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Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 PS501 Medicinal Chemistry II 3 1 0 4
2 PS502 Industrial Pharmacy - I 3 1 0 4
3 PS503 Pharmacology II 3 1 0 4
4 PS504 Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry - II 3 1 0 4
5 Open Elective - I 3 1 0 4
PS505 I. Generic Product Development
PS506 II. Green Chemistry
PS507 III. Cell and Molecular Biology
PS508 IV. Cosmetic science
6 PS509 Industrial Pharmacy lab 0 0 4 2
7 PS510 Pharmacology - II lab 0 0 4 2
8 PS511 Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry - II lab 0 0 4 2
9 *MC500 Environmental sciences 1 0 0 0
Total 16 05 12 26
Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 PS601 Medicinal Chemistry - III 3 1 0 4
2 PS602 Pharmacology - III 3 1 0 4
3 PS603 Herbal Drug Technology 3 1 0 4
4 PS604 Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics 3 1 0 4
5 Open Elective - II 3 1 0 4
PS605 I. Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
PS606 II. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
PS607 III. Bioinformatics
PS608 IV. Screening Methods in Pharmacology
6 PS609 Medicinal chemistry - III lab 0 0 4 2
7 PS610 Pharmacology - III lab 0 0 4 2
8 PS611 Herbal Drug Technology lab 0 0 4 2
9 *MC600 Human Values and Professional Ethics 1 0 0 0
Total 16 05 12 26
Course Objective: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,
chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasizes on structure activity relationships of
drugs, importance of physicochemical properties, absorbtion, distribution and metabolism of drugs. The
syllabus also emphasizes on chemical synthesis of important drugs under each class.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
1. Understand the chemistry of drugs with respect to their pharmacological activity
2. Understand the drug metabolic pathways, adverse effect and therapeutic value of drugs
3. Know the Structural Activity Relationship of different class of drugs
4. Study the chemical synthesis of selected drugs
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of action,
uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs
as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted (*)
UNIT- I 10 Hours
Antihistaminic agents: Histamine, receptors and their distribution in the humanbody
H1–antagonists: Diphenhydramine hydrochloride*, Dimenhydrinate, Doxylamines succinate,
Clemastine fumarate, Diphenylphyraline hydrochloride, Tripelenamine hydrochloride, Chlorcyclizine
hydrochloride, Meclizine hydrochloride, Buclizine hydrochloride, Chlorpheniramine maleate,
Triprolidine hydrochloride*, Phenidamine tartarate, Promethazine hydrochloride*, Trimeprazine tartrate,
Cyproheptadine hydrochloride, Azatidine maleate, Astemizole, Loratadine, Cetirizine, Levocetrazine
Cromolyn sodium
H2-antagonists: Cimetidine*, Famotidine, Ranitidin.
Gastric Proton pump inhibitors: Omeprazole, Lansoprazole, Rabeprazole, Pantoprazole
Anti-neoplastic agents:
Alkylating agents: Meclorethamine*, Cyclophosphamide, Melphalan, Chlorambucil, Busulfan,
Thiotepa
Antimetabolites: Mercaptopurine*, Thioguanine, Fluorouracil, Floxuridine, Cytarabine, Methotrexate*,
Azathioprine
Antibiotics: Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Bleomycin
Plant products: Etoposide, Vinblastin sulphate, Vincristin sulphate
Miscellaneous: Cisplatin, Mitotane.
UNIT – II 10 Hours
Anti-anginal:
Vasodilators: Amyl nitrite, Nitroglycerin*, Pentaerythritol tetranitrate, Isosorbide dinitrite*,
Dipyridamole.
Calcium channel blockers: Verapamil, Bepridil hydrochloride, Diltiazem hydrochloride, Nifedipine,
Amlodipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine, Nimodipine.
Diuretics:
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide*, Methazolamide, Dichlorphenamide.
Thiazides: Chlorthiazide*, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hydroflumethiazide, Cyclothiazide,
Loop diuretics: Furosemide*, Bumetanide, Ethacrynic acid.
Potassium sparing Diuretics: Spironolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride.
Osmotic Diuretics: Mannitol
Anti-hypertensive Agents: Timolol, Captopril, Lisinopril, Enalapril, Benazepril hydrochloride, Quinapril
UNIT - IV 08 Hours
Drugs acting on Endocrine system
Nomenclature, Stereochemistry and metabolism of steroids
Sex hormones: Testosterone, Nandralone, Progestrones, Oestriol, Oestradiol, Oestrione, Diethyl
stilbestrol.
Drugs for erectile dysfunction: Sildenafil, Tadalafil.
Oral contraceptives: Mifepristone, Norgestril, Levonorgestrol
Corticosteroids: Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Betamethasone, Dexamethasone
Thyroid and antithyroid drugs: L-Thyroxine, L-Thyronine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole.
UNIT – V 07 Hours
Antidiabetic agents:
Insulin and its preparations
Sulfonyl ureas: Tolbutamide*, Chlorpropamide, Glipizide, Glimepiride.
Biguanides: Metformin.
Thiazolidinediones: Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone.
Meglitinides: Repaglinide, Nateglinide.
Glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose, Voglibose.
Local Anesthetics: SAR of Local anesthetics
Benzoic Acid derivatives; Cocaine, Hexylcaine, Meprylcaine, Cyclomethycaine, Piperocaine.
Amino Benzoic acid derivatives: Benzocaine*, Butamben, Procaine*, Butacaine, Propoxycaine,
Tetracaine, Benoxinate.
Lidocaine/Anilide derivatives: Lignocaine, Mepivacaine, Prilocaine, Etidocaine.
Miscellaneous: Phenacaine, Diperodon, Dibucaine.*
Course Objective: Course enables the student to understand and appreciate the influence of
pharmaceutical additives and various pharmaceutical dosage forms on the performance of the drug
product.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to
Know the various pharmaceutical dosage forms and their manufacturing techniques.
Know various considerations in development of pharmaceutical dosage forms
Formulate solid, liquid and semisolid dosage forms and evaluate them for their quality
UNIT - I 07 Hours
Preformulation Studies: Introduction to preformulation, goals and objectives, study of
physicochemical characteristics of drug substances.
a. Physical properties: Physical form (Crystalline and amorphous forms: Concepts of polymorphism
and its significance in industrial setup), particle size, shape, flow properties, solubility profile (pKa, pH,
partition coefficient).
b. Chemical Properties: Hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemisation, polymerization BCS
classification of drugs
Application of preformulation considerations in the development of solid, liquid oral and parenteral
dosage forms and its impact on stability of dosage forms.
UNIT - II 10 Hours
Tablets:
a. Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of
tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems. Equipments and tablet
tooling.
b. Tablet coating: Types of coating, coating materials, formulation of coating composition,
methods of coating, equipment employed and defects in coating.
c. Quality control tests: In process and finished product tests
Liquid orals: Formulation and manufacturing consideration of solutions, suspensions and emulsions;
Filling and packaging; evaluation of liquid orals official in pharmacopoeia
UNIT - IV 10 Hours
Parenteral Products:
a. Definition, types, advantages and limitations. Preformulation factors and essential
requirements, vehicles, additives, importance of isotonicity
b. Production procedure, production facilities and controls.
UNIT – V 10 Hours
Cosmetics: Formulation and preparation of the following cosmetic preparations: lipsticks, shampoos,
cold cream and vanishing cream, tooth pastes, hair dyes and sunscreens.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems;
formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies.
Packaging Materials Science: Materials used for packaging of pharmaceutical products, factors
influencing choice of containers, legal and official requirements for containers, stability aspects of
packaging materials, quality control tests.
PS503: PHARMACOLOGY - II
Course Objective: This subject is intended to impart the fundamental knowledge on various aspects
(classification, mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, clinical uses, side effects and
contraindications) of drugs acting on different systems of body and in addition, emphasis on the basic
concepts of bioassay.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to
Understand the mechanism of drug action and its relevance in the treatment of different
diseases
Demonstrate isolation of different organs/tissues from the laboratory animals by simulated
experiments
Demonstrate the various receptor actions using isolated tissue preparation
Appreciate correlation of pharmacology with related medical sciences
UNIT - I 10 hours
Pharmacology of drugs acting on cardio vascular system
a. Introduction to hemodynamic and electrophysiology of heart.
b. Drugs used in congestive heart failure
c. Anti-hypertensive drugs.
d. Anti-anginal drugs.
e. Anti-arrhythmic drugs.
f. Anti-hyperlipidemic drugs.
UNIT – II 10 hours
1. Pharmacology of drugs acting on cardio vascular system
a. Drug used in the therapy of shock.
b. Hematinics, coagulants and anticoagulants.
c. Fibrinolytics and anti-platelet drugs
d. Plasma volume expanders
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on urinary system
a. Diuretics
b. Anti-diuretics.
UNIT - IV 08 hours
Pharmacology of drugs acting on endocrine system
a. Basic concepts in endocrine pharmacology.
UNIT - V 07 hours
1. Pharmacology of drugs acting on endocrine system
a. Androgens and Anabolic steroids.
b. Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives.
c. Drugs acting on the uterus.
2. Bioassay
a. Principles and applications of bioassay.
b. Types of bioassay
c. Bioassay of insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, ACTH, d-tubocurarine, digitalis, histamine
Course Objective: The main purpose of subject is to impart the students the knowledge of how the
secondary metabolites are produced in the crude drugs, how to isolate and identify and produce them
industrially. Also this subject involves the study of producing the plants and phytochemicals through
plant tissue culture, drug interactions and basic principles of traditional system of medicine
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, the student shall be able
To know the modern extraction techniques, characterization and identification of the herbal
drugs and phytoconstituents
To understand the preparation and development of herbal formulation.
To understand the herbal drug interactions
To carryout isolation and identification of phytoconstituents
UNIT - I 7 Hours
Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their determination
Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites
through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway.
Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies.
UNIT - II 10 Hours
General introduction, composition, chemistry & chemical classes, general methods of extraction &
analysis, biosources, therapeutic uses and commercial applications of following secondary metabolites.
Alkaloids: Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, Opium,
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
Volatile oils: Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander,
UNIT - IV 10 Hours
Isolation, Identification and analysis of phytoconstituents
a. Terpenoids: Menthol, Citral and Artemisin
b. Glycosides: Glycyrhetinic acid and Rutin
c. Alkaloids: atropine, Quinine, Reserpine and Caffeine
d. Resins: Podophyllotoxin and Curcumin
UNIT - V 8 Hours
Industrial production, estimation and utilization of the following phytoconstituents: Forskolin, Sennoside,
Artemisinin, Diosgenin, Digoxin, Atropine, Podophyllotoxin, Caffeine, Taxol, Vincristine and Vinblastine.
Modern methods of extraction.
2. Mohammad Ali. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distribution, New
Delhi.
3. Text book of Pharmacognosy by C.K. Kokate, Purohit, Gokhlae (2007), 37th Edition, Nirali
Prakashan, New Delhi.
4. Herbal drug industry by R.D. Choudhary (1996), Ist Edn, Eastern Publisher, New Delhi.
5. Essentials of Pharmacognosy, Dr. SH. Ansari, IInd edition, Birla publications, New Delhi, 2007
6. Herbal Cosmetics by H. Pande, Asia Pacific Business press, Inc, New Delhi.
7. A. N. Kalia, Textbook of Industrial Pharmacognosy, CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.
8. R Endress, Plant cell Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1994.
9. Pharmacognosy & Pharmacobiotechnology. James Bobbers, Marilyn KS, VE Tylor.
10. The formulation and preparation of cosmetic, fragrances and flavours.
11. Remington’s Pharmaceutical sciences.
12. Text Boo of Biotechnology by Vyas and Dixit.
13. Text Book of Biotechnology by R. C. Dubey.
Course Objectives: To learn the generic drug product development process, dosage form design and
development, analytical method development and dossier approval process.
Course Outcome: The knowledge of the students is enhanced with the clear information about the
generic product development.
UNIT - I
a. Concept of generic drug product development, Hatch-Waxman act and its amendments.
b. History of generic product development in US
UNIT - II
Design of dosage form to meet equivalence to reference listed drug, product development steps,
formula optimization, process optimization and packaging selection.
UNIT - III
Analytical method development for verification and validation for active ingredient, in-process samples
and finished dosage forms.
UNIT - IV
a. Stability studies on active ingredient and finished dosage forms, accelerated stability studies,
stability studies at different conditions, determination or expiration date.
b. Scale up studies to optimize manufacturing process and execution of exhibit batches.
UNIT - V
a. Bioequivalence studies, various designs of bioequivalence studies, bioequivalence criteria and
in-vitro tests to ensure bioequivalence of test product.
b. Introduction to electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD), various modules and the
important information in each module.
c. Drug product approval process in India and US.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Generic Drug product Development: Solid oral dosage forms-Leon Shargel.
2. ICH guidelines.
Course Objectives: To familiarize students about environment benign chemical synthesis. To make
students familiarize with principles and importance of various green chemical synthesis. To provide
adequate knowledge regarding green reactions, green solvents and other alternative green
approaches. To impart adequate information regarding environment pollution, contributing factors and
the concerns.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of this course, the students should be able to: Explain the
environment pollution factors. Understand the different greener approaches along with their principles.
UNIT - I
Introduction to green chemistry
Inception of green chemistry: history and development.
Principles of green chemistry: description with examples.
Synthetic approaches of green chemistry: in water, solvent less, microwave, ultrasonic, catalytic and
synthesis.
UNIT - II
In water and solvent less organic reactions
In water reactions: principle and process involved in the Michael reaction and Wartz synthesis
Solvent less organic synthesis:
Alternative solvents used in green chemistry strategies
UNIT - III
Microwave and ultrasonic mediated reactions
Microwave reactions: principles and process involved in the Fries rearrangement, Diels Alder reaction
and Metal halide reduction
Ultrasonic reaction: principle and process involved in the Strecker and Reformatsky reactions
UNIT - IV
Catalytic and solid supported reactions
Catalytic reactions: principle and process involved in the reactions catalyzed by metal catalysts, ionic
liquids (Knovenegel ondensatin) and bio catalysts (Villeger reaction)
Solid supported reactions: principles and process
Alternative reagents used in green chemistry strategies.
UNIT - V
Greener synthesis of pharmaceuticals: Principle and procedure of the following synthesis
Nicotinic acid, Ibuprofen, paracetamol, Aspirin
Future trends in Green chemistry
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Paul T Anastas, John Charles Warmer. Green chemistry: theory and practice. Oxford
university Press, 1988
2. Alluwalia V.K,Green chemistry : environmentally benign reactions. 2nd edn,Ane Books Pvt Ltd,
New Delhi, 2012
3. Alluwalia V.K, M. Kidwai, New trends in green chemistry. 2nd edn, Anamaya Publishers, New
delhi, 2004.
Course Objectives: Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies cells – their physiological
properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life
cycle, division, death and cell function.
This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level.
Cell biology research encompasses both the great diversity of single-celled organisms like bacteria and
protozoa, as well as the many specialized cells in multi-cellular organisms such as humans, plants, and
sponges.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to:
Summarize cell and molecular biology history.
Summarize cellular functioning and composition.
Describe the chemical foundations of cell biology.
Summarize the DNA properties of cell biology.
Describe protein structure and function.
Describe cellular membrane structure and function.
Describe basic molecular genetic mechanisms.
Summarize the Cell Cycle
UNIT – I 10 Hours
a. Cell and Molecular Biology: Definitions theory and basics and Applications.
b. Cell and Molecular Biology: History and Summation.
c. Theory of the Cell? Properties of cells and cell membrane.
d. Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic
e. Cellular Reproduction
f. Chemical Foundations – an Introduction and Reactions (Types)
UNIT – II 10 Hours
a. DNA and the Flow of Molecular Structure
b. DNA Functioning
c. DNA and RNA
d. Types of RNA
e. Transcription and Translation
UNIT – IV 08 Hours
a. Science of Genetics
b. Transgenics and Genomic Analysis
c. Cell Cycle analysis
d. Mitosis and Meiosis
e. Cellular Activities and Checkpoints
UNIT – V 07 Hours
a. Cell Signals: Introduction
b. Receptors for Cell Signals
c. Signaling Pathways: Overview
d. Misregulation of Signaling Pathways
e. Protein-Kinases: Functioning
Course Objective: This subject deals with cosmetic products, cosmetic excipients, skin care products
and their methods of preparation and evaluations.
Course Outcomes:
Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to know the regulations pertaining to
cosmetics and cosmetic excipients.
They will be knowing the preparations of various skin care products like creams, anti-
perspirants, deodorants, hair care products etc.
They also know about the role of herbs in sunscreens.
UNIT – I 10 Hours
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives.
Classification and application Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums.
UNIT – II 10 Hours
Principles of formulation and building blocks of skin care products:
Face wash,
Moisturizing cream, Cold Cream, Vanishing cream their relative skin sensory, advantages and
disadvantages. Application of these products in formulation of cosmecuticals.
Principles of formulation and building blocks of Hair care products:
Conditioning shampoo, Hair conditioners, antidandruff shampoo.
Hair oils.
Chemistry and formulation of Para-phylene diamine based hair dye. Principles of formulation and
building blocks of oral care products: Toothpaste for bleeding gums, sensitive teeth. Teeth whitening,
Mouthwash.
UNIT – IV 08 Hours
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics,
cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs.
Principles of Cosmetic Evaluation: Principles of sebumeter, corneometer. Measurement of TEWL, Skin
Color, Hair tensile strength, Hair combing properties Soaps, and syndet bars. Evolution and skin
benefits.
UNIT – V 07 Hours
Oily and dry skin, causes leading to dry skin, skin moisturisation. Basic understanding of the terms
Comedogenic, dermatitis.
Cosmetic problems associated with Hair and scalp: Dandruff, Hair fall causes Cosmetic problems
associated with skin: blemishes, wrinkles, acne, prickly heat and body odor.
Antiperspirants and Deodorants- Actives and mechanism of action
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Harry’s Cosmeticology, Wilkinson, Moore, Seventh Edition, George Godwin.
2. Cosmetics – Formulations, Manufacturing and Quality Control, P.P. Sharma, 4th Edition,
Vandana Publications Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
3. Textbook of Cosmetics by Rajesh Kumar Nema, Kmal singh Rathore and BK Dubey
4. Textbook of Cosmetics by M. Vimaladevi
List of Experiments:
1. Preformulation study for prepared granules
2. Preparation and evaluation of Paracetamol tablets
3. Preparation and evaluation of Aspirin tablets
4. Coating of tablets
5. Preparation and evaluation of Tetracycline capsules
6. Preparation of Calcium Gluconate injection
7. Preparation of Ascorbic Acid injection
8. Preparation of Paracetamol Syrup
9. Preparation of Eye drops
10. Preparation of Pellets by extrusion spheronization technique
11. Preparation of Creams (cold / vanishing cream)
12. Evaluation of Glass containers (As per IP)
List of Experiments:
1. Introduction to in-vitro pharmacology and physiological salt solutions.
2. Effect of drugs on isolated frog heart.
3. Effect of drugs on blood pressure and heart rate of dog.
4. Study of diuretic activity of drugs using rats/mice.
5. DRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abdominis muscle.
6. Effect of physostigmine and atropine on DRC of acetylcholine using frog rectus abdominis
muscle and rat ileum respectively.
7. Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum by matching method.
8. Bioassay of oxytocin using rat uterine horn by interpolation method.
9. Bioassay of serotonin using rat fundus strip by three point bioassay.
10. Bioassay of acetylcholine using rat ileum/colon by four point bioassay.
11. Determination of PA2 value of prazosin using rat anococcygeus muscle (by Schilds plot
method).
12. Determination of PD2 value using guinea pig ileum.
13. Effect of spasmogens and spasmolytics using rabbit jejunum.
14. Anti-inflammatory activity of drugs using carrageenan induced paw-edema model.
15. Analgesic activity of drug using central and peripheral methods
Note: All laboratory techniques and animal experiments are demonstrated by simulated experiments
by softwares and videos
1. Rang H. P., Dale M. M., Ritter J. M., Flower R. J., Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,
2. Churchil Livingstone Elsevier
3. Katzung B. G., Masters S. B., Trevor A. J., Basic and clinical pharmacology, Tata Mc Graw-
Hill.
4. Goodman and Gilman’s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
5. Marry Anne K. K., Lloyd Yee Y., Brian K. A., Robbin L.C., Joseph G. B., Wayne A. K., Bradley
R.W., Applied Therapeutics, The Clinical use of Drugs, The Point Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
6. Mycek M.J, Gelnet S.B and Perper M.M. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews-Pharmacology.
7. K.D.Tripathi. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, , JAYPEE Brothers Medical Publishers (P)
Ltd, New Delhi.
8. Sharma H. L., Sharma K. K., Principles of Pharmacology, Paras medical publisher
9. Modern Pharmacology with clinical Applications, by Charles R.Craig& Robert.
10. Ghosh MN. Fundamentals of Experimental Pharmacology. Hilton & Company, Kolkata.
11. Kulkarni SK. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Vallabh Prakashan.
List of Experiments:
(1) Morphology, histology and powder characteristics & extraction & detection of: Cinchona,
Cinnamon, Senna, Clove, Ephedra, Fennel and Coriander
(2) Exercise involving isolation & detection of active principles
a. Caffeine - from tea dust.
b. Diosgenin from Dioscorea
c. Atropine from Belladonna
d. Sennosides from Senna
(3) Separation of sugars by Paper chromatography
(4) TLC of herbal extract
(5) Distillation of volatile oils and detection of phytoconstitutents by TLC
(6) Analysis of crude drugs by chemical tests: (i) Asafoetida (ii) Benzoin (iii) Colophony (iv) Aloes
(v) Myrrh
Course Objectives: Environmental Sciences is the scientific study of the environmental system and
the status of its inherent or induced changes on organisms. It includes not only the study of physical
and biological characters of the environment but also the social and cultural factors and the impact of
man on environment.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course the student shall be able to:
Create the awareness about environmental problems among learners.
Impart basic knowledge about the environment and its allied problems.
Develop an attitude of concern for the environment.
Motivate learner to participate in environment protection and environment improvement.
Acquire skills to help the concerned individuals in identifying and solving environmental
problems.
Strive to attain harmony with Nature.
UNIT – I
The Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies
Natural Resources
Renewable and non-renewable resources:
Natural resources and associated problems
a) Forest resources; b) Water resources; c) Mineral resources; d) Food resources; e) Energy
resources; f) Land resources: Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources.
UNIT – II
Ecosystems
Concept of an ecosystem.
Structure and function of an ecosystem.
Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the ecosystems: Forest ecosystem;
Grassland ecosystem; Desert ecosystem; Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans,
estuaries)
UNIT – III
Biodiversity and Biotic Resources: Introduction, Definition, genetic, species and ecosystem diversity.
Value of biodiversity; consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and optional values.
India as a mega diversity nation, Hot spots of biodiversity. Field visit. Threats to biodiversity: habitat
loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts; conservation of biodiversity: In-Situ and Ex-situ
conservation. National Biodiversity act.
Unit – IV
Environmental Pollution: Air pollution; Water pollution; Soil pollution, Noise Pollution
UNIT -- V
Environmental Policy, Legislation & EIA: Environmental Protection act, Legal aspects Air Act- 1981,
Water Act, Forest Act, Wild life Act.
Towards Sustainable Future: Concept of Sustainable Development, Population and its explosion,
Crazy Consumerism, Environmental Education, Urban Sprawl, Human health, Environmental Ethics,
Concept of Green Building, Ecological Foot Print, Life Cycle assessment (LCA), Low carbon life style.
Course Objectives: This subject is designed to impart fundamental knowledge on the structure,
chemistry and therapeutic value of drugs. The subject emphasis on modern techniques of rational drug
design like quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR), Prodrug concept, combinatorial chemistry
and Computer aided drug design (CADD). The subject also emphasizes on the chemistry, mechanism
of action, metabolism, adverse effects, Structure Activity Relationships (SAR), therapeutic uses and
synthesis of important drugs.
Study of the development of the following classes of drugs, Classification, mechanism of action,
uses of drugs mentioned in the course, Structure activity relationship of selective class of drugs
as specified in the course and synthesis of drugs superscripted by (*)
UNIT – I 10 Hours
Antibiotics:
Historical background, Nomenclature, Stereochemistry, Structure activity relationship, Chemical
degradation classification and important products of the following classes.
Beta-Lactam antibiotics: Penicillin, Cephalosporins, Beta-Lactamase inhibitors, Monobactams
Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, Neomycin, Kanamycin
Tetracyclines: Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline, Minocycline, Doxycycline
UNIT – II 10 Hours
Antibiotics:
Historical background, Nomenclature, Stereochemistry, Structure activity relationship, Chemical
degradation, classification and important products of the following classes.
Macrolide: Erythromycin Clarithromycin, Azithromycin.
Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol*, Clindamycin.
Prodrugs: Basic concepts and application of prodrugs design.
Antimalarials: Etiology of malaria.
Quinolines: SAR, Quinine sulphate, Chloroquine*, Amodiaquine, Primaquine phosphate, Pamaquine*,
Quinacrine hydrochloride, Mefloquine.
Biguanides and dihydro triazines: Cycloguanil pamoate, Proguanil.
Miscellaneous: Pyrimethamine, Artesunete, Artemether, Atovoquone.
UNIT – IV 08 Hours
Antifungal agents:
Antifungal antibiotics: Amphotericin-B, Nystatin, Natamycin, Griseofulvin.
Synthetic Antifungal agents: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Butoconazole, Oxiconazole Tioconozole,
Miconazole*, Ketoconazole, Terconazole, Itraconazole, Fluconazole, Naftifine hydrochloride,
Tolnaftate*.
Anti-protozoal Agents: Metronidazole*, Tinidazole, Ornidazole, Diloxanide, Iodoquinol, Pentamidine
Isethionate, Atovaquone, Eflornithine.
Anthelmintics: Diethylcarbamazine citrate*, Thiabendazole, Mebendazole*, Albendazole,
Niclosamide, Oxamniquine, Praziquantal, Ivermectin.
Sulphonamides and Sulfones
Historical development, chemistry, classification and SAR of Sulfonamides:
Sulphamethizole, Sulfisoxazole, Sulphamethizine, Sulfacetamide*, Sulphapyridine, Sulfamethoxaole*,
Sulphadiazine, Mefenide acetate, Sulfasalazine.
Folate reductase inhibitors: Trimethoprim*, Cotrimoxazole.
Sulfones: Dapsone*.
UNIT – V 07 Hours
Introduction to Drug Design
Various approaches used in drug design.
Physicochemical parameters used in quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) such as
partition coefficient, Hammet’s electronic parameter, Tafts steric parameter and Hansch analysis.
Pharmacophore modeling and docking techniques.
Combinatorial Chemistry: Concept and applications of combinatorial chemistry: solid phase and
solution phase synthesis.
Course Objectives: This subject is intended to impart the fundamental knowledge on various aspects
(classification, mechanism of action, therapeutic effects, clinical uses, side effects and
contraindications) of drugs acting on respiratory and gastrointestinal system, infectious diseases,
immuno-pharmacology and in addition, emphasis on the principles of toxicology and
chronopharmacology.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to:
Understand the mechanism of drug action and its relevance in the treatment of different
infectious diseases
Comprehend the principles of toxicology and treatment of various poisonings and appreciate
correlation of pharmacology with related medical sciences.
UNIT- I 10 hours
1. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Respiratory system
a. Anti -asthmatic drugs
b. Drugs used in the management of COPD
c. Expectorants and antitussives
d. Nasal decongestants
e. Respiratory stimulants
2. Pharmacology of drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract
a. Antiulcer agents.
b. Drugs for constipation and diarrhoea.
c. Appetite stimulants and suppressants.
d. Digestants and carminatives.
e. Emetics and anti-emetics.
UNIT – II 10 hours
Chemotherapy
a. General principles of chemotherapy.
b. Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole.
c. Antibiotics - Penicillins, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, macrolides, quinolones and
fluoroquinolins, tetracycline and aminoglycosides
UNIT – IV 08 hours
1. Chemotherapy
a. Urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases.
Chemotherapy of malignancy.
2. Immunopharmacology
a. Immunostimulants
b. Immunosuppressant
c. Protein drugs, monoclonal antibodies, target drugs to antigen, biosimilars
UNIT – V 07 hours
Principles of toxicology
a. Definition and basic knowledge of acute, subacute and chronic toxicity.
b. Definition and basic knowledge of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity
c. General principles of treatment of poisoning
d. Clinical symptoms and management of barbiturates, morphine, organ ophosphosphorus
compound and lead, mercury and arsenic poisoning.
Course Objectives: This subject gives the student the knowledge of basic understanding of herbal
drug industry, the quality of raw material, guidelines for quality of herbal drugs, herbal cosmetics, natural
sweeteners, nutraceutical etc. The subject also emphasizes on Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP),
patenting and regulatory issues of herbal drugs
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of this course the student should be able to:
1. understand raw material as source of herbal drugs from cultivation to herbal drug product
2. know the WHO and ICH guidelines for evaluation of herbal drugs
3. know the herbal cosmetics, natural sweeteners, nutraceuticals
4. appreciate patenting of herbal drugs, GMP .
UNIT – I 6 Hours
1. Herbs as raw materials
Definition of herb, herbal medicine, herbal drug preparation Source of Herbs
Selection, identification and authentication of herbal materials Processing of herbal raw material
2. Biodynamic Agriculture
Good agricultural practices in cultivation of medicinal plants including Organic farming.
Pest and Pest management in medicinal plants: Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides.
3. General Introduction to Herbal Industry
Herbal drugs industry: Present scope and future prospects.
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and aromatic
plants in India.
UNIT – II 7 Hours
1. Nutraceuticals
General aspects, Market, growth, scope and types of products available in the market. Health benefits
and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome
and various Gastro intestinal diseases.
Study of following herbs as health food: Alfaalfa, Chicory, Ginger, Fenugreek, Garlic, Honey, Amla,
Ginseng, Ashwagandha, Spirulina
2. Herbal-Drug and Herb-Food Interactions: General introduction to interaction and
classification. Study of following drugs and their possible side effects and interactions:
Hypercium, kava-kava, Ginkobiloba, Ginseng, Garlic, Pepper & Ephedra.
UNIT – IV 10 Hours
1. Evaluation of Drugs WHO & ICH guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs Stability
testing of herbal drugs.
2. Patenting and Regulatory requirements of natural products:
a. Definition of the terms: Patent, IPR, Farmers right, Breeder’s right, Bioprospecting
and Biopiracy
b. Patenting aspects of Traditional Knowledge and Natural Products. Case study of
Curcuma & Neem.
3. Regulatory Issues - Regulations in India (ASU DTAB, ASU DCC), Regulation of manufacture
of ASU drugs - Schedule Z of Drugs & Cosmetics Act for ASU drugs.
UNIT – V 07 Hours
Schedule T – Good Manufacturing Practice of Indian systems of medicine Components of GMP
(Schedule – T) and its objectives
Infrastructural requirements, working space, storage area, machinery and equipment, standard
operating procedures, health and hygiene, documentation and records.
Course Objectives: This subject is designed to impart knowledge and skills necessary for dose
calculations, dose adjustments and to apply Biopharmaceutics theories in practical problem solving.
Basic theoretical discussions of the principles of Biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics are provided
to help the students’ to clarify the concepts.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course student shall be able to:
Understand the basic concepts in biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics.
Use plasma data and derive the pharmacokinetic parameters to describe the process of drug
absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination.
Critically evaluate biopharmaceutic studies involving drug product equivalency
Design and evaluate dosage regimens of the drugs using pharmacokinetic and
biopharmaceutic parameters.
Detect potential clinical pharmacokinetic problems and apply basic pharmacokinetic principles
to solve them
UNIT – I 10 Hours
Introduction to Biopharmaceutics
Absorption: Mechanisms of drug absorption through GIT, factors influencing drug absorption though
GIT, absorption of drug from Non per oral extra-vascular routes, Distribution: Distribution of drugs
Tissue permeability of drugs, binding of drugs, apparent, volume of drug distribution, protein binding of
drugs, factors affecting protein-drug binding. Kinetics of protein binding, Clinical significance of protein
binding of drugs
UNIT – II 10 Hours
Metabolism & Excretion: Drug metabolism and basic understanding of metabolic pathways. Renal
excretion of drugs, factors affecting renal excretion of drugs, renal clearance, Non renal routes of drug
excretion of drugs
Bioavailability and Bioequivalence: Objectives of bioavailability studies, absolute and relative
bioavailability, measurement of bioavailability, in-vitro drug dissolution models, in-vitro, in-vivo
correlations, bioequivalence studies, methods to enhance the bioavailability.
UNIT – IV 08 Hours
Multicompartment models: Two compartment open model. IV bolus
Multiple – Dosage Regimens:
a). Repititive Intravenous injections – One Compartment Open Model
b). Repititive Extravascular dosing – One Compartment Open model
UNIT – V 07 Hours
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: a. Introduction, b. Factors causing Non-linearity. c. Michaelis-menton
method of estimating parameters, Biotransformation of drugs
Course Objectives: This course deals with the various aspects of quality control and quality assurance
aspects of pharmaceutical industries. It covers the important aspects like cGMP, QC tests,
documentation, quality certifications and regulatory affairs.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course student shall be able to:
Understand the cGMP aspects in a pharmaceutical industry
Appreciate the importance of documentation
Understand the scope of quality certifications applicable to pharmaceutical industries
Understand the responsibilities of QA & QC departments
UNIT – I 10 Hours
1. Quality Assurance and Quality Management concepts: Definition and concept of Quality
control, Quality assurance and GMP
2. Total Quality Management (TQM): Definition, elements, philosophies
3. ICH Guidelines: purpose, participants, process of harmonization, Brief overview of QSEM, with
special emphasis on Q-series guidelines, ICH stability testing guidelines Quality by design 4. (QbD):
Definition, overview, elements of QbD program, tools
5. ISO 9000 & ISO14000: Overview, Benefits, Elements, steps for registration
6. NABL accreditation: Principles and procedure
UNIT – II 10 Hours
1. Organization and personnel: Personnel responsibilities, training, hygiene and personal records.
Premises: Design, construction and plant layout, maintenance, sanitation, environmental control,
utilities and maintenance of sterile areas, control of contamination.
2. Equipments and raw materials: Equipments selection, purchase specifications, maintenance,
purchase specifications and maintenance of stores for raw materials.
UNIT – II 10 Hours
Quality Control: Quality control test for containers, rubber closures and secondary packing
materials.
Good Laboratory Practices: General Provisions, Organization and Personnel, Facilities, Equipment,
Testing Facilities Operation, Test and Control Articles, Protocol for Conduct of a Nonclinical Laboratory
Study, Records and Reports, Disqualification of Testing Facilities.
UNIT – IV 08 Hours
1. Complaints: Complaints and evaluation of complaints, Handling of return good, recalling and waste
disposal.
2. Document maintenance in pharmaceutical industry: Batch Formula Record, Master Formula.
Record, SOP, Quality audit, Quality Review and Quality documentation, Reports and documents,
distribution records.
UNIT – V 07 Hours
1. Calibration and Validation: Introduction, definition and general principles of calibration, qualification
and validation, importance and scope of validation, types of validation, validation master plan.
Calibration of pH meter, Qualification of UV-Visible spectrophotometer, General principles of Analytical
method Validation.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the subject student shall be able to;
Understanding the importance of Immobilized enzymes in Pharmaceutical Industries
Genetic engineering applications in relation to production of pharmaceuticals
Importance of Monoclonal antibodies in Industries
Appreciate the use of microorganisms in fermentation technology
UNIT – I 10 Hours
a. Brief introduction to Biotechnology with reference to Pharmaceutical Sciences.
b. Enzyme Biotechnology- Methods of enzyme immobilization and applications.
c. Biosensors- Working and applications of biosensors in Pharmaceutical Industries.
d. Brief introduction to Protein Engineering.
e. Use of microbes in industry. Production of Enzymes- General consideration - Amylase,
Catalase, Peroxidase, Lipase, Protease, Penicillinase.
f. Basic principles of genetic engineering.
UNIT – II 10 Hours
a. Study of cloning vectors, restriction endonucleases and DNA ligase.
b. Recombinant DNA technology. Application of genetic engineering in medicine.
c. Application of r DNA technology and genetic engineering in the products:
d. Interferon b) Vaccines- hepatitis- B c) Hormones- Insulin.
e. Brief introduction to PCR
Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunity
UNIT – IV 08 Hours
a. Immuno blotting techniques- ELISA, Western blotting, Southern blotting.
b. Genetic organization of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
c. Microbial genetics including transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids and
transposons.
UNIT – V 07 Hours
a. Types of mutation/mutants
b. Fermentation methods and general requirements, study of media, equipments, sterilization
methods, aeration process, stirring.
c. Large scale production fermenter design and its various controls.
d. Study of the production of - penicillins, citric acid, Vitamin B12, Glutamic acid, Griseofulvin,
PS607: BIOINFORMATICS
(Open Elective - II)
Course Objective: This subject is design to impart fundamental knowledge on the principles of
bioinformatics
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course the student able to understand
Foundation of bioinformatics
Sequence comparisons methods
Genomic applications
Proteomic and metabolic applications.
UNIT - I
Foundations of bioinformatics
1.1 Bioinformatics- a historical perspective
1.2 Bioinformaticss data- nucleic acid sequence, protein sequence, protein structure, genome variation
data, gene expression data, proteomic data, metabolic pathways and networks
1.3 Bioinformatics tools and resources- free online tolls, downloadable free tools, software pakags,
bioinformatics web portals
1.4 Role of internet in Bioinformatics.
UNIT - II
Sequence comparison methods
2.1 Basics of sequence alignment: Match, mismatch, gaps, scoring an alignment (gap penalties (linear
& affine gap penalties), sequence relationships (sequence identity, similarity, homology, orthologs,
paralogs & xenologs)
2.2 DNA Vs protein sequence alignment (permissible replacement, similarity score, scoring matrices
(PAM & BLOSUM)
2.3 multiple-sequence alignment (MSA): significance of MSA
UNIT - III
Genomic Applications:
3.1 Bioinformatics for genome sequencing, first and next generation methods of genome sequencing,
de-novo and reference based genome sequencing, genome assembly (reads, contigs &scaffolds)
3.2 Transcript- profiling: expression microarrays (gene array& oligo array), transcriptome sequencing
and RNA- seq analysis small RNA sequencing and analysis
UNIT - IV
4.1 Genome maps an markers: identification of molecular makers (SSR, STS & SNP markers), linkage
Vs physical maps, displaying genome annotation using genome browsers
4.2 Medical application of bioinformatics –understanding diseases and identification of disease genes,
disease diagnostics, overview of drug discovery, pharmacogenomics.
UNIT - V
Proteomic and metabolomic applications:
5.1 Protein profiling (2D gels, protein fingerprinting & identification), protein structure analysis
5.2 Protein structure: structure visualization
5.3 Protein: secondary and tertiary structure prediction (homology modelling)
Course Objectives: The student is going to study about various techniques involved in screening of
drugs for various pharmacological activities and guidelines for handling animals
Course Outcomes: This subject is designed to impart the knowledge on preclinical evaluation of drugs
and recent experimental techniques in the drug discovery and development. The subject content helps
the student to understand the maintenance of laboratory animals as per the guidelines. The expected
outcome are – the students will know how to handle animals and know about various techniques for
screening of drugs for different pharmacological activities and guidelines for regulations involved in
screening of new drug molecules on animals.
UNIT - I
Care, handling and breeding technique of laboratory animals. Regulations for laboratory animals,
CPSCEA guidelines, alternative to animal studies.
UNIT - II
Toxiciy test: OECD guidelines, determination of LD 50, acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies.
UNIT - III
Organization of screening for pharmacological activity of new substances with emphasis on the
evaluation of antipsychotics, antiepileptics and antidepressants.
UNIT - IV
Screening methods for anti-diabetic, antiulcer, CHF and anti-hypertensive drugs.
UNIT - V
Screening methods for anti-inflammatory, analgesics and antipyretic drugs.
2. Assay of drugs
a. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide
b. Chloroquine
c. Metronidazole
d. Dapsone
e. Chlorpheniramine maleate
f. Benzyl penicillin
List of Experiments:
1. Dose calculation in pharmacological experiments
2. Antiallergic activity by mast cell stabilization assay
3. Study of anti-ulcer activity of a drug using pylorus ligand (SHAY) rat model and NSAIDS induced
ulcer model.
4. Study of effect of drugs on gastrointestinal motility
5. Effect of agonist and antagonists on guinea pig ileum
6. Estimation of serum biochemical parameters by using semi- autoanalyser
7. Effect of saline purgative on frog intestine
8. Insulin hypoglycemic effect in rabbit
9. Test for pyrogens (rabbit method)
10. Determination of acute oral toxicity (LD50) of a drug from a given data
11. Determination of acute skin irritation / corrosion of a test substance
12. Determination of acute eye irritation / corrosion of a test substance
13. Calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters from a given data
14. Biostatistics methods in experimental pharmacology (student’s t test, ANOVA)
15. Biostatistics methods in experimental pharmacology (Chi square test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank
test)
List of Experiments:
1. To perform preliminary phytochemical screening of crude drugs.
2. Evaluation of excipients of natural origin
3. Incorporation of prepared and standardized extract in cosmetics formulations like creams,
lotions, Shampoos and their evaluation.
4. Incorporation of prepared and standardized extract in cosmetics formulations like Syrups,
Mixtures and tablets and their evaluations as per pharmacopoeial requirements
5. Monograph analysis of herbal drugs from recent Pharmacopoeias
6. Determination of Aldehyde content
7. Determination of phenolic content
8. Determination of total alkaloids
Course Objective: To enable the students to imbibe and internalize the Values and Ethical Behavior
in the personal and Professional lives.
Course Outcome: The students will understand the importance of Values and Ethics in their personal
lives and professional careers. The students will learn the rights and responsibilities as an employee,
team member and a global citizen.
UNIT - I
Introduction to Professional Ethics: Basic Concepts, Governing Ethics, Personal & Professional
Ethics, Ethical Dilemmas, Life Skills, Emotional Intelligence, Thoughts of Ethics, Value Education,
Dimensions of Ethics, Profession and professionalism, Professional Associations, Professional Risks,
Professional Accountabilities, Professional Success, Ethics and Profession.
UNIT - II
Basic Theories: Basic Ethical Principles, Moral Developments, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Virtue
Theory, Rights Theory, Casuist Theory, Moral Absolution, Moral Rationalism, Moral Pluralism, Ethical
Egoism, Feminist Consequentialism, Moral Issues, Moral Dilemmas, Moral Autonomy.
UNIT - III
Professional ethics in pharmacy: general introduction to code of pharmaceutical ethics, objectives,
pharmacists in relation to his job, his trade, to his profession and relation to medicinal professions.
Pharmacists oath.
UNIT - IV
Work Place Rights & Responsibilities, Ethics in changing domains of Research, Engineers and
Managers; Organizational Complaint Procedure, difference of Professional Judgment within the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the Hanford Nuclear Reservation.
Ethics in changing domains of research - The US government wide definition of research misconduct,
research misconduct distinguished from mistakes and errors, recent history of attention to research
misconduct, the emerging emphasis on understanding and fostering responsible conduct, responsible
authorship, reviewing & editing.
UNIT - V
Global issues in Professional Ethics: Introduction – Current Scenario, Technology Globalization of
MNCs, International Trade, World Summits, Issues, Business Ethics and Corporate Governance,
Sustainable Development Ecosystem, Energy Concerns, Ozone Deflection, Pollution, Ethics in
Manufacturing and Marketing, Media Ethics; War Ethics; Bio Ethics, Intellectual Property Rights.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Professional Ethics: R. Subramanian, Oxford University Press, 2015.
2. Ethics in Engineering Practice & Research, Caroline Whitbeck, 2e, Cambridge University Press
2015.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Engineering Ethics, Concepts Cases: Charles E Harris Jr., Michael S Pritchard, Michael J
Rabins, 4e , Cengage learning, 2015.
2. Business Ethics concepts & Cases: Manuel G Velasquez, 6e, PHI, 2008.
3. Forensic Pharmacy by Dr.Kokate
4. Forensic Pharmacy by Bhaskar Chaurasia