Crop Protection Ii

CROP PROTECTION
(ENTOMOLOGY)
Janeth M. Tomatao
Flow:
🞂 Common Methods of insect
control
🞂 Cultural Control
🞂 Physical and Mechanical Control
🞂 Biological Control
🞂 Chemical Control
🞂 Major Pests of Crops
🞂 Insect Pests
🞂 Rats andTheir Control
🞂 Mollusks andTheir Control
Concept of pest
❑ Pest –any living organisms which negatively affect human
beings in many aspects:
❑ Pest destroys crop;
❑ Compete with human for food and shelter;
❑ Transmit diseases;
❑ Reduce availabilty, quality and value of human
resources;
❑ Anthropocentric/man-made concept
Kinds of Pests
🞂 weed, 🞂 bird,
🞂 disease 🞂 nematode or
pathogen, 🞂 human being that
🞂 insect, -infests, destroys
🞂 vertebrate, & cause economic
🞂 mollusk, damage to agric’l
🞂 rat, crops, plants, plant
products, &
🞂 bat,
structures.
Common Methods of Insect Control
1. CULTURAL C O N T R O L
2. PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL C O N T R O L
3. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
4. CHEMICAL CONTROL
CULTURAL CONTROL
CULTURAL CONTROL
🞂 Crop rotation – alters the pest
composition of the area
🞂 Tillage practices – exposes and kills
hiding insects in the soil
CULTURAL CONTROL (Cont..)
🞂 Change in planting and
harvesting dates – ensures escape
from heavy population of insect pests
and even diseases.
🞂 Example: Population of rice stem borer
is high from:
🞂 April to May & November to
December;
🞂 Therefore, planting shall be on January
to February or June to July (PhilRice)
Water management or irrigation
practices..
➢ Too much water favors the population of rice
caseworms, leaf folders, and rice whorl
maggots; while
➢ Sufficient water irrigation affects
the multiplication of rice black bugs
🞂 Fertilizer management – excess
nitrogen use makes the crop prone to
insect attack
🞂 Rapid Plant Growth:

•When crops receive an excess of
nitrogen, they may experience rapid and
lush vegetative growth. This excessive
growth can result in a phenomenon
known as "luxury consumption," where
the plant takes up more nutrients than it
actually needs for basic functions.
PHYSICAL CONTROL
Physical/Mechanical Control
🞂 Light trapping – a method which is effective to
nocturnal insects (e.g.rice black bugs,rice stem
borers, corn borers and etc.)
🞂 Diurnal –are insects not responsive or attracted to light.
PHYSICAL CONTROL (cont..)
🞂 Use of food traps
🞂 Constructing barriers and excluders
🞂 Manual picking by hand
PHYSICAL CONTROL (cont..)
🞂 Quarantine measures
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
🞂 The method of pest control which utilizes
living organisms (natural enemies or
biological control agents) against pests.
🞂 The oldest known method of insect control.
🞂 Agents of Biocon:
🞂 Parasite
🞂 Parasitoid
🞂 Predators
🞂 Entomopathogenic microorganisms
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL (cont..)
PARASITE
🞂 An animal that depends wholly or partially on
a living host and are usually smaller than the
host.
🞂 Requires a single host until it develops
into adult.
PARASITOID
🞂 Insects that
parasitizes other
insects and
arthropod
🞂 Parasitic when
immature; free living as
adult
🞂 Prefers to lay eggs on
all stages except for
adults
🞂 Lays eggs inside or on
the surface of the host
PARASITOIDS (cont..)
🞂 Parasitoid order:
🞂 Coleoptera
🞂 Diptera
🞂 Hymenoptera
🞂 Lepidoptera
🞂 Neuroptera
🞂 Strepsiptera
PREDATORS
🞂 Predators are free living organisms
throughout its life which kills many preys, and
is usually larger than its prey.
🞂 Attacks prey that is both immature and
adult and requires
🞂 SOME K N O W N PREDATORS:
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
🞂 Microorganism which causes disease in
insects
🞂 These are:
🞂 BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
🞂 FUNGI PATHOGENS
🞂 VIRUSES PATHOGENS
🞂 NEMATODES PATHOGENS
a. Bacterial Pathogens
❑ Classical example is:Bacillus thuringiensis
❑ Bt is spore forming; sporulation usually associated
with the synthesis of a proteinaceous crystal (delta-
endotoxin) – gut paralysis
❑ Pathogenic to Lepidoptera, Diptera & Coleoptera
❑ Some are commercialized (e.g.Dipel,Aquabac,
etc.)
❑ Other Bacillus species
❑ Bacillus popillae –causes milky spore in scarabid beetles
❑ Bacillus sphaericus – effective against mosquitoes
❑ Other commercial bacterium based insectide:
🞂 Avermectins –from Streptomyces avermitilis a
registered natural microbial insecticide for control
of mites and leafminers.
🞂 Spinosad – from Saccharopolyspora spinosa
effective against armyworms, loopers, bollworm
and tobacco budworm in cotton.
b.Viral Pathogens
🞂 Attacks insects and hijack their cells,
reprogramming them to produce new viral particles
until it is destroyed.
🞂 These insect viruses specialized in sensitive parts
of the body such as the gut.
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC
MICROORGANISMS
b.Viral Pathogens
Examples: Under genera
Baculoviruses
🞂 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV)
🞂 Granulosis virus (GV)
🞂 Multiple nucleocapsid virus
(MNPV)
🞂 Singe nucleocapsid virus (SNPV)
c. Fungal Pathogens
🞂 About 750 species of fungi causes infection to
mites and insects.
🞂 Spores of fungi infect the host by germinating on
its surface and penetrate inside the body.
c. Fungal Pathogens
🞂 Some important Genera of entomopathogenic fungi:
🞂 Beauveria bassiana
(white muscardine fungi)
🞂 Metarhizium anisopliae
(green muscardine fungi)
Nematodes
🞂 Nematodes are thread-like, non-segmented
roundworms that are capable of infecting
insects.
🞂 Classic examples of parasitic nematodes
among insects are under the genus Steinernema
and Heterorhabditis.
C H E M I C A L CONTROL
4. C H E M I C A L CONTROL
🞂 The use of commercial/synthetic or natural chemical
pesticide to control pests.
🞂 Pesticides – are substances or mixture of
substances, adjuvants (additional agents used to enhance
the effectiveness of the active ingredients), that are used
to control , prevent, destroy , or mitigate pests.
PESTICIDE PEST C O N T R O L L E D
Acaricide/miticide Mites, ticks, spiders
Arboricide Trees, shrubs, bushes
Avicide Birds
Bactericide Bacteria
Fungicide Fungi
Herbicide Weeds
Insecticide Insects
Molluscicide Mollusk (snail, slugs)
Nematicide Nematodes
Pissicide Fishes
Rodenticide Rodents
🞂 Insecticide – either natural or chemical type
of pesticide which controls insect pest
🞂 Active ingredient - The component of a
pesticide which is responsible for its toxic effect.
🞂 Insecticide action:
🞂 Attractants – attracts insects
🞂 Chemosterilants – blocks reproduction
🞂 Insect Growth Regulator – promote or
hinder growth
🞂 Pheromones – alters behavior
🞂 Repellants – repel insects
🞂 NAMING OF INSECTIDE
🞂 Common Name :Lambda-cyhalothrin
🞂 Trade Name :Karate ®
🞂 Chemical Name :3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-
trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-
cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl
cyclopropanecarboxylate
PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS
🞂 Aqueous solution (AC)
🞂 Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
🞂 Water soluble powders (WSP)
🞂 Wettable powders (WP).
🞂 Granules or Pellets
🞂 Dusts
🞂 Aerosols
🞂 Flowables
🞂 Ultra-low-volume concentrates (ULV)
Chemicals used with Insecticides
🞂 Synergist – increase the strength of
insecticides
🞂 Solvents – organic compounds which
dissolves organic compounds
🞂 Diluents – carriers of chemicals substances
🞂 Surfactants – increases the surface area
treated
🞂 Emulsifier – surfactant which promotes
the suspension of one liquid to another.
🞂 Inert ingredient – inactive part of the
pesticide formulation.
Chemicals used with Insecticides
🞂 Safener – counteracts with substances in
insecticide which have phytotoxic effects
🞂 Spreader – materials used to increase the
surface area covered by these pesticides.
🞂 Sticker – materials which increases
adhesions to substances.
🞂 Technical material – the pesticide as
it first manufactured by the company
before formulation, it is pure.
🞂 Wetting agents –makes spray
solutions better contact treated
surfaces.
Classification of Insecticides
➢ According to the nature and source
➢ According mode of entry
➢ According to the chemical composition
CLASSIFICATION A S T O THEIR NATURE A N D
SOURCE
🞂 Inorganic – lack carbon atoms (e.g.mercuric choride,
arsenics, cyanide, borates)
🞂 Organic – has carbon atoms
🞂 Synthetic – manufactured by chemically joining elements
or simple compounds
🞂 Natural – or known as botanical insecticide is derived
from plants which are usually secondary metabolites.
CLASSIFICATION B A S E D M O D E OF ENTRY
🞂 Stomach – insecticide enters the body through
ingestion
🞂 Contact – contacts with insect cuticle and penetrates
deep down
🞂 Systemic – translocated through the plant body; insects
feed on it ingests the insecticides
🞂 Fumigant – becomes gases at 5C; chemicals go directly
to the respiratory system of insects
CLASSIFICATION BASED O N CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
SYNTHETICS: BOTANICALS:
❑ Organochlorines ❖ Pyrethrum
❑ Organophosphate ❖ Azadirachtin
❑ Carbamates ❖ Nicotine
❑ Pyrethroids ❖ Rotenone
❑ Insect
Growth ❖ Limonene
Regulators ❖ Others
❑ Others
1. Organochlorines
🞂 The oldest major class of insecticide,
having been first widely used as synthetic
organic insecticides.
🞂 Contains Cl, H and C atoms;
occasionally, contain O and S atoms
🞂 Members have either banned or
restricted status.
1. Organochlorines (cont..)
Examples of Organochlorines:
🞂 D D T (dichloro-diphenyl-
tricholoro- ethane) and Its
Relatives
- Controls mosquitoes, flies, fleas
- Broken slowly, stored in fats and causes
biomagnification
- DDT was discovered by Paul Mueller in
1939 in Switzerland
Examples of Organochlorines:
Hexaclorocyclohexane and Lindane
🞂 Wide spectrum insecticide than D D T and is effective against aphids.
Lindane
🞂 Odorless and volatile, used widely as a household fumigants
Cyclodienes
🞂 Used as a soil insecticide
🞂 Examples include: aldrin, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, endrin,
endosulfan
Polychloroterpenes
🞂 It has two types – strobane and toxaphene
Organophosphates
🞂 These are esters of phosphoric acid or
phosphorochloic acid which are nerve poisons.
🞂 Organophosphates are unstable with the presence of
light and quickly breakdown into non-toxic
compounds.
🞂 Organophosphates are non-persistent and do not
bioaccumulate.
🞂 Groups of Organophosphates
🞂 Aliphatic Derivatives – malathion,dimethoate,
disufolton, dicrotophos, trichorform,
mathamidophos and acephate
🞂 Phenyl Derivatives – parathion, stirofos, famphur,
fenthion
🞂 Heterocyclic Derivaties – methidathion and
phosmet, diazinon. Chloropyriphos
Organophosphates
Carbamates
🞂 Broad spectrum insecticides that have had wide
application in agriculture.
🞂 Persistence is same as organophosphate
🞂 Limited use due to its toxicity to beneficial insects
🞂 Carbaryl - introduced in 1956, slightly toxic to man
🞂 Carbofuran - systemic insecticide for soil pest;highly
toxic to man
🞂 Others: aldicarb, pirmicarb, methomyl and propoxur.
Pyrethroids
🞂 Very toxic to insects at low rate yet it is safe to apply.
🞂 Quick knockdown ability,there is less recovery of
poisoned insects.
🞂 Easily broken down by UV wavelengths more slowly than
pyrethrum.
4 . C H E M I C A L CONTROL
Pyrethroids (cont..)
🞂 1st gen Pyrethroids - Allethrin
🞂 2nd gen pyrethroids - Resmethrin
🞂 3rd gen pyrethroids - Fenvalerate
and permithrin
🞂 4th gen pyrethroid - Cypermethrin,
deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin etc –most
potent
Neonicotinoids
🞂 Neonicotinoiods or chloronicotyls - analog to its
natural counterpart (nicotine)
🞂 The class is prominently represented by a compound
Imidaclorpid.
🞂 Imidaclorpid, a systemic and contact insecticide which
targets piercing sucking insects.
🞂 Low mammalian toxicity and has generally good
environmental attributes.
Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
🞂 The 3rd generation group of insecticides.
🞂 Prevents chitin-biosynthesis which inhibits
the molting process
🞂 Examples include: methoprene,,
diflubenzuron benzoylphenylureas, and
chlorfuazuron.
Others:
🞂 Phenylpyrazoles – has fipronil, which acts as potent
blocker of GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) regulated
chlorine channel
🞂 Pyrroles – also a new group of insecticide or acaricide,
having both contact and stomach modes of action.
🞂 Pyrazoles – a new class of acaricides with limited
toxicity against some insect pest.
🞂 Pyridazonones
🞂 Repellants – are chemical that cause the insect to be
reoriented away from the source.
N A TURA L (BOTANICAL) INSECTICIDE
🞂 Naturally existing compounds obtained
from plant sources which have been known
to contain insecticidal properties.
🞂 They are also toxic just like
synthetic derivatives
Pyrethrum
🞂 Pyrethrum - widely used botanicals which inspired
the development of synthetic analog the Pyrethroid.
🞂 It is extracted from the flowers of Chrysanthemum .
🞂 4 compounds: pyrethrin I and II & cenerin I and II.
🞂 The insecticide is commonly contained in household
aerosols because it has a wide spectrum and rapid
knockdown characteristics.
🞂 It breakdowns quickly when exposed to sunlight.
Azadirachtins
🞂 Are extracted from the seeds of Neem tree
(Azadirachta indica) grown in many tropical and
subtropical parts of the world
🞂 They are believed to deter insect feeding and
oviposition; and interferes with growth, development
and reproduction.
🞂 No adverse effect with mammals and non-target
organisms
Nicotine
🞂 Nicotine comes from the extraction of tobacco
leaves and was used as insecticide as early as the 17th
century.
🞂 Nicotine sulfate is very toxic to insects and
animals and is considered to be the most
dangerous among the botanicals.
Limonene
🞂 The chemical is extracted from the peel of citrus fruit
which has about 98% of orange peel oil by weight.
🞂 Limonene is used against external parasites such as lice,
mites and ticks.
OTHER PLANTS WITH INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES
PESTICIDE TOXICITY
🞂 Toxicity – the innate capacity of the substance to produce
harm/injury.
🞂 Hazard – Probability that injury will result from a chemical
under specified conditions.
🞂 Measurement of toxicity - Usually expressed as Lethal
Dosage or LD50 in which 50% of the total test animals will die
under the specified duration of exposure to the chemical.
🞂 Acute toxicity – the effect is readily manifested by the test
organism after a single exposure to toxins.
🞂 Chronic toxicity – the symptoms are only exhibited by the
test organism.
CATEGORIES TOXICITY LETHAL D O S A G E

LEVEL LD50
Category I Extremely 50mg/kg
toxic
Category II Highly toxic 50 to 500mg/kg
Category III Moderately 500 to 5000mg/kg
toxic
Category IV Slightly toxic 5000 mg/kg
CATEGORIES S I G N A L W O R D S C O L O R
CODE
Category I Danger, Poison RED
Category II Warning, Poison YELLOW
Category III Caution, Poison BLUE
Category IV Caution GREEN
HOW PLANTS DEFEND
THEMSELVES?
Some defense compounds are
“secondary metabolites”
Primary Secondary
metabolites: metabolites:
amino acids, Coumarins defense and

sugars, attractant
nucleotides, Carbohydrate functions:
metabolism
lipids:
Photo- phylogenetically
found synthesis
throughout the restricted
plant kingdom
Alkaloids
Redrawn from Hartmann, T. (1996). Diversity and variability of plant secondary metabolism:
a mechanistic view. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80: 177-188.
Some secondary compounds attract
pollinators, predators or parasitoids
Aroma
pollinator
Odor
parasitoid
Color
predator
herbivore
Nectar
Photo source: Klaus Bolte, Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Other compounds are toxic, or can be
converted to toxins, or are anti-nutritive
A cyanogenic glycoside
that releases toxic HC N
cyanide
Cyanide
Nicotine, a toxin Anti-nutritives

found in tobacco and interfere with
its relatives herbivores’ digestion
or assimilation of
nutrients, impairing
their growth,
development and
reproduction
Some herbivores have evolved tolerance
to plant toxins
Herbivores can tolerate plant toxins

Sequestration through degradation, excretion
toxin and sequestration (through
chemical modification and storage
Rapid in specialized glands).
degradation Rapid
excretion In some cases the insects’ target enzyme has
been modified to now be unaffected by the toxin
Target Modified
(e.g. enzyme) target
toxin
toxin
Defensive secondary metabolites can be
roughly divided in three groups
Phenolics: e.g. Flavonoids; Salicylic acid; Lignins etc
Coumarins
Carbohydrate
metabolism
Photo-
synthesis
Terpenoids:
Nitrogen containing e.g. Limonoids
compounds: Saponins
Alkaloids
e.g. Alkaloids Pinene
Glucosinolates Redrawn from Hartmann, T. (1996). Diversity and variability of plant secondary metabolism:
a mechanistic view. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80: 177-188.
Alkaloids contain nitrogen and include
stimulants and narcotics
Theobromine Coffee
Coca
Caffeine
Cocaine
Cacao
Nicotine Morphine
Tobacco Opium Poppy
Glucosinolates are typical for the
Cabbage (Brassicaceae) Family
Myrosinases and glucosinolates are
stored in separate plant cells…
Glucosinolates
Myrosinases
…..until the cells are
broken and mixed, for
example by herbivore
damage
Various toxic and distasteful

breakdown products
Most herbivores avoid Brassicaceae but
some can eat it
Green peach aphid
(Myzus persicae) Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)
feeding on cabbage feeding on crucifers, damage, and adult form
Image credits (all Bugwood.org): Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University; David Cappaert, Michigan State University; Keith
Naylor; David Cappaert, Michigan State University; David Jones, University of Georgia; David Riley, University of Georgia.
The diamondback moth has an enzyme that
eliminates glucosinolates
Glucosinolate
Plutella xylostella
The diamondback moth

sulfatase (DBM GSS) enzyme
removes the glucosinolate’s
sulfate group, so that
Toxins myrosinase does not
recognize the glucosinolate
anymore
Ratzka, A., Vogel, H., Kliebenstein, D.J., Mitchell-Olds, T. and Kroymann, J. (2002). Disarming the mustard oil
bomb. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99: 11223-11228; Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
Cabbage white butterfly larvae convert
glucosinolates into less-toxic products
The larvae sequesters the

NSP: glucosinolates as protection
nitrile- against predators
Standard specifying
product protein
isothiocyanate: Adult
more toxic form
Nitrile:
less toxic
Wittstock, U., Agerbirk, N., Stauber, E.J., Olsen, C.E., Hippler, M., Mitchell-Olds, T., Gershenzon, J., and Vogel, H. (2004). Successful herbivore attack due to
metabolic diversion of a plant chemical defense. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 4859-4864; David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org
K E Y PE S T S O F
MAJOR CROPS
M A J O R INSECT AND MOLLUSK P E S T S IN R I C E
AND THEIR CHARACTER I ST I C DAMAGE
COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Green Nephotettix Hemiptera Upper leaves wilted,
leafhoppers virescens, young plants stop growing
(GLH) Nephotettix & die; transmit the tungro
nigropictus virus
2.Brown Nilaparvata Hemiptera Cause ‘hopper burn’,
plant lugens transmit grassy & ragged
hoppers stunt virus diseases
(BPH)
AND THEIR CHARACTER I S T I C DAMAGE
NAME NAME DAMAGE
3.Rice Leptocorisa Hemiptera Panicles empty, grain

bugs oratorius stained brown
L. Acuta
4.Rice Scotinophara Hemiptera Panicles empty,
black coarctata cause ‘bug burn’ &
bugs ‘whitehead’
Plants look yellowish
as seen afar.
AND THEIR CHARACTERI S T I C DAMAGE
NAME NAME DAMAGE
5.Rice Lepidoptera Attack during vegetative

stemborers: stage causes younger
Striped leaves & growing point to
Chilo
wither (deadheart)
suppressalis
Yellow
Attack during reproductive
Scirpophaga
stage results in empty
incertulas
panicles (whitehead)
Pink
Sesamia
inferens
White Scirpophaga
innotata
AND THEIR CHARACTER I S T I C DAMAGE
COMMO SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTI
N NAME NAME C DAMAGE
7.Golden Pomacea Mesogastro- Cut base of

apple canaliculata poda2 seedlings/ leaves
snail
2 Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda

THE G R E E N LEAFHOPPERS
THE BROWN PLANTHOPPERS (BPH)
THE R I C E B U G S
THE R I C E BLACK B U G S
THE R I C E S T E M B O R E R S
M A J O R INSECT AND MOLLUSK P E S T S IN CORN
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Asiatic Ostrinia Lepido- Larva bores holes
corn furnacalis ptera on stem, leaves &
borers ears
2.Corn Helicoverp Lepido- Larva bores on
earworms a armigera ptera young unfolded
leaves, ears heavily
attacked
3.Corn Chrysodeixis Lepido- Young plants
semi- eriosoma ptera attacked, leaf blade
loopers C. chalcites eaten, only veins &
midribs left
M A J O R INSECT AND MOLLUSK P E S T S IN CORN
COMMO SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

N NAME NAME DAMAGE
4.Corn Atherigona Diptera Larva bores holes
seedling oryzae on stem, leaves &
maggots ears
5.White Leucopholi Lepido- Larva bores on
grubs s irrorata ptera young unfolded
leaves, ears heavily
attacked
Corn Borer
Corn earworm and Corn Semi Looper
Corn Seedling Maggot & White Grub
C. CRUCIFERS

NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.DBM Plutella Lepido- Leaves lace-like in
xylostella ptera appearance
2.Cabbage Crocidolomia Lepido- Irregular holes on
worms pavonana (=C. ptera leaves
binotalis)
3.Cut Spodoptera Lepido- Irregular portions of
worms litura ptera leaves eaten out
Cabbage Pests
D. CUCURBITS

NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Yellow Aulacophora Coleo- Grubs bore into
squash indica(=A. ptera the roots; adults
beetles similes) scrape leaf
epidermis
2.Melon Dacus Diptera Fruit rotting inside
fruit flies cucurbitae (with maggots)
Insect Pests of Cucurbits
Upper: Dacus cucurbitae

adult laying eggs &
damaged fruit
Lower: Aulacophora
indica(=A. similes) adult
E . SO LA NA CEO US C R O P S
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Tomato H. armigera Lepidoptera Feed on fruits &

fruit flower buds
worms
2.Tomato Epilachna ColeopteraAdults and larvae scrape
lady virgintioctopunctata epidermis of leaves
beetles philippinensis resulting in characteristic
net-like damage
3.EFSB Leucinodes Lepidoptera Larva bores growing
orbonalis shoots & fruits
INSECT P E S T S O F
SOLANACEOUS CROPS
H. armigera larva L. orbonalis larva

F . MALVACEOUS C R O P S
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Cotton H. armigera Lepidoptera Bore through floral buds

bollworms & developing buds
2.Cotton Dysdercus Hemiptera Cause boll discoloration,

stainers cingulatus premature fruit fall,
stunting of growth
COTTON STAINER
G. LEGUMES
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Aphids Aphis Hemiptera Cause shoot deformation,

craccivora curling of leaves & prevents
pod formation
2.Bean- Ophiomyia Diptera Attack newly emerged plants
flies streaked with oviposition
phaseoli punctures; maggots mine &
feed on the stem epidermis;
stem above the root
thickened
3.Bean Etiella Lepidoptera Pods with holes
& pod zinckenella where excrement is
borers Maruca visible; seeds in the
testulalis pods also are
destroyed
G. LEGUMES
NAME NAME DAMAGE
4.Leaf Homona Lepidoptera Larvae feed inside the

folders coffearia rolled or folded leaves
5.Leaf Empoasca Hemiptera Leaves turn yellow &

hoppers ricei showing necrotic
patches & slightly
curled margins; attack
the roots
6.Bean Euchrysops Lepidoptera Pods with holes where
lycaenids cnejus excrement is visible;
seeds in the pods also
are destroyed
Insect Pests of Legumes
Aphids
Leaf-
hoppers
Lepidopterous pest of Legumes
Bean Bean
Lycae- Pod
nids Borers
🞂 Bean
Leaffolder
H. COCONUT
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Coconut Oryctes Coleoptera Adults bore unopened

rhinoceros rhinoceros leaves; triangular gashes
beetles are seen after leaves
open
2.Asiatic Rhynchophorus Coleoptera Adults bore through

palm ferrugineus cabbage, larvae feed on
weevils soft bud, crown
destroyed
H. COCONUT

NAME NAME DAMAGE
3. Coconut Brontispa Coleoptera Larvae feed on the epidermis

leaf miner longissima of unopened palm leaves.
Infested leaves become
scorched (burned or dried
out) as leaflets open
4. Coconut Aspidiotus Yellowing of the
scale rigidus syn. Hemiptera lowermost leaves, followed
insects by drying of all leaves
Aspidiotus
leaving only the youngest
destructor leaf green and ultimately
the death of the palm
COCONUT R H I N O C E R O S BEET LE
ASIATIC PALM
WEEVILS
COCONUT LEAF
MINER
COCONUT S C A L E I N S E C T S
I. MANGO
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Philippine Bactrocera Diptera Maggots feed on fruits

fruit flies philippinensis which eventually rot due to
secondary contamination
with pathogens
2.Leaf Ideoscopus Hemiptera Blossom wither & fruit
hoppers clypealis setting prevented & sooty
molds abundant
3.Mango Niphonoclea Coleoptera Twigs are girdled &

twig albata, eventually wither & die
borers N. capito
Mango Fruitfly
Mango hoppers
Mango Twig Borer
J . BANANA
COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC DAMAGE
NAME NAME
1.Banana leaf Erionota thrax Lepidoptera
Portion of leaves rolled,
rollers larvae feed on the leaves
2.Banana Cosmopoli Coleoptera Plants wilt or turn yellow

weevils tes & collapse; grubs infest
sordidus
the pseudostem
3.Abaca Pentalonia Coleoptera Transmit virus causing

aphids nigronervosa
bunchy top symptom
Banana weevils (Cosmopolites sordidus)
Banana Leaf rollers
Abaca Aphids
K . ST O RED GRAINS

NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Rice Sitophilus Coleoptera Feed on both milled &

weevils oryzae unmilled grains
2.Corn Sitophilus Coleoptera Cause direct grain

weevils zeamais damage
3.Rice Corcyra Lepidoptera

Feed on milled grains
moths cephalonica
Rice, Corn Weevils and rice moth
L. SUGARCANE
COMMON SCIENTIFI ORDER CHARACTERISTIC
NAME C NAME DAMAGE
1.Root Leucopholis Coleoptera Leaves unthrifty &

grubs irrorata stunted; grub feeds on
roots
2.Sugarcane Tetramoera Lepidoptera Larva bores through stem
dead heart
schistaceana causing dead heart
borers
3.Yellow Chilo Lepidoptera Larvae bore through

top
infuscatellus the stem
borers
Sugarcane DeadHeart Borers
Yellow top borers
M. ROOT C R O P S

NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.sweet Cylas Coleoptera Tubers with rotting

potato formicarius section, larvae bore
weevils formicarius tunnels through the
tubers; infested ones
exude disagreeable odor
& bitter taste
2.Cassava Tetranychus Acari Yellowing & drying of

red spider kanzawai
mites
leaves
Sweet Potato Weevils
Red Spider Mites
O. C A C A O
NAME NAME DAMAGE
1.Pachyr- Pachyrrhynchus Coleoptera Adults feed on bark, leaves &

rhynchid moniliferusa bore through fruits; larvae also
feed on fruits
beetles
2.Pink Planococcus Hemiptera Feed on leaves & young
mealy lilacinus shoots, cause stunted
bugs growth, sooty molds
present
O. C A C A O
NAME NAME DAMAGE
3.Cacao Conopomorph Lepido- Beans of older pods

pod borers a cramerella ptera are bored &
eventually rot
4.Mosquito Helopeltis Hemiptera Pods riddled with

bugs collaris black necrotic areas
H. bakeri
Pachyrrhynchid beetles
Pink Mealy Bugs
Cacao Bean Pod Borers
Mosquito Bugs
VERTEBRATE PEST
G ENERAL CHARACT ERISTIC O F RATS
🞂 Rats have poor eyesight.Whiskers
(vibrissae) and guard hairs
(elongated hairs in their short fur)
are contact structure which
guides them in the dark
🞂 Tails as balancers/braces when
climbing
🞂 Rats have chisel-like incisors
which grow 6-9 in.Regulate by
gnawing on hard objects, explains
their damaging attributes
FOOD AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR
🞂 They are omnivorous, consuming food
wastes and stored food; however, rats more
prefer rice plants and grains. Corn and fruits
serve as secondary food.
🞂 Adults eat about 8-10% of their body weight
🞂 Rats usually move during night and can
travel at an average of 20-40 meters from
their nest in search for food
POPULATION GROWTH
🞂 Young matures at about
🞂 Rats have high
6 weeks of age
reproductive rate
🞂 One female can
🞂 Pregnancy period produce 36 young/rice
is 19-21 days season
🞂 Can give birth
every 3 weeks
🞂 About 8-12
youngs are born
after delivery
Vertebrate pest (rats)
🞂 Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)
🞂 Size – 200-500 grams
🞂 Tail length –shorter than head plus body
🞂 Fur is short with many long thickened, groove
hairs
🞂 Long vibrissae (whiskers) on snout
🞂 Upper part is usually brownish; underneath
grayish
🞂 Commensal with man
🞂 An urban pest
Philippine Field Rat (Rattus
tanezumi Temminck)
🞂 Size – about 175 grams
🞂 Tail length – usually longer than
head plus body; uniformly dark
🞂 Most destructive of the rat species
in the Philippines
🞂 Found in dry and irrigated crop
lands, forest edges and human
habitation
🞂 Formerly known as Rattus
Asian Ricefield Rat (Rattus argentiventer
Robinson and Kloss)
🞂 Size – usally smaller than the R.r.mindanensis up
to 92-125 g only.
🞂 Tail length – tail is shorter than the head plus
body
🞂 Dorsal pelage has “salt and pepper” appearance
🞂 Locally prevalent in some crop areas in
Mindoro and Mindanao
Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans Peale)

🞂 Size – smaller than the ricefield rats up to 20 – 60 g.
🞂 Tail length – nearly as long as the head plus body
🞂 Upper parts with some off-color streaks, under
parts lighter in color; an agile climber
🞂 Found in the lowlands as well as crop lands of
higher elevation
🞂 The Philippine Mouse (Mus musculus castaneous
Waterhouse)
🞂 Size - the smallest among the rats mentioned up to 12 g only.
🞂 Tail length – about equal or longer to the head plus body
🞂 Fur short and soft; upper parts generally brownish, underparts
light drab
🞂 Also widely distributed and closely associated with man
🞂 An important pest in urban and rural domiciles, gnawing wood
work and feeding on stored grains.
METHODS O F RAT CONTROL
🞂 Environmental manipulation – this is done by
reducing sources of food and maintaining clean
culture in agricultural areas
M E T H O D S O F RAT CONTROL
🞂 Mechanical control – the use of devices or instruments
to kill rats such as:
🞂 Crop trapping – trapping by use of smoke or irrigation
water to drive out rats from burrows and kill them
🞂 Community campaign against rats
RAT TRAPPING
Chemical control
🞂 Acute poisons – highly toxic and
single dose killer poisons (e.g.Zinc
phosphide, thallium sulfate, sodium
fluoroacetate barium carbonate,
arsenious oxide and etc.)
🞂 Chronic poison/ anticoagulant
– slow acting poison, interferes with
the blood clotting mechanisms; rats
die due to internal and external
bleeding (e.g.Warfarin, fumarin,
racumin, coumarin, tomarin,
chlorphacenone, etc.)
🞂 Chemical control
🞂 Fumigants/toxic gas – chemicals that produce lethal gas
but only effective in airtight conditions and not suitable in
field. (e.g. calcium cyanide, ethylene dichloride, carbon
tetrachloride, methyl bromide and aluminum phosphide).
🞂 Chemosterilants – used to sterilize the male and female
to prevent reproduction. (e.g.Myrlan)
MOLLUSK PEST
Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) or
“kuhol” is an invertebrate animal which belongs to the
Phyum Molluska.
🞂 Destructive when they are the 10 mm in size or about
the size of a corn seed.
🞂 Both mature and immature feed on rice. Maturity is
reached after 2-3 months.
Control Measures of G A S
🞂 Manually handpick eggs and snails and destroy them
🞂 Use older seedlings since younger seedlings are
susceptible to snail damage.
🞂 Maintain water at 2-3 cm for the first 15 days after
transplanting. Alternate draining and flooding
minimizes their population
🞂 Pasture ducks immediately after harvest.
🞂 Construct small canals within the rice paddies
where water will drain.Golden apple snails
congregate on these canals.Handpick trapped snails
or spray molluscicide on these canals.
Quiz

Crop Protection Ii

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CROP PROTECTION

🞂 Rapid Plant Growth:

CATEGORIES TOXICITY LETHAL D O S A G E

amino acids, Coumarins defense and

Nicotine, a toxin Anti-nutritives

Herbivores can tolerate plant toxins

Various toxic and distasteful

The diamondback moth

The larvae sequesters the

COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

3.Rice Leptocorisa Hemiptera Panicles empty, grain

5.Rice Lepidoptera Attack during vegetative

7.Golden Pomacea Mesogastro- Cut base of

2 Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda

COMMO SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

Upper: Dacus cucurbitae

1.Tomato H. armigera Lepidoptera Feed on fruits &

H. armigera larva L. orbonalis larva

1.Cotton H. armigera Lepidoptera Bore through floral buds

2.Cotton Dysdercus Hemiptera Cause boll discoloration,

1.Aphids Aphis Hemiptera Cause shoot deformation,

4.Leaf Homona Lepidoptera Larvae feed inside the

5.Leaf Empoasca Hemiptera Leaves turn yellow &

1.Coconut Oryctes Coleoptera Adults bore unopened

2.Asiatic Rhynchophorus Coleoptera Adults bore through

COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

3. Coconut Brontispa Coleoptera Larvae feed on the epidermis

1.Philippine Bactrocera Diptera Maggots feed on fruits

3.Mango Niphonoclea Coleoptera Twigs are girdled &

2.Banana Cosmopoli Coleoptera Plants wilt or turn yellow

3.Abaca Pentalonia Coleoptera Transmit virus causing

COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

1.Rice Sitophilus Coleoptera Feed on both milled &

2.Corn Sitophilus Coleoptera Cause direct grain

3.Rice Corcyra Lepidoptera

1.Root Leucopholis Coleoptera Leaves unthrifty &

3.Yellow Chilo Lepidoptera Larvae bore through

COMMON SCIENTIFIC ORDER CHARACTERISTIC

1.sweet Cylas Coleoptera Tubers with rotting

2.Cassava Tetranychus Acari Yellowing & drying of

1.Pachyr- Pachyrrhynchus Coleoptera Adults feed on bark, leaves &

3.Cacao Conopomorph Lepido- Beans of older pods

4.Mosquito Helopeltis Hemiptera Pods riddled with

Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans Peale)

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