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 Figs. 671 to 675.—From the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy.
Urns of a different character of ornamentation were discovered
some years ago at Ballon Hill, between Fenagh and Tullow, county
Carlow. Among these was one, more than fifteen inches in height,
about fourteen inches in width at the mouth, and of “flower-pot”
form, very similar to some English examples. It had two raised
encircling ribs, and the upper part was ornamented with a chevron
or zigzag pattern produced by impressed twisted thongs. Another
was of bowl form with raised bands, and every part elaborately
ornamented, the upper and lower parts bearing saltires alternating
with incised lines; it was of much the same general form as the one
engraved on Fig. 687. Another, of more flowing form, whose outline
took a graceful jar-like curve, gradually swelling outward from the
contraction below the mouth and tapering down to the foot, was
ornamented with impressed thongs and incised lines. Others were
found which partook of the same general shapes as other examples
here engraved, and were more or less ornamented with encircling
lines, zigzag and other patterns, and impressed points, curves, &c.;
one or two had raised knobs. One of the richest of “immolation
urns,” about two and three-quarter inches in height (and filled with
small burnt bones when found), of the Irish series, also brought to
light in this interment, is engraved on Fig. 665. Another remarkable
urn (Fig. 666), found at Cairn Thierna, county Cork (engraved in the
Archæological Journal), has its outline totally different from others,
and is elaborately and delicately ornamented over almost its entire
surface.
Fig. 664 carefully represents an urn found some years back at a
place called Yellow Jack’s Cairn, in the townland of Altegarron, on
the slopes of Divis Mountain, near Belfast. It was five inches in
height, and six in diameter at the mouth. The whole surface was
richly decorated with incised and impressed lines, and other
ornamentation; these are sufficiently well shown in the engraving,
and therefore need no description.
Occasionally covers made of the same clay as the urns
themselves, and ornamented in a similar manner, have been found.
One remarkable example discovered at Danes Fort had a perfect
cover, or lid, with a handle at the top.
Some of the most curious and certainly most interesting urns
which have come under my notice, were found at Drumnakilly, near
Omagh, county Tyrone, in 1872–3, and have been described and
figured by Mr. Wakeman. The first of these, Fig. 676, 3 feet 6 inches
in circumference at the mouth, and of proportionate height, is
elaborately ornamented with incised lines, “exactly of that class
which we find upon the golden ornaments and other antiquities of
pre-historic times preserved in our museums;” its outline bears a
graceful curve from the mouth, swelling out in the middle, and
gradually tapering down to the foot. Around the upper part is a
series of perpendicular broad indentations with herringbone pattern
between; next follow a number of encircling lines, scoriated
between; and the middle part of the urn is ornamented with zigzag
and other lines. Another of pretty much the same general form (Fig.
679) but devoid of ornament, contained within it an immolation urn
(Fig. 680). Another (Fig. 682) is unique in its ornamentation; “its
neck and lip, though exquisitely proportioned, are devoid of
ornament, while the body of the vessel is encircled by a network
pattern executed in bold relief; the substance of this pattern is
different from, and finer in quality than, that of which the rest of the
urn was composed. It is evident upon even a slight examination that
this raised ornament was added after the formation and fire-
hardening of the vessel, from portions of which it is easily detached.”
It contained a smaller urn, both being as usual filled with burned
bones. Fig. 677, 3 feet 9 inches in circumference at the neck, has an
overlapping rim with a remarkably elegant outline. Figs. 681, 683,
685, of much the same form as Fig. 682, have incised lines round
the neck, the body of the latter being covered with a reticulated
ornament. Figs. 681 and 683 are of the same general form, but
extremely rich in ornamentation.

Figs. 676 to 680.—From Drumnakilly, Co. Tyrone.

Figs. 681 to 686.—From Drumnakilly, Co. Tyrone.
 Fig. 687.—From the Giant’s Grave, Loughrey Demesne.
Two unusually fine urns have been brought to my notice by Miss
Stokes, of Carrig Breac, near Dunamase, and are, I believe, now in
the R. I. A. Museum. The larger of the two, which is of the same
general form as the Altegarron urn, Fig. 664, but rather more
contracted in the upper part, has two raised encircling rims around
its widest part; between these the urn is ornamented with a series
of diagonal lines of impressed squares. Round the upper part is a
line of curves or undulations, between elaborate diagonal indented
lines as before. The lower part of the urn has around its upper and
lower edges a row of undulations, and around its centre an
encircling border of rude lozenge formed indentations; the whole of
the rest of the surface being covered with vertical lines of square
indentations, same as already described; these are of the same class
as those shown in Figs. 706 and 718. The other urn in general form
of outline resembles the one from Ballon Hill (Fig. 665); it is richly
decorated with encircling bands of herringbone lines, and three
borders, one on its neck and two on the lower part of chevron
ornament.
The pottery found in the Crannogs presents many peculiarities of
pattern. The vessels are considered by Mr. Wakeman, to whom the
antiquarian world is indebted, in many cases, for their discovery, to
be the remains of what have been used for cooking purposes. They
are mostly vessels, sometimes of very large size, wide at the mouth,
contracted in the neck, and gradually, with easy flow of line, tapering
downwards on the sides. Mostly they appear to have had handles at
the top, which take a gradual curve from the rim down to their
junction with the tapering body. They are more or less decorated
with punctured, incised, impressed, or other simple ornaments.

Fig. 688.
The general form of these crannog vessels will be best
understood on reference to the accompanying engraving, which is a
restored example from fragments found in a crannog in Drumgay
Lake, near Enniskillen, and carefully described by Mr. Wakeman in
the Journal of the Royal Historical and Archæological Association of
Ireland. The lake wherein this crannog was discovered—the “Loch of
Drumgay”—is a picturesque sheet of water, nearly midway between
Enniskillen and the village of Bellinamallard, in the county of
Fermanagh. The examination of these lake dwellings yielded many
highly interesting and important results, and brought to light several
fragments of pottery, and many other objects of antiquity. Some of
the patterns of fictile ornamentation are shown on the Figs. 691 to
704, which are drawn of one half their real size. One pattern is a
simple chevron; another a punched right-line ornament, very
characteristic of this primitive ware; another has a series of incisions,
giving the rim somewhat the effect of a cable moulding; and another
is reticulated, or has what may be described as a series of saltires,
all round the rim.
 Fig. 689.
Some other excellent examples were yielded by the examination,
by Mr. Wakeman, of a crannog in Ballydoolough[65]—a loch of about
twenty-four acres in extent, a few miles from Enniskillen, not far
from the old road to Tempo. The “lake dwelling” where these
fragments were found, is said to be “one of the most instructive yet
discovered in Ireland.” In it, “among other instructive remains, were
found a very large number of fragments of pottery, along with
quantities of bones of bos longifrons, cervus elephas, sus scrofa,
equus asinus, and other animals, including the goat, which gave
good testimony to their being portions of cooking vessels.” A
restoration of one of these “crocks” is given on the accompanying
engraving, Fig. 689, and its pattern is shown of a larger size on Fig.
718. “It measures three feet two inches round the mouth, and is
tastefully ornamented on the rim and sides. The decoration, which
was impressed upon the soft clay before the vessel was burnt, is
extremely like that which appears upon silver bracelets preserved in
the Museum of the Royal Irish Academy, and also found amongst the
Cuerdale hoard.” Its colour is drab, or light yellowish red, and it is of
close texture. The pattern is impressed or indented, and from its
chevron character is undoubtedly early. Several varieties of this
pattern occurred. The next examples exhibit simply a series of zigzag
incisions of precisely the same character as is found on Celtic
cinerary urns. Indeed the decoration of many of these domestic (?)
vessels is exactly identical with that of some of the finest sepulchral
urns found in that country. “It may be said further, that in the
numerous designs found upon the crannog vessels there is not one
that is suggestive of the work of Christian times in Ireland; on the
contrary, the greater portion—chevrons and circular depressions—
are expressive of pagan ideas of ornamental art. The log-house at
Ballydoolough is almost precisely of the same size and of the same
style of construction as the celebrated dwelling described by Captain
Mudge in the ‘Archæologia,’ in which was found a stone hatchet.”
These crannog vessels must not, therefore, be assigned to a later
period than pagan times.

Fig. 690.
 Figs. 691 to 704.
Some other examples from this crannog are of extreme interest.
The “fragment, Fig. 719, bears upon its ear,” says Mr. Wakeman,
“two figures somewhat like a St. Andrew’s Cross, but which here, I
apprehend, need not be regarded as a Christian symbol. Such
figures
have been found in Ireland, inscribed on rocks, and upon the walls
of natural or partly artificial caverns, and even within the inclosure of
pagan tumuli, as at Dowth, accompanied in several instances by
‘scorings’ at present unintelligible.” Many appear in the cave of
Lochnacloyduff (the loch of the dark trench, or mound) and in the
“lettered caves” and the cliffs of Knockmore. These vessels are “of a
dingy brown colour, and their ‘scorings’ are deeply impressed in what
was a paste of unusually gritty matter. It may not be out of place to
state here, once for all, that between the crannog pottery and the
vases found in cairns, and usually styled sepulchral, there is
apparently no difference in style of manufacture. Strange to say,
both classes exhibit the action of fire more strongly upon the interior
than upon the external sides or base. Their colouring upon the
whole is generally similar, varying from a dull red to a dark brown,
nearly black; and in no instance, as far as my observation carries,
has glazing been practised.” (Wakeman.)

Fig. 705.
Figs. 706 to 715.
 Figs. 716 to 721.
In another remarkably interesting lake dwelling in Lough Eyes,
not far from Lisbellaw, in the same county of Fermanagh, a variety
of patterns of crocks, along with bones of animals, including the
“remains of bos longifrons, or ancient Celtic short-horned ox, of the
red-deer, ass, sheep, goat, and pig,” were found. These were of the
same general form as those already described, and they were more
or less ornamented with indented patterns, sometimes arranged
simply in lines and sometimes in chevron or zigzag designs. It is
worthy of special note too, that several flat discs of the same
material as the crocks were found with them; these were doubtless
covers or lids; one of these is shown on Fig. 703.
A very unusual and clever “provision for the escape of steam
during the process of boiling, or cooking, is observable in several of
these earthen pots. It consists of a small circular hole in the neck or
upper side of the vessel, just below the point where the lid would be
supported or caught;” the lid of course resting on the narrower part
of the neck. Doubtless the contraction of the neck would be formed
for this special purpose. The perforation is shown on the fragments
engraved, Figs. 692 and 716. Figs. 712 and 720 show, very carefully,
two examples of ornamentation on pottery from this crannog; the
one with incisions only, the other with both incisions and impressed
ornaments, the dotted pattern being almost identical with some
found in the lake habitations of Switzerland. The other woodcuts
give very clear representations of other patterns found at Lough
Eyes. One of these, Fig. 706, has both the impressed herringbone
and rim patterns; Fig. 700 is simply “notched” on its edge; Fig. 701
has a series of incisions or “thumb-nail” indentations; Figs. 691 and
699 have the zigzag pattern; and Fig. 694 a series of lozenge-
formed indentations. Figs. 715 and 717 are among the most
pronounced examples of herringbone or zigzag patterns which these
lake dwellings have produced, and they are, as the engravings show,
exact counterparts, in appearance, character, and style, with that
which forms so marked a characteristic of Celtic sepulchral urns of
one kind or other.
During mediæval times the pottery of Ireland was much of the
same coarse kind as described under “England” in the first volume;
but little, however, is known concerning either its localities of
manufacture or its general characteristics. Wood (both platters and
noggins) and pewter appear to have been in much more general use
for domestic purposes than earthenware, and the manufacture of
the latter was consequently very small. Later on, manufactories of a
finer kind of ware were established in Belfast, Dublin, and other
places; of these but very meagre particulars are known.

Dublin.
Delamain.—A manufactory of delft-ware existed here in the
Strand, in the early and middle part of last century. Before 1753 the
manufactory had passed into the hands of Captain Henry Delamain,
who, as stated by himself, “when the delft manufactory in this city
[Dublin] failed,” “being convinced that it might be carried on greatly
to the advantage of this nation, took said manufactory into his
hands, built workhouses and kilns, erected a mill to grind flint and
metals,” and so forth. In that year he appears to have had as a
confidential manager Mr. William Stringfellow, who probably had
either been the previous owner of the manufactory or one of the
“most knowing persons” of those works. In the year referred to
Capt. Delamain petitioned the Irish House of Commons for
assistance in carrying out his undertaking. His case was thus stated:
“a.d. 1761. 1st November. Geo. II.[66]
“A Petition of Henry Delamain the Younger, of the City of Dublin,
Gentleman, Setting forth:—that when the Delft Manufactory in this
City failed, the petitioner being convinced that it might be carried on
greatly to the advantage of this Nation, took said Manufactory into his
hands, built Workhouses and Kilns, erected a mill to grind flint and
Metals, and discharged debts affecting the old Manufactory, and also
supported the most knowing persons that were employed at the old
Manufactory, while his new one was building, to prevent their leaving
the Kingdom; and purchased the Art of Printing Earthen Ware with as
much Beauty, Strong Impression, and Dispatch as it can be done on
paper. That the Petitioner lived above 20 years abroad, where he
acquired a knowledge in the Manufactures of Delft and Earthen Ware
and having taken a Circuit thro’ this Kingdom found that every
Province therein is furnished with proper Materials for making thereof.
That the Petitioner after many repeated experiments has discovered
the secrets of Glazing Delft Ware with Coals, and Painting and Glazing
Flint Ware. That the petitioner employs upwards of 40 families in his
Manufactory, and proposes taking a number of Charter School Boys
apprentice, by which means he will be able to supply New
Manufactories with Artists; and the petitioner is willing not only to
communicate all the secrets of his business to any one setting them
up, but also to assist them in the construction of their kilns, &c. That
the petitioner laid Specimens of the Wares made by him before the
Dublin Society, who were of opinion that they were as good, and
some of them better than any imported into Ireland; and found on
Experiments made, that they stood boiling water without breaking or
Cracking; and as it can be made near 20 per cent. cheaper than it can
be imported, he apprehends a great benefit will arise, not only by
preventing large sums from going out of the Kingdom for said
Manufactures, but also by exporting it to Foreign Markets, and praying
aid to enable him to carry on the said Manufactory, was presented to
the House and read.
“Ordered to be reported on by Sir Arthur Gore and a Committee.”
 “Sir A. Gore reported that the Committee considered the
Allegations proved, and that the Petitioner deserved encouragement.
[67]

“Referred to Committee of Supply.”

“Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Committee that a sum of
£1000 be given to Henry Delamain the Younger, Manufacturer of
Earthen Ware, for his encouragement, and to enable him more
effectually to carry on the said Manufacture.”[68]
In the same year, 1753, Delamain having discovered a way to use
coal instead of wood in the manufacture of earthenware, applied to
the English Parliament for compensation for making his invention
public. From the Journal of the House it appears his petition,
wherein he is described as “Henry Delamain, gentleman,” was read
on the 21st of January, 1754, and referred to a Committee, where,
however, the whole matter seems to have ended. In it he says that
“he has discovered a method of firing kilns of a particular
construction,” “which perfectly burn and glaze all sorts of white ware
with coal in less time and in larger quantities than the method now
practised by burning of wood, and at one-third of the expense.” In a
not very honourable letter, printed by Owen, Delamain speaks of his
intention of applying to “the Parliament of England for a reward for
having burnt and glazed delft-ware with coals,” instead of wood or
turf. In this letter Delamain writes to Stringfellow that he has seen
the Liverpool potters and told them of the success of his plan, and
he desires him to write how well he has succeeded with the coal; he
says, even “suppose it has happened quite the reverse, do you write
what I desire you, for your own advantage as well as my credit; for I
have set them all on fire to burn their ware with coals, and have
come to this agreement with them, that you are to come over to
build their kilns, for which they will pay you handsomely.” And again
he says, “by all means answer to them by return of post all you can
say in its favour, and more if necessary.” The letter is addressed, “to
Mr. Wm. Stringfellow, at the Delft Manufactory, on the Strand,
Dublin,” and dated 19th of December, 1753. Another letter,
addressed to his wife, “Mrs. Mary Delamain, at the India Warehouse,
Abbey Street, Dublin,” by Capt. Delamain, is to the same effect, and
runs as follows:—
“To Mrs. Mary Delamain, at the India Warehouse, Abbey Street,
Dublin.
Tuesday, Liverpool [Jany.] 18th, 1753.
r
“My D Poll,
“Inclos’d I send you a letter to Mr. Stringfellow the purport of it
is to desire him by all means to answer some letters that will be wrote
to him this night from Liverpoole to know how our large kiln has
turned out; send for him on the rect of this and right or wrong beg of
him to write it was burnt twice before I left Ireland and once since,
and that it succeeds so well that not a bit of ware was smoked and
that it Glazes the Ware better than Turf and Wood & makes it harder,
less subject to peel, and that about two Tun or 2 and a half of coals
will burn it off, give him this letter for fear he sd forget writing them
all the above particulars, let him write the night he receives mine, for
as soon as his letter arrives at Liverpoole the Mayor Corporation and
all the Potters will joyne in a petition for me to parliament & they will
give Mr. Stringfellow a handsome some of money to build them kilns.
I go to London this day and shall call in my way at Worster to see the
fine new China Manufactory.”
To Delamain, doubtless, belonged the credit of introducing the
use of coal in the manufacture of earthenware, and he deserved the
recognition he sought, but did not succeed in obtaining, for his
invention from the English Parliament. In 1755 Capt. Delamain
received from the Dublin Society a grant or “bounty” of £1,100,
which he expended in furthering his manufacture.
Capt. Delamain died on the 10th of January, 1757, and his death
is thus curiously recorded in the Belfast News Letter of that period.
“Dublin, January 15th:” “Monday last, died, universally lamented by
all true lovers of their country, Captain Henry Delamain, formerly in
the Duke of Saxe-Gotha’s service, Master of the Irish Delft Ware
Manufactory, who, by the expense of a large fortune and unwearied
application, brought that ware to such perfection as totally to
prevent the enemies of our country, the French, from draining large
sums yearly from this country for Burgundy and Roan ware. Mary
Delamain, his widow, carries on said manufactory and hopes for the
continuance of the friendship of the nobility, gentry, and whole
kingdom.” On the 9th of November, 1759, Mrs. Delamain, his widow,
petitioned the Irish House of Commons for further assistance to
enable her to carry on and extend the business, but nothing seems
to have been done for her. Mrs. Delamain, who survived her
husband three years, died in March, 1760, her death being recorded
in the Dublin Public Gazetteer of that date: “Tuesday last died Mrs.
Mary Delamain, widow of the late Captain Henry Delamain, who was
the first that brought the earthenware manufacture to perfection in
this kingdom; and since his decease his said widow (endowed with
all the virtues of a good Christian, tender parent, and sincere friend,)
continued it with such advantage to the purchasers as to prevent the
further importation of foreign wares,” &c. In 1763 the executors of
Mrs. Delamain petitioned the Irish House of Commons for a further
grant. The petition contains many interesting particulars, and is as
follows:—
“a.d. 1761. 6th November. Geo. III.
“A Petition of Samuel Wilkinson and William Delamain, Esqres.
Executors of Mary Delamain, late of the City of Dublin, Earthen-Ware
Manufacturer, was presented to the House and read, Setting forth,
That the late Henry Delamain erected a Manufactory for Making of
Earthen-Ware in which he discovered the Art of burning with Coal
instead of Wood, and brought it to such Perfection as not only to
excel any thing of the kind ever attempted in this Kingdom before, but
to equal the best Foreign Ware imported: in which he expended his
entire Fortune to the amount of £6,000, and upwards, as appeared to
a Committee of the late Parliament who were appointed to take his
Petition into consideration.
“That in the Session 1753, the House of Commons did grant him
£1,000 as an encouragement for carrying on said Manufacture, and
the Dublin Society upon Inspection had, and Satisfaction received of
his having expended said Bounty in the Improvement of said
Manufacture, did in the year 1755 confer a further Bounty on him of
£1,100, which sum was also expended with the best Economy, in
improving said Manufacture. That on the Decease of said Henry
Delamain, his late Widow, Mary Delamain, carried on said Manufacture
with Great Success, and declined troubling Parliament in Session
1757, assured that the Manufacture would support itself: but finding
 that the export of the Ware to Foreign Markets was prevented by the
continuance of the War, she, the said Mary, Petitioned in the Session
of 1759, praying the further Sanction of Parliament, and Proved the
Allegations of her Petition; but in that Session no money was granted
to Private Petitions.
“That the Petitioners, since the Decease of said Mary Delamain, have
carried on the same Manufacture, for the advantage of the orphans of
the said Henry and Mary, in particular, and of the Nation in General,
with so much success as to prevent the Import of Foreign Ware,
which Annually carried out of this Country above £10,000 to France,
and have supplied Dealers in every principal Seaport of this Kingdom.
That Petitioners by commencing on a Small Stock are disabled of
purchasing Coal and other Materials in the proper Season requisite for
carrying on the Work, and lowering the price of the Ware, or
employing between 2 and 300 of the poor Natives which the
Apparatus is equal to; and on a Peace, of exporting to Foreign
Markets about £20,000 worth every year, over and above the Home
Consumption; and therefore praying the House to take their Case into
Consideration, and to grant such assistance and relief as shall seem
meet.

“Referred to a Committee.”[69]

A similar petition appears to have been presented by the same

parties on 9th Nov., 1763, and was referred to a Committee, but no
votes in either case seem to have been taken.

Dublin.
Donovan.—Whether Mr. Donovan, of Poolbeg Street, on the Quay,
Dublin, was a manufacturer or not is uncertain, but I believe not. He
purchased both English and Continental wares in the white and
decorated them in his own place. He amassed a large fortune and
purchased estates in Sussex. In his business he was usually known
in Dublin as “The Emperor of China.” “About 1790 he had a glass
manufactory at Ringsend, near Dublin, and he employed a painter to
decorate pottery, and placed all sorts of fancy and imitation marks
on china and earthenware.” His name sometimes occurs as
DONOVAN only, and at others as
 Donovan
Dublin
or
donovan
dublin.

Dublin.
Fig. 722.

A mark on Delft ware which has come under my notice is a

crowned harp with the word Dublin. It is quite uncertain to whose
make this is to be ascribed.
Two or three brownware manufactories also existed during last
century at Dublin, and produced all the usual commoner kinds of
coarse domestic vessels.

Belfast.
Leathes and Smith.—A pottery was established here in the middle
of the seventeenth century by Captain Leathes and Mr. Smith. It is
thus alluded to by William Sacheverell, some time Governor of the
Isle of Man (a descendant of the Sacheverells of Morley, in
Derbyshire), who in 1688 made a voyage to I-Columb-Kill, which he
printed in his “Survey of the Isle of Man.” He left Liverpool on the
23rd of June, 1688, on his way to I-Columb-Kill, and as “it blew very
hard for a whole week” he “took the opportunity of visiting Carrick
Fergus and Bellfast,” and stayed in the latter two nights, being
thither invited by “the Earl of Dunagall, whither he was going with
the Earl of Orrery and the Lord Dungannon.” “Bellfast,” he says, “is
the second town in Ireland, well built, full of people, and of great
trade. The quantities of butter and of beef which it sends into
foreign parts are almost incredible; I have seen the barrels piled up
in the very streets. The new pottery is a pretty curiosity, set up by
Mr. Smith, the present sovereign, and his predecessor, Captain
Leathes, a man of great ingenuity;” and, again, “Captain Leathes,
who was chief magistrate of Belfast, and reputed a man of great
integrity.” The pottery is also spoken of at a later date, 1708, by Dr.
Molyneux, in his MS. tour to the Giant’s Causeway. “Here,” at Belfast,
he says, “we saw a very good manufacture of earthenware, which
comes nearest to delft of any made in Ireland, and really is not
much short of it. It is very clear and pretty, and universally used in
the north; and, I think, not so much owing to any peculiar happiness
in the clay, but rather to the manner of beating and mixing it up.”
The works were continued for very many years, and produced much
useful ware of good quality.

M
H*R
1724
The curious example of Belfast pottery engraved on Fig. 723 is
highly interesting as bearing the name of Belfast and the date 1724.
It is a “choppine,” or lady’s high-heeled shoe, and is in Delft ware. It
is six inches in length and the heel is two inches in height, and is
decorated in blue and white, the flowers and foliage being blue on a
white and white on a blue ground. On the sole are the initials M H R,
M being the surname and H and R the Christian names of husband
and wife, with the name and date in writing “Belfast, 1724,” as
shown on the engraving. These are painted under the glaze in blue.
For the notice of this interesting example, in the possession of a lady
in Belfast, to whose grandmother it formerly belonged, I am
indebted to Mr. Benn, the historian of that town.
 Fig. 723.

Coates’ Pottery.—On an old map of Belfast, published in 1791, a

building marked as “Coates’ Pottery” occurs. This, it is recorded by
Mr. Pinkerton, was “set up by Mr. Victor Coates, at Lagan village,
long before he established the well-known foundry at the same
place. Red ware and a coarse kind of delft were made.”

China Works.—On the same map of Belfast, engraved in 1791,

just referred to, occurs a building marked “China Manufactory,” close
by “Coates’ Pottery,” “The partners in this Belfast china manufactory,”
says Mr. Pinkerton, “were Thomas Gregg, Samuel Stephenson, and
John Ashmore. That they carried on the manufacture of china there
for some years is certain; for on January 29, 1793, the Earl of
Hillsborough presented a petition from them to the Irish House of
Commons. The original petition may be seen in the Journals of the
House. In it the petitioners state that, recognising the great
advantages arising from a manufacture of Queen’s Ware, and other
fine kinds of ware such as are made in Staffordshire, they united
themselves into a company for producing such wares in Ireland, and
by their exertions had carried this manufacture to a greater
perfection in the County of Down, near Belfast, than was ever known
in this kingdom; that they had been at great expenses in erecting
buildings, and importing machinery, and in bringing workmen from
foreign places; that the difference in the prices of coal between
Belfast and Staffordshire had greatly exceeded their expectations,
and they now prayed for pecuniary aid. A committee, consisting of
the Earl of Hillsborough, Mr. Johnson, and others, was immediately
appointed by the House to report on the petition; and on the 2nd of
February they reported that the petitioners had fully proved their
allegations. The report was then ordered to be laid on the table; but
it does not appear that anything was done further in the matter.

Florence Court, County Fermanagh.

There is a manufactory at this place where common red ware is
made. The products are chiefly flower-pots and the coarser kinds of
domestic vessels.

Coal Island, Dungannon.

At this manufactory only the coarser kinds of fire-clay and terra-
cotta goods—chimney-pots, flower-pots, vases, &c., are produced.

Youghal.
There was a manufactory of brown ware, for pitchers and
common goods, at this place. It was of old foundation.

Larne.
Larne Pottery.—Pottery works were, I am informed by Mr.
Patterson, built close to the small sea-port of Larne, county of
Antrim, by James Agnew, Esq., the proprietor of the estate, and
were worked under the management of his agent, Mr. Walker, from
about 1850 to 1855, and afterwards for two or three years by the
Greenock Pottery Company, since which time the works have been
closed. The buildings still remain, but lie vacant. The goods
produced were white and printed earthenware, cane ware,
Rockingham tea-pots, and brown pans, crocks, and dairy and
kitchen utensils of various kinds. Some of the latter named were
made from local clays, and were very good of their kind. Their
rubbish heaps are on the borders of Larne Lough, and the beach is
strewed with fragments of pottery, the little triangular supports,
saggars, &c.

Castle Espie Pottery.

At Castle Espie, near Comber, county of Down, Mr. Samuel
Minland, J.P., some years ago, I am informed by Mr. Patterson,
established brick and tile works. Common pottery is now
manufactured there from the local red clay. The brown glazed ware
consists of dairy vessels, tea-pots, flower vases, and other plain
household articles.

Figs. 724 and 725.

 Captain Beauclerc, at the exhibition of 1851, exhibited two terra-
cotta vases, his own modelling, made in Ireland, of Irish material.
They were engraved in the “Art Journal Illustrated Catalogue,” page
257, and are here reproduced, Figs. 724 and 725. The productions
were in two tints; the body of each vase being of a deep red, and
the figures of a lighter and much yellower clay.

Belleek.
The village of Belleek, county Fermanagh, Ireland, is situated on
the banks of the river Erne, near the borders of Donegal and
Fermanagh and on the outskirts of the Donegal highlands. It has a
station on the Enniskillen and Bundoran line; which line
communicates with Dublin, Belfast, and the various other lines of the
kingdom. Belleek is within three miles of Ballyshannon; six of
Bundoran; four of Lough Melvin, renowned for its salmon and trout
fishery, and especially famous for the Gillaroo trout. It is also within
short distances of Pettigo, Garrison, Devenish Island, with its
monastic ruins and a perfect round tower, the beautiful park and
grounds of Castle Caldwell, and many other objects of attraction.
 Fig. 726.—The Belleek China Works.
The manufactory, a view of which is given on Fig. 726, stands on
a small island in a bend of the river Erne. Near the bridge is a large
water-wheel, over 100-horse power, which gives motion to grinding-
pans, lathes, turning-plates, and all the varied and skilfully designed
apparatus of the works. “In the interior, the factory bears all the
appearance of business and bustle. Enormous grinding-pans, in
which the raw material is prepared for the hands of the artisan,
rumble and roar, driven by the irresistible and constant power of the
large water-wheel; the furnaces of the great ovens, in which the
moulded clay is baked, roar by the draught caused by their great
height; while in the workshops the lathes and turning plates whiz
noiselessly round, as the soft, putty-like clay is being deftly moulded
by the skilled workman into many beautiful designs.”
 The works at Belleek were established in 1863 by the present
proprietors, Messrs. David McBirney and Robert Williams Armstrong.
Before the establishment of the works, trials were made with the
felspar of the Irish locality with ordinary Cornish china clay, at the
Royal Porcelain Works at Worcester. The results were so satisfactory
that Mr. Armstrong, who at that time was architect to the proprietor,
laid the project for forming a manufactory at Belleek before his
friend, Mr. David McBirney of Dublin, a gentleman well known for his
energy in aiding any movement to advance the prosperity of Ireland,
and he embarked with him in the attempt to produce first-class
ceramic goods in Ireland. The firm, composed of these two
gentlemen, trade under the style of “D. McBirney & Co.” There are
now employed at the Works about two hundred “hands,” among
whom are several skilled artists; the Art director being the founder
and proprietor, Mr. Armstrong.
The chief peculiarities of the ornamental goods produced at
Belleek are, its lightness of body, its rich, delicate, cream-like, or
ivory tint, and the glittering iridescence of its glaze. “Although the
principal productions hitherto have been formed of this white ware—
which either resembles the finest biscuit (of Buen Retiro or
Dresden), or almost the ivory of the hippopotamus, or shines with a
lustre like that of nacre—local clays have been found which yield jet,
red, and cane-coloured wares. Facsimiles of sea shells, and of
branches of coral, which might well be supposed to be natural, are
among the principal features. The iridescent effect produced is
somewhat similar to that of the ruby lustre of the famous Gubbio
Majolica; that Italian enamelled ware which commands such
fabulous prices, and of which an unrivalled collection is to be seen at
the South Kensington Museum. Lustres were introduced many years
ago for English pottery by Hancock, by Gardner, and by Stennys; and
in the booths of our country fairs, rude inartistic forms, glowing with
a gold or a silver lustre, are often to be seen. The effect of a good
lustre may be compared to that of “shot silk,” or to the changing
hues that adorn the neck of a black or dark blue pigeon, or the
crested pride of a drake. Oil of turpentine, flour of sulphur, gold
solution, and tin solution, constitute the gold glaze, the purple hue
being due to the tin. Platinum, and spirits of tar enter, with oxide of
zinc, into the composition of the silver lustre. But neither of these
glazes, any more than the Italian enamel of which the secret was
lost so long ago as the sixteenth century, can compare with the
beauty of the Belleek ware, an idea of which can only be given by
recalling the beautiful hues of a highly-polished mother-of-pearl
shell. We can convey no idea of it by engravings; and it seems
equally difficult to do so by written description. We may apply to it
the common-place expression: ‘It must be seen to be admired;’ and
certainly it must be examined to be estimated. We can, however,
with some degree of accuracy, represent some of the forms
produced by this manufactory.”[70] Fig. 727 is the grounds-basin of a
tea-service, made for the Queen (Her Majesty being one of the early
patrons of the Belleek Pottery), and presented by her to the present
Empress of Germany. The basis of the design is the echinus or sea-
urchin, which abounds on the coast of Donegal, and has, both the
native and rarer foreign species, been utilised by the firm in many of
their productions. In this instance it forms the bowl, and the
supports are branches of coral.

Fig 727.—Grounds-Basin: for the Queen’s Service.

 Fig. 728.

Figs. 729 to 731.

Besides the “Royal” services—breakfast, dessert, and tea—made
for her Majesty, other services have been made for H.R.H. the Prince
of Wales, and others of the royal family. From the Prince of Wales’s
services the engravings, Figs. 732 to 735 are selected.

Fig. 732.—Ice-Pail: for the Prince of Wales.

Fig. 732 is the ice-pail. The base is formed of three exquisitely
modelled mermaids, in Parian, who support the shell-formed base of
the vase, around which a group of Tritons and dolphins in high relief
are sporting in the water, with an effective background of aquatic
plants. A wreath of coral surrounds the rim. The effect of the
charming contrast between the dead and the iridescent surfaces is
heightened by gilding the conches of the revellers. The cover or lid is
as it were the boiling surging sea, from which three sea-horses have
partially risen, and in the centre a Triton, riding on a dolphin, forms
the handle.
 Fig. 733.—Compotier: for the Prince of Wales.
Fig. 733 is a compotier, whose base represents the surface of the
sea, upon which float three cardium shells. From between these
spring up three small sea-horses, not, indeed, the hippocampi of the
naturalist, but those of the mythologist, the figures which, in antique
gems and in Italian paintings, are intended to serve as the artistic
embodiment of the roll and the dash of the breaker. A trumpet-shell
forms the central column, which, in its turn, supports the shell that
serves as a fruit-dish.
The tall centre-piece (Fig. 734) is designed on a more ambitious
scale. A triton or merman is blowing a conch; a mermaid is wringing
and dressing her redundant locks; and a sea-horse dashes through
the spray. Between these figures, which thus divide the base into
three compartments, are placed three shells of the species hippopus
maculata, which form convenient receptacles for bonbons, candied
fruit, or other smaller delicacies of the dessert-table. A trumpet-shell
is again selected to form the main stem, which is surrounded with
aquatic plants; and three paludina shells are so introduced as to