Ebook Download (Original PDF) Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History 4th Edition All Chapter
Ebook Download (Original PDF) Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History 4th Edition All Chapter
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C O N T E N T S
B
Introduction 1
A Bird’s-Eye View of Greek History 1
Sources: How We Know About the Greeks 4
Retrieving the Past: The Material Record 5
Retrieving the Past: The Written Record 6
Periodization 7
Frogs Around a Pond 8
City-States 8
Greek City-States 9
C h a p t e r O n e B
Early Greece and the Bronze Age 12
Domestication 17
Sources for Early Greek History 17
The Land of Greece 18
Greece in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages (c. 3000–1600 BC) 22
Minoan Civilization 26
Greece and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC) 34
vii
The Years of Glory (c. 1400–1200 BC) 38
The End of the Mycenaean Civilization 51
C h a p t e r Tw o B
The Early Iron Age (c. 1200–750/700 BC) 56
Sources for the Early Iron Age 57
Decline and Recovery, Early Iron Age I (c. 1200–900 BC) 59
The New Society of Early Iron Age II (900–750/700 BC) 64
Revival (c. 900–750 BC) 69
Homer and Oral Poetry 71
Homeric Society 73
Community, Household, and Economy in Early Iron Age II 84
The End of Early Iron Age II (c. 750–700 BC) 88
C h a p t e r T h r e e B
Archaic Greece (750/700–480 BC) 101
Sources for the Seventh and Sixth Centuries 104
The Formation of the City-State (Polis) 105
Government in the Early City-States 107
Emigration and Expansion: The Colonizing Movement 110
Economic and Social Divisions in the Early Poleis 116
Hesiod: The View from Outside 120
The Hoplite Army 124
The Archaic Age Tyrants 126
Art and Architecture 130
Lyric Poetry 135
Philosophy and Science 142
Panhellenic Religious Institutions 145
Relations Among States 148
C h a p t e r F o u r B
Sparta 154
Sources for Spartan History and Institutions 154
The Early Iron Age and the Archaic Period 158
viii
viii
The Spartan System 162
Demography and the Spartan Economy 173
Spartan Government 176
Sparta and Greece 180
Historical Change in Sparta 181
The Spartan Mirage in Western Thought 183
C h a p t e r F i v e B
The Growth of Athens and the Persian Wars 186
Sources for Early Athens 186
Athens from the Bronze Age to the Early Archaic Age 187
The Reforms of Solon 192
Pisistratus and His Sons 197
The Reforms of Cleisthenes 202
The Rise of Persia 206
The Wars Between Greece and Persia 209
The Other War: Carthage and the Greek Cities of Sicily 227
C h a p t e r S i x B
The Rivalries of the Greek City-States and the Growth
of Athenian Democracy 231
Sources for the Decades After the Persian Wars 232
The Aftermath of the Persian Wars and the Foundation
of the Delian League 234
The First (Undeclared) Peloponnesian War
(460–445 BC) 241
Pericles and the Growth of Athenian Democracy 244
Literature and Art 248
Oikos and Polis 257
The Greek Economy 270
C h a p t e r S e v e n B
Greece on the Eve of the Peloponnesian War 277
Sources for Greece on the Eve of the War 277
ix
Greece After the Thirty Years’ Peace 279
The Breakdown of the Peace 282
Resources for War 287
Intellectual Life in Fifth-Century Greece 288
Historical and Dramatic Literature of the Fifth Century 291
Currents in Greek Thought and Education 303
The Physical Space of the Polis: Athens on the
Eve of War 310
C h a p t e r E i g h t B
The Peloponnesian War 325
Sources for Greece During the Peloponnesian War 326
The Archidamian War (431–421 BC) 327
The Rise of Comedy 338
Between Peace and War 342
The Invasion of Sicily (415–413 BC) 345
The War in the Aegean and the Oligarchic Coup at Athens
(413–411 BC) 351
Fallout from the Long War 357
The War in Retrospect 364
C h a p t e r N i n e B
The Greek World of the Early
Fourth-Century 369
Sources for Fourth-Century Greece 370
Social and Economic Strains in Postwar Greece 371
Law and Democracy in Athens 382
The Fourth-Century Polis 388
Philosophy and the Polis 392
C h a p t e r T e n B
Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy 409
Sources for Macedonian History 409
Early Macedonia 410
xx
Macedonian Society and Kingship 411
The Reign of Philip II 415
Macedonian Domination of Greece 426
C h a p t e r E l e v e n B
C h a p t e r t w e l v e B
Alexander’s Successors and the Cosmopolis 470
A New World 470
Sources for the Hellenistic Period 471
The Struggle for the Succession 474
The Regency of Perdiccas 474
The Primacy of Antigonus the One-Eyed 476
Birth Pangs of the New Order (301–276 BC) 479
The Place of the Polis in the Cosmopolis 484
The Macedonian Kingdoms 489
Hellenistic Society 494
Alexandria and Hellenistic Culture 496
Ethnic Relations in the Hellenistic World 507
EPILOGUE 515
The Arrival of the Romans 519
A Greco-Roman World 526
xi
Glossary 535
Art and Illustration Credits 548
Index 555
Color plates follow pp. 178 and 386
xii
M A P A N D B A T T L E P L A N S
B
xiii
P R E F A C E
B
T his book is designed to share with readers a rich and complex vision of an-
cient Greece that has been forged by the collaboration of several scholars with
different backgrounds and varying interests. We undertook the writing of the first
edition over two decades ago because of our frustration in the search for a single
volume that provided readers with a comprehensive history of Greek civilization
from its beginnings in the second millennium BC through the Hellenistic era. At
that time it had been more than a quarter of a century since the last attempt to tell
the story of Greece in depth from the Bronze Age though the Hellenistic era. We
hoped that what we wrote would be useful and give pleasure both to the general
reader and to the student who is asked to read it in college. Our intent was to write
a book that was long enough to provide depth and detail, and short enough to
enable the instructor to assign primary sources that would expand the student’s
understanding of a world that is both familiar and alien. It would also incorporate
the fruits of the most recent scholarship, while providing a balance between po-
litical, military, social, cultural, and economic history. The many kind words and
reviews our book received indicated that we achieved our goals.
Scholarship does not stand still, however. Since the publication of the third edi-
tion of Ancient Greece, exciting discoveries have been made in all areas of Greek his-
tory. Incorporating the results of this scholarship in this new edition has been both
challenging and pleasurable. In the process we have reviewed every paragraph,
revised and expanded the suggested readings, and improved the illustration pro-
gram. We have paid particular attention to the finds of underwater archaeologists.
As before, we have profited enormously from the work of innumerable scholars
whose names never appear in our book. We are also greatly indebted to Charles
Cavaliere of the Oxford University Press and his excellent staff for their support
and help; we are very grateful to the following readers who took time out from
busy schedules to examine our work and make numerous useful criticisms and
suggestions: Daniel Christensen, Biola University; Diana Harris Cline, George
Washington University; David Graf, University of Miami; Philip Kaplan, Univer-
sity of North Florida; Elizabeth Kosmetatou, University of Illinois–Springfield;
xiv
Vincent Tomasso. We are equally grateful to the readers of the past who helped
us prepare previous editions.
We must also thank Robert Lejeune, who offered computer assistance when
it was most needed and endured our assorted technoflubs with remarkable pa-
tience; thanks too, again, to Lee Harris Pomeroy for help and advice on the art pro-
gram. Finally, we acknowledge with thanks the publishers who have generously
granted permission to quote from translations published by them. All translations
from Herodotus and Thucydides are from Walter Blanco’s version in the Norton
Critical Editions of those authors. Similarly, all translations from Xenophon’s
Hellenica are from John Marincola’s version in the Landmark Xenophon’s Hellenika.
All unattributed translations in the text are by the authors.
The authors would also like to call the reader’s attention to three features of
our book: the timeline at the beginning, which provides a brief but comprehensive
overview of Greek history; the extensive glossary at the end, which provides cap-
sule descriptions of many of the terms that occur in the book; and the color plates,
which bring our readers closer to the physical reality of the remarkable objects and
buildings the Greek created. Abbreviations for standard works follow those used
in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
We are particularly fortunate to have found an expert in the period of Roman
Greece to work with us on this edition of Ancient Greece, Professor Georgia Tsou-
vala of Illinois State University, who has provided a rich account of this important
phase of Greek history. We hope this new edition will, like its predecessor, help
teachers, students, and general readers explore and enjoy the fascinating history
of ancient Greece.
Jennifer Roberts, New York City Sarah Pomeroy, Sag Harbor, New York
Stanley Burstein, Los Alamitos, California David W. Tandy, Leeds, United Kingdom
xv
T R A N S L A T I O N S U S E D B Y
P E R M I S S I O N
B
Barker, Ernest, and R. F. Stalley. 1998. The Politics of Aristotle. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Blanco, Walter. 2013. The Histories, from Herodotus: The Histories, Walter Blanco and Jennifer
Roberts, eds., 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton.
———. 1998. The Peloponnesian War, from Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War, Walter Blanco
and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, eds. New York: W. W. Norton.
Brunt, P. A. 1976. Arrian: Anabasis of Alexander. Vol. I. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge,
MA and London: Harvard University Press.
Burstein, Stanley M. 1985. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra
VII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chinnock, E. J. 1893. Arrian’s Anabasis of Alexander and Indica. London and New York: G.
Bell & Sons.
Clayman, Dee L. 2014. Berenice II and the Golden Age of Ptolemaic Egypt. Oxford: Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
Dickinson, Patric. 1970. Aristophanes, Plays. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gagarin, Michael, and Paul Woodruff, eds. 1995. “Encomium of Helen,” in Early Greek Po-
litical Thought from Homer to the Sophists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Green, Peter. 1997. The Argonautika: The Story of Jason and the Quest for the Golden Fleece.
Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
Hanson, Ann. 1975. “Hippocrates: Diseases of Women 1,” Signs 1: 567–584.
Heisserer, A. J. 1980. In Alexander the Great and the Greeks: The Epigraphic Evidence. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press.
Jameson, M. 1970. “A Decree of Themistocles from Troizen,” Hesperia 29 (1960): 200–201,
modified by P. Green. 1970. Xerxes at Salamis. New York and London: Praeger.
Kitzinger, Rachel. 2016. Medea, from The Greek Plays, Mary Lefkowitz and James Romm, ed.
New York: Penguin Random House.
Lombardo, Stanley. 1997. Homer, Iliad. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Lombardo, Stanley. 2000. Homer, Odyssey. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
Marchant, E. C. 1925. Xenophon. Vol. 7, Scripta Minora. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA.
xvi
Marincola, John. 2009. The Hellenika, from The Landmark Xenophon’s Hellenika, Robert B.
Strassler, ed. New York: Random House.
Nisetich, Frank. 2005. The New Posidippus: A Hellenistic Poetry Book, Kathryn Gutzwiller, ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2016. Antigone, from The Greek Plays, Mary Lefkowitz and James Romm, ed. New
York: Penguin Random House.
Papillon, Terry L. 2004. Isocrates II. The Oratory of Classical Greece. Austin, Texas: University
of Texas Press.
Parker, Douglass. 1969. Lysistrata, from Aristophanes: Four Comedies, William Arrowsmith,
ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Pomeroy, Sarah B. 1994. Xenophon: Oeconomicus, A Social and Historical Commentary. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Pomeroy, Sarah B. 2002. Spartan Women. New York: Oxford University Press.
Romm, James. 2016. The Persians, from The Greek Plays, Mary Lefkowitz and James Romm,
ed. New York: Penguin Random House.
Ruden, Sarah. 2016. Agamemnon, from The Greek Plays, Mary Lefkowitz and James Romm,
ed. New York: Penguin Random House.
Saunders, A. N. W. 1975. Demosthenes and Aeschines. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Scott-Kilvert, Ian. 1960. The Rise and Fall of Athens: Nine Greek Lives by Plutarch. Harmond-
sworth, UK: Penguin.
Sherman, C. L. 1954. Diodorus of Sicily, Library of History. Vol. VI. Loeb Classical Library.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Tandy, David W., and Walter C. Neale, trs. and eds. 1996. Hesiod’s Works and Days: A Trans-
lation and Commentary for the Social Sciences (© by the Regents of the University of
California). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Todd, O. J. 1968. Xenophon: Memorabilia and Oeconomicus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univer-
sity Press.
Verity, Anthony. 2008. Pindar. The Complete Odes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Waterfield, Robin. 1994. Plato. Symposium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 1998. Plutarch. Greek Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Welles, C. B. 1934. Royal Correspondence in the Hellenistic Period. London: Yale University
Press.
West, M. I. 1991. Greek Lyric Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
———. 2005. “A New Sappho Poem.” Times Literary Supplement, June 26.
xvii
T I M E L I N E
B
xviii
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
1200–900 1200 Invaders loot and 1200–1050 Palace system 1200 Cultural decline
Early Iron Age I burn the palace centers collapses
(Submycenaean 1125–1050)
(Protogeometric 1050–900) 1050 Small chiefdoms 1050 Iron technology
established; migrations of
mainland Greeks to Ionia
xix
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
582–573 Pythian,
Isthmian, Nemean
games inaugurated
xx
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
480–479 Battles
of Thermopylae,
Artemisium, Salamis,
Plataea, Mycale; Xerxes
driven from Greece
xxi
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
xxii
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
Serious population
decline in Sparta;
impoverished class of
“Inferiors” at Sparta;
increasing amount of
property in hands of
Spartan women
359 Defeat of Perdiccas III 359 Accession of Philip II
357 Siege of Amphipolis 357 Marriage of Philip II
to Olympias
357–355 Social War
356 Birth of Alexander the 356 Philip II’s Olympic
Great; outbreak of Third victory
Sacred War
355 Demosthenes’ first
speech
352 Battle of Crocus
Field
348 Capture of Olynthus
347 Death of Plato
346 End of Third 346 Isocrates’ Philippus
Sacred War; Peace of
Philocrates
340 Athens and
Macedon at war
338 Battle of Chaeronea 338 Assassination of 338 Death of Isocrates
Artaxerxes III; foun
dation of Corinthian
League; marriage of
Philip II and Cleopatra
338–325 Administration
of Lycurgus at Athens
336 Invasion of Asia 336 Accession of
Minor by Philip II Darius III; assassination
of Philip II; accession of
Alexander III
335 Revolt of Thebes 335 Destruction of 335 Aristotle returns
Thebes to Athens; founding of
Lyceum
continued
xxiii
Political & Cultural
Period Military Events Social Events Development
xxiv
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