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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

True / False

1. Deviance cannot be considered a crime.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

2. Deviance is universal because it exists in every society.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

3. Deviance does not vary in terms of time, situation, group, or culture.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

4. Deviance is independent of social stigmas.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

5. Dressing inappropriately is an example of formal deviance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

6. Suicide is the most common criminal deviance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

7. Measuring criminal deviance is simple and straightforward.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

8. White-collar crimes do not involve violence.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

9. Hate crimes are also known as public order crimes.

a. True
b. False
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

ANSWER: False

10. Deviance is dysfunctional because it increases confidence in institutions.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

11. The term anomie was introduced to describe the condition in which people are completely sure of how to behave in
front of other people.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

12. It is usually easy for powerful people to hide their deviance.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

13. A reason for female victimization is the effect of culture on gender roles.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

14. Primary deviance is the initial act of breaking a rule.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

15. Rehabilitation, a third approach to controlling deviance, maintains that appropriate treatment can change offenders
into productive, law-abiding citizens.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

Multiple Choice

16. Deviance becomes crime when:

a. it results in bodily harm to a person.
b. it warrants more than five years of imprisonment.
c. it involves the collective effort of a large number of people.
d. it violates rules that have been written into law.
e. it violates rules that are deemed immoral.
ANSWER: d

17. Which of the following is an accurate statement about deviance?

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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

a. It is the same over time, situation, group, or culture.

b. It is a violation of society's formal laws.
c. It is seldom considered a crime.
d. It is universal because it exists in every society.
e. It is independent of social stigmas.
ANSWER: d

18. Which of the following is true of stigmatized individuals?

a. They have an aversion toward music, sports, and other lifestyle activities.
b. They are kept in a mental asylum for the safety of others.
c. They are kept in a separate prison specific to them.
d. They hide information about some aspect of their deviance.
e. They are well respected in the society as they are changed individuals.
ANSWER: d

19. Which of the following is an example of informal deviance?

a. Molestation
b. Belching loudly
c. Suicide
d. Prostitution
e. Cyber theft
ANSWER: b

20. Which of the following is a characteristic of deviance?

a. Perceptions of deviance remain the same across all human beings irrespective of age, caste, ethnicity, gender,
or religion.
b. If a behavior is once perceived as deviant then it is considered as deviant forever.
c. Perception of deviance is not defined or influenced by laws, but it is defined by every individual.
d. Perception of deviance changes over time.
e. Public attitudes and perception of deviance are independent of each other.
ANSWER: d

21. Which of the following is an example of normalization of deviance?

a. Acceptance of same-sex marriage in some countries
b. Banning smoking in all public places
c. Stigmatized individuals altering their appearance
d. Subjugating women in society
e. Obesity being stigmatized in the recent days
ANSWER: a

22. Which of the following crimes is considered a noncriminal deviance?

a. Human trafficking
b. Molestation
c. Suicide
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

d. Cyber crime
e. Intellectual property theft
ANSWER: c

23. Which of the following crimes is considered a criminal deviance?

a. Adult pornography
b. Alcoholism
c. Suicide
d. Mental illness
e. Intellectual property theft
ANSWER: e

24. Sociologists are especially interested in criminal deviance, behavior that violates laws, because they:
a. are easy to measure.
b. threaten people's lives or property.
c. are ignored by other theorists.
d. have consistent statistics, unlike noncriminal deviances.
e. always follow a synchronous pattern.
ANSWER: b

25. Two of the most important sources of crime statistics are the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S.
Department of Justice's--_____.
a. Digital Telephonic Survey.
b. Federal Register.
c. International Political Survey (IPS).
d. Crime Information Center (CIC).
e. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).
ANSWER: e

26. Which of the following is true of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
a. It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.
b. It primarily deals with corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
c. It offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than other reports.
d. It contains an exhaustive list of property crimes.
e. It overcomes the limitations of victimization surveys.
ANSWER: a

27. One of the shortcomings of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is that it does not include:
a. corporate crimes, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
b. crimes against women.
c. crimes reported to police.
d. crimes committed by black American offenders.
e. non-violent crimes.
ANSWER: a
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

28. Which of the following is true of the U.S. Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
a. It includes data of only reported crimes.
b. It does not include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
c. It offers a lesser accurate picture of many offenses than other reports.
d. It does not represent the actual crime rate in the U.S. as it is affected by police discretion in deciding whether
to arrest an offender.
e. It uses data collected by interviewing crime victims.
ANSWER: e

29. Which of the following is a similarity between the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S. Department of
Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
a. Both interview people about being crime victims.
b. Both include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
c. Both include data of reported and unreported crime.
d. Both are not affected by police discretion in deciding whether to arrest an offender.
e. Both provide only estimates of U.S. crime and not the actual figures.
ANSWER: e

30. Which of the following is true of street crimes?

a. Offenders of street crimes are easily caught.
b. Street crimes are random.
c. Street crimes are committed by ordinary people.
d. Street crimes do not involve violence.
e. Most offenders of street crimes are above the age of 55.
ANSWER: c

31. Which of the following is an example of a violent crime?

a. Robbery
b. Motor-Vehicle theft
c. Arson
d. Intellectual property theft
e. Cybercrime
ANSWER: a

32. Which of the following is an example of a property crime?

a. Aggravated assault
b. Burglary
c. Trafficking
d. Kidnapping
e. Rape
ANSWER: b

33. Since the year 1993, there has been a much higher rate of _____ to violent crimes in the U.S.
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

a. property
b. non-violent
c. victimless
d. organizational
e. white-collar
ANSWER: a

34. _____ are primarily middle-class crimes that include offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings
and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations.
a. Hate crimes
b. Blue-collar crimes
c. Corporate crimes
d. Intellectual property thefts
e. Informal deviances
ANSWER: d

35. Which of the following is true of intellectual property thefts?

a. Intellectual property thefts are primarily middle-class crimes.
b. The offenders of intellectual property thefts are easy to catch.
c. Intellectual property thefts are seldom reported to the police.
d. The offenders of intellectual property thefts are always high-status people.
e. Intellectual property thefts are obsolete since the year 2000.
ANSWER: a

36. Which of the following is an example of an intellectual property theft?

a. Joan bullies and steals from her classmate Rafia as Joan has a bias toward Rafia's ethnicity.
b. Shaina steals clothes and accessories from market and sells them online through her Facebook page.
c. Jack, an auto mechanic, uses his customers' cars without their knowledge.
d. Dave, a sales manager, sells some of his company's classified reports to a competitor.
e. Daniel steals Cavin's Chemistry assignment and submits it with his name written on it.
ANSWER: d

37. _____ refer to illegal activities committed by high-status people in the course of their occupations.
a. Informal deviances
b. Hate crimes
c. Intellectual property thefts
d. White-collar crimes
e. Victimless crimes
ANSWER: d

38. Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?

a. They cause significant public harm.
b. They are not as serious as property crimes.
c. They involve a lot of violence.
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

d. They are primarily middle-class crimes.

e. They are not lucrative as most offenders are caught easily.
ANSWER: a

39. Corporate crimes are also known as _____.

a. organizational crimes
b. hate crimes
c. white-collar crimes
d. victimless crimes
e. cybercrimes
ANSWER: a

40. _____ include a vast array of illicit activities such as conspiracies to stifle free market competition, price-fixing, tax
evasion, and false advertising.
a. Informal deviances
b. Cybercrimes
c. Blue-collar crimes
d. Intellectual property thefts
e. Corporate crimes
ANSWER: e

41. _____ include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, being paid to recommend stock
on chat rooms, and stealing business data.
a. Informal deviances
b. Cybercrimes
c. Victimless crimes
d. Intellectual property thefts
e. Corporate crimes
ANSWER: b

42. Sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential information are examples of _____.
a. public order crimes
b. victimless crimes
c. cybercrimes
d. violent crimes
e. organized crimes
ANSWER: c

43. Aaron and his friends engage in illegal activities online. They sell cars online for a full or partial payment, but they not
deliver the vehicle. At times, they also ask for the Social Security Numbers of unassuming buyers in the pretense of
verifying their credibility. In this case, Aaron and his friends are engaged in _____.
a. computer crime
b. victimless crime
c. blue-collar crime
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

d. corporate crime
e. organizational crime
ANSWER: a

44. Which of the following is true of cybercrime?

a. Cybercrime and cyber espionage cost the United States about $10 million a year.
b. Cybercrime offenders are only high-status people.
c. Dealing with cybercrime decreases a business's operating costs.
d. Preventing cybercrime slows research and development in a company.
e. Dealing with cybercrime increases a company's revenue significantly.
ANSWER: d

45. _____ includes drug distribution, loan-sharking, illegal gambling, pornography, theft rings, hijacking cargo, and
laundering money obtained from illegal activities by depositing the money in legitimate enterprises.
a. White-collar crime
b. Cybercrime
c. Corporate crime
d. Victimless crime
e. Organized crime
ANSWER: e

46. Which of the following crimes involves a practice known as e-fencing?

a. White-collar crime
b. Violent crime
c. Corporate crime
d. Victimless crime
e. Organized retail crime
ANSWER: e

47. Victimless crimes are also known as _____.

a. organized retail crimes
b. organizational crimes
c. white-collar crimes
d. property crimes
e. public order crimes
ANSWER: e

48. Which of the following is a victimless crime?

a. Lending money as loans at illegal rates
b. Hacking into an organization's server
c. Impersonating the FBI to get personal and financial data of online customers
d. Persuading unassuming people to send money and gifts
e. Offering sexual services to people for money
ANSWER: e
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

49. Which of the following is true of functionalists' perspective on deviance?

a. Functionalists argue that anomie decreases the likelihood of deviance.
b. Functionalists view deviance as purely functional.
c. Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society.
d. Functionalists draw a strong association between capitalism and deviance.
e. Functionalists consider deviance as a socially constructed behavior.
ANSWER: c

50. According to the functionalists, deviance is dysfunctional because it:

a. bolsters the economy.
b. is cheap and inexpensive.
c. decreases confidence in institutions.
d. provides permanent safety valves.
e. destroys social unity.
ANSWER: c

51. According to functionalists, deviance is functional because it:

a. bolsters the economy.
b. increases trust in personal and formal relationships.
c. increases confidence in institutions.
d. reduces tension and insecurity.
e. impedes social change.
ANSWER: a

52. Two of the most influential theories offered by functionalists are:

a. anomie and strain theories.
b. functional and dysfunctional theories.
c. probability and non probability theories
d. formal and informal theories.
e. stratification and causation theories.
ANSWER: a

53. Damion moved with his family to a new neighborhood. In his old neighborhood, he used to greet people on the road
while walking, whereas in his new neighborhood, this behavior is considered inappropriate. Damion is confused by this
difference in social norms and is unsure of how to react. In this case, Damion is most likely to have experienced _____.
a. sanctioning
b. anomie
c. alienation
d. obedience
e. strain
ANSWER: b

54. According to Robert Merton, Americans are taught to strive toward the American dream of economic success. He
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

termed these aspirations as _____.
a. institutionalized goals
b. institutionalized means
c. cultural strains
d. cultural means
e. cultural goals
ANSWER: e

55. According to Robert Merton, to achieve the cultural goal of economic success, Americans must:
a. emphasize on seeking quick gratification.
b. follow shortcuts to economic success.
c. be introverts at the workplace.
d. make sacrifices.
e. quit education and start working.
ANSWER: d

56. Which of the following is an example of Robert Merton's institutionalized means to achieve economic success?
a. Completing college
b. Creating diversity
c. Having cultural strain
d. Being unemployed
e. Being non-adjusting
ANSWER: a

57. Merton's _____ posits that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and
the means available to obtain the goals.
a. feminist theory
b. symbolic interaction theory
c. conflict theory
d. strain theory
e. anomie theory
ANSWER: d

58. According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation do most people use to resolve their social strain?
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion
ANSWER: a

59. In the context of Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people do not expect to be
rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or keep a job.
a. conformity
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. retreatism
e. rebellion
ANSWER: c

60. In the context of Merton's strain theory of deviance, people in the _____ mode reject both the goals and the means for
success.
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. retreatism
e. rebellion
ANSWER: d

61. In the context of Merton's strain theory of deviance,_____ is a mode of adaptation in which people feel so alienated
that they want to change the social structure entirely by substituting new goals and means for the current ones.
a. conformity
b. innovation
c. ritualism
d. retreatism
e. rebellion
ANSWER: e

62. Most _____ focus on capitalism, social inequality, and power differences.
a. functionalists
b. conflict theorists
c. feminists
d. symbolic interactionists
e. rational choice theorists
ANSWER: b

63. _____ causes inequality and such inequality diminishes women's control over their lives and increases their invisibility
as victims.
a. Feminism
b. Patriarchy
c. Matriarchy
d. Egalitarianism
e. Jurisprudence
ANSWER: b

64. According to _____, deviance is socially constructed because it is in the eye of the beholder.
a. functionalists
b. conflict theorists
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c. feminist theorists
d. symbolic interactionists
e. rational choice theorists
ANSWER: d

65. Bryan's mother taught him to be kind and honest. Even when faced with the opportunity to be dishonest for personal
gain, Bryan chooses to follow his mother's words and be honest. In this case, Bryan's behavior illustrates:
a. informal social control.
b. formal social control.
c. positive sanction.
d. negative sanction.
e. primary deviance.
ANSWER: a

Subjective Short Answer

66. Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas. Justify this statement.

ANSWER: Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas. A stigma is a negative label that devalues a person and changes
her or his self-concept and social identity. Stigmatized individuals may react in many ways: They may alter
their appearance (as through cosmetic surgery), associate with others like themselves who accept them (as in
gangs), hide information about some aspect of their deviance (an ex-convict who does not reveal that status),
or divert attention from a stigma by excelling in some area (as music or sports). Please see the section "What
is Deviance?" for more information.

67. Public attitudes and behavior affect definitions of deviance. Justify this statement with examples.
ANSWER: Public attitudes and behavior also affect definitions of deviance. Being fat, accepted in the past, is now largely
stigmatized; many people and researchers even use the word "overweight" instead of "fat." On the other hand,
there has been considerable normalization of deviance, the gradual process through which unacceptable
practices or standards become acceptable. Examples include the growing acceptance of gay and lesbian
relationships, same-sex marriage, and legalized gambling in many states. Please see the section "What is
Deviance?" for more information.

68. Explain why white-collar crimes are lucrative.

ANSWER: White-collar crimes are lucrative because most offenders are not caught. According to one estimate, there is
only one FBI investigator per almost 4,000 financial services sales agents, personal financial advisers, and
financial analysts. Thus, the odds of being arrested are very small. Some of the most affluent white-collar
offenders may be caught, but until then enjoy lavish lifestyles, and for many years, that include yachts, private
jets, and $2 million birthday parties. Even when white-collar criminals are arrested and convicted, few are
incarcerated. According to a recent federal study, of the almost 3,800 suspected embezzlers, only 525 (14
percent) have been arrested and sentenced; of those arrested and sentenced, only half (7 percent) served any
prison time. Please see the section "Types of Deviance and Crime" for more information.

69. Give an example of a situation where corporate crimes are profitable.

ANSWER: Fraudulent billings to health care programs are estimated between 3 and 10 percent of the nation’s total health
care expenditures of $2.4 trillion a year. The collapse of Enron, a major U.S. energy company, put more than
5,000 people out of work, wiped out more than $2 billion in employee pensions, and investors lost $60 billion
in stock. Jeffrey Skilling, Enron’s CEO, was convicted on 19 counts of conspiracy, securities fraud, insider
trading, and other illegal business deals. His prison sentence was reduced from 24 to 14 years, and could be
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

cut to 12 years for good behavior. Please see the section "Types of Deviance and Crime" for more information.

70. What are victimless crimes?

ANSWER: Offenses that are the least likely to be reported—such as illicit drug use, prostitution, drunkenness, and illegal
gambling—are called public order crimes, or victimless crimes. Victimless crimes are acts that violate laws
but those involved do not consider themselves victims. For example, prostitutes argue that they are simply
providing services to people who want them, and substance abusers claim that they aren't hurting anyone but
themselves. Please see the section "Types of Deviance and Crime" for more information.

71. Deviance is dysfunctional because it erodes trust in personal and formal relationships. Justify this statement.
ANSWER: Deviance is dysfunctional because it erodes trust in personal and formal relationships. Crimes such as date
rape and stalking make many women suspicious of men, and victims of identity theft have had problems
obtaining banking services or credit cards because financial organizations do not trust them. Please see the
section "Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance" for more information.

72. According to conflict theorists, why do so many high-status people commit crimes? Give at least one reason.
ANSWER: According to conflict theorists, many high-status people commit crimes because they can. Most white-collar
and corporate crimes are not criminalized. Generally, the wealthy and powerful make and enforce laws that
protect their property. The laws against higher status criminals are relatively lenient and seldom enforced,
whereas laws against lower-status offenders, particularly those who commit property crimes, are harsher and
enforced more often. Please see the section "Conflict Perspectives on Deviance" for more information.

73. Summarize the critical evaluation of feminist perspectives on deviance.

ANSWER: Feminist sociologists have been at the forefront of studying female deviance and increasing awareness of
crimes such as date rape, stalking, intimate partner violence, and the international sex trafficking of women
and girls. Some critics contend, however, that because concepts such as patriarchy are difficult to measure,
feminist research has yet to show, specifically, how patriarchy victimizes women. Others criticize feminist
analyses for emphasizing male but not female violence, focusing on men's but not women's crimes, and not
addressing the simultaneous effects of gender, social class, and race/ethnicity. Please see the section "Feminist
Perspectives on Deviance" for more information.

74. Being a deviant or a criminal depends on how others react. From a symbolic interaction perspective, justify this
statement.
ANSWER: From a symbolic interactionist perspective, Howard Becker observed that being a deviant or a criminal
depends on how others react: "The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant
behavior is behavior that people so label." That is, it is not an act that determines deviance, but whether and
how others react. Some people are never caught or prosecuted for crimes they commit, and thus aren't labeled
deviant. In other cases, people may be falsely accused (as cheating on taxes) and stigmatized. In effect, then,
deviance is in the eye of the beholder because societal reaction, rather than an act, labels people as law-abiding
or deviant. Moreover, labeling can lead to secondary deviance. Please see the section "Symbolic Interaction
Perspectives on Deviance" for more information.

75. Explain positive and negative sanctions with examples.

ANSWER: Most people conform because of sanctions—rewards or punishments for obeying or violating a norm. Positive
sanctions are rewards for desirable behavior. They include a variety of facial expressions (e.g., smiling), body
language (e.g., hugging), comments (e.g., "Congratulations!"), and other forms of recognition (e.g., good
grades, trophies, and promotions). Recently, a tourist’s snapshot of a New York City police officer giving new
boots to a barefoot homeless man on a frigid night "went viral" because of the officer's kind act. Negative
sanctions are punishments for violating a norm. They range from mild and informal expressions (e.g., frowns
and gossip) to more severe and formal reactions (e.g., fines, arrests, and incarceration). The ultimate formal
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Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

negative sanction in most societies, including the United States, is execution. Please see the section
"Controlling Deviance and Crime" for more information.

Essay

76. Can perceptions of deviance change over time? Justify your answer.
ANSWER: Perceptions of deviance can change over time. Many behaviors that were acceptable in the past are now seen
as deviant. Only during the 1980s and 1990s did U.S. laws define date rape, marital rape, stalking, and child
abuse as crimes. Smoking—widely accepted in the past—has been prohibited in many public places. In 2011,
for the first time, a majority of Americans (59 percent) supported a smoking ban in all public places, a
considerable increase from 31 percent in 2003. Also, increasing numbers of employers do not hire people who
fail urine tests for nicotine usage.
On the other hand, most Americans now shrug off behaviors that were stigmatized in the past. Cohabitation,
seen as sinful and immoral 40 years ago, is now widespread and considered normal. And Americans' support
for legalizing marijuana for recreational use increased from only 12 percent in 1969 to 58 percent in 2013.
Please see the section "What is Deviance?" for more information.

77. Explain the two most important sources of crime statistics.

ANSWER: Two of the most important sources of crime statistics are the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S.
Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Each has its strengths and weaknesses.
The UCR data are crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year. The statistics are useful in
examining trends over time, but the UCR does not include offenses such as corporate crime, kidnapping, and
Internet crimes; simple assaults (those not involving weapons or serious injury); nor the 56 percent of all
violent crimes (e.g., rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 66 percent of property crimes (e.g., burglary
and motor vehicle theft) that aren't reported to the police. Because of such limitations, many sociologists also
use victimization surveys to measure the extent of crime.
A victimization survey interviews people about being crime victims. Because the response rates are at least 90
percent, the NCVS offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than does the UCR. The NCVS also
includes both reported and unreported crime, and isn't affected by police discretion in deciding whether to
arrest an offender. Still, many victims do not report a crime to either the police or interviewers for a variety of
reasons, including fear of reprisal or of getting the offender in trouble, believing that the police can’t or won’t
do anything to help, or the crime, particularly rape, is too painful to discuss. Some people do not want to admit
having been victims—especially when the perpetrator is a family member or friend. Others may be too
embarrassed to tell the interviewer that they were victimized while drunk or engaged in drug sales. Please see
the section "Types of Deviance and Crime" for more information.

78. Give at least three reasons why deviance is considered dysfunctional by functionalists.
ANSWER: Deviance is dysfunctional because of the following:
1. It creates tension and insecurity. Any violation of norms—a babysitter who cancels at the last minute or the
theft of your cell phone or tablet makes life unpredictable and increases anxiety.
2. Erodes trust in personal and formal relationships. Crimes such as date rape and stalking make many women
suspicious of men, and victims of identity theft have had problems obtaining banking services or credit cards
because financial organizations do not trust them.
3. It decreases confidence in institutions. In 2001, there were numerous scandals involving Enron and other
corporations. In the 2008 stock market crash, taxpayers had to pay for the financial industry’s corporate fraud
and mismanagement. Since then, millions of people, even those who didn’t lose money, worry that their
retirement funds may disappear in the future. Please see the section "Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance"
for more information.

79. Explain in detail Émile Durkheim's concept of anomie.

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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 07: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

ANSWER: Émile Durkheim introduced the term anomie to describe the condition in which people are unsure of how to
behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. During periods of rapid social change, such
as industrialization in Durkheim’s time, societal rules may break down. As many young people moved to the
city to look for jobs in the nineteenth century, norms about proper behavior that existed in the countryside
crumbled. Even today many urban newcomers experience anomie and miss the neighborliness that was
common at home. Please see the section "Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance" for more information.

80. Explain how rehabilitation can be used as an approach for controlling deviance.
ANSWER: Rehabilitation, a third approach to controlling deviance, maintains that appropriate treatment can change
offenders into productive, law-abiding citizens. A record number of inmates is released from state prisons
every year because of overcrowding, early parole, and lighter sentences. Social workers and other
professionals believe that reentry programs can be successful, especially for those convicted of drug-related
crimes.
Rehabilitation programs are successful only if they provide employment after release. Other effective
rehabilitation efforts include learning a trade while in prison, earning a high school diploma or college degree
while in prison or after release, and receiving services that address several needs (e.g., housing, employment,
and medical services) rather than just one (e.g., drug abuse counseling). Please see the section "Controlling
Deviance and Crime" for more information.

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