abandoned his places,—but
nevertheless made an hasty alliance with the Frizelanders, when
they assembled a great army with the intent of overthrowing duke
Philip.
The duke of Burgundy would have remained in perfect ignorance of
this treachery, had not his niece been told of the wicked designs of
her husband against her uncle; and instantly quitting the place she
was in with her son, attended by her servants, she hastened to the
duke, then besieging Deventer, and told him of the plots against
him. This caused the duke to lose no time in closing with the offers
of those in Deventer, so that the treaty was immediately concluded,
and hostages were given for its performance. The duke raised the
siege the 27th day of September, and returned to Utrecht, and
thence to the Hague, where he disbanded his army, leaving his son
David in peaceable possession of the bishoprick of Utrecht.
He was under great obligations to his niece for the information she
had given him; for if he had remained two days longer at the siege,
he would have been attacked by the duke of Gueldres and the
Frizelanders before he knew any thing of their intentions, and it
would probably have been unfortunate to him by reason of his being
totally unprepared to receive them.
The duke of Gueldres was much reproached for this conduct,
considering that he had married the duke of Burgundy's niece, and
that the good duke had sent their daughter to marry the king of
Scotland, at his own expense, and had done many and very great
kindnesses to the duke of Gueldres.

FOOTNOTES:
[229] Deventer,—on the Issel, the capital of Overissel.
 CHAP. LXVI.
THE DUKE OF ALENÇON IS ARRESTED AND THROWN
INTO PRISON.—THE TURKS ARE MIRACULOUSLY
DEFEATED IN HUNGARY.—OTHER EVENTS THAT
HAPPENED IN THIS YEAR OF MCCCCLVI.
Soon after the feast of Pentecost, the duke of Alençon was arrested
in Paris, by orders from the king and the count de Dunois, bastard of
Orleans, and sent to Melun. From Melun he was carried before the
king, and convicted, as it was said, of having intrigued with the
English to accomplish a marriage between his eldest son and the
eldest daughter of the duke of York, unknown to the king, and of
having engaged to deliver up to the English his strong places, to the
prejudice of the king, and particularly the duchy of Normandy.
Having confessed his guilt, he was closely confined until after the
death of king Charles. When he was arrested, it was currently
reported that the duke of Burgundy was implicated in these intrigues
of the duke of Alençon with the English, which so much displeased
the king that he had it proclaimed throughout the realm, that no
one, under pain of death, should make such charges against his
good brother of Burgundy, nor any way speak disrespectfully of his
honour.
In the month of June in this year, a comet with a prodigious tail
appeared in the west, having its tail pointed toward England: it
continued visible for three months. The new wines of this season
were so sour that the old ones were in greater request for their
superior goodness and flavour.
In this year also, the great emperor of the Turks, called
Morbesan[230], besieged the strong town and castle of Belgrade,
situated on the confines of Hungary. He was upwards of four months
and a half before it, which vexed him so much that he swore, in the
presence of his army, to win it by force or perish in the attempt.
There were some in the turkish army who gave information of this to
those in the town, that they might be prepared; and Ovidianus[231],
one of the noblest and most powerful princes of Hungary, hearing
also of this intention, instantly assembled nine hundred cavalry and
forty thousand infantry of all sorts, and entered the town by the
Danube, without the Turk knowing any thing thereof,—for he had
only besieged the place on the land side, and had neglected to post
any guards on that great river the Danube.
Ovidianus entered the town on the eve of Magdalen-day, which was
the day fixed on by the Turk to storm the place; and so eager was
he to fulfil his vow that he ordered one third of his army to
commence the attack at midnight, which was done with much
courage,—but the besieged made so gallant a defence that they
were repulsed. The attack lasted until eight o'clock in the morning,
when another division, equal in numbers to the first, advanced to
renew the combat, but they also were forced to retreat.
The emperor of the Turks now advanced in person, accompanied by
the boldest of his captains, and continued the combat with such
obstinacy and courage that, from its commencement, at four in the
afternoon, it lasted until the middle of the following day, which made
twenty hours in the whole: a terrible fatigue to those in the town
thus to support three renewed attacks without any respite or repose.
They were at length so worn down that they could not longer help
each other, and the Turks were beginning to enter the town in large
bodies.
Among the Christians in this town was a very devout cordelier friar,
called John Capistran, who, seeing the Turks enter the breach,
seized a crucifix, and, ascending the highest part of the castle, cried
aloud, 'O Deus meus, Deus meus! O altissime Pater! veni in
adjutorium, veni et libera populum quem redemisti pretioso sanguine
tuo. Veni noli tardare. Deus meus ubi sunt misericordiæ tuæ
antiquæ, veni ne Turci et increduli dicant ubi est Deus eorum.' The
cordelier, in uttering these words, wept bitterly; and when the
Christians heard them, they felt quite refreshed, and as if they were
new men, without feeling any fatigue, and instantly fell on the Turks
who were entering the town with such courage that they slew all
they met, and put the rest to flight. They pursued them upwards of
eight leagues, killing or wounding all they overtook, so that more
than one hundred thousand were slain in the whole. They gained all
the artillery of the Turks, and such quantities of riches, in tents,
money, and effects, as it would seem marvellous to relate.
Among other things won were eleven large bombards, six of which
were of prodigious length, and of a great bore, and more than two
hundred smaller bombards and cannons. When news of this
important victory was carried to the pope then reigning, he ordered
processions and thanksgivings to be made in all the churches of
Christendom, to render thanks to God for this great victory,—and,
among other things, to ring the Ave Maria between two and three
o'clock on the anniversary of the day this miracle happened, as it is
usual to ring it every evening in all churches; and this manner of
ringing it after dinner is continued in several churches in France.

FOOTNOTES:
[230] Morbesan. Mohammed II. surnamed the Victorious.
[231] Ovidianus. Probably Huniades,—John Corvin.
 CHAP. LXVII.
THE DAUPHIN OF FRANCE TAKES REFUGE WITH DUKE
PHILIP OF BURGUNDY.—OTHER EVENTS THAT HAPPENED
IN THIS YEAR.
Louis de Valois, eldest son to the king of France, and dauphin of
Vienne, had resided for ten or twelve years in Dauphiny, because the
king was displeased with him. Some said, this was owing to his ill
treatment of his subjects in Dauphiny, more particularly the bishops
and churchmen, whose revenues he seized against their wills, for the
support of his state: others, however, excused him for so doing,
because his father had stopped the allowance he had formerly given
him.
It was also reported, that the king's anger arose from the death of
the fair Agnes being caused by poison, of which the dauphin was
suspected, as he had frequently blamed and murmured against his
father for his attachment to her. In truth, Agnes Sorel was the
handsomest woman of her age, and in more favour with the king
than the queen: the great lords also paid more court to her than to
the queen, who was a very good and honourable lady, which had
vexed the dauphin much,—and he had hastened her death.
However, after the decease of the fair Agnes, the damsel de
Villequier, her niece, succeeded her in the affections of the king,
who, in his latter days, would have about him the finest and
handsomest women of his realm.
Whatever may have been the real cause of the quarrel between the
king and the dauphin, the king ordered sir Anthony de Chabannes
count de Dammartin, to proceed into Dauphiny with a sufficient
body of men at arms to arrest the dauphin and bring him to his
presence by force or otherwise; but the dauphin fortunately
escaped,—for it was then commonly believed that, had he been
arrested, the king would have treated him very harshly, and would
have made king his younger son Charles.
The dauphin having had intimation of the orders to arrest him, gave
public notice for a hunting party on the morrow, and ordered his
dinner to be prepared at the place of rendezvous. Intelligence of this
was carried to the count de Dammartin, who posted ambushes to
seize the dauphin the moment he should arrive at the place; but, as
he suspected their machinations, early on the morrow, when it was
thought he was gone to the hunt he with six of his most confidential
attendants, mounted their fleetest horses, and set off, as fast as
they could travel, for Burgundy, and never stopped until they arrived
at St Claude, a town in Burgundy. It was well for them that they
made this haste, or they would have been overtaken by the count de
Dammartin, who followed very closely at their heels.
Shortly after the dauphin's arrival at St Claude, he went to the prince
of Orange at Nasere[232], who received him most honourably: and
on hearing him declare that he feared he should be pursued, and
that he was desirous of going to the duke of Burgundy, the prince
sent off in haste for the marshal of Burgundy, who came to him with
a handsome escort of men at arms,—and they instantly departed for
Brabant.
This conduct was truly extraordinary,—for the prince of Orange and
the duke of Burgundy were the two men in the world whom the
dauphin hated the most, for having several times repulsed, with loss,
his own and the king's men, whenever they made any excursions on
the duke's territories, which he was determined to preserve from
inroads; but necessity, which owns no law, forced him to seek an
asylum among those he hated, and to make use of them in his time
of need.
The marshal of Burgundy conducted him with such prudence
through the territories of the duke of Burgundy that he arrived safely
at Louvain, whence he went to Brussels, and thence he sent one of
his attendants with information to the duke, at that time in Holland,
of his arrival. The good duke, anxious to receive and entertain him
as the eldest son of his sovereign lord, hastened as much as possible
the treaty of Deventer, that he might return to Brabant.
Immediately on his arrival at Brussels, he went to the dauphin, and
paid him every respect in honour to the king, and to himself
personally,—and no prince knew better how to do these honours. He
instantly assigned him three thousand francs monthly to maintain his
estate, and begged of him to make choice of what place he should
please for his residence, and he would give orders for its being
immediately delivered up to him. The dauphin asked for
Geneppe[233], a castle in Brabant, pleasantly situated, and a
handsome residence, where he lived for a long time.
In the course of this year, sir Thibault de Luxembourg, lord of
Fiennes, brother to the count of St Pol, and widower of the daughter
of the lord of Antoing, by whom he had several children, became a
monk of the order of Cistercians, notwithstanding that in his youth
he had been a very free liver.
Toward the end of October, soon after the arrival of the dauphin in
Brabant, the duke of Burgundy sent a handsome embassy to the
king of France, the chief of which was the lord de Chimay high bailiff
of Hainault, to satisfy him as to his son's coming to his territories,
and to say that he would show him every possible honour in his
power. The ambassadors waited long for an audience; and while
they were thus delayed, the king of France sent a body of men at
arms to Compiègne and Soissons, two towns on the frontiers of the
duke of Burgundy's possessions. The duke, hearing of this,
suspected that the king intended to make war on him, as indeed did
many others, and issued a summons throughout Picardy, Flanders,
and Hainault, for all men capable of bearing arms to be ready in his
defence in case the king should attack him.
About Christmas in this year, Charles duke of Bourbon departed this
life, and was succeeded by his eldest son, who, by his mother, was
nephew to the duke of Burgundy.
 FOOTNOTES:
[232] Nasere. Q. Nazey? a village near Besançon.
[233] Geneppe,—on the Dyle, six leagues from Brussels. Louis XI.
resided here, when dauphin, with the dauphiness, upwards of five
years.
 CHAP. LXVIII.
A QUARREL TAKES PLACE BETWEEN DUKE PHILIP OF
BURGUNDY AND HIS SON THE COUNT OF CHAROLOIS,
BUT IS APPEASED BY THE DAUPHIN.—THE COUNTESS OF
CHAROLOIS IS BROUGHT TO BED OF A DAUGHTER.—
OTHER EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN DIVERS PARTS.
On the 17th of January, of this same year, while the duke of
Burgundy resided at Brussels, a dispute arose between the lord de
Quievrain and the lord d'Aymeries, both chamberlains to the count
de Charolois, each of whom, during the absence of the lord d'Auxy
his first chamberlain, would take the precedency of the other. The
count was desirous that the lord d'Aymeries should have the
preference,—which coming to the knowledge of the duke, he sent
for his son, and commanded him to prefer the lord de Quievrain. The
count replied, that he would do no such thing, and that the house of
Croy should not govern him, as he had suffered them to do in regard
to himself.
The duke was so exceedingly irritated at this answer of his son that
he would have struck him, and commanded him to quit his territories
instantly. The count, therefore, departed, much angered and
grieved. When night came, the duke, equally troubled, called for a
horse, and, having mounted it, rode alone into the fields, although it
was then raining very hard. He soon after entered a forest, and lost
his road, so that he knew not whither to direct his horse: luckily he
came to the house of a poor man, who received him, and he lay
there that night. On the morrow, at the earliest dawn, he made his
host conduct him strait to Geneppe,—and on his departure gave him
eight florins of the Rhine.
The attendants of the duke sought him during the night, so that on
the morrow he was grandly accompanied, and thus returned to
Brussels. He shortly after pardoned his son, at the request and
entreaties of the principal lords of his household, and especially at
the entreaties of the dauphin; but he banished from his territories
two of the count's attendants, because he suspected them of having
advised his son to act in the manner he had done, respecting the
two chamberlains.
It happened, that not long after, as the dauphin and the count de
Charolois were hunting in a forest, toward evening they separated,
and the dauphin, with only two attendants, lost his way in the
thickest part of the forest. The count, imagining that he was
returned to Brussels, came home without him. The duke, seeing him
return without the dauphin, was much angered, and ordered him to
remount, and sent him, with many others, with torches and lights,
charging them withal to seek diligently and find him. They made
such haste that they met him full eight leagues from Brussels under
the guidance of a peasant, to whom he had given a golden crown:
by this means they had so soon found him, and were much rejoiced
thereat,—as was the duke, when he saw him arrive in safety.
On the 13th of February, in this year, the countess of Charolois was
brought to bed of a daughter in the town of Brussels. At her
christening, the dauphin, the duchess of Burgundy, and the lady of
Ravestein were sponsors. The dauphin named her Mary, in honour of
the queen his mother, who bore that name. Great feasts took place
on this occasion throughout the duke's territories,—and in the great
towns there were illuminations, and thanksgivings were offered up
to God.
A short time after this event, the duke of Burgundy sent again the
same embassy, namely, the lord de Chimay and sir Simon de Lalain,
to assure the king of France, that the dauphin had come to him of
his own accord, and to find means of satisfying the king on this
subject.
About this time died the patriarch of Antioch, brother to the
chancellor of France, Juvenel des Ursins, to the archbishop of
Rheims, and to another knight at arms, who were four brothers
much in the good graces of the king of France.
 [a.d. 1457.]
CHAP. LXIX.
AN EMBASSY FROM THE KING OF HUNGARY ARRIVES AT
TOURS, AND IS HONOURABLY RECEIVED BY THE KING
OF FRANCE.—THE KING OF HUNGARY DIES.—THE
FRENCH TAKE THE SEAPORT OF SANDWICH BY STORM.
In the year 1457, the king of France, anxious to attack his enemies,
more particularly the Saracens and other unbelievers in the catholic
faith, made an alliance with the potent king of Hungary, who was
sovereign of three kingdoms, namely, Hungary, Poland, and
Bohemia. In consequence of this alliance, the king of Hungary was
to espouse the princess Magdalen, the king of France's daughter;
and very many great barons, knights, and lords of the three
kingdoms were sent as ambassadors to France to be present at the
betrothing: even churchmen were of this embassy, such as the
archbishop of Cologne and the bishop of Passau,—to the amount, in
all, of six hundred horse.
When they arrived at Tours in their various dresses, the king was at
Montils le Tours, a place hard by,—but the queen and princess were
in Tours. The ambassadors presented to the queen a rich robe of
cloth of gold, embroidered with pearls and jewels, and another,
equally sumptuous, to the princess, together with a splendid waggon
hung on springs[234]. Many of the principal lords of the king's
household went about a league from Tours to meet them.
They were handsomely received by the king and his court, and great
entertainments were made for them, especially by the count de Foix,
who gave a grand feast on Thursday before Christmas, in the abbey
of St Julian at Tours, where all the princes and lords of the court
were present. The tables were served, in the utmost abundance,
with all sorts of delicacies, such as pheasants, partridges, bustards,
cranes, wild geese, rabbits without number, fat capons, six score
quarts of hypocras, as well white as red, removes,—morrice dances
of children dressed as savages issuing from a rock, singers,
trumpets, clarions, and various devices,—insomuch that this dinner
cost eighteen hundred crowns, besides the rich presents to the
guests.
These feasts were continued to the ambassadors waiting for the
betrothing of the princess to the king of Hungary, by procuration,
soon after Christmas. But it has been truly said, that often man
proposes, and God disposes; for on the morrow of Christmas-day,
the melancholy news of the king of Hungary's death was brought to
the king of France, which caused great sorrow to him and his whole
court.
The king ordered a general mourning, and a grand funeral service to
be performed, in honour of the potent king of Hungary, in the
metropolitan church of St Gratien in Tours, with ringing of bells,
illuminations of wax tapers in the greatest profusion, befitting the
obsequies of so noble a prince.
The hungarian ambassadors took their leave of the king of France on
the morrow after new-year's-day[235], and departed for their own
country, taking their road through Paris, where they were grandly
received,—and all the nobility then in the town went out to meet
them as far as the windmill beyond the gate of St James. They had
people appointed, however cold the weather was, to lie upon their
carriages, which were chained up with great chains. This was a
novel sight,—and the chains were fastened with a lock, the key of
which one of their governors carried with him when he went to
sleep. A grand funeral service was performed in the church of Nôtre
Dame, with a great display of torches and wax lights.
During the stay of the Hungarians in Paris, the frost was so intense
that they could not walk or ride by reason of the slipperiness of the
streets, but went about in a traineau, made of wood, square and
without wheels, wherever business or pleasure led them. They
visited the noble and royal church of St Denis, and were received at
the gate of the church by the convent in their copes, but the abbot
was absent. They were presented to kiss a cross of gold set with
precious stones, that contained within it a part of the true cross, and
they were besprinkled with holy water and incense: in short, their
reception was similar to that which would have been given to the
late king of Hungary, had he been there in person. The treasures
and sacred vestments of the church were displayed to them,—and
they saw the bodies of the saints that had been interred in separate
chapels, and the sepultures of the kings and queens of France; all of
which gave them much pleasure, for they had for interpreter one of
the king's pursuivants, who understood their language, and had
been ordered by the king to attend on them. After their return from
St Denis to Paris, they departed for Hungary.
On the 21st day of August, sir Pierre de Brézé, lord of Varenne and
count de Maulévrier, accompanied by Robert de Flocques, bailiff of
Evreux, with many other lords, men at arms and archers, sailed from
Honfleur, to the number of four thousand combatants. And on the
25th of the said month, the lords de la Fosse and de l'Eure put to
sea, and sailed for several places without meeting any adventures,
nor being able to land from the roughness of the weather.
On the following Sunday, the 28th of the month, from sixteen to
eighteen hundred combatants made a descent, two leagues from
Sandwich in England, about six o'clock in the morning, and formed
themselves into three battalions. They marched on foot two long
leagues through very bad roads, until they came to a bulwark that
had been lately repaired, the ditches of which were full of water.
This bulwark had two towers full of archers, who were sharply
attacked, and many wounded on each side. Several of the English
were killed,—and the bulwark was won by storm, the English having
retreated into the town.
The bailiff of Evreux, who commanded the rear-guard, remained at
his post during this attack, and, when the bulwark was won, kept his
position, as it had been ordered. A division came by sea before
Sandwich, to the great joy of their companions on foot, seeing their
handsome appearance, while the English were as much cast down.
In this division was a guidon of the count de Dunois, borne by Galiot
de Genouillac.
There were in the port of Sandwich a large carrack and three ships
of war, into which many English had retreated, and would have
continued to do much mischief to the French, if the grand seneschal
of Normandy had not sent them orders to cease shooting or he
would burn their vessels. It was then agreed, that they should retire
in safety from these vessels, provided they ceased from hostilities,
which was fully complied with.
This same day the seneschal had it proclaimed through his army,
that no one, under pain of death, should touch the effects of the
churches, or violate the honour of any woman, or set any house on
fire, or kill any one in cold blood: all of which commands were most
honourably observed.
The infantry now entered the town by the gates, and the division by
sea the harbour,—when the English gave them full employment, for
they attacked them in every square when they rallied after being
defeated in another place. However, the French, but with great
difficulty, drove them out of the town, and displayed their banners
from the gates, under which the French formed themselves in battle-
array: indeed, they had need so to do, for the English were
increasing in strength from all the adjacent parts. They had heard
that the French intended to attack Sandwich, but, from pride, they
said they would not believe it until they should see them.
The English, thus increased, kept up the skirmishes before the gates
for six hours without intermission, when many were killed and
wounded on each side. Thirty new knights were created on this
occasion, namely, Robert de Flocques, called Flocquet, bailiff of
Evreux,—Thibault de Termes, bailiff of Chartres,—John Charbonnel,
lord of Chevreuses, and others, who behaved very valiantly.
When it was about five o'clock in the afternoon, the French,
perceiving no end to skirmishing from the numbers of the enemy
constantly increasing, and that their own men were greatly fatigued
from their sufferings at sea, as the weather had been against them,
determined on making a retreat; for they thought they should be
unable to continue the engagement during the night, considering
that they had many killed and wounded, that their men had little or
no refreshments during the whole day, and that the English were
hourly receiving reinforcements. In this retreat, the French suffered
no other loss than that of a boat, in which were twelve men at arms,
that sunk, and nine of them were drowned: it was a pity, for they
had that day well done their duty. May God grant them his pardon,
and show mercy to all the others who fell!
If it had not been for the great quantity of wine in Sandwich, of
which many archers took more than was necessary, the seneschal
would have tarried there with his whole company that night. They,
however, carried off much wealth, and numbers of vessels, of
different sizes, that were in the harbour: in the number were three
large ships of war, which cast anchor in the road, two leagues from
Sandwich, and remained there until the Wednesday following: the
English all the time were drawn up in battle-array, about a cannon-
shot distant one division from another. The seneschal departed with
his fleet on the Thursday, with numbers of prisoners and much
wealth. On his arrival at Honfleur, the prisoners were ransomed, and
the plunder divided.
This was a year of great scarcity in France, and of great mortality in
other places.

FOOTNOTES:
[234] I have said 'a waggon hung on springs,' as it is in the
original chariot branlant.
[235] The commencement of the year seems now to take place
seven days after Christmas.
 CHAP. LXX.
DUKE PHILIP OF BURGUNDY CARRIES THE DAUPHIN TO
BRUGES, WHERE HE IS JOYFULLY RECEIVED WITH MANY
HONOURS.—OTHER EVENTS MENTIONED AND
REPEATED.
Soon after Easter in this year, the duke of Burgundy, accompanied by
the dauphin, set out from Brussels for Bruges, passing through the
towns of Oudenarde and Courtray. In both these towns, the dauphin
was received most honourably. Thence they proceeded to Bruges,—
and the principal inhabitants, to the amount of eight hundred, very
richly dressed, came out to meet them, with a great concourse of
common people, to do honour to the dauphin, and to please their
lord.
On the first day of July, in this year, a meeting was held between St
Omer and Gravelines, by the count d'Estampes and the bastard of
Burgundy, on the part of the duke of Burgundy, and the earl of
Warwick for the king of England, to repress and check the
enterprises of the English on several parts of the duke's territories.
The matter was so well managed that a truce was settled between
them for eight years.
The 10th of this month, the lady Charlotte of Savoy, daughter to the
duke of Savoy, and married to the dauphin, was conducted to him in
the town of Namur by the lord de Montagu, whom he had sent to
escort her; and then the marriage was perfectly consummated,—for
although they had been married five years, it was said that they had
never lain together. Duke Philip was not then at Namur, but in
Picardy, whither he had gone to learn the intentions of the towns on
the Somme, namely, St Quentin, Corbie, Amiens, and Abbeville; for it
had been rumoured that the king of France had raised a large army,
but no one knew how he intended to employ it,—and it was also
reported that the king was much displeased with the duke of
Burgundy, for detaining his son (as he thought) against his will, and
out of contempt to him. The duke had therefore gone to these
towns, which belonged to him by the treaty of Arras, to put them on
their guard, and to entreat them not to admit any men of arms that
the king might send to their towns. But should the king come in
person, they were to admit him with every honour, as their supreme
lord. These requests the several towns willingly complied with.
About the end of this month of July, upward of two thousand houses
were destroyed by fire in the town of Dordrecht in Holland: many
persons were also burnt to death, which was a most melancholy
case.
The latter end of August, a large body of French sailed from
Normandy, giving out that they were going to aid the Scots against
the English; but they made a descent near to Sandwich, which they
took by storm, before the country could be raised to oppose them.
They, however, only staid there one tide; for had they remained
longer, they would not have returned, from the great numbers of
English that were hastening thither from all quarters. The
commander in chief of the French was the lord de Varennes,
seneschal of Normandy; and new knights were made, to the number
of twenty gentlemen,—among whom were Flocquet, Charlot de
Mares, Porrus de Liques, and others. At this attack, three hundred
English were killed, and about thirty French. They sailed back to
Normandy with their plunder, which was very considerable.
Some short time before this, a party of Bretons had invaded the
English coast, and burnt and pillaged some villages: they made no
long stay, for the English assembled in force to destroy them, had
they not departed.
In the month of September, of this year, the king of France sent the
bishop of Constance and a few others, as his ambassadors to the
duke of Burgundy at Brussels, to remonstrate with the duke on
several matters, especially on the dauphin's remaining so long with
him, to the great displeasure of the king.
 CHAP. LXXI.
A COOLNESS BETWEEN THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY AND
THE COUNT OF ST POL.—OTHER MATTERS.
In the preceding year, the duke of Burgundy, as earl of Hainault, had
taken possession of the lands of Enghien, belonging to the count de
Saint Pol, and situated in the country of Hainault, although he had
not touched any other lands of the count, situated in France or in
the other territories of the duke. The count de St Pol was much
displeased at this conduct; but, wishing to avoid an open rupture
with the duke, he sent to require, if it were his good pleasure, that
he might appear in his presence to hear what he had been guilty of,
and to make such answers and defence as became him,—and for
this purpose he demanded a passport from the duke. The duke
replied, that he had no occasion to require a passport, unless he
reputed himself his enemy. The count, in answer, said, that so far
from reputing himself his enemy, he was his true and loyal subject,
but that he had demanded a passport for the security of his person,
to avoid the effects of the anger of his prince; for that he was
surrounded by counsellors who loved him little, and who were
seeking to create trouble between the duke and him,—and he had,
therefore, been advised not to appear before him without first
having a passport. The passport was at length sent him.
It was reported that the count de St Pol considered the lord de Croy,
first chamberlain and principal minister to the duke, as his chief
enemy, although, a long time before, a marriage had been agreed to
between the eldest son of the lord de Croy and the daughter of the
count de St Pol; and the lady of Croy had received the damsel, and
had educated her as her own child, because she was too young for
marriage. I know not whether the count repented of this match, but
he wanted to have his daughter again, probably to match her more
nobly,—and he sent secretly one of his sons to the place where she
was, to bring his sister back; but the lord de Croy, having had
intimation of this, managed matters so dexterously that the young
couple were married and bedded before the count de Saint Pol could
provide a remedy. This was the cause of their hatred.
The count, having received his passport from the duke, came to
Brussels grandly attended by noble men, and by more than two
hundred horse. The next day, which was about the middle of
September, he had an audience of the duke, and was accused of
having slain, or caused to be slain, certain persons, and of having
taken, or caused to be taken, effects wrongfully and contrary to
justice. It was on these grounds the duke had laid hands on the
lands of Enghien; and he was told that he made but a sorry return
for the numerous acts of kindness that had been done to him and to
his family by the duke and his predecessors.
To these charges the count replied, that he always had been, and
still was, ready to serve and obey the duke in all things, whom he
considered so good and benevolent; that if there were none who
had prejudiced the duke's mind against him, he trusted he should
satisfy him, as to these accusations, if it were his pleasure to hear
him in private, for that he should submit himself wholly to his
gracious mercy,—but that if he would not hear him in private, he
was ready to reply instantly and publicly to the accusations that had
been laid against him.
This was accepted; but, notwithstanding any defence or excuses
that he made, he could not obtain the repossession of the lands of
Enghien, and returned this time without effecting any thing.
In this year of 1457, a splendid embassy, consisting of upwards of
seven hundred horses, arrived at Tours from Lancelot king of
Hungary and Bohemia. Among them were an archbishop, twelve or
thirteen great barons, and more than thirty gentlemen, who were
followed by twenty-six waggons richly adorned and well equipped, to
carry their baggage. Before they entered the city, king Charles sent
out the principal lords of his household to meet and escort them into
the town: the churchmen and people went out also to do them
honour; but the king then resided at a favourite palace at Montils la
Tours, where he had been ill, so that the ambassadors were forced
to remain ten days at Tours before they could have an audience.
The ambassadors went to Montils les Tours on the 18th day of
December, where they were presented to the king, the queen, their
youngest son Charles, and the princess Magdalen. When the
presentations were performed, the archbishop of Bolisdastain[236]
made an harangue in Latin, in such terms as he had received from
his sovereign, and discoursed first on the love and friendship that
had always existed between the kings of France and the kings of
Hungary and Bohemia,—adding, that it was in consequence of their
mutual affection that the king of Hungary had sent this embassy.
'When,' continued he, 'peace and amity shall exist between you
both, who in the world can hurt you? Thy predecessors and our
sovereigns, the kings of Hungary and Bohemia, have been in
alliance. Thou art the column of Christianity, and my sovereign lord
is the shield: thou art the house of Christendom, and my sovereign
is the wall.' Many other fine compliments he addressed to the king,
and, at the conclusion, formally demanded in marriage the princess
Magdalen for king Lancelot his lord, which had been before done in
a private manner.
As the king was well inclined to this marriage, he ordered his
ministers to confer on the subject with the ambassadors; but the
first days were employed in feasting the ambassadors, which was
done by grand and plentiful entertainments given them by one lord
after another. At these feasts, all the nobles of the court of France
were present in the most sumptuous dresses,—so that it was a
splendid sight to view the dukes, counts, barons, knights, esquires,
ladies, damsels, heralds, pursuivants, minstrels and trumpets out of
number.
But above all these entertainments was the first given by the count
de Foix, which, in variety and magnificence surpassed them all. The
first ornament was a castle having four small towers at the corners,