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Chapter 1. Red Blood Cells and Platelet Preservation: Historical Perspectives and Current Trends
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Which metabolic pathway is responsible for generating 90% of the ATP for the RBC?
a. Pentose phosphate shunt c. Glycolysis
b. Luebering-Rapoport shunt d. Methemoglobin reductase
____ 2. A unit of blood was returned to the blood bank before it was spiked. Apparently the patient’s IV failed. The
unit of blood was outside the blood bank for 35 minutes. Which of the statements below is most accurate?
a. The unit of blood should be discarded immediately.
b. The unit of blood can be returned to inventory.
c. The unit of blood must be transfused within 4 hours or be discarded at the end of that time.
d. The unit of blood must be transfused with 24 hours.
____ 3. What effect does storage have on platelets?
a. Shrinking c. Repulsion
b. Lysis d. All of these.
____ 4. In the normal hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, what percentage of oxygen is released to the tissues
when PO2 averages 40 mm Hg?
a. 75% c. 100%
b. 25% d. 50%
____ 5. What factors are known to influence platelet metabolism and function?
a. Storage temperature c. Platelet count
b. Initial pH d. All of the above
____ 6. Which of the following red blood cell morphologies may be present on the peripheral blood smear as a result
of loss of RBC membrane?
a. Spherocytes c. Burr cells
b. Target cells d. Schistocytes
____ 7. What does the term autologous transfusion refer to?
a. A parent donating blood for his or her child
b. An individual donating blood for a friend
c. An individual donating blood for a relative
d. An individual donating blood for his or her own transfusion
____ 8. What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
a. Iron metabolism c. Oxygen transport
b. Porphyrin synthesis d. Signal transduction
____ 9. All of the following areas of red blood cell biology are crucial for normal erythrocyte survival except:
a. cellular metabolism. c. site of the ABO antigen attachment.
b. RBC membrane. d. hemoglobin structure.
____ 10. What is the correct biochemical composition of the RBC membrane?
a. 52% protein, 40% lipid, 8% carbohydrate
b. 40% protein, 8% lipid, 52% carbohydrate
c. 8% protein, 52% lipid, 40% carbohydrate
d. 8% lipid, 40% carbohydrate, 52% protein
____ 11. All of the following biochemical changes are associated with loss of red blood cell viability upon storage
except:
a. decreased pH. c. increased ATP level.
b. loss of red blood cell function. d. decreased glucose consumption.
____ 12. Which red blood cell preservative has a storage time of 35 days?
a. ACD c. AS-1
b. CPDA-1 d. CPD
____ 13. The RBC membrane is relatively permeable to all of the following except:
a. chloride. c. bicarbonate.
b. sodium. d. water.
____ 14. Red blood cells frozen using the high-concentration glycerol technique are usually stored at
a. 0oC c. -65oC
o
b. -20 C d. -80oC
____ 15. What is the major biochemical consideration in platelet storage?
a. Glucose metabolism c. Production of carbon dioxide
b. Oxygen supply d. Regulation of pH
____ 16. What would the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve depict in a patient exhibiting clinical signs of
alkalosis?
a. Normal c. Shift to the right
b. Shift to the left d. None of the above
____ 17. Name the main lipid components of a red blood cell membrane.
a. Phospholipid c. Glycolipid
b. Sphingomyelin d. Glycophorin A
____ 18. The ABO blood groups were discovered in 1901 by whom?
a. Charles Drew c. Loutit and Mollison
b. Karl Landsteiner d. Edward Lindeman
____ 19. A standing order of platelets was shipped to your facility by your supplier. It was inadvertently left in the
corner of the department until discovered 36 hours later. What would the appropriate action be for the blood
banker?
a. If the temperature in the box was 22 ± 2°C and the platelet swirl seemed OK, it would be
OK to accept the unit into inventory.
b. The platelets have fallen outside the supplier’s quality assurance. The unit should be
discarded because the pH has probably dropped too low and platelet activation has been
compromised.
c. If the temperature was 1°C to 6°C and the platelet swirl seemed OK, it would be OK to
accept the unit into inventory.
d. If the platelets appeared OK and passed the platelet swirl test after being placed on the
agitator, they could be accepted into the inventory.
____ 20. Which metabolic pathway permits the accumulation of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)?
a. Glycolysis c. Pentose phosphate shunt
b. Luebering-Rapoport shunt d. Methemoglobin reductase
____ 21. All of the following are consistent with a "shift to the right" of the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve
except:
a. increased 2,3-DPG.
b. 50% O2 saturation to tissues.
c. decreased 2,3-DPG.
d. decreased hemoglobin affinity for O2.
____ 22. Why are platelet transfusions performed?
a. Therapeutically to stop bleeding c. Both reasons.
b. Prophylactically to prevent bleeding d. Neither reason.
____ 23. What cryoprotective agent is added to red blood cells upon freezing?
a. Dextrose c. Glycerol
b. Adsol d. All of the above
____ 24. If platelets are to be stored for 5 days on a rotator, what is the optimal storage temperature?
a. 1°C to 6°C c. 35°C to 37°C
b. 20°C to 24°C d. 1°C to 10°C
____ 25. Platelets are transfused to play which role in hemostasis?
a. Maintenance of vascular integrity
b. Initial arrest of bleeding by platelet plug formation
c. Stabilization of the hemostatic plug
d. All of the above
____ 26. Which of the following best describes "integral" membrane proteins?
a. Reside at the cytoplasmic surface of membrane
b. Span the entire membrane surface
c. Form the red blood cell cytoskeleton
d. None of the above
____ 27. How is stroma-free hemoglobin solution prepared?
a. Outdated red blood cells are concentrated, and stroma is removed.
b. Outdated red blood cells are diluted with saline, and stroma is removed.
c. Outdated red blood cells are lysed, and stroma is removed.
d. None of the above
____ 28. What is the normal life span of an RBC?
a. 100 days c. 120 hours
b. 120 days d. 2 days
____ 29. Regarding loss of RBC membrane deformability, all of the following are true except:
a. increase in ATP level.
b. decrease in ATP level.
c. increase in calcium level.
d. decrease in spectrin phosphorylation level.
____ 30. One of the most important controls of hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is:
a. glucose. c. K+.
b. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). d. Ca++.
____ 31. The normal position of the oxygen dissociation curve depends on three ligands normally found within the
RBC. Which one of the following is not one of these ligands?
a. H+ ions c. 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
b. CO2 d. Na+
____ 32. Which of the following events does not occur while RBCs are stored?
a. 2,3-DPG levels increase.
b. Potassium levels increase.
c. Hgb has a decreased affinity for oxygen carrying capacity.
d. 2,3-DPG and potassium levels increase.
____ 33. In order to maintain ATP levels in stored blood, ______________ can be added to CPD to extend the shelf-
life of stored RBCs from 21 days to 35 days. This new preservative is designated as CPDA-1.
a. mannitol c. adenine and glucose
b. adenine saline d. Rejuvenix
____ 34. Which type of blood storage container is no longer available for use in the United States because it may limit
the viability of RBCs?
a. Glass bottles c. DEHP-free polyolefin containers
b. PVC plastic bags with DEHP d. Latex-free plastic containers
____ 35. A rare unit of blood became outdated 48 hours ago but is needed for a patient. Which of the following
concepts applies to this situation?
a. The blood could be rejuvenated by adding Rejuvesol, being washed appropriately, and
being transfused within 48 hours.
b. The blood could be rejuvenated with Rejuvesol, washed, and given immediately to the
patient.
c. Once a unit is outdated, it is no longer available for use.
d. The unit can be rejuvenated immediately, washed, and stored in the appropriate
refrigerator until needed later in the week.
____ 36. FDA-approved rejuvenation solution contains all of the following EXCEPT:
a. adenine c. inosine
b. glycerin d. phosphate
____ 37. Rejuvenated RBCs may be prepared up to three days after expiration when stored in all of these
EXCEPT:
a. ACD
b. AS-1
c. CPD
d. CPDA-1
____ 38. When is the corrected count increment (CCI) of platelets is usually determined?
a. Immediately prior to transfusion. c. Ten to 60 minutes after transfusion.
b. During the transfusion procedure. d. One to two days after transfusion.
____ 39. Generally, the quality control measurements required by various accreditation organizations for platelet
concentrates include:
a. platelet concentrate volume and platelet count.
b. leukocyte count if claims of leukoreduction are made.
c. pH of the unit.
d. All of the above
____ 40. Which of the following is not a major factor that influences platelet shape and activation while the platelet is
in storage?
a. pH c. Agitation
b. Volume d. Temperature
____ 41. Proper agitation of platelets while they are being stored is:
a. important because when not agitated properly the platelets will stick together and not
perform properly when transfused.
b. important because the pH of the stored platelets will increase and the platelets will lose
functionality.
c. important because the pH of the stored platelets will decrease and the platelets will lose
functionality.
d. not important because it has been deemed unnecessary by the FDA.
____ 42. Which of the following is not a commercial system approved by the FDA for screening for bacterial
contamination in platelet collections?
a. BacT/ALERT c. BACTEC
b. eBDS d. Scansytems
____ 43. Which of the following is a possible future method in pathogen reduction to treat platelet components?
a. UV light and amotosalen c. Vitamin B12 and UV light
b. Amphotericin B d. Penicillin
____ 44. Which of the following is licensed additive solutions approved for the storage of red blood cells for 42 days?
a. Adsol (AS-1) c. Optisol (AS-5)
b. Nutricel (AS-3) d. All of the above
Chapter 1. Red Blood Cells and Platelet Preservation: Historical Perspectives and Current
Trends
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Even as Bomba drew his arrow to its head he found that he felt a
strange unwillingness to inflict injury on this antagonist.
The monkeys were his friends. Often they had helped him when
other foes, much more like Bomba in form and appearance, had
sought to take his life. He could not forget how the swarm of
monkeys had turned the tide of battle in his fight with Nascanora and
his braves when they had attacked the cabin.
So Bomba called to this slavering, hideous object in the language of
the monkeys, trying to show that he was not an enemy.
But if anything, the aspect of the ape became still more fierce and
threatening. It uttered a shrill cry and sprang at the lad with hairy
arms outstretched to grasp him.
Ashati and Neram gave a shout of warning, and seeing that their
young leader was in grave danger, conquered their fear and sprang
to his help.
The bow of the jungle boy sang with a twanging sound as the arrow
sped from it. But the attack of the monkey was so swift that the
arrow, instead of entering the heart as Bomba had intended, pierced
the flank of the brute.
With a howl of pain and rage, the great ape plucked out the arrow,
and swung around upon Bomba with the bloody point of the weapon
upraised.
But Bomba was quicker than the ape. He sprang aside and, drawing
his machete from his belt, struck the animal’s arm a blow that cut
deep and caused the blood to spurt into the distorted face of his
assailant.
The arrow dropped clattering to the ground, and with a weird and
terrible howl the ape swung itself with its uninjured arm into the
branches of a tree and vanished into the depths of the jungle.
Trembling, Ashati and Neram faced Bomba in that uncanny twilight.
For a while they said nothing, but stood staring solemnly at each
other.
It was Bomba who first broke the silence, and in the deep stillness of
the shadow-filled jungle his voice sounded hollow in his own ears.
“The mad monkey! If he is alone, all will be well. But if there are
others——”
“There are others,” interrupted Ashati. “One mad monkey needs but
bite another, and that one too will become mad. It is in that way the
evil spirits get possession of a flock of monkeys and set loose a
thousand demons upon the jungle.”
“And the bite of one sets loose an evil spirit within ourselves, and we
become even as the mad monkeys,” said Neram, his teeth
chattering.
Bomba knew that he spoke truly. A kind of hydrophobia would
sometimes be communicated by a snake-bitten monkey to its mates,
and by them to any human being that came within their reach while
the epidemic was raging. He had known of whole flocks of monkeys
having been decimated before the terrible disease had run its
course. And at such times there was no inhabitant of the jungle to be
so much feared as a mad monkey.
“We cannot stay here,” said Bomba, looking about him. “We must go
on. Perhaps we shall find shelter, a cave or an abandoned hut of a
caboclo, where we can spend the night and leave this terrible place
with the daylight.”
“Yes, we must go on,” agreed Ashati, and Neram nodded his head in
agreement. “To stay here would be to bring that hurt monkey back
for his revenge.”
“With good fortune we may escape the notice of others of the flock,
since it is night and they may sleep,” suggested Neram.
“Then we must make no more noise than the foot of the jaguar,”
warned Bomba, and, turning, he sped silently and swiftly from the
place, followed closely by his companions.
They had proceeded only a short distance when a horrible chattering
overhead caused them to look up, and in the branches of a tree they
saw two big apes gibbering and grinning at them, with the same
awful look in their eyes that had marked the first one they had
encountered.
As the little party moved swiftly on, a large castanha nut struck
Ashati on the shoulder with such force that he was felled to the
ground.
Bomba lifted him to his feet and hurried him onward just as a
bombardment of the heavy missiles came pelting down. A hideous
wailing and a sharp, crackling sound like a crazy laugh followed the
three fugitives as they raced onward.
By this time, superstitious terror had taken complete possession of
Ashati and Neram, and Bomba himself could feel the hair rising on
his head. The swift-falling darkness, the knowledge that danger was
all about them, that insane enemies were skulking perhaps behind a
tree, leering at them from branches overhead, crouching in ambush
behind a concealing bush or shrub, at any moment to reach out a
hairy arm—all these things combined to fill them with terror.
Their flight was unreasoning. They plunged through thorn bushes
that tore at their flesh, and felt no pain. They stumbled and fell into
black ooze that might hold writhing snakes, and scarcely thought of
it. To put distance between themselves and this nightmare became
their only aim.
Once a terrible figure dropped upon the neck of Ashati from the
branches above. The native gave a dreadful shriek and threw
himself upon his face.
The mad beast catapulted from the shoulders of Ashati and fell at
the feet of Bomba. It was the work of a moment for the lad to sink his
machete to the handle into the hairy body. The thing crouched as
though to spring, then gave a ghastly screech and sprawled upon
the ground.
“He is dead?” asked Neram, coming forward, unbelieving.
At the words, the prostrate Ashati raised himself on hands and knees
and crawled over to where the lifeless brute was lying.
“Dead!” he gasped, and dragging himself to his feet stared hard at
Bomba.
For it was a superstition among the natives that a mad creature was
possessed of an evil spirit that made it immune to death. The fact
then that Bomba had killed one of the mad monkeys so easily filled
them with surprise and hope. If he had killed one, he might kill many.
Their weapons were not as powerless as they had feared.
But their relief was swiftly changed to fear by a strange, weird
rustling among the trees that swelled in volume as they listened, as
though a great storm had entered the jungle and was sweeping all
before it. But there was no storm nor sign of one.
“The mad monkeys!” whispered Bomba. “They have told each other
that we are here. They know that we are few and they are many.
Come!”
If their flight had betrayed panic earlier, it was nothing to the fear that
now gave wings to their feet. They might hold their own against a
few. They could not face an army, such as, from the sounds, now
seemed to be in pursuit of them.
But even then Bomba had no hate against his pursuers, such as he
felt toward jaguars and snakes. He pitied them as the suffering
victims of a terrible disorder. None the less, he knew that they were
bent on taking his life and that if it came to a combat it was a case of
kill or be killed.
There was but one hope, and that a slender one; the hope that they
might find some cave or other shelter in which they could barricade
themselves and hold the maddened animals at bay. He knew of no
such place in that vicinity, and even if he had, it would have been
difficult to find it in the dark.
Ashati and Neram, with what breath they had, were muttering
prayers to the Spirit of the Jungle. If ever help was needed, it was
needed then.
Onward they plunged through the black night of the jungle, that
terrible rustling as of a mighty wind coming closer and closer with
every moment.
As the pursuing monkeys drew closer to their prey, they began to
howl and jabber horribly. It seemed to Bomba that the whole jungle
was one hideous jangle of sound.
Neram screamed. A hairy arm had reached from a low-hanging
branch, encircling his neck. He struck at it with his knife and
stumbled after Bomba and Ashati.
They were panting, spent. In another moment that awful swarm of
maddened beasts would descend upon them.
Stumbling blindly on, Bomba felt his foot slip into a hollow at the
same time that his body struck violently against a hard substance.
He stretched out his hands and felt rather than saw in the darkness
that he had come to the entrance of a cave.
“Quick!” he gasped, stepping back and nearly falling over the
cowering form of Neram. “Into the cave! Quick!”
CHAPTER XV
LYING IN AMBUSH
The native writhed and twisted, the eyes bloodshot with terror at the
threat.
Ashati and Neram came a step nearer with menace in their eyes,
and the captive subsided again, gasping and groaning beneath the
pressure of Bomba’s knee upon his chest.
“Do not kill me! Only do not kill me!” he jabbered. “I will answer you!
You have only to ask.”
“Then listen to me, and listen well.” The fierce, impatient note was in
Bomba’s voice again. “Nascanora, the great chief, the chief with a
black heart, is the man I want to find. Give me news of him and you
shall go free.”
A gleam of hope came into the prisoner’s eyes.
“Yes, yes, I will tell. I will tell you anything I know. But you must not
let Nascanora know that I have told, or he will cut my heart and fry it
over a fire.”
“Nascanora shall not know,” broke in Bomba, as he lightened
somewhat his pressure on the man’s chest and bored him through
and through with his eyes as though to wrench the truth from him.
“But if you speak with a forked tongue your place will be with the
dead.”
“I will make straight talk,” asseverated the native. “I do not want to
die.”
“Where is Nascanora? Quick!” demanded Bomba.
“In two days’ time,” replied the trembling native, “he will pass this
spot on the other side of the river.”
“I thought he had already passed,” said Bomba.
“He has,” returned the native. “But he turned back to burn another
village and take some more captives. He will move slowly, for he has
other enemies that he wants to capture near Snake Island, where
lives the old witch, Sobrinini——”
Bomba cried out in astonishment and quick hope.
“You know Sobrinini?” he asked eagerly.
The native marked his change of tone, and seemed encouraged by
it. His terror abated, and he spoke so swiftly that the words stumbled
over each other and Bomba could scarcely make out what he said.
“I know of Sobrinini. Who does not know of her who lives near the
Giant Cataract?” he cried. “But I do not go near her island, for it is full
of snakes and Sobrinini is a woman of evil whose frown means
death.”
“Where is this island?” Bomba asked in a fever of eagerness.
“It is called Snake Island. But to go there is to die.”
The native shivered with a superstitious terror as he spoke the
words.
Bomba glanced at Ashati and Neram, who had been listening with
absorbed interest to the story of the native and on whose faces was
reflected the same look of fright.
Bomba released his hold upon the prisoner and arose to his feet.
“There are two things I must know,” he said.
“Command, and you shall be obeyed,” returned the native humbly.
“Was there a white man among Nascanora’s captives?”
“I cannot say. He had many captives and he will return as I have
said. That is all that the jungle has told me.”
“How do you go to this island where the witch woman, Sobrinini,
lives with her snakes?” asked Bomba, feeling that the native had
spoken the truth.
The native looked at him with curiosity dawning in his reddened
eyes.
“You will not go there?” he cried in horror. “I tell you it would be better
for you to go to the giant anaconda and let him wind his coils about
your body than to seek out Sobrinini on her island that lies under the
curse of the gods. I tell you again that to go there is to die.”
“That is for me to say,” replied Bomba. “I do not fear Sobrinini. I do
not fear her snakes. I have come a far way to see her and I will see
her. Tell me what I want to know. Bomba does not like to ask a thing
twice.”
In response to this imperative demand, the native jabbered out
directions, telling Bomba the course he must take to reach Snake
Island if he did not wish to be swept to destruction by the rapids of
the River of Death.
When Bomba had extracted all the information he could, he
motioned the native to rise to his feet.
“Listen!” he said. “If I were Nascanora I would kill you, so as to be
sure that your tongue would be still. But Bomba’s heart is not black
like that of the chief of the headhunters. I am going to let you go free.
But if you tell anyone that you have seen me you will find that
Bomba’s knife is sharp and his vengeance is swift. Go now and
remember what I say.”
After the man had disappeared, Bomba wasted little time in
discussing the matter with his companions. For if he were to
accomplish all he hoped to before Nascanora should pass that way,
he would have to work hard and fast.
He was in a ferment of eagerness to visit Sobrinini and wrest from
the strange woman the secret of his birth. He was sure she knew.
Jojasta had said she could tell him. Casson’s queer actions when the
name of Sobrinini had been mentioned and his statement that “Nini
would know” had further confirmed his conviction.
As for the terrors that, according to the native, barred access to her,
he cared not at all. He was used to meeting and overcoming danger.