REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows the related studies that are relevant to the study being carried out. This will

also act as supporting information for the findings during the study.

Sleep is a basic human necessity. It is a state in which an individual's body and mind are

relatively inactive, and the muscles of the body are relaxed. Sleep is our body's rest cycle.

However, not every student receives enough sleep. The 21st-century learners,commonly known

as the "online generation," are excellent examples of this. In their study, Gilbert & Weaver

(2014) discovered that sleep affects a student's academic,extracurricular, and career choices.

Adolescents usually try to make up their missed sleeping hours during weekend. According to

studies, students who change their sleeping schedule during weekend succeed academically

worse than those whose sleeping changes are not significant that’s why it is not recommended in

terms of academics ( Wolfson & Carskadon 2003). (Gibson, Powles and Thabane 116, School of

Public Health 27) presented that in recent studies, seventy to eighty three percent of the students

do not obtain the optimal level of sleep at night. They stayed up late doing their homework and

studying. Also, caffeinated beverages and leisure time activities are some reasons why they stay

up late ( Gibson, Powles, and Thabane 116).

According to (Rechtshaffen & Bergmann, 2002), sleep is an essential part of life. It is important

for the body to function well and too much deprivation of sleep damages the bodies’ functioning

system that it can eventually lead to death. Sleep is needed for the good functioning of the body

like learning, cellular repair and memory processing and without it these processes will not

function properly ( AlDabal and BaHammam 2011). In the study of Binks (1999), a person who

loses total sleep experienced negative mood, fatigue, sleepiness and drops alertness and
performance. Some of them experienced hallucinations and being paranoid. Systematic studies

about total sleep loss revealed some temporary intellectual insufficiency but no permanent

effects. (Harvey, Stinson, Whitaker, Moskovitz, & Virk, 2008; Scott & Judge, 2006) discoursed

that sleep there are two important concepts related to sleep loss; sleep quantity which is the

amount of time spent in sleeping and sleep quality which refers to difficulty of falling asleep,

staying asleep and the number of awakenings faced at night. In other countries, studies show that

majority of the people are lacking of sleep during workweek and be likely to sleep longer during

their free days (Roenneberg et al. 2003). At night, adolescents must achieve nine to 10 hours of

sleep and a sleep average of seven hours ( Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998). According to

( Randazzo, Muehlbach, Schweitzer, & Walsh, 1998), a person with too little sleep hours loses

focus and concentration and he/she can be inactive and short-tempered in small things. (Wilson

& Nutt, 2008) stated that people spent around a third of their lives sleeping. Lack of sleep has its

negative outcomes: changes in mood, cognitive impairment and disruption to bodily systems

( Durmer & Dinges, 2005; McEwen, 2006). According to Wolfson et al., (1998), students with

reduced sleep duration about 25 minutes on average have the possibility to struggle, fail and

become sleepy at school. Sleep deprivation sometimes contributes to accidents. In military

operations, some of their failures, accidents, and friendly-fire incidents were caused by lack of

sleep of the people. (Belenky et al.1994).

According to Grandner, Hale, Moore & Patel (2010), sleep is an important biological imperative.

Genetic and psychologic factors helps in meeting the body’s need for sleep duration, timing,

regularity and quality. But most of the factors that affects the inter-individual variability in sleep

are environmental, behavioral, psychological, cultural and social factors. Sleep duration
associates to the level of variability of a person either individual, social, and societal level. It

merely affects the health and performance of a person depending on how they achieve sleep.

every school year. Grades seven, eight and 11 are morning shifts and grades nine, 10 and 12 are

afternoon shifts. STEP sections of grades seven to 10 are the only whole day classes. Three of

the classes are staying in the school’s covered court. Teenagers need at least nine and a half

hours of sleep every night and if they did not achieve enough of it, there would be a big

possibility of losing attentiveness during the next day according to the National

Sleep Foundation. Most of the students were not active during class. Some of them were sleeping

during class hours if not; they are not attentive in their class. The researcher observed that those

students or the researcher herself were feeling drowsy at school because they are tired of night-

long wakefulness because of projects and assignments or sometimes just because of playing

games and reading Wattpad which are the most common reason for the millennial today. The

purpose of this study is to show the relationship of sleep satisfaction to the students of Talangan

Integrated National High School. Also, to show the things students may do to maintain

attentiveness in school during class hours. Students’ performance in school was seriously

affected by how they sleep at night. It is very common to students that if they don’t get enough

sleep at night, it surely affects their performance in school. Most of them were so sleepy at

school because of long wakefulness at night instead of getting enough sleep. In this study, this is

helpful for the researcher to identify if there is a relationship between the sleep satisfaction and

the academic performance of a student.

Sleep and academic performance: measuring the impact of sleep hours

sleep duration and poor sleep quality on GPA. New novel sleep measures have emerged. Sleep

consistency measures how likely a student is to be awake or asleep at the same time each day.

Students with greater sleep consistency have better academic performance. A morning circadian

preference and earlier classes are associated with higher grades. Later high school start times

may increase sleep duration, but do not consistently increase GPA, but improve mood and well-

being. If a student is struggling academically, screening for a sleep disorder is vital. Devices are

under development which may allow students to better monitor their sleep habits, sleep

consistency, chronotype and sleep behaviors. For the proactive student, these devices may

enhance sleep behaviors and academic performance. Schools need to develop sleep friendly

policies and interventions to promote healthy sleep for their students (Shelley Hershner, 2022).

Relationship between Sleep Hours and Students’ Academic

Performance

Sleep is a spontaneous and reversible resting state, manifested as the reduced responsiveness to

external stimuli and temporary interruption of consciousness. Traditionally, as an adaptive and

protective activity, sleep is an important way for individuals to restore physical strength. Liu et

al. (2015) pointed out that sleep is not only important for restoring physical strength, but also for

restoring mental strength. Good sleep is not only an important guarantee for subsequent learning,

but also helps to consolidate and maintain memory. Dewald et al. (2010) conducted a meta-

analysis of sleep time and academic performance for 15,199 students between the ages of 8 and

18 and showed that the correlation coefficient reached r = 0.069 and the correlation between

boys were higher than that of girls. Mirghani et al. (2015) also reached a similar conclusion in

the study. Jianget al. (2011) found that school-age children with insufficient sleep time or poor
sleep quality do not perform as well as children with a good sleep in language, mathematics, and

academic performance. Therefore, the sleep time and the academic performance of the students

present a positive correlation. However, as the pace of life accelerates and the pressure of study

and work increases, many people try to make up for the lack of study and work time by reducing

sleep and hope to improve the efficiency of study and work.

There are two explanations for the relationship between sleep hours and academic

performance:

1. is that when sleep is insufficient, the body’s sympathetic nerve function is hyperactive and

catabolism increases, which affects the mental activities related to memory and attention. This

ultimately impairs the maintenance and consolidation of memory and causes a decline in

students’ academic performance.

2. The other is that lack or interruption of sleep will reduce the nocturnal brain activity required

for neurocognitive functions; among them, complex tasks require abstract thinking, creativity,

integration, and planning; these tasks represent higher neurocognitive functions and mainly

affected by sleep problems (Yang et al., 2018).

Relationship between Sleep Hours and Students’ Physical and Mental Health

Liang et al. (2006) pointed out that lack of sleep in adolescents at night will weaken the body’s

immune function, weaken the body’s defenses, and cause diseases; it will also hinder the

production and release of growth hormone, leading to growth retardation. Long-term lack of

sleep can disrupt the biological clock of adolescents, leading to cerebral cortex dysfunction,

neurasthenia, and various neuroses. Knutson (2011) found that insufficient sleep time during

adolescence was significantly positively correlated with overweight and obesity. Therefore, sleep

is not only an important physical requirement, but also an important guarantee for students’
mental health. Morrison et al. (1992) found that adolescents with chronic sleep deprivation have

a significantly higher incidence of depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems than those with

adequate sleep, and the more serious the lack of sleep, the higher the anxiety and depression.

Zhao et al. (2012) believed that from the perspective of emotional maintenance, long-term lack

of sleep in students will show negative emotions such as emotional instability, irritability,

anxiety, and other symptoms, which will affect normal life.

The Relationship between Academic performance Academic Stress and Sleep Hours

In the research of "High School Students sleep Quality Survey and Improvement Strategies", it is

believed that academic stress is negatively correlated with sleep quality. In addition, the effects

of stress on sleep quality in High School Students: a Moderated Mediation Model, high school

students' stress level directly predicts sleep quality. Liu Xiancheng, Guo Xiugi et al. believe that

study pressure is one of the main reasons affecting and leading to students' sleep quality decline.

Bernert proposed that the examination anxiety of middle school students has a significant impact

on sleep quality, which also includes the comprehensive impact of school stress, family stress

and other factors on sleep quality. The quality of sleep also increased test anxiety. Can be seen in

the existing information, study of the relationship of academic stress and sleep quality, roughly

two ideas, one is that academic stress and family stress and so on other factors combined, can

have a significant impact on sleep, academic pressure is large enough that can be enough, can

affect morpheus quality alone.It can be seen from these studies that with the increasing academic

burden and pressure of students, their physical and mental health and sleep quality are also

increasingly affected. Many scholars have college students' pressure and academic stress and

sleep quality was studied, or the foreign scholars have done similar research, but given has

cultural differences between east and west, the Chinese high school students academic stress
and sleep quality may be different, and the relationship between study is less, this study will

explore senior high school students academic stress and sleep quality.We hypothesized that

academic stress is negatively correlated with quality, and high neuroticism leads to poor sleep

quality.

Academic Stress

Academic stress refers to the reflection or subjective feeling of learners to the academic and

external environment requirements that are beyond their ability to cope with or may threaten

them. Academic pressure is the most important "pressure source" for senior high school students

in China. According to a study on the Relationship between Stressors and Coping styles in High

School students, 80% of high school students consider academic pressure as the main source of

stress, 13% consider interpersonal pressure as the main source of stress, and 7% consider family

environment pressure as the main source of stress. In the comparison between China, The United

States, Japan and South Korea: The Pressure of High school students in China tops the list, the

academic pressure of high school students in China, the United States, Japan and South Korea is

compared. The proportion of Japanese high school students finishing homework within 2 hours

is the highest (89.2%), followed by South Korea (86.9%), the United States (59.8%) and China

ranks the last (44.7%). There is no uniform regulation on the amount of homework for senior

high school students in China. More than half of Chinese high school students spend more than

two hours on homework every day, the highest proportion among the four countries. Among

them, nearly 27% use two to three hours a day, 16.3% use three to four hours, and 12.1% use

more than four hours a day. As a result, Chinese high school students had the highest proportion

of feeling stressed, with 81.3 percent feeling stressed, followed by 75.9 percent in the United

States, 68.6 percent in Japan, and 65.2 percent in South Korea. Humphrey J.H. (1985).
Influencing Factors of Students Sleep Hours

A number of studies have focused on the related causes of sleep deprivation among Chinese

students. He et al. (2007) investigated the sleep conditions of 618 high school students in Beijing

and found that personal emotions, study pressure, and test scores are the main factors affecting

the sleep time and quality of high school students. Zhao &Xue (2018) found in a survey that

middle school students’ participation in academic extracurricular tutoring can significantly

reduce their sleep time. Participating in intuition is one of the important indicators of students’

objective pressure. Liu et al. (2011)found that study stress and test anxiety have a positive

predictive effect on students’ subjective sleep quality, time to fall asleep, sleep time, sleep

disturbance, and day time dysfunction. Lin et al. (2018) found that the greater the learning

pressure, the worse the quality of sleep. With the intensification of competition, all classes of

society have to increase learning content and requirements for children, so that children need to

invest more time in learning, thereby breaking the normal routine of work and rest and affecting

normal sleep. Zheng et al. (2001) found that there is a linear regression relationship between

students’ learning pressure and willpower, thinking, emotion, and physiological indicators, that

is, the greater the learning pressure, the greater the impact of negative emotions on sleep quality.

If students are under heavy learning pressure, they will naturally suffer from anxiety and

insomnia over the years. In addition to learning pressure and other factors, Liu et al. (2017)

found that the longer students use mobile phones each day, the worse their sleep quality; students

who use mobile phones for more than 60 minutes before going to bed each day have a sleep

disorder rate significantly higher than less than 10 Minute students, but using the basic functions
of mobile phones (phone calls, text messages) has no effect on sleep quality. Demirci et al.

(2015) found that excessive use of smartphones has a direct effect on low sleep quality, which

directly affects negative emotions such as depression and anxiety, thereby indirectly causing

sleep problems; sleep quality is moderately positively correlated with students’ mental health and

different components of sleep are all related to mental health, especially with somatization,

compulsion, depression, and anxiety. Therefore, students’ sleep time is affected by many factors.

In order to pursue high academic performance, academic pressure, negative emotions, and the

length of mobile phone use are all critical factors that affect students’ sleep time. In sum, the lack

of sleep has a negative impact on students’ academic performance and physical and mental

health. High school students spend most of their time in the educational environment of the

school. The hazards of insufficient sleep to students’ physical and mental health and academic

achievement will directly or indirectly affect their hobbies, learning quality, social relationships,

and frequency of participating in activities inside and outside the school, thereby affecting their

subjective well-being. The heavy academic burden caused by the pursuit of higher academic

performance is an important cause of insufficient sleep for students. In view of this, it is

particularly important to explore and find a balance between ideal sleep time, higher academic

performance, and a good physical and mental development environment.

Effects of Sleep on Academic Performance

The relationship between sleep and academic performance was reviewed in a previous study.

Curcio, Ferrara, and Gennaro (2006) reviewed approximately 103 studies. related to sleep loss,

learning capacity, and academic performance; samples included students of different education

levels, from elementary school to university. Most (31 out of 37) studies involved elementary or

high school students. The researchers concluded that sleep loss was negatively correlated with
academic performance. They found that sleep-deprived students performed poorly on learning

capacity skills such as attention, memory, and problem-solving tasks, and that the lack of sleep

therefore affected their academic performance. Moreover, sleep loss resulted in daytime

sleepiness that was also correlated with poor academic performance.