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Advanced Topics in Science
and Technology in China 61
Jianhua Yao
Bo Li
Liang Wang
Advanced Laser
Process for Surface
Enhancement
Advanced Topics in Science and Technology
in China
Volume 61
Zhejiang University is one of the leading universities in China. In Advanced Topics
in Science and Technology in China, Zhejiang University Press and Springer jointly
publish monographs by Chinese scholars and professors, as well as invited authors
and editors from abroad who are outstanding experts and scholars in their fields.
This series will be of interest to researchers, lecturers, and graduate students alike.
Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China aims to present the latest
and most cutting-edge theories, techniques, and methodologies in various research
areas in China. It covers all disciplines in the fields of natural science and
technology, including but not limited to, computer science, materials science, the life
sciences, engineering, environmental sciences, mathematics, and physics.
This book series is indexed by the SCOPUS database.
If you are interested in publishing your book in the series, please contact
Dr. Mengchu Huang(Email: mengchu.huang@springer.com).
Liang Wang
Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing
Zhejiang University of Technology
Hangzhou, China
© Zhejiang University Press and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
In recent years, with the rapid development of high-end manufacturing, the technolo-
gies of laser surface modification and improvement have received extensive applica-
tion for performance enhancement of various key parts or components in the fields
of energy, marine, chemical and aerospace engineering, achieving huge economic
and social profit. In the meanwhile, with continuous improvement and innovation in
manufacturing technologies, the corresponding laser surface modification techniques
consequently exhibit growing trend in both speed and diversity, changing from single
process to multiple or compound processes which not only retain the features of the
former, but also take the advantages of the latter, with the assistance of other energy
fields to gain better processing effectiveness that single process cannot attain. This
has significantly expanded the application of laser surface modification technologies
in various industries.
Two typical hybrid laser surface modification processes, so-called
electro/magnetic field aided laser process and supersonic laser deposition process,
are introduced in the book, which enable solving the common problems in quality
control and low efficiency of single laser surface modification process, such as
severe contamination and high consumption. The contents of this book include
recent research outcomes of the authors’ group, in various aspects such as numerical
modeling, theoretical analysis, experimental data, etc., presented with the assistance
of figures and tables, so as to help readers understand the two advanced laser
processes easier.
From this book, the readers can learn more knowledge about the principle, tech-
nique, and application of electro/magnetic field aided laser and supersonic laser
deposition technologies, and understand the means of controlling the laser process
to achieve high performance by combining laser with ultrasonic and electric/magnetic
field, thus to break through the bottlenecks of existing single laser processing tech-
niques. The book is aimed to provide the guidance and reference for the researchers,
engineers, and students in the fields of mechanical engineering, laser processing, and
material engineering.
This book is written by Prof. Jianhua Yao, Associated Professor Bo Li and Liang
Wang, Zhejiang University of Technology, China. Associated Professor Qunli Zhang,
Dr. Zhijun Chen, Dr. Honghao Ge, Dr. Lijing Yang, Dr. Zhihong Li, Dr. Yong
v
vi Preface
Hu, and Dr. Lijuan Wu have also contributed to the research and relevant experi-
ments. Professor Rong Liu from Carleton University, Canada, has edited this book in
English. For systematical integrity, this book has cited the research results published
in book, journal, and conference articles from international and domestic experts in
the related fields, hence, we wish to express sincere thanks to them. The research
projects covered in this book have been sponsored and supported by the National Key
R&D Program of China (2017YFB1103600, 2018YFB0407300), and the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (U1509201, 51701182, 51705464, 51804274).
Here, we all express our great appreciation.
There are inevitably mistakes and errors in the book due to our oversight, please
feel free to make comments and criticization.
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Laser Application in Surface Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Laser Processing of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Various Laser Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Laser Process Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Influence Factors of Laser Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Laser Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Laser Power and Irradiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4 Laser Scanning Rate and Residence Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Advanced Laser Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Laser Process Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.2 Laser Process with Auxiliary Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Laser Contribution to Cold Spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.1 Cold Spray of Hard Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4.2 Laser Aided Cold Spray Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Magnetic Field Aided Laser Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Laser Surface Remelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 Surface Undulation Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Magnetic Field Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Simulation of Laser Surface Remelting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Assumptions for Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Formulation of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.3 Boundary Conditions of the Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Characteristics of Molten Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 Temperature Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 Fluid Velocity Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.3 Surface Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Summary of Magnetic Field Aided Laser Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
vii
viii Contents
Abstract In this chapter, the fundamental concepts of laser technologies and appli-
cations of laser in surface engineering are briefly introduced. Various laser processes
with associated parameters are reviewed. The influences of individual process param-
eters chosen on the final laser processed products are generally discussed. The back-
ground and significance of the newly developed laser processes which are detailed
in this book are delineated. These advanced processes include incorporating a steady
magnetic field in laser remelting process and an electric magnetic compound field
in laser melt injection process, a novel deposition technique, known as supersonic
laser deposition, by introducing laser into cold spray process, that is, the deposition
site of cold spray is simultaneously heated by laser in order to preheat and soften the
spraying particles and substrate.
Invented in 1960, laser offers a unique set of opportunities for precise delivery of
high-quality coherent energy. This unique behavior results in very good focusing
capabilities, and the resulting power densities in the focus of a high-power laser can
reach 1000 W/cm2 easily [1]. Such high intensities enable rapid thermal processing,
where thermal energy is confined to the beam spot without collateral damage to the
adjacent material [2]. Nowadays laser systems can be found in nearly all branches of
industry for numerous applications. This is a result among other things of close inter-
actions between the industrial needs and fundamental research in systems, materials
and processes performed on a scientific and technical basis. Laser processing covers
a wide range of power, interaction time and process materials with length scales from
nanometers to meters [3].
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 1
J. Yao et al., Advanced Laser Process for Surface Enhancement, Advanced Topics
in Science and Technology in China 61, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9659-9_1
2 1 Introduction
Material processing is one of the important and active areas of research in heat
transfer today. Rapid thermal processing of materials refers to manufacturing and
material fabrication techniques that are strongly dependent on the thermal trans-
port mechanisms, involving rapid heating and cooling processes [4]. Laser material
processing can be divided into three major classes, namely heating, melting and
vaporisation. These three classes are determined by power density (irradiance) and
exposure/interaction time (residence time), as illustrated by the chart in Fig. 1.1 [5].
Within these classes there are various processes that can be achieved through careful
selection of the irradiance and residence time.
Laser surface treatment of materials offers considerable advantages over the
conventional methods. It is an important technique because it offers a possibility
to enhance various properties such as the surface strength, hardness, roughness,
coefficient of friction, chemical resistance, and corrosion of various materials. Such
improvements to a material surface are not only ideal for applications when wear
rate and shear stresses are high but could also be used for maintaining or elongating
the component functional life by means of reducing the microcracks in surfaces. In
addition, aesthetics can also be improved using laser surface treatment (for ceramics
in particular) by creating a modified surface layer.
For the laser applications in surface engineering, there are various surface treatment
techniques, among which laser glazing, laser melting, laser alloying, laser cladding,
and laser shock hardening, are the most popular.
The term ‘glazing’ refers to the process of being able to make ‘glassy’, to make
a solid without any crystalline structure [6]. Laser glazing occurs when a beam
1.1 Laser Application in Surface Engineering 3
The main process variables in the laser surface modification operation include laser
power density, laser beam diameter and configuration, laser scan rate, etc.[19]. In
order to obtain the required properties of the surface it is crucial that the selected
interaction time and power density allow the material to undergo the desired degree
of heating and phase transition. Power density (irradiance) input determines the
maximum temperature attained. Duration of interaction (residence time) governs
the reaction among the phases and the cooling rates. Interfacial properties of the
treated surface layer are also strongly attributed to the temperature encountered
during treatment [20]. The control of these laser processing parameters is impor-
tant to achieve repeatability and optimum microstructure changes on the surface.
It should be noted that the parameter selection process is complex. For instance,
it would be more convenient to quantify different laser processes using a singular
parameter like energy density determined from power density multiplied by time,
but this would not define the true outcome of each individual processing parameter
as it is the specific combination of power and time (rather than their product) which
determines the resulting thermal and material effect.
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UN PEU DE NOIR DE FUMÉE
III
IV
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