C651-23 LookInside

ANSI/AWWA C651-23
(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C651-14)

op marks
Disinfecting Water
Mains
Effective date: April 1, 2024.

First edition approved by Board of Directors Sept. 30, 1947.
This edition approved Oct. 23, 2023.
Approved by American National Standards Institute Sept. 29, 2023.
SM
Since 1881
AWWA Standard
This document is an AWWA standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and
do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA
standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the user of the standard. Until each optional feature is
specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute
endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA
standards is entirely voluntary. This standard does not supersede or take precedence over or displace any applicable law,
regulation, or code of any governmental authority. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water
industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service. When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an
official notice of action will be placed in the Official Notice section of Journal AWWA. The action becomes effective on the
first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice.
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An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An
American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The
existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved
the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
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conformity with particular American National Standards.
Caution Notice: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates
completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI
procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date
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ISBN-13, print: 978-1-64717-125-4 ISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-656-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12999/AWWA.C651.23
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including scanning, recording, or any information or retrieval system. Reproduction and
commercial use of this material is prohibited, except with written permission from the publisher.
Copyright © 2023 by American Water Works Association

Printed in USA
ii
Copyright © 2024 by American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved
Committee Personnel
The AWWA Standards Subcommittee on Disinfecting Water Mains, which developed revisions
to this standard, had the following personnel at the time:
Victor Galvez, Chair
K. Billedo, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
P.J. Freeman, City of Fort Smith, Fort Smith, Ark.
V. Galvez, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, Calif.
J.M. Henderson, Consultant, West Linn, Ore.
R.C. Lorenz, Westerville Water Plant, Westerville, Ohio
M. Martinez, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
D.M. O’Connor, EPA Region 3, Philadelphia, Pa.
B. Reilley, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Boston, Mass.
J.R. Rhoads, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Granada Hills, Calif.
T.J. Trocha, Miles & Miles of Texas, Buda, Tex.
The AWWA Standards Committee on Disinfection of Facilities, which reviewed and approved
this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval:
Gerald J.R. Rhoads, Chair

Timothy J. Trocha, Vice Chair
General Interest Members
K.C. Choquette, Choquette Engineering, Des Moines, Iowa

A. Dail (liaison, nonvoting), Standards Engineer, AWWA, Denver, Colo.
J.M. Henderson, Consultant, West Linn, Ore.
D.M. O’Connor, EPA Region 3, Philadelphia, Pa.
A.A. Rosenblatt, Gordon & Rosenblatt LLC, New York, N.Y.
G.R. Stein (liaison, nonvoting), Standards Council Liaison, Tank Industry Consultants, Indianapolis, Ind.
S. Vidika, Dixon Engineering Inc., Medina, Ohio
M.A. Waer, GHD, Phoenix, Ariz.
J.S. Wailes, Consultant, Grand Junction, Colo.
M.L. Wentink, Nebraska Department of Environment and Energy, North Platte, Neb.
iii
Producer Members
M.P. Parker, Statewide Aquastore Inc., East Syracuse, N.Y.

P.L. Smith, Smith LaSalle Inc., Western Springs, Ill.
T.J. Trocha, Miles & Miles of Texas, Buda, Tex.
User Members
K. Billedo, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Los Angeles, Calif.
Z. Bukhari, American Water, Camden, N.J.
M. Crawford, Bristol County Water Authority, Warren, R.I.
M. Daneshparvar, City of Dallas Water Utilities, Dallas, Tex.
P.J. Freeman, City of Fort Smith, Fort Smith, Ark.
R.C. Lorenz, Westerville Water Plant, Westerville, Ohio
J. Nilson, Seattle Public Utilities, Seattle, Wash.
B. Reilley, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority, Boston, Mass.
J.R. Rhoads, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Granada Hills, Calif.
E.D. Schwartz (alternate), New Jersey American Water Company, Plainsboro, N.J.
A. Waldron, City of Englewood, Englewood, Colo.
iv
Contents
All AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this
format may be found in a particular standard.
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Foreword 4.3 Tablet/Granule Method of

Chlorination.............................. 6
I Introduction .................................... vii
4.4 Continuous-Feed Method of
I.A Background...................................... vii Chlorination.............................. 8
I.B History............................................. vii 4.5 Slug Method of Chlorination........... 12
I.C Acceptance....................................... vii 4.6 Spray Disinfection for Large
II Special Issues.................................... ix Transmission Lines..................... 13
II.A Information on Application of This 5 Procedures
Standard..................................... ix
5.1 Basic Disinfection Procedure for
III Use of This Standard........................ xii New Mains ................................ 13
III.A Purchaser Options and 5.2 Preventive and Corrective Measures
Alternatives................................ xii During New Construction......... 14
III.B Modification to Standard................. xiii 5.3 Final Flushing for New Mains.......... 16
IV Major Revisions ............................... xiii 5.4 Final Connections to Existing
Mains ........................................ 17
V Comments....................................... xiii
5.5 Disinfection Procedures When
Standard Cutting Into, Repairing, or
Inspecting Pipe .......................... 17
1 General 6 Verification
1.1 Scope .............................................. 1 6.1 Bacteriological Tests ......................... 22
1.2 Purpose............................................ 1 6.2 Optional Sampling and Testing........ 25
1.3 Application ...................................... 2
7 Delivery........................................... 25
2 References....................................... 2
Appendixes
3 Definitions ..................................... 3
A Chlorine Residual Testing ................ 27
4 Requirements A.1 DPD Drop Dilution Method
4.1 Forms of Chlorine for (for Field Test)............................ 27
Disinfection............................... 4 A.2 DPD Reagent Pillows Method
(for Field Test)............................ 28
4.2 General Considerations for All A.3 High-Range Chlorine Test Kits........ 30
Methods of Chlorination .......... 5 B Chlorine Dosages............................. 31
v
SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE
Figures 3 Required Flow and Openings

1a Suggested Temporary Flushing/ (Either Taps or Hydrants)
Testing Connection (Fire to Flush Pipelines at 3.0 ft/s
Hydrant).................................... 8 (0.91 m/s) (40 psi [276 kpa]
1b Suggested Temporary Flushing/ Residual Pressure in Water
Testing Connection (Existing Main)......................................... 10
Water Main) .............................. 8 4 Chlorine Required to Produce
2 Suggested Combination Blowoff an Initial 25-mg/L Dose in
and Sampling Tap...................... 11 100 ft (30.5 m) of Pipe by
Diameter.................................... 11
B.1 Amounts of Chemicals
Tables Required to Produce Various
1 Weight of Calcium Hypochlorite Chlorine Concentrations
Granules to be Placed at in 100,000 gal (378.5 m3)
Beginning of Main and at Each of Water .................................... 31
500-ft (150-m) Interval for a B.2 Amounts of Chemicals Required
Dose of 25 mg/L ....................... 6 to Produce Chlorine
2 Number of 5-g Calcium Concentration of 200 mg/L
Hypochlorite Tablets Required in Various Volumes of
for a Dose of 25 mg/L................ 6 Water......................................... 31
vi
Foreword
This foreword is for information only and is not a part of ANSI*/AWWA C651.
I. Introduction.
I.A. Background. This standard describes methods of disinfecting newly
constructed potable water mains; mains that have been removed from service for
planned repairs or for maintenance that exposes them to contamination; mains that
have undergone emergency repairs because of physical failure; and mains that continue
to show the presence of coliform organisms under normal operation. The disinfecting
agents discussed in this standard are chlorine solutions that may be derived from liquid
chlorine (Cl2), calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2], or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).
Combinations of free chlorine residual and contact time are provided. Chlorine dosage
reference tables are provided as Appendix B of this standard. Disinfecting water mains
is necessary to ensure the protection of public health.
I.B. History. This standard was first approved on September 30, 1947, by the
AWWA Board of Directors and published as 7D.2-1948, A Procedure for Disinfecting
Water Mains. Revisions were approved on September 14, 1948; March 6, 1953;
May 27, 1954; June 2, 1968; and June 7, 1981. All were done under the designation
ANSI/AWWA C601, Standard for Disinfecting Water Mains. In 1986, the designation
of the standard was changed to ANSI/AWWA C651, and the subsequent editions were
approved on January 26, 1986; June 18, 1992; June 20, 1999; January 16, 2005; and
June 8, 2014. This edition was approved on October 23, 2023.
I.C. Acceptance. In May 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA) entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF
International (NSF) to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and
a certification program for direct and indirect drinking water additives. Other
members of the original consortium included the Water Research Foundation (WRF,
formerly AwwaRF) and the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers
(COSHEM). AWWA, and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
(ASDWA), joined later.
In the United States, authority to regulate products for use in or in contact with
drinking water rests with individual states.† Local agencies may choose to impose
requirements more stringent than those required by the state. To evaluate the health
* American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, Fourth Floor, New York, NY 10036.
†
Persons outside the United States should contact the appropriate authority having jurisdiction.
vii
effects of products and drinking water additives from such products, state and local
agencies may use various references, including
1. Specific policies of the state or local agency.
2. Four standards developed under the direction of NSF:‡ NSF/ANSI/CAN§ 60,
Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals—Health Effects; NSF/ANSI/CAN 61, Drinking
Water System Components—Health Effects; NSF/ANSI/CAN 372, Drinking Water
System Components—Lead Content; and NSF/ANSI/CAN 600, Health Effects
Evaluation and Criteria for Chemicals in Drinking Water.
3. Other references, including AWWA standards, Food Chemicals Codex, Water
Chemicals Codex,¶ and other standards considered appropriate by the state or local
agency.
Various certification organizations may be involved in certifying products in
accordance with NSF/ANSI/CAN 60. Individual states or local agencies have authority
to accept or accredit certification organizations within their jurisdictions. Accreditation
of certification organizations may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
NSF/ANSI/CAN 600 (which formerly appeared in NSF/ANSI/CAN 60 and
NSF/ANSI/CAN 61 as Annex A, “Toxicology Review and Evaluation Procedures”)
does not stipulate a maximum allowable level (MAL) of a contaminant for substances
not regulated by a USEPA final maximum contaminant level (MCL). The MALs of an
unspecified list of “unregulated contaminants” are based on toxicity testing guidelines
(noncarcinogens) and risk characterization methodology (carcinogens). Use of NSF/
ANSI/CAN 600 procedures may not always be identical, depending on the certifier.
ANSI/AWWA C651 does not address additives requirements. Thus, users of this
standard should consult the appropriate state or local agency having jurisdiction in
order to
1. Determine additives requirements including applicable standards.
2. Determine the status of certifications by parties offering to certify products
for contact with, or treatment of, drinking water.
3. Determine current information on product certification.
‡
NSF International, 789 North Dixboro Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.
§
Standards Council of Canada, 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 600, Ottawa, ON K1P 6L5 Canada.
¶
Both publications available from National Academy of Sciences, 500 Fifth Street NW, Washington,
DC 20001.
viii
II. Special Issues.
II.A. Information on Application of This Standard. Generally, it is easier to
disinfect a new main than one that has had emergency repairs in terms of access,
sanitary control, and the time available for disinfection, sampling, and testing.
For a new main, there is typically more time available for disinfection and testing
since there is no immediate demand from customers. Given the often significant
amount of time and materials involved in a new water main project, careful disinfection
and testing of the main are reasonable and necessary to ensure public health protection.
Conditions for pipe repair projects vary tremendously in terms of the size of the
repair, the sanitary conditions, and the time constraints resulting from immediate
customer demands. It should be noted if the line is depressurized or opened to the
environment before or during repair, the sanitary integrity of the pipe is compromised.
It is therefore critical to follow sanitary procedures throughout the repair and not just
as it is being returned to service. Crews responsible for the repair of mains should
be aware of the potential health hazards and trained to carefully observe prescribed
construction practices and disinfection procedures.
Because of the differences between initial installation and repair, the disinfection
requirements for each situation are also different. The installation of new mains
requires that two sets of samples for coliform analysis are collected at least 16 h apart,
or two sets collected 15 min apart after at least a 16-h rest period. For repaired mains
that are depressurized and/or wholly or partially dewatered, one set of samples may be
required, and depending on the sanitary conditions, the line may be returned to service
before the completion of bacteriological testing. For repaired mains that are kept under
positive pressure at all times, bacteriological testing is not required.
In contrast to past requirements, samples must now be collected at least 16 h
apart or 15 min apart after a 16-h rest period. This revised method is protective of
public health while taking into consideration improved test methods and timely work
completion. The timing is sufficient to allow bacterial regrowth within the line if
there is contamination and provides more flexibility in the scheduling of various work
activities.
Bacteriological testing in accordance with Sec. 6.1 is used to verify the absence of
coliform organisms and is generally accepted as verification that disinfection of the
pipeline has been successfully accomplished. The use of sanitary practices for handling
and installing pipe, valves, fittings, and accessories, coupled with adequate flushing
of the line before disinfection, is necessary to ensure that the disinfected pipeline will
be ready for connection to the water system. If a pipeline fails the bacteriological test,
ix
the flushing or disinfection process must be repeated. The final water quality test is
not the primary means for certifying the sanitary condition of a main. The sanitary
handling of materials, the practices during construction, and the continual inspection
of the work are the primary means for ensuring the sanitary condition of the water
main. For additional information on preventing microbiological contamination of
water mains, refer to WRF’s Field Pocket Guide Good Practices for Preventing Microbial
Contamination of Water Mains.
Four methods of disinfecting newly constructed water mains are described in this
standard: the tablet method, the continuous-feed method, the slug method, and the
spray method. The utility should decide which of these methods is most suitable for a
given situation. Factors to consider when choosing a method should include the length
and diameter of the main, type of joints present, availability of materials, equipment
required for disinfection, training of the personnel who will perform the disinfection,
and safety concerns. For example, if gas chlorination is the chosen chemical when
either continuous-feed or slug methods are being used, use only properly designed and
constructed equipment; makeshift equipment is not acceptable when liquid chlorine
(gas) cylinders are used.
Thorough consideration should be given to the impact of highly chlorinated water
flushed into the environment. If there is any question that damage may be caused
by chlorinated-waste discharge (to fish life, plant life, physical installations, or other
downstream water uses of any type), then an adequate amount of reducing agent
should be applied to water being disposed of in order to thoroughly neutralize the
chlorine residual remaining in the water. ANSI/AWWA C655 provides the minimum
requirements and guidance for the dechlorination of chlorinated or chloraminated
water being discharged, including regulatory issues.
The tablet method cannot be used unless the main can be kept clean and dry. The
tablet method should not be considered if pre-flushing or hydrostatic testing of the
main will be performed before chlorination. However, the method can be considered
if hydrostatic testing will be performed concurrent with chlorination. This method
cannot be used in large-diameter mains if it is necessary for a worker to enter the
main to grout joints or perform inspection because the tablets may release toxic fumes
after exposure to moist air. Calcium hypochlorite tablets/granules must not be used
to disinfect HDPE piping systems. When using the tablet method, the chlorine
concentration is not uniform throughout the main because the hypochlorite solution is
dense and tends to concentrate at the bottom of the pipe. The use of the tablet method
precludes preliminary flushing. The tablet method is convenient to use in mains having
x
diameters up to 24 in. (600 mm), and it requires no special equipment. Failure to meet
the required minimum residual after 24- or 48-h hold or failure to obtain satisfactory
bacteriological sample results after application of the tablet method will require the
user to switch to another available method that does not require a dry main before
chlorination. This method cannot be repeated for the same main after failure.
The continuous-feed method is suitable for general application. Preliminary
flushing removes light particulates from the main but not from the pipe-joint spaces.
The chlorine concentration is uniform throughout the main.
The slug method is suitable for use in large-diameter mains where the volume
of water makes the continuous-feed method impractical and difficult to achieve for
short attachments. The slug method results in appreciable savings of chemicals used to
disinfect long large-diameter mains. Also, this method reduces the volume of heavily
chlorinated water to be flushed to waste.
The spray method is suitable for use in large-diameter transmission lines where
spray equipment can be used to disinfect all surfaces of the pipe. This method reduces
the volume of heavily chlorinated water to be flushed to waste.
The purpose of all four chlorination methods is to disinfect water lines, resulting
in an absence of coliforms as confirmed by laboratory analysis. As noted above, the
four methods attempt to provide flexibility in responding to specific situations. The
tablet and continuous-feed methods both require an initial free chlorine dose of
25 mg/L and a minimum contact time of 24 h. The tablet method cannot be flushed
and cleaned before disinfection, whereas the continuous-feed or slug method can be
used when hydrostatic testing and flushing are being performed before chlorination.
Both methods require a remaining free chlorine residual of 10 mg/L after at least 24 h.
To meet the needs of situations requiring reduced contact times, the slug method allows
only a 3-h contact time but requires a 100-mg/L initial free chlorine concentration.
For larger transmission lines, spray disinfection using a free chlorine solution with a
concentration of 200 mg/L may be a suitable option, minimizing discharges of highly
chlorinated water. While the contact times of the methods may not be identical, the end
result—absence of coliforms—is the same for all four methods. Additionally, care must
be taken not to excessively chlorinate above the recommended levels as overchlorination
may lead to potential exposure at high levels and may negatively impact the integrity of
the water line and associated appurtenances.
Disinfectants other than chlorine may be appropriate to use. Although this
standard describes only the use of liquid chlorine (gas), sodium hypochlorite solutions,
and calcium hypochlorite, the applicability of other disinfectants should be evaluated.
xi
Ozone and chemical cleaners have been used, and these warrant further investigation.
Whichever disinfectant or method is selected, approval from the local regulatory agency
may be required.
III. Use of This Standard. It is the responsibility of the user of an AWWA
standard to determine that the products described in that standard are suitable for use
in the particular application being considered.
III.A. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. This standard is written as though the
disinfection work will be performed by the purchaser’s personnel. The water purveyor
is the purchaser in most cases. Where the work is to be performed using a separate
contract or as part of a contract for installing mains,* appropriate provisions should
be included in the purchase documents to ensure that the constructor is specifically
instructed as to its responsibilities. The following information should be provided by
the purchaser.
1. Standard used—that is, ANSI/AWWA C651, Disinfection of Water Mains,
of latest revision.
2. Approval requirements before use.
3. Those procedures included in the standard designated as optional that are to
be included in the purchase documents.
4. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI/CAN 60, Drinking Water Treatment
Chemicals—Health Effects, is required.
5. Whether compliance with NSF/ANSI/CAN 61, Drinking Water System
Components—Health Effects, is required.
6. Details of federal, state, provincial, territorial, and local requirements
(Sec. 4).
7. Form of chlorine to be used (Sec. 4.1.1, Sec. 4.1.2, and Sec. 4.1.3).
8. Method of chlorination (Sec. 4.3, Sec. 4.4, Sec. 4.5, and Sec. 4.6).
9. Flushing locations, rates of flushing, and locations of drainage facilities
(Sec. 4.4.2, Sec. 5.3.1, and Sec. 5.3.2).
10. Responsibility for tapping existing mains and connections to new mains
(Sec. 4.4.3[1], Sec. 4.4.3[2], and Sec. 5.4).
11. The number and frequency of samples for bacteriological tests (Sec. 6.1.1,
Sec. 6.1.2, and Sec. 6.2).
12. Method of taking samples (Sec. 6.1.3).
* Refer to other AWWA standards and manuals for design criteria and installation procedures for various
pipe materials.
xii
III.B. Modification to Standard. Any modification of the provisions, definitions,
or terminology in this standard must be provided by the purchaser.
IV. Major Revisions. Major revisions made to the standard in this edition
include the following:
1. The scope of the standard has been modified to include water mains used for
temporary service when replacing or repairing existing water mains (Sec. 1.1).
2. Definitions for potable water, reclaimed water, and wastewater have been
added (Sec. 3).
3. A requirement for disinfection chemical compliance with NSF/ANSI/
CAN 60 has been added (Sec. 4.1).
4. General considerations for the four methods of chlorination have been
expanded (Sec. 4.2).
5. The provisions for executing the four methods of chlorination have been
expanded (Sec. 4.3, Sec. 4.4, Sec. 4.5, and Sec. 4.6).
6. The Sec. 4 subsections on disinfection procedures (Sec. 4.7, Sec. 4.8,
Sec. 4.9, Sec. 4.10, and Sec. 4.11) have been relocated to a new Sec. 5 on Procedures
and renumbered as Sec. 5.1, Sec. 5.2, Sec. 5.3, Sec. 5.4, and Sec. 5.5, respectively.
Sec. 5 and Sec. 6 have been renumbered accordingly as Sec. 6 and Sec. 7, respectively.
7. Additional guidance on backflow prevention as a method of reducing risk
from high chlorine levels and microbial contamination has been provided (Sec. 5.2.9).
8. A new section on Inspection of Large Diameter Pipes Without Repair Work
has been added (Sec. 5.5.5).
9. A new appendix section on DPD Reagent Pillows Method No. 2 (for Field
Test) has been added (Sec. A.2).
10. The appendix section on High-Range Chlorine Test Kits has been expanded
(Sec. A.3).
11. Table B.1 and Table B.2 in Appendix B on Chlorine Dosages have been
modified.
V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard,
please call the AWWA Engineering and Technical Services at 303.794.7711; write to
the department at 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235-3098; or email at
standards@awwa.org.
xiii

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ANSI/AWWA C651-23

(Revision of ANSI/AWWA C651-14)

Effective date: April 1, 2024.

American National Standard

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

ISBN-13, print: 978-1-64717-125-4 ISBN-13, electronic: 978-1-61300-656-6

Copyright © 2023 by American Water Works Association

Victor Galvez, Chair

Gerald J.R. Rhoads, Chair

General Interest Members

K.C. Choquette, Choquette Engineering, Des Moines, Iowa

M.P. Parker, Statewide Aquastore Inc., East Syracuse, N.Y.

SEC. PAGE SEC. PAGE

Foreword 4.3 Tablet/Granule Method of

Figures 3 Required Flow and Openings

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