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Basic Marketing Research, 3e (Burns)
Chapter 7 Measurement Scales
1) There are ________ basic question–response formats, and each one has ________ variations.,
so there are ________ format options:
A) two; five; ten
B) two; three; six
C) three; two; six
D) two; two; four
E) four; two; eight
Answer: C
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 153
AACSB: Analytic Skills
Objective: LO 1
2) What are the three basic question-response formats?

A) un-probed, probed, and neutral
B) open-ended, closed-ended and skip patterned
C) open-ended, categorical and metric
D) closed-ended, continuous and open-ended
E) open-probed, closed-probed, probed
Answer: C
Objective: LO 1
3) The question: "What was your reaction to the Sony CD player advertisement you saw on
television last?" is an example of which response format?
A) unaided open-ended
B) un-probed closed-ended
C) scaled-response
D) ad reaction measurement
E) metric, open-ended
Answer: A
AACSB: Reflective Thinking Skills
Objective: LO 1
1
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) If a researcher wanted the respondent to simply answer a question with no additional
information, he or she would likely use a(an):
A) unaided open-ended format
B) aided open-ended format
C) response probed format
D) continuous response format
E) categorical, close-ended format
Answer: A
Objective: LO 1
5) If a researcher uses a(n) ________ question format, there is a response probe in the form of a
follow-up question instructing the interviewer to ask for additional information.
A) unaided open-ended
B) aided open-ended
C) response probed
D) continuous response
E) categorical, close-ended
Answer: B
Objective: LO 1
6) Which of the following formats provides response options to questions on the questionnaire?
A) co-existing response options format
B) categorical response format
C) categorical open-ended format
D) probed format
E) open-ended with response options format
Answer: B
Objective: LO 1
7) Which of the following formats has only two response options?

A) the twins format
B) the two response format
C) the bi-dual format
D) the two choice format
E) dual-choice format
Answer: E
Objective: LO 1
2
8) What type of question format is the following question?
When you purchased your most recent automobile, what features do you take into consideration?
(Check all that apply.)
_____Style (e.g., sedan, coupe, wagon, SUV)
_____Price
_____Quiet ride
_____Trunk space
_____EPA mileage rating
A) Multiple-choice category
B) Aided open-ended
C) Continuous response
D) Dual-choice
E) Metric response
Answer: D
Objective: LO 1
9) Which of the following formats provides more than two possible choices?
A) the multivariate format
B) the tri-dual format
C) the multiple-choice category format
D) the n-way format
E) none of the above: no question has more than two possible choices
Answer: C
Objective: LO 1
10) A question that lists several responses (i.e. style, price, comfort, fit, construction, etc.) and
asks the respondent to "check all that apply" appears to be a multiple-choice category question,
but it is actually:
A) an aided response category question
B) a categorical non-response question
C) a non-categorical non-response question
D) a dual-choice question
E) a single-minded question
Answer: D
Objective: LO 1
3
11) "Metric" means:
A) an instrument used for measuring conceptual, non-objective properties
B) the answer to a question is a number that expresses some quantity of the property being
measured
C) the answer to a question is a number that does not express some quantity of the property being
measured
D) a property is not only measured but measured using the metric system
E) measurement of observables
Answer: B
Objective: LO 1
12) "How many times have you visited the library in the last month?" is an example of:
A) a natural but non-metric response format
B) a natural metric response format
C) a natural synthetic response format
D) a synthetic metric format
E) a synthetic annual format
Answer: B
Objective: LO 1
13) "Rate your satisfaction level on a scale from 1 to 10" is an example of:
A) a natural but non-metric response format
B) a natural metric response format
C) a natural synthetic response format
E) a synthetic satisfaction format
Answer: D
Objective: LO 1
14) A synthetic metric format uses:

A) no numbers to measure the property
B) numbers to measure the property
C) real properties to measure numbers
D) artificial numbers to measure properties
E) properties to measure synthetic numbers
Answer: D
Objective: LO 1
4
15) A scale on which all of the scale descriptors (i.e. "poor," "fair," "good") are assigned
artificial numbers is called:
A) a descriptor scale format with real numbers
B) a "poor" to "good" scale
C) a numerical/descriptor format
E) no such scale exists
Answer: D
Objective: LO 1
16) Determining the description or amount of some element of interest to the researcher is
known as:
A) description determination
B) element determination
C) description/element determination
D) measurement
E) quantities of elements
Answer: D
Objective: LO 2
17) Questionnaires are designed to collect information that is represented via measurement. This
information, once compiled, can help answer specific questions. In this process, we are really
measuring ________.
A) properties of objects
B) objects of properties
C) operations
D) definitions
E) elements
Answer: A
Objective: LO 2
5
18) ________ are the specific features or characteristics of an object that can be used to
distinguish it from another object.
A) Properties
B) Objects and elements
C) Attributes or qualities
D) Quantities or qualities
E) Quartiles and qualities
Answer: C
Objective: LO 2
19) The procedure of specifying the procedure to measure a property of an object is referred to
as:
A) procedural measurement
B) operational definition
C) measurement procedure
D) property measurement
E) attribute measurement
Answer: B
Objective: LO 3
20) A scale's level of measurement may be:

A) open-ended, categorical, qualitative
B) whimsical, classical, scientific
C) open-ended, categorical, metric
D) metric, open-ended, scientific
E) element measurement
Answer: C
Diff: 2 Page Ref: 156-157
Objective: LO 3
21) ________ measurement is difficult to work with and requires interpretation skills or even
special computer programs.
A) Scientific
B) Open-ended
C) Metric
D) Whimsical
E) Elemental
Answer: B
Objective: LO 2
6
22) Which level of measurement is represented by answers on a scale, such as "yes," "no" or
"male," "female" represent which level of measurement?
A) scientific
B) open-ended
C) metric
D) categorical
E) elemental
Answer: D
Objective: LO 3
23) Which level of measurement has order and distance?

A) scientific
B) open-ended
C) metric
D) categorical
E) elemental
Answer: C
Objective: LO 3
24) Natural metric scales are inherently:

A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) whimsical
D) scientific
E) open-ended
Answer: B
Objective: LO 3
25) A question asks respondents to write in how many times they have visited an ATM in the last
week. This is an example of a:
A) synthetic metric scale
B) natural metric scale
C) natural categorical scale
D) closed-ended scale
E) synthetic open-ended scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 3
7
26) A question asks respondents to evaluate a travel agency on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1
means "very dissatisfied" and 5 means "very satisfied." This is an example of a:
A) synthetic metric scale
B) natural metric scale
E) synthetic natural scale
Answer: A
Objective: LO 3
27) In order for a synthetic number scale to have meaning, you must know ________.
A) the standard deviation of the scale
B) the range of the scale
C) the mean of the scale
D) the mode of the scale
E) the standard error of the scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 3
28) What type of scale uses words to indicate different gradations or levels of the respondent's
opinion?
A) synthetic label metric scale
B) natural label metric scale
E) synthetic natural label scale
Answer: A
Objective: LO 3
29) Wording a question so that it is either categorical or metric is important because:

A) it affects what analyses may be conducted on the question
B) it affects what may be said and not said about the property being measured
C) it affects how long it takes the respondent to answer the question
D) both a and b
E) none of the above; this is not an important issue when wording a question
Answer: D
Objective: LO 4
8
30) Which of the following should a researcher do to summarize findings for categorical
measures?
A) not try to summarize findings for categorical measures; it is inappropriate
B) use a percentage distribution (sometimes called a frequency distribution)
C) compute an average such as a mean
D) compute a standard deviation
E) compute a range
Answer: B
Objective: LO 4
31) To summarize findings for metric measures the researcher should:

A) not try to summarize findings to metric measures; it is inappropriate
B) use a percentage distribution (sometimes called a frequency distribution)
C) compute a frequency deviation
D) compute an average such as a mean
E) compute histograms
Answer: D
Objective: LO 4
32) ________ are physically verifiable characteristics such as age, gender, number of bottles
purchased, etc.
A) Objective metric open-ended features
B) Subjective metric open-ended features
C) Objective properties
D) Subjective properties
E) Elemental properties
Answer: C
Objective: LO 5
33) Mental constructs cannot be directly observed, such as:

A) objective metric open-ended features
B) subjective metric open-ended features
C) objective properties
D) subjective properties
E) elemental properties
Answer: D
Objective: LO 5
9
34) The marketing researcher must develop response formats that are very clear and that are used
identically by the various respondents. This process is known as ________.
A) reliability
B) scale development
C) validity
D) objectivity
E) subjectivity
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
35) Scale development is primarily concerned with the creation or use of ________ measures.
A) synthetic metric
B) natural metric
C) natural categorical
D) closed-ended
E) synthetic open-ended
Answer: A
Objective: LO 5
36) What are the two goals of scale development?

A) effectiveness and efficiency
B) effectiveness and validity
C) validity and efficiency
D) validity and reliability
E) validity and value
Answer: D
Objective: LO 5
37) A ________ scale is one in which people will respond the same to an identical or similar
question. A ________ scale truly measures the construct under study.
A) reliable; valid
B) valid; reliable
C) valid; valid
D) valid, valued
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Objective: LO 5
10
38) Which is true about the "neutral point" on symmetric synthetic scales?
A) there are no neutral points on these scales
B) the neutral points should be counted as zeroes
C) the neutral point is not considered an origin or zero
D) there cannot be a "neutral point" on a synthetic scale
Answer: C
Objective: LO 5
39) The ________ format asks respondents to indicate their degree of agreement or disagreement
with a statement.
A) l-Lifestyle statement inventory
B) semantic differential
C) constant sum scale
D) Likert scale
E) the "hiking"
Answer: D
Objective: LO 5
40) The ________ measures activities, interests and opinions (AIO's).

A) constant sum scale
B) life-style inventory
C) semantic differential scale
D) synthetic action/ information/ online format
E) origin scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
41) Which type of scaled-response format contains bi-polar words such as "hot-cold," "wet-dry,"
"convenient-inconvenient," and so on?
D) synthetic action/ information/ online format
E) none; these are not measured by scaled-response formats
Answer: C
Objective: LO 5
11
42) The Halo Effect is best avoided by:
A) doing a couple of things wrong during the entire research project
B) mixing favorable and unfavorable endpoints on a scale
C) flipping "bad" scales to the back of the survey to encourage a good response before the
respondents get to the bad questions
D) substituting "good" measurements to replace those thought to be faulty
E) none of the above; the Halo Effect cannot be avoided
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
43) Which of the following scaled-response formats is good for measuring store, company or
brand images?
D) image analysis scales
E) store analysis
Answer: C
Objective: LO 5
44) Which scale typically has numbers that range from a minus end (-3) to a corresponding plus
end (+3) and includes a 0 midpoint?
A) life-style inventory
B) Stapel scale
C) minus/plus scale
D) balanced pole scale
E) positive/negative scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
45) Which scale is a good substitute for a semantic differential scale as it is easier to construct
because the researcher does not need to think of bipolar adjectives for each attribute?
A) life-style inventory
B) Stapel scale
C) minus/plus scale
D) balanced pole scale
E) positive/negative scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
12
46) A synthetic scale without balanced ends means the scale has unequal amounts of positive and
negative positions; it is called:
A) an unbalanced categorical scale
B) a balanced categorical scale
C) a nonsymmetrical synthetic scale
D) a symmetric synthetic scale
E) a halo effect scale
Answer: C
Objective: LO 5
47) Which of the following scales might have an example that ranges from "Not Important" to
"Extremely Important"?
A) Likert scale
B) one-way labeled scale
C) importance scale
D) unimportance scale
E) semantic differential scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
48) Consider the question: "Rate the performance of your book bag from 1 to 5, where 1 means
‘poor' and 5 means ‘excellent.'" And, then you are given a number of performance factors such
as "appearance," "roominess" and so on to rate. This is an example of a(an):
A) n-point scale
B) anchored n-point scale
C) staple scale
D) unanchored n-point scale
E) anchored y-point scale
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
13
49) Which of the following is the following question an example of?
"On a scale of 1 to 5, how do you rate the friendliness of Olive Garden's wait staff?"
A) Likert scale
B) one-way labeled scale
C) importance scale
D) unimportance scale
E) un-anchored n-point scale
Answer: E
Objective: LO 5
50) In making the decision to use a symmetric or non-symmetric scale, a good rule of thumb is
to:
A) use neither
B) use the symmetric scale unless the researcher is confident respondents will only use one side
of the scale
C) use the non-symmetric scale unless the researcher is confident that respondents will use both
sides of the scale
D) always use both to be certain that the respondent has a choice of how to best express his or
her attitude
Answer: B
Objective: LO 5
51) When you want to measure frequency of use, which of the following scales is recommended?
A) One-way labeled
B) Semantic differential
C) Stapel
D) Symmetric labeled
E) Likert
Answer: A
Objective: LO 6
52) When the researcher uses an aided open-ended format, there is a response probe in the form
of a follow-up question instructing the interviewer to ask for additional information, saying, for
instance, "Can you think of anything else you felt was important when you purchased your last
automobile?"
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 1
14
53) There are three basic question format options and each has two options.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 1
54) The three basic question formats are: open-ended, categorical, and metric.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 1
55) In the unaided open-ended format, there is a response probe in the form of a follow-up
question, instructing the interviewer to ask for additional information.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 1
56) Dual-choice and multiple-choice questions are both options of the metric response format.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 1
57) "Check all that apply" questions are really dual-choice categorical response questions.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 1
58) When the answer is a number that expresses some quantity of the property being measured,
we have a metric response format question.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 1
59) Natural metric formats may include scale descriptors such as "poor," "fair," "good," "very
good," and "excellent."
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 1
15
60) "How much do you weigh?" is an example of a synthetic metric format question.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 1
61) "How satisfied are you with your textbook, measured on a scale from 1 to 5 with 1 being ‘not
satisfied at all' and 5 being ‘very satisfied'", is an example of a natural metric-response format
question.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 1
62) We are really measuring properties—sometimes called attributes or qualities—of objects.

Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 2
63) When a researcher specifies the procedure to measure a property of an object, the procedure
is referred to as a measurement level.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 2
64) Research objectives specify which properties are to be measured in any particular research
project.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 2
65) Levels of measurement of a scale are: open-ended, categorical, and metric.

Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 2
66) Categorical measures are the most difficult level of measurement to analyze.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 3
16
67) Asking how many dollars a consumer is willing to spend on a new product is an example of
a natural metric scale.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 2
68) Whether a question format is categorical or metric greatly impacts what he or she can or
cannot say about these concepts.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 4
69) When researchers wrestle with operational definitions of their scales, they are simultaneously
taking into account the data analysis as well as the presentation layout they will be using in the
final report.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 4
70) If you use a categorical measure, you can calculate an average.

Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 4
71) If you use a metric measure, you can calculate an average.

Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 4
72) The appropriate way to summarize a metric measurement scale is through percentages
illustrated in charts, such as pie charts or in frequency distributions.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 4
73) Objective properties are physically verifiable.

Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
17
74) The process of developing response formats that are very clear and that are used identically
by the various respondents is called scale development.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
75) A valid scale is one in which a respondent responds in the same or in a very similar manner
to an identical or nearly identical question.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 5
76) Obviously, if a measure is unreliable and elicits wildly different answers from the same
person when that person is unchanged from administration to administration of the question,
there is something very wrong with the question.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
77) Since every research project is different, it is wise to develop a new and novel scale format to
suit the particular needs of the existing situation.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 5
78) Scales that have counter-balancing positive and negative degrees of intensity are called
symmetric scales.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
79) A scale which asks consumers the extent to which they agree or disagree with the statement
that Levi's 501 are good looking is a semantic differential scale.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 5
18
80) The life-style inventory is a special application of the Likert scale.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
81) A consumer likes the restaurant "Red Lobster" and so answers "Very Satisfied" to a survey
about many dimensions of the restaurant without really paying attention to each specific
dimension such as price, product quality, atmosphere, and so on. This is an example of what is
known as the "halo effect."
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
82) The basis of the Stapel scale format is numerical rather than verbal or visual.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
83) Scales having 5 points, 7 points, or 10 points are known as n-point scales.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
84) "Anchored" means that the scale has a very high score on one end.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 5
85) "On a scale of 1 to 5, how do you rate the friendliness of Olive Garden's wait staff?" is an
example of an anchored n-point scale.
Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 5
86) If a researcher is confident that few, if any, respondents will use the negative side of a
symmetric scale, he/she may opt for a non-symmetric scale. If in doubt, the researcher should
pretest the scale.
Answer: TRUE
Objective: LO 5
19
87) Our authors recommend some scales to measure constructs often measured in marketing
research studies. For example, they recommend a semantic differential or a Stapel scale to
measure the construct's brand image. They recommend a one-way labeled scale to measure the
construct's importance.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3 Page Ref: 167-168
Objective: LO 6
88) A symmetric labeled scale is recommended to measure lifestyle or opinion.

Answer: FALSE
Objective: LO 6
20
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him that we had a cavalry fight a couple of weeks before at
Bardstown, where no doubt his boys were engaged, when on his
further enquiry about the engagement, I told him how we scattered
them all over the country, killing and wounding a great many. The
ladies burst into tears and went back into their room, and the old
man had nothing more to say about his boys.
I then again tried to persuade him to give us at least one
wagonload of bacon, promising him that if he would send his team
and a boy to drive it to Lebanon, he would surely have them
returned, when he again refused in a spiteful, insulting manner. I told
him that we had understood he had some six or eight yoke of work-
oxen and in Texas we knew all about handling oxen and we would
go into his pasture and drive them up and hitch them to the wagons
that were at the house, but this was only a threat. We gave him up
as a bad job and when we reached the pike about three miles from
there, we met a citizen who told us that Wheeler’s cavalry had
evacuated Lebanon and burnt all the meat stored there, which we
were induced to believe, and decided to ride back to the
Harrodsburg Pike and get with our command, which we did.
Our army then continued to retreat, the main part of the army
moving towards Crab Orchard, where we struck the Cumberland
Gap road, while the army, under Kirby Smith, was struggling over Big
Hill, and had still to join the main army at the junction of the roads at
Pitman’s. The army then moved into the mountains on the
Cumberland Gap road, which, owing to the character of the country,
was generally restricted to a single wagon track. This stretched out
our columns of retreat for perhaps twenty miles or more and cut up
the road very badly, frequently causing wagons to stall. Two
infantrymen consequently were detailed with every wagon, of which
we had thirty-eight hundred, laden with provisions and valuable
stores. This detail of two with each wagon was ordered to assist any
wagon that was stalled by taking hold of the wheels, thereby helping
the team to pull the wagon out of the rut.
A division commander was detailed every day to take charge of
the wagon train and artillery and keep it moving. When a wagon
stalled, the whole line of retreat, infantry, wagons and artillery behind
it, would have to wait until it would move again, thereby seriously
impeding our line of march and causing the cavalry in the rear
desperate fighting sometimes to hold off the enemy.
It was reported of General Cheatham, when he had charge of the
train, that one of his wagons was stalled, and he put spurs to his
horse and rode up the line and reached the wagon. The driver was
whipping his mules and the two infantrymen were standing by the
roadside, resting on their guns. At the sight of this, he jumped off his
horse, took hold of the spokes of the wagon wheel and tried to turn
it, but all to no purpose. The two guards still stood resting on their
guns. General Cheatham lost his patience and turned around and
slapped one of the guards in the face. This happened to be an
Irishman, who said, “Be God; if you were not Gineral Cheatham you
couldn’t do this.” General Cheatham pulled off his sword belt, coat
and hat and threw them down by the side of the road and said, “Now,
there lies General Cheatham and here is Frank Cheatham; now light
in.” They say that at this invitation the Irishman lit in and got the best
of the bargain, of which General Cheatham never made any
complaint. The two men then took hold of the wheels in conjunction
with General Cheatham, and started up the wagon, and with that the
whole line of retreat.
This incident was currently reported and generally believed by all
who knew General Cheatham, but I would not be willing to vouch for
the same, as it is almost past belief.
After leaving Crab Orchard, General Buell dispensed with his
cavalry, as they were unable to cope with ours and moved only with
his infantry and artillery in advance. To enter into the details of the
rest of this campaign, would require too much space and will only
say that the brigade of General Wharton, which always includes the
Terry Rangers, in conjunction occasionally with other cavalry, were
expected to and did succeed in retarding the pursuit of the enemy,
restricting his advance to from six to eight miles a day only, thereby
protecting our infantry column, as well as the artillery, ordnance and
thirty-eight hundred wagons loaded with valuable army stores. On
this retreat the infantry were called on only one time to fire a gun. We
met the enemy in a general engagement at Mount Vernon, Barren
Valley, Rocky Hill, Bushy Mound, Wild Cat, Pitman’s Road, Little
Rock, Castle River and many other points, inflicting on them
considerable loss. This mountain service on the part of the Rangers
proved a most severe tax on their endurance, on account of being
deprived of rations. At one time, for nearly two days, we depended
on picking up raw corn left in the camps of artillery and wagons,
where the horses and mules had been fed. A number of times, after
fighting all day long, we had to go out into the hills ten or twelve
miles to find forage for our horses before we could retire to get a little
rest. Our camping places were frequently by the light of the enemy’s
fires.
To give the reader a better idea of the valuable service we
rendered, I will quote an order issued by General Wheeler, read to
us at Cumberland Gap, October 23, 1862.
GENERAL ORDER NUMBER THREE:
“Soldiers of the Cavalry Corps, Army of Mississippi:

“The autumn campaign in Kentucky is over, your
arduous duties, as the advance and rear guard, for the
present, are finished. Your gallantry in action, your cheerful
endurance in suffering from hunger, fatigue and exposure,
render you worthy of all commendation. For nearly two
months you have scarcely been for a moment without the
range of the enemy’s musketry. In more than twenty pitched
fights, many of which lasted throughout the day, you have
successfully combated largely superior numbers of the
enemy’s troops of all arms. Hovering continually near the
enemy, you have engaged in no less than one hundred
skirmishes. Upon the memorable field of Perryville, alone
and unsupported, you engaged and held in check during
the entire action, at least two infantry divisions of the
opposing army. By your gallant charges on that day you
completely dispersed and routed a vastly superior force of
the enemy’s cavalry, driving them in confusion under their
artillery and infantry supports, capturing in hand-to-hand
conflicts many prisoners, forces and arms. Your continuous
contact with the enemy has taught you to repose without
fear under his guns, to fighting wherever found and to
quietly make your bivouac by the light of his camp fires. On
this continued series of combats and brilliant charges, many
great men have fallen. We mourn their loss. We commend
their valor. Let us emulate their soldierly virtues.
“JOSEPH WHEELER,
“Chief of Cavalry.”
CHAPTER XVII.
Omissions in Preceding Chapters

After leaving Cumberland Gap our army again moved into Middle
Tennessee, with headquarters at Murfreesboro. Our cavalry in the
advance camped near La Vergne, at Nolandsville and Triune. The
enemy concentrated at Nashville, from whence they sent out
foraging parties, supported by large infantry forces with which we
had daily engagements, restricting their foraging within a small area
of country. At Nolandsville, where General Wharton made his
headquarters, we camped nearly a month, when Lieutenant Decherd
was instructed to select about fifteen men and cross the Cumberland
Mountain, for the purpose of buying fresh horses, which were very
much needed. I was ordered to go with this party.
While camped near Winchester, Tennessee, intending to cross
the mountain the next day, we heard the distant roaring of the guns
of the battle of Murfreesboro, which was not expected so soon when
we left the command, and which proved a great disappointment to
our party, as we felt that every man was needed for such an event.
We, therefore, hastened back to the army, which we found
evacuating Murfreesboro, and reported. Of the Rangers’ part in that
great battle I will not mention in this, as that is of record in the
general reports of General Bragg and others, and will only say that
they fully sustained their character as one of the leading regiments in
this army, capturing prisoners, artillery, wagon trains, etc., and finally
covering the retreat of the army off the field.
Our army then continued its retreat through Shelbyville to
Tullahoma, our cavalry still operating on the north side of Elk River.
Before crossing Elk River a courier reached General Wheeler from
General Forrest, after Wheeler had crossed the bridge, requesting
him to hold the bridge until he (Forrest) could cross with his
command. Promptly on receipt of this information, General Wheeler,
with a portion of his command, notably the Fourth Alabama Cavalry,
recrossed the bridge to the north side, determined to hold the same
until General Forrest had crossed with his command. Before Forrest
reached Shelbyville, however, General Stanley, with a heavy force of
cavalry, outnumbering Wheeler’s little force ten to one, charged and
forced them back across the river, cutting General Wheeler off from
the bridge. General Wheeler spurred his horse to the bank and over
it, into the dangerous river, which had been swollen by excessive
rains, making a leap of not less than twenty feet, with Stanley’s
cavalry shooting after him and continuously firing on him until he
reached the opposite bank. This was, perhaps, the most miraculous
escape he had during the war.
Before reaching Tullahoma, a Captain Gordon, who had
distinguished himself near Bardstown, where he held in check a
whole brigade of the enemy’s infantry on the Bloomfield Road for a
whole day with only twenty men, was ordered to select twenty men
from the Rangers and enter Kentucky, for the purpose of gaining
information of the disposition of the enemy’s forces, preparatory to a
general raid by our cavalry. The history of this trip, which resulted in
my being wounded and captured and held a prisoner just one year,
lacking a day, I have already recorded, and by an oversight, it crept
into this history ahead of the proper time.
Recurring to the hard service sustained by us in the mountains
between Crab Orchard and Cumberland Gap: The last night we were
on picket duty our company had dwindled down to seven men and I
happened to be on vidette with a messmate, John Cochran. Just at
daylight, when the enemy usually made its appearance, we were
relieved by two others of the command and when we reached the
reserve picket, discovering a grassy spot in the middle of the road, I
told Cochran I must try to steal a little nap, and laid down on this
grassy spot, holding my horse by the bridle, when I was awakened,
only about ten minutes after, by Cochran stooping down from his
horse and jabbing me with his pistol. The reserve picket had formed
a line across the road, just a little back of where I was sleeping and
were firing on the enemy’s advancing skirmish line, the noise of
which failed to awake me and it was only his prodding me with the
end of his six-shooter that got me awake. I had just time enough to
swing on to my horse and get out of there. Here Cochran’s
prediction, frequently made, that he would bet Graber would wake up
some fine morning with a Yankee bayonet sticking in him, came very
near being verified. I merely mention this to give the reader a fair
idea of our complete exhaustion for the want of sleep, continuous
hunger and arduous duties.
CHAPTER XVIII
General Johnston’s Failure to

Strike—Sherman
Recurring to my service in Captain Britton’s company, acting as
escort to General Hood at Dalton, Georgia, where I described the
meeting of the several generals with General Hood at his
headquarters in the rear of Railroad Gap: On our return to camp that
night after supper, Captain Britton suggested he should go up to
headquarters and pump Major Sellars on the meaning of the meeting
that morning. He reported on his return from a visit to headquarters
that General Mower, commanding Hooker’s old corps, had moved
down to Snake Creek Gap during the day, which was located about
nineteen miles in our rear and about ten miles west of Dalton.
General Hood plead with General Johnston that morning for
permission to move out of his works through Railroad and Rocky
Face Gaps with his corps and defeat Sherman’s Army before Mower
could return to reinforce them. Captain Britton said that he would bet
our army would be in full retreat that night, falling back to Resaca,
which prediction was verified, as, by daylight next morning, our
infantry and artillery were engaged with the enemy at Resaca, where
we came very near losing a large part of our army by having their
retreat cut off.
Had General Johnston yielded to General Hood’s plan, there is
no question but what he could have destroyed Sherman’s Army;
here was a golden opportunity lost by General Johnston, and was
the beginning of the downfall of the Confederacy.
After about two weeks I succeeded in getting a horse with the
regiment and continued with the regiment during the whole of the
North Georgia campaign, the details of which I will not venture to
insert, as they will be recorded fully in a history now being written by
Colonel Ben F. Weems of Houston.
During the siege of Atlanta General Sherman started out two
cavalry expeditions, one under a General Stoneman to move around
the right wing of our army, and one under General McCook around
the left wing of our army, both to unite on the Macon line of railroad,
and to destroy and tear up the same, then move on to Andersonville
and release our prisoners. Had these expeditions proven a success,
with an army of probably twenty-five or thirty thousand released
prisoners turned loose in our rear, it would have wound up the
Confederacy. At Atlanta, General Hood took command of our army,
not exceeding thirty-six thousand muskets and, to use his words,
“This army through General Johnston’s retreating from Dalton, had
become an army of laborers by day and travelers by night,” while the
army at Dalton, including Polk’s corps at Rome, numbered eighty-six
thousand muskets, and was better equipped and organized than any
army the West had ever had. The North Georgians and
Tennesseans, largely constituting this army, with their families inside
of the enemy’s lines, were anxious and eager for an advance, and
there is no question of doubt had General Hood been permitted to
give battle at Dalton, our army would have recaptured Tennessee
and Kentucky.
Referring back to the enemy’s cavalry expedition out of Atlanta:
General Stoneman, with a large part of his force, and a lot of
convalescents in the town of Macon, Georgia, were captured near
Macon by General Iverson, commanding Georgia cavalry. General
Wheeler with our brigade, Ross’ and Roddy’s, forced McCook to a
general engagement on the evening of the second day between
Noonan and Philpott’s Ferry, where they finally surrendered, with the
exception of himself and staff, and Colonel Brownlow and some
other line officers, who swam the river that night and made their
escape.
General Wheeler issued an order that night for no man to cross
the river after these fellows, when I, with several of our regiment,
decided there must be some mistake about it and crossed the river
to try to catch these fellows, specially anxious to capture Colonel
Brownlow. Immediately after crossing the river we found a
quartermaster’s clerk, so he represented himself to be, left wounded
at a house. His wound, however, was not very serious we thought.
He had on a magnificent pair of boots, which just about fitted me and
I had been unable to secure boots, only wearing shoes, when I
proposed to him to exchange with me, which he readily did. While he
was pulling off his boots, the lady of the house came in and opened
a tirade of abuse on me for taking a poor, wounded man’s boots. I
told her I had but just come out of a Federal prison where they
treated us worse than that and I was satisfied that my shoes would
prove more comfortable to this man at Andersonville, than the boots,
to which our prisoner agreed. We then continued our pursuit on the
main road to Wedowee, the county seat of Randolph County,
Alabama, occasionally taking a prisoner, whom we would turn over
to reliable citizens, to be taken to West Point where we had a
garrison. We were unable to secure many prisoners, probably not
exceeding eight or ten, as those afoot would hear us coming in the
road and dart into the brush, while their officers impressed every
horse they could lay their hands on and soon outdistanced us with
their fresh horses.
At Wedowee we found a tanyard, where I purchased a lot of good
leather, sufficient to rig a Texas saddle. We had some men detailed
to make saddles, who were experts in such work and moved down
with the army as fast as it retreated. Our first shop was at Ackworth,
Georgia, where they did a good deal of work, but were prevented
from turning out anything extensive ever after, for the reason they
were unable to get leather. I paid one hundred and twenty-five
dollars for the leather I got at this tanyard. Colonel Harrison
promised me, after my return from prison, that if I would furnish the
leather he would have rigged for me one of the finest saddles that
could be made, which was the inducement for me to carry this roll of
leather on my horse’s back.
Going back into the town from the tanyard, we stopped at a hotel
to get some dinner. This was one of the ordinary country hotels with
a porch in front and large square columns under the porch. While
eating dinner, I had a seat at the end of the table where I could see
out on the street. The hotel was located somewhat under the hill,
away from the square, when I discovered Carter Walker, one of our
party, who had finished dinner, behind one of the posts with his pistol
out, talking to some one on the street towards the courthouse.
Having his pistol out suggested to me that there was trouble ahead,
so I jumped up and told the boys to come on. As we got out on the
porch we discovered about fifteen or twenty men on their horses
near the courthouse, with one of them talking to Carter Walker, about
fifty yards distant from us. As soon as we came out, he retired and
when he got back with his crowd, said something to them and
immediately they wheeled and left town. This proved to be a party of
bushwhackers, who were not anxious for a fight with us. We now
decided to return and when a few miles from town, we heard of an
old gentleman, whose name I have forgotten, the only Rebel citizen
in that section, whom we decided to go and see and get some
information from.
After reaching his house and getting acquainted, we decided, on
his urgent request, to stay with him that night, as we were very tired,
as were also our horses, and we did not suppose there was any
great need for our services immediately after the destruction of the
enemy’s cavalry. This old gentleman had had considerable trouble
with his Tory neighbors, who came to his house several nights and
opened fire on him, which he, his old lady and his daughter, a
barefooted girl of eighteen, returned with their squirrel rifles through
port holes cut in the logs of his house.
On the information of our old friend, we decided to visit the house
of a Tory neighbor of his, across the mountain, who belonged to the
Tory regiment in camp at Rome, which we did. Riding up to the
house in blue overcoats, we called for a drink of water, when a lady
invited us in, supposing that we were Federal soldiers. In our talk
with them, there being two other ladies in the house, we represented
that we were Federal spies on our way to Andersonville to make
arrangements about the escape of our prisoners there, which
created quite an interest with these women, who told us that a large
number of young men of the neighborhood belonged to the First
Federal Alabama Cavalry, stationed near Rome, and quite a number
of them were expected home pretty soon on a furlough. We then
arranged with them to tell their boys about our visit and tell them that
we expected to return there in about ten days, as we would probably
need their assistance and we wanted to confer with them. Our idea
was that we would return there at that time, with our company, and
capture the whole outfit.
After making complete arrangements, we started back towards
Philpott’s Ferry, where we again recrossed the Chattahoochie and,
on our arrival at Noonan, found that Wheeler had moved over to
Covington, on the Augusta road.
Riding all that day in a drizzling rain, we called at a house for the
purpose of getting some feed for our horses and something to eat for
ourselves. Night had already set in. We asked the gentleman if he
could take care of us that night, give us a place to sleep on the floor,
as we never slept in a bed, and get something to eat for our horses
and ourselves. His answer was, “Certainly, gentlemen; light and
come in.” I told him before we got off our horses that we were about
out of money and did not have enough, perhaps, to pay our fare,
when he stated that if his wife had anything left from supper we
could have it and he would give us some shattered corn for our
horses. We, of course, didn’t feel very comfortable under such
liberality, but decided to stay, nevertheless, and sleep down in his
barn, some distance from the house.
While we were waiting for his wife to gather what she had left
from supper, he asked us if we were that command the other day
that fired on the Federals when they were tearing up the railroad
near his house. I told him that we were, and he said, “They were in
my pasture trying to catch my horses, when they heard the guns fire
and you ought to have seen those devils run.” When we went in to
supper we found a little piece of cornbread and a little butter, all they
had left from supper, so the woman stated, not enough to satisfy one
man’s hunger. We did not sit down at the table, didn’t touch anything
they had to offer us, and went down to the crib to get the shattered
corn for our horses, which he consented for us to take, fed our
horses and laid down to rest for the balance of the night. Next
morning we got up early and without going to the house, proceeded
on the road towards Covington. Here now, was a fair illustration of
the want of appreciation of a Confederate soldier, with a selfish lot of
people, whom we occasionally met. Rest assured it was very
discouraging to us. The idea of coming all the way from Texas to
fight for and protect these people! He had told us that we saved his
horses from capture by engaging the enemy near his house; you can
imagine our disgust at such treatment. We now proceeded on the
Covington road. When about two miles from there we came to a
large, white house, a magnificent place, and rode up to the gate. A
man about twenty-five years old, well dressed, wearing a white
starched shirt, the first we had seen in a long time, came out to the
gate. When within twenty feet of us, espying the leather on my
horse’s back, tied to the rear of the saddle, he called out, “I want that
leather.” I said, “If you need it any worse than I do, you are welcome
to it.” He said he did, he wanted to make shoes out of it. I told him
that I wanted to make a saddle out if it, to ride to keep Federals off of
him, when he insisted that he needed it worse. I then told him that
we wanted some breakfast and some feed for our hoses. He said,
“All right, gentlemen; light and come in.” Before getting down I said,
“I had better tell you that we are nearly out of money, not enough to
pay for breakfast and feed, away from our command unexpectedly,
but as soon as we get with them and we have an opportunity, we will
send it to you.” He stated that he couldn’t afford to feed us without
pay, that the armies had been around him for some time and had
nearly eaten him out of house and home. I told him that he needn’t
say anything more, that we didn’t want anything he had, although our
horses were hungry, as well as ourselves. As we rode off he called
after us, “I’ll feed you for that leather,” thus adding insult, but we
decided not to notice him.
About three miles further down the road we came to another
house, a somewhat humble cottage, and stopped to make some
inquiry, when a lady came out to the gate and we asked how far
down the road we could find a house where we could get something
to eat for ourselves and feed for our horses. She asked us if we had
tried at the big, white house we had passed on the road. We told her
that we had and were refused because we had no money. She then
insisted that we come in and partake of such as she had, telling us
that she had very little left, as the commissary from Atlanta had
visited her and taken all the corn she had, except five barrels, which
in Georgia, means twenty-five bushels. This, she and her two
daughters had made with their own hands, her husband being in the
Virginia army. She then told us about this man at the big, white
house, who had never been in the army, but had an exemption on
pretense of working in a saltpetre cave and had never had any
forage taken by the commissary from Atlanta, as he had protection
papers, so she called them, from his general at Atlanta. I merely
mention these cases to show you the condition at that time, of the
State of Georgia, the worthy people submitting patriotically to all
manner of abuse by some of our army officials, while some of the
rich, through nefarious practices, escaped the weight of war.
Thanking this lady for her kind offer, which we could not afford to
accept, we continued on this road and two miles further on struck a
large cornfield with tempting roasting ears and decided to stop, build
a fire, dry our clothes and roast corn for our meal, feeding our horses
on the same, in moderation. We had to build our fire of rails taken off
the fence and very soon were enjoying our roasting ears and the
warm fire, being somewhat chilled by the rain. The proprietor of the
place came up the road and, judging from his manner and looks,
was pretty mad, when he said, “Gentlemen, if you had come to the
house I would have gladly given you a good meal and fed your
horses, rather than to see the destruction of my rails.” I told him that
we didn’t believe it, that we had tried several places up on the road
and were refused because we had no money and he, no doubt,
noting that we were in no mood for argument, decided that he had
better say no more. We then proceeded on our road to Covington.
When on our arrival there we found that Wheeler, with all the cavalry
having horses fit for service, had gone on a raid into Middle
Tennessee, by way of Dalton, tearing up the railroad in Sherman’s
rear for many miles, and finally entering Middle Tennessee, returning
by way of Mussels Shoals, rejoining the army below Atlanta.
After the battle of Jonesboro, Hood started on his fatal Middle
Tennessee campaign, his march to the Tennessee River being
covered by our cavalry, making a feint at Rome, Georgia, to which
point General Sherman had followed, confidently expecting to give
Hood battle at Gadsden and never suspecting his move towards the
Tennessee River. While concentrating his army at Rome, Harrison’s
Brigade, under Colonel Harrison, commanding our regiment, made a
feint on Rome by dismounting, hiding our horses in the rear in the
woods, out of sight, and advanced on the outer works of Rome,
preceded by a line of skirmishers. For this purpose, not having our
battle flag with us, we used a new flag, sent us from Nashville, made
by a couple of young ladies from their silk dresses, with the name of
Terry’s Texas Rangers worked in gold letters and some Latin words
on the other side. After skirmishing with Sherman’s infantry a short
time, we retired down the valley, which at this point was perhaps a
couple of miles wide, from the hills to the bottoms.
Falling back that night some six or eight miles, we struck a
wooded ridge, running from the hills to the bottom, perhaps nearly
three miles long. This ridge overlooked the country in front towards
Rome, several miles. General Sherman coming out in person with a
corps of his infantry, expecting to give Hood battle the next morning,
discovered there was only a handful of cavalry in his front, which
was Harrison’s Brigade, and which he was specially anxious to
capture. For this purpose he sent a heavy cavalry force, perhaps
three times our number, into our rear, flanking our position by moving
through the hills on our left, then occupying nearly every road in our
rear, for eight or ten miles. During the night we received
reinforcements of Pillow’s Brigade, a new command, which had been
in only one engagement, at La Fayette, Georgia, where they were
badly handled, causing the loss of a great many killed and wounded
and in consequence, they were a little demoralized. We also
received a section of artillery, two pieces, under a lieutenant, whose
name I do not remember.
This artillery was stationed on a hill to the left of our position,
under an old gin house.
Immediately after taking position the artillery opened on the
enemy, a heavy line of battle making its appearance in the edge of
the woods, about a mile distant. The Rangers were kept mounted,
drawn up near this old gin house, supporting the battery, when all the
rest of the two brigades had been dismounted with their horses
immediately in the rear, out of sight of the enemy.
Very soon a courier from the right of our line, dashed up to
Colonel Harrison and reported that the enemy were flanking us,
down in the bottom, with a heavy force. Harrison abused him, told
him to go back and tell his colonel if he sent him another such
message he would have him court martialed, but very soon a
lieutenant dashed up from the extreme right of our line, reporting the
enemy advancing in the bottom, and about to outflank us, when
Colonel Harrison decided to ride down in the rear of our line and
ascertain conditions for himself. Immediately the enemy raised a
shout and charged. The lieutenant of the battery, concluding that his
guns were in danger of being captured, limbered up and ran down to
the road, where he met Colonel Harrison returning and was by him
ordered to unlimber and open again on the enemy, when he
succeeded in firing one shot and was sabered right over his guns by
the enemy’s cavalry. In the meantime, through some
misapprehension of orders, the Alabama Brigade broke for their
horses, followed by the balance of our brigade, when our regiment
was ordered to charge their cavalry, which we did, striking them on
their flank, using our six-shooters, to which they paid no attention,
simply calling out, “Clear the road for the Fourth Regulars!” This
Fourth Regulars was commanded by a Captain McIntyre from
Brenham, Texas, who was in the United States Army, a lieutenant,
when the war broke out, having just graduated at West Point.
It is hardly necessary to say that finding the enemy’s cavalry in
our rear for a great many miles, resulted in a general stampede,
everybody trying to make their escape out of it. In recording this
engagement I regret to have to mention the loss of our beautiful flag
which, encased in a rubber cover, slipped off its staff and was found
by a Major Weiler, commanding a battalion of the Seventeenth
Mounted Indiana Infantry, and after many years, returned to us at
Dallas, Texas, by Governor Mount and staff, instructed to do so by a
joint resolution of the Indiana Legislature, in response to a memorial,
drawn up and sent by me.
In this engagement the Terry Rangers lost no prisoners, had only
a few wounded and none killed, while the Alabamians’ loss was quite
heavy in prisoners and the balance of Harrison’s Brigade had very
few men taken prisoners. I made my escape by crossing the big
road, being joined by about eight or ten Alabamians, one of whom
was shot in the fleshy part of the thigh, which somewhat demoralized
him, when he called on me, “Texas, can you take us out of here?” I
told him, “Yes, follow me; I’ll take you out.” I struck out straight for the
river bottom, the Federal cavalry not following us, and when out of
sight of the main road, in a little branch bottom, I called a halt and
told the men my plan of trying to swim the river, as the road ahead of
us seemed to be occupied for many miles, judging by the scattered
firing a great distance ahead of us. The wounded man straightened
up in the saddle and asked me if I was an officer. I told him, “No,”
and he said that he was a lieutenant and would take command of the
squad. I told him he could take command of his own men, but he
couldn’t command me, and told his men, “Now, all of you boys that
want to go out with me, come on,” when they all followed me,
including the lieutenant.
Reaching the high ground on the other side of the branch, I
discovered a house, with a lone cavalry-man at the front gate, and,
getting a little nearer, I recognized him as one Joe Harris, of our
company, who was well acquainted in that section, having married,
near Cedartown, the daughter of a Doctor Richardson, just on the
other side of the river. He suggested to me that he knew of a batteau
about seven miles this side of Rome; that we go up there, put our
saddles and equipments into the boat, swim our horses across, then
go to Doctor Richardson and get a good dinner; to which I, of course,
readily consented. On our way to this batteau, following the river in
the bottom, we struck hundreds of Alabamians trying to find a
crossing place. These men we took along with us and when we
reached the boat we were the first ones to cross, leaving the
Alabamians there to cross as fast as they were able. Joe and I then
rode to Doctor Richardson’s, about ten or fifteen miles, and by three
o’clock sat down to a sumptuous dinner. Here we stayed all night
and the next morning recrossed the river, finally striking the main
Gadsden road and finding our stampeded forces gathering at some
gap, the name of which I have forgotten. Here we met General
Wheeler, with the balance of his command. We then moved down to
the town of Gadsden, where we recrossed the river and spent
several days resting our horses and ourselves.
General Hood, in the meantime, with his army, crossed the
Tennessee River, and General Sherman returned to Atlanta, leaving
Thomas’ Corps to follow Hood into Middle Tennessee. Wheeler and
his cavalry returned to below Atlanta, where we struck Sherman’s
forces moving in the direction of Macon, Georgia, by way of Augusta
to Savannah. We then had daily engagements with Kilpatrick’s
cavalry, often driving them into their infantry. Sherman used his
cavalry to forage for the army, depending altogether on the country
for his commissary. To enter into detail of the many engagements
had on this trip would occupy too much time and space. Our service
was largely, as stated, to keep his cavalry from foraging, burning and
destroying the country. In connection with this I would mention an
incident at Macon:
I was at a blacksmith’s shop with a comrade by the name of
Freeman, who was about seven years my senior in age. While
waiting to get our horses shod we heard artillery, supported by small
arms, open at our works, about a mile across the river. We
immediately mounted our horses and dashed over there and just as
we got in sight of the roadway through the breastworks we witnessed
a lone trooper of Kilpatrick’s cavalry coming up the road through the
works, having his horse shot just as he reached inside. His horse fell
on his leg, from which position he was trying to extricate himself and
was about to be shot by an excited militia of young and old men, who
had never been under fire before, when Jim put spurs to his horse
and with his pistol raised, dashed up to where this man lay under his
horse, and drove off the excited militia, I, of course, following him. He
called up a lieutenant, asked his name, company and regiment; told
him to take charge of that prisoner and see that he was well treated,
that he would hold him personally responsible for his safety, and
immediately wheeled his horse, I following him, and returned to town
without giving the lieutenant a chance to ask questions. On our
return I asked Jim Freeman his reasons for doing as he did, risking

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2) What are the three basic question-response formats?

7) Which of the following formats has only two response options?

14) A synthetic metric format uses:

20) A scale's level of measurement may be:

23) Which level of measurement has order and distance?

24) Natural metric scales are inherently:

29) Wording a question so that it is either categorical or metric is important because:

31) To summarize findings for metric measures the researcher should:

33) Mental constructs cannot be directly observed, such as:

36) What are the two goals of scale development?

40) The ________ measures activities, interests and opinions (AIO's).

62) We are really measuring properties—sometimes called attributes or qualities—of objects.

65) Levels of measurement of a scale are: open-ended, categorical, and metric.

70) If you use a categorical measure, you can calculate an average.

71) If you use a metric measure, you can calculate an average.

73) Objective properties are physically verifiable.

88) A symmetric labeled scale is recommended to measure lifestyle or opinion.

GENERAL ORDER NUMBER THREE:

“Soldiers of the Cavalry Corps, Army of Mississippi:

Omissions in Preceding Chapters

General Johnston’s Failure to

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