32

MODULE 2
CHEMISTRY CONTENTS

Lesson 1: Properties of Matter and

Group of Materials Based on
Properties

Lesson 2: Physical and Chemical

Properties of Matter: Useful
and Harmful Materials;
Mixtures and Their
Characteristics

Lesson 3: Changes that Materials

Undergo: Useful and Harmful

Lesson 4: Changes that Materials

Undergo Due to Oxygen and
Heat; Separating Mixtures

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 33

MODULE II
TEACHING SCIENCE IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES

 INTRODUCTION

In this module, you will learn about matter, their properties and their
observable characteristics. Changes in matter are also explained as well as
the useful and harmful effects. Kinds of mixture and ways of separating their
components were also explained in this material.

OBJECTIVES

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Describe properties and characteristics of matter
2. Classify materials based on their ability to absorb water, float, sink and
undergo decay.
3. Identify useful and harmful materials
4. Differentiate kinds of mixtures by their characteristics
5. Infer changes of material due to temperature
6. Differentiate physical and chemical properties of matter and its useful
and harmful effects
7. Explain ways of separating mixtures

 DIRECTIONS
Learning material 2 contains four (4) lessons. Read each lesson and
understand carefully then answer the learning activities given to find out how
much you have learned. Submit your output to your course instructor. In case
you find difficulty, you may contact your course instructor and discuss it
during consultation period.
God bless and enjoy reading…

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 34

Lesson 1

 PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND GROUP OF MATERIALS BASED

ON PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Matter prevails everywhere. Matter can be living things like plants,

animals and human beings. Matter may be non-living stuff like fiber, wood,
and metal, too. Matter may be non-living stuff like fiber, wood, and metal,
too. Matter takes up volume and is made of substance. Matter may be found
in multiple ways or environments. This may be in the shape of concrete,
liquid, or gas. Matter is found in several forms but it has specific properties.
You should be able to define such properties as important.
All matter has both weight and mass. Mass is the quantity of matter
inside an entity. The object of more mass is heavier than a less mass body.
Mass appears the same everywhere the mass lives. When the target is on
Earth's atmosphere the density and the object's weight remain the same.
Every single object on Earth consists of molecules. Density is the sum of
matter in a given space. This is measured by the density of the object's
molecules, and how closely the atoms are bundled together. Push of gravity
on an object influences weight. The mass of the Planet draws objects back
towards its center
All forms of matter occupy space. The amount of space which matter
occupies is called volume. This is a representation of the room everything
takes up.

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
SOLID
Solid have a definite shape and volume.
The solid molecules are kept together and are compact. This explains
why solids are of a definite shape and scale. They don't change their form and
volume but have weight and mass definite.
Other Properties:
1. Hardness- Strong property which is resistant to damages or breaks.
Hard materials are made of very closely bound molecules
combined.
Examples: Rocks, cement, and woods.
2. Brittleness- A solid property which makes it easy to break into
pieces.
Examples: Glass, bottle, and ceramics.
3. Malleability- The strength of materials to hammer without cracking,
Or push into thin sheets.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 35

Examples: Gold, iron, and silver.

4. Elasticity- The capacity of the solids to stretch when applying
pressure to them.
Example: Rubber band
5. Strength/ Tenacity- the ability of solids not to break easily. They
last for quite long time.
Example: Iron and steel that are used in buildings,
bridges, and other structures.
LIQUID
Liquid has no particular shape. Their containers are taking shape. They
have volumes fixed. They have the ability to flow because they don't hold the
particles together strongly to form a solid form. The molecules of liquids are
far from each other and can move around.
Examples: Honey, condensed milk, glue, syrup, drinks, and
water.
GAS
Gases are all around us. They have no definite shape, mass and volume.
They take the container form. Like liquid, gas fills the space of its container.
Gas molecules vary from solid molecules and liquid ones. They 're very
loose and are able to move in any direction.
Examples: Cooking gas, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Trivia:
There is a Fourth Phase of Matter, Plasma. This is very uncommon on
Earth but it's the universe's common phase of matter.
The plasma state of matter is very high in energy and harmful to living
organisms.
Example: Plasma on the Sun
Plasmas are highly energized gases which have lost their electrons.
Stars, like the Sun, are plasma covered. Hydrogen (H) and helium
(He) ions float around the Sun with their electrons moving freely.

Descriptions of the States of Matter According to Shape and Space They

Occupy

• The “state” of matter refers to the group of matter with the same
properties. Materials are classified according to their properties.
• If a substance is as solid as a body, then it has a certain shape and
volume. The volume or size of an object or substance depends on how
much space it occupies.
• If a substance is in a liquid state it has a certain volume but maintains
its container form. In the process of pouring from container to
container the amount of water, or its quantity or size remained the
same. However, the shape of the water differs because its containing
vessel occupies whatever space is required. Thus, it is classified as
liquid. It is important to note that beyond the capacity of its container,
liquid will spill.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 36

• A gaseous-state substance has no definite shape and volume. It has the

ability to stretch its container filling out every available space. The air
from different forms expelled into the balloons was a mixture of gases.
Once inside the balloons the shape and volume of air also follow the
shape and volume of the container.

GROUPING MATERIALS BASED ON PROPERTIES

A. POROSITY
- this is a solid material for the absorption or retaining of water
and other liquids.
Absorbency- it is the property of these materials that needs space to
move through and hold on to water within them.
Absorbent materials- they are water absorbing materials.

Examples:
Paper and Paper Towels- paper has the property that attributes the
liquid evenly which makes it is an absorbent material. Every part of it
will be filled with an even amount of water until its cellulose fiber is
no longer able to hold and the entire paper has exceeded its
absorbance capacity.

Cloth and Towels- these are called absorbent since they are made of
absorbent materials such as cotton and fibrous materials whose
structures contain too many spaces for attracting liquids.
Sponges- sponges have wide open spaces which allow the movement of
liquids into the material.

Non-absorbent Materials- these are materials that cannot absorb

water.
Examples: feather, glass, stone, and plastic

B. BUOYANCY
Materials capability to float in water. Some materials which can
float or sink exhibit buoyancy and density properties. These allow for
the movement of boats and ships.

Density
Refers to the amount of material contained in a liquid in a given
volume. This shows how tightly or loosely packed an object is and
whether either floats or sinks.
Formula: Density=mass/volume
*If an object's density is lower than the liquid density, then the
object will float. An object will sink if the liquid is bigger than its
density.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 37

For example: the mass of a metal washer is 10 grams and its

volume is 20 cubic centimeters.
Formula: D=m/v
D= 10g/20cm3
D= .5g/cm3
Shape - an object can also decide whether it sinks or whether it floats.
Materials that Float - Molecules loosely packed are less dense and float
in water.
Examples: wood, sponges, balls and others
Materials that sink- closely packed molecules have a density greater
than water, which is why they sink.
Examples: keys, coins, stone, nails, and others

C. DECOMPOSITION
- this is a material ability to break down into simpler or lesser
types of matter. After death, all living things like humans,
plants, and animals undergo decay or decomposition.
Organic Matter- such sections of the plant are taken back to the field
and become a part of the soil.
Biodegradable- All products undergoing decay.
Non-Biodegradable- All materials that does not decay.
Scavengers - feed on the remains of the dead bodies. They help
degrade the remaining organic materials into smaller
parts.
Decomposers – they eat smaller bits. Minerals and nutrients are
returned to soil by them.

Factors affecting Decomposition:

1. Presence of organism or decomposers that cause decay-
Decomposers may be detritivores, bacteria, and fungi.
Detritivores, such as plant and animal breakdown earthworms,
and feed on these. Fungi, like mushroom and ear fungi degrade
plant materials and subsequently cause decay to feed on
deteriorated materials. Bacteria are microorganisms we can't
see, but their activity on dead animal bodies can be detected
when they're deteriorating. The process is usually accompanied
by foul or bad odor. Spoiled food has a bad smell due to the
rotting that's occurring.
2. Temperature- The warmer the temperature, the more rapid the
process of decay. So, when the days are very hot leaving
spaghetti on the table and other food rich in carbohydrates will
easily spoil. Placing food in fridge slows down decomposer
production.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 38

3. Moisture- Have you notice a pile of leaves during summer in the

school yard but during rainy season, the leaves disappear fast
and blend with the soil? With water available, the parts plant
easily crumble and decompose. Decomposers are present in
moist areas as well, and the process of decay is fast. Dry
materials such as leaves do not provide a good habitat for
decomposers. Dry fishing prohibits bacteria from feeding on fish
meat.
4. Exposure o elements- Our mother will tell us that after meal
we would cover the food left. Air can contain bacteria, and the
food will hit. Covering the food will discourage bacteria from
developing in food which will continue the cycle of decay.
5. Salt content of the material- Generally a salty food decays
gradually. That is because in saline conditions decomposers do
not function well. Do you find that when salted, shrimp, squid
and meat do not decline immediately? Salting is a way to slow
or avoid decomposition, thereby saving food for some time to
come.
Effects of decay on our health
What effect does decay have on our health? Did you become a
dentist due to tooth decay? What causes decay in the tooth? Particulate
material left in the mouth and teeth become fodder for bacteria if you
don't properly brush your teeth. The bacteria 's activity creates acids
that will dissolve the teeth 's enamel causing tooth cavities. Eating left
over food that has begun to decay can lead to loose bowel movement.
It is best not to consume food that is starting to emit foul odor.

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Make an experiment about the properties of matter for grade 5 pupils. Follow
the format below:
I. Problem
II. Materials
III. Procedure
IV. Guide Questions
V. Conclusion
Note:
1. Problem should be in question form.
2. Materials are those which will be used in the experiment.
3. Procedure is all about the step by step ways which the pupils follow in
performing the experiment.
4. Guide Questions are the questions which the pupils should answer based on the
experiment. Please make atleast 5 questions.
5. Conclusion is the generalization about the experiment.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 39

RUBRIC

Criteria 5 4 3 2
Problem The problem is very The problem is The problem is The problem has
relevant to the relevant to the slightly relevant to little relevance to
procedure. procedure the procedure. the procedure.
Materials list List is complete for List is complete Listed but not This part of the
an accurate but quantities not complete. report is missing
replication of the always there or Quantities missing or doesn't provide
experiment. List missing or are rarely there enough learning
includes quantitative completely. or the metric evidence.
measurements using system isn't used for
the metric system. data collection.
Procedure Written as though Logical sequence Needs more steps This part of the
giving directions. but missing steps. for the lab to be report is missing
Written in complete Some incomplete reliable.<BR> or doesn't provide
sentences. sentences. The Needs complete enough learning
Are complete with no model or diagram sentences. Model evidence
steps missing. A that is used is isn't used when it
model or diagram is incomplete or would have been an
used as needed. distracting. obvious addition.
Conclusion Conclusion sums up Some questions Hypothesis needs to This part of the
the data and about the data are be report is missing
analyzes how the test not discussed or restated and data or doesn't provide
procedures could have incomplete used to describe enough learning
have been improved answers how it is or is not evidence.
and how the data conclusions. supported needs
relates to the more analysis.
hypothesis.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 40

Lesson 2:

 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER:

USEFUL AND HARMFUL MATERIALS; MIXTURES AND
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

USEFUL AND HARMFUL MATERIALS

Materials around us have properties specific to their function. Such
materials experience improvements in our everyday lives, at home and in
education, by technologies for different essential applications. But
accompanying those positive transformations are also harmful effects.
Multiple material products are technologically beneficial to humans.
Due to technology, the raw materials are transformed into various products
that have improved the way of life of man. Nevertheless, certain items can
be detrimental to livestock, plants, and the environment or the other way
around, which are beneficial to man. It is therefore imperative that proper
properties of household and consumer materials are really identified.
• Household materials and consumer products can be grouped as (1)
those used for cleaning; (2) for food preparation; (3) beautification;
(4) building construction; and (5) and household products.
• Common properties include components used in products such as
metal tubes, ceramics, rubber, glass or plastics. Human beings have
learnt to manipulate the diverse properties of matter in order to
construct certain applications.
• Technology is improving or updating materials. Innovation has
continually increased the consistency of items such as detergents,
household cleaners, food additives, medication, rubber, paints,
stainless metals and many more that make life comfortable for
humans. In reality, technology has improved beauty products and
health products that are common among today's consumers.
• Materials at home and in the environment have positive effects. They
will make life and work simpler, like cooking quicker, saving food,
maintaining clean homes and clothing, smelling good and getting
disinfected.
• Sometimes, materials can do harm. They may contain hazardous
substances, an ingredient that may cause irritation of the skin, injury
or disease during or after handling or use, or if taken accidentally.
• Chemicals can contaminate food, which can cause death if poorly
disposed of or otherwise used. Therefore, care and vigilance must be
exercised in using them.
• Before purchasing or using any consumer goods, such as food, clothes,
medication, cleaning items, soap and shampoo, insect repellents or

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 41

pesticides, always check out if they are the right for the reason you
need.
• Caution: often read the leaflets with labels or package information
first.

USEFUL MATERIALS
Are objects that aside from their original function may be used in many
ways. A common way to determine the quality of a substance is whether it
can be recycled.
5R’s of Recycling: Recycle, Reduce, Reuse, Repair and Recover
It's really important to classify valuable materials correctly. The world
is facing a waste disposal crisis at the moment. Practice the 5R's can help you
reduce this issue by using the products effectively
1. Recycle
This applies to the method that can now be used to turn waste
materials into other materials. You can be creative and through recycling
giving your old products or waste materials a new use or function.

2. Reduce
This means reducing the waste created by eating less goods.
Consequently, this applies to reducing packaging waste. A good way to reduce
packaging waste is to buy bulk goods rather than particular ones.

3. Reuse
In this method, after it has already been used, you can use an object
again to stop tossing it directly after using it once. Another result is when
shopping using Eco-bag instead of plastic bags. One example of this is to avoid
using plastic utensils while dining in a restaurant.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 42

4. Repair
It refers to fixing or restoring worn-out or broken materials, in order
to make them work again. An example of this is the repair of a pair of shoes
which can still be used instead of buying a new pair immediately. Aside from
that the quantity of waste generated each day, doing so would also help you
to save more money.

5. Recover
It means taking energy from waste which can no longer be used as
waste residues. As waste cannot be recycled it will go directly to landfills.
But residual waste can now be processed to produce electricity with the aid
of advanced machinery.

HARMFUL MATERIALS
Are objects that could threaten human safety and other forms of living
things. There are several ways of classifying a substance or material as
harmful. There are different ways to deal with them, as well.

The following are different kinds of dangerous products you might find
around you.
1. Sharp or Pointed Objects
When not correctly handled, these objects can cause wounds and
bleeding. Examples: pins and needle
2. Toxic Substances
Usually, they have a hazard symbol on their labels so people can
identify them easily. These substances may be in the form of solids, liquids
or even gas. They can cause poisoning when swallowed or ingested. Thus, any
unfamiliar substance must always be checked on the label. Extra caution
when handling such substances is advised.
3. Metal Objects that Underwent (Oxidation)
Most metal objects tend to oxidize, causing rust over time to develop.
When they become rusty it should be done properly. You should not bring
rusty objects next to your mouth to prevent unintended ingestion. Such an

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 43

accident may result in infection. So, it is important to get urgent medical

attention to prevent complications.

MIXTURES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

You are handling mixtures everyday. In the morning you add sugar to a
cup of coffee or you add powder milk to a glass of water. These are mixtures.
MIXTURE
A combination of two or more pure substances. Mixtures have variable
compositions which can be split by physical means. Some of the things that
we feed and use are mixtures. Mixtures may be categorized based on the
uniformity of their presentation and composition.
Three Basic Characteristics of Mixtures:
1. The composition of the mixture is variable. For example, the
components of the mixture of marbles, paper clips and buttons can
differ or vary.
2. The components retain their original characteristics. Marbles, paper
clips, buttons, sugar and saw dust do not lose their appearance, texture,
color and shape after they are mixed together.
3. The components are easily separated by physical methods. Since no
chemical reaction has taken place when mixing marbles, paper clips,
and buttons as well as mixing with saw dust, it is possible for these
materials to be separated.

Classification of Mixtures:

A. HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE
- A mixture that has only one phase. Its components have similar
structure and the mixture cannot be interpreted separately. That is why it
displays uniformity in the mixture in appearance and properties. The homo-
prefix comes from the Greek word homos, meaning "the same". It means that
the two mixed compounds merge well into one uniform mixtures, in which
individual particles cannot be separated.
Example: water dissolved with salt or sugar

CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE

1. Homogenous mixtures consist of a single phase.
Matter can occur at different phases. Such phases include solid, liquid
and gas. A homogeneous mixture has only one phase. It can be made -----of
the following combinations: liquid-liquid (e.g. water and alcohol), solid-solid
(e.g. copper and tin), gas (e.g. oxygen and nitrogen).

2. The composition of homogenous mixtures is identical.

Although the distribution of the particles in homogenous mixture is
uniform, each of its components has the same composition and properties.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 44

3. Homogenous mixtures look uniform in the naked eye.

When you look at homogeneous mixtures for the first time, you will not
be able to differentiate their components because they pose no difference.
For example, if you look at a cup of coffee, it's difficult to say which part is
coffee, sugar or milk.

4. Homogenous mixtures cannot be filtered.

Various physical or mechanical methods can be used to isolate the
mixtures. Furthermore, whether the fluid is homogeneous, the filtrate, or the
solvent has been separated from a material using a filter, does not achieve
purification. That is why once you move through a container vinegar does not
isolate the two elements which are water and acetic acid.

5. Most homogenous mixture transparent.

All homogenous mixtures, except those that are homogenous solid
mixtures, are translucent. And you will see at homogeneous mixtures. We
must also be translucent, regardless of the color that we possess.

DIFFERENTS KINDS OF HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES

1. Solids
The alloys comprise a solid homogeneous mixture. An alloy is a
combination of elements which have metal characteristics. An example of
an alloy is steel that is made from iron and carbon mixtures. Copper and zinc
can also be placed together to form another homogeneous mixture called
brass.

2. Liquids
Solution is considered a homogeneous mixture. A solution is a
combination of two or more substances that are uniformly combined
together in a solution, known as the solvent, which dissolves another
substance. At the other hand, the dissolved material is called solute in a
mixture; the water is typically found in larger proportions than the liquid.

3. Gases
Gases can also be homogenous mixtures. The air you breathe is a
homogenous mixture. It is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and
many other gases, but you cannot tell the difference between them when
you are breathing since they are all mixed up and spread out evenly in the
air.
B. HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES
A combination which does not have a uniform composition. The
physical properties of each material in this sort of mixture are distinct from
one another. It means that whenever you analyze a sample of a
heterogeneous mixture you can distinguish the different components. It is
possible because each part or material conserves its individual properties in
this mixture.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 45

Examples:
• Pizza
• Salad with lettuce, cheese, seeds, tomatoes, broccoli and other
vegetables
• Soda
• Halo-halo
• Soil

CHARACTERISTICS OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

Heterogeneous mixtures have certain features which will allow you to
recognize and differentiate this type of mixture from certain types of
mixtures.

1. The substance of heterogeneous mixtures are not in any sort of fixed ratio.
If you have a bucket of water and add pebbles to the water, then the
mixture will simply be a mixture of both water and the pebbles will still
remain pebble. No matter how much water and pebbles you add to the
mixture at any point does the mixture change itself?

2. The components or substances in heterogeneous mixtures maintain their

own individual properties.

Using the same example again, the water and the pebbles still remain
water and the pebbles, even though combined together. It simply shows that
the two substances' characteristics never alter.

3. The substances of heterogeneous mixtures can be separated through

physical means.
Physically splitting mixtures essentially involves shifting the substances
in the mixture away from each other without modifying them at the chemical
level. In the case of water and pebbles, the water can be easily filtered out
and the bucket full of pebbles left to separate them from each other. As for
the water absorbed by the pebbles, you can let it evaporate so that you can
eventually pet pure pebbles again. You can separate its components even
after they have been all mixed together.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

1. Suspensions
- A mixture composed of a liquid and particles of a solid. The particles
do not get dissolved in this type of mixture. Instead, they are dispersed
throughout the liquid after the particles and the liquid get mixed together.
Hence, they can be described as “suspended” in the liquid. The key
characteristic of the suspension is the deposition of solid particles and
separating them over time.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 46

2. Colloids
- A mixture which consists of an even distribution throughout another
substance of every small particle of one substance. Colloids have an
appearance very similar to solutions. Nevertheless, the colloid particles are
suspended instead of being dissolved completely. The particles on colloids do
not slow down at the bottom for a span of time associated with suspensions.
These particles of either stay suspended or float. Colloids are usually
categorized into heterogeneous mixtures.
Examples: glue, gelatin dessert, paint, milk, aerosol spray, and marshmallow.

3. Emulsions
An emulsion is a mixture consisting of a colloidal suspension in another
liquid of one liquid that is normally unmixable or unblendable. It means
emulsions will break into their individual components if they are allowed to
remain for long enough.

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Make a graphic organizer on the kinds of mixtures and their

characteristics.

SCORING RUBRIC

DIRECTIONS: Using the following criteria, choose the appropriate number from the following scale
that reflects your assessment of the student’s work.

1 = Weak
2 = Moderately Weak
3 = Average
4 = Moderately Strong
5 = Strong

Criteria Score
1. The graphic organizer has an appropriate title and labels.
The graphic organizer’s lines, boxes, and text are neat and legible.
2. The information in the graphic organizer is accurate.
3. The spelling, grammar, and punctuation of the text on the graphic organizer
are accurate.
4. The relationships presented in the graphic organizer are correct and clear.
5. The graphic organizer demonstrates an understanding of the topic, its
relationships & related concepts
TOTAL

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 47

Lesson 3

 CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO: USEFUL AND

HARMFUL

Changes in Matter Due to Changes in Temperature

Matter exists as solid, liquid or gas. The change of state may be caused
by heat effect or temperature change. The solid, liquid, and gas is made of
small particles. Such particles are always on the move. Such particles'
behavior varies in the 3 states, and hence can be used to describe what occurs
in state transitions.

The Change of States

Solid
The particles in a solid are very close to each other. There is a very
strong force that binding all particles. Hence, their movements are limited.
The particles are vibrating but not spreading apart. Which explains why solid
has a rigid, streamlined appearance.
Liquid
The particles in a liquid are arranged far apart from each other. The
force holding them in solid is not as powerful as that. Therefore, the particles
can glide or slide around each other and tend to occupy the container's
bottom. That explains why liquid is taking on the container shape.
Gas
Particulate gas sits far from one another. The power that binds them
is very weak. That's the explanation why gas particles travel more rapidly.

Arrangement of Particles in Solid, Liquid and Gas

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 48

Changes in Matter
A. From Solid to Liquid
When matter changes state, heat energy is always present.
When temperature increases when seen as heat from hot water is
applied to solids such as ice candy and wax, the heat energy is derived
from the particles in these solid materials. They turn that into motion
energy and start jumping and vibrating very easily. As the particles in
the solid accelerate, they also move further apart, consequently. If the
particles gain sufficient energy, they'll have enough space to slide past
one another. They liberated themselves from their set roles. The solid
matters (ice candy and wax) thus continue to melt. Melting is the
transition between solid to liquid state.

B. From Liquid to Gas

When attempting to increase the temperature of a liquid state
such as water resulting from freezing, the water particles can move
faster and further apart. It helps it to avoid the particles. The liquid
water starts to change to a water vapor called a smoke. It will happen
until heat is applied or temperature increases, and the liquid begins to
boil. Bubbles of water vapor will keep forming and escaping until all
the liquid changes to gas. Boiling is the rapid change of state from a
liquid to a gas. It occurs at or above the boiling temperature.
Vaporization takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough
energy to move independently, forming a gas. Evaporation usually
occurs on the surface of the liquid.

The condition can be detected when water reduces its volume

in a sealed drinking glass which is intended to remain undisturbed
overnight. It means that some of the traces of water evaporated and
converted into water vapor. Droplets of water can also be seen along
the side of the closed drinking glass. Such droplets of water came from
the water vapor or steam and was liquid. As water vapor comes into
contact with a cold surface, heat energy is emitted and the particles
that make up the gas start slowing down and coming closer together.
Then the gas transitions to a liquid. Condensation is the state change
from a gas to a liquid.

C. From Liquid to Solid

Suppose more energy or heat is extracted from liquid as if the
liquid ice candy or plain water is put in the freezer where the
temperature could be 0 ° C or much below, the liquid particles may
slow down. They continue getting closer to one another. If the particles
lack some energy the ice candy or the water begins freezing. The
transition of condition from a liquid to a solid is freezing.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 49

D. From Solid to Gas

For certain situations, small particles found for solid state, such
as balls of naphthalene, are converted directly into gaseous form. It is
only possible if the solid surface particles obtain ample energy to form
a gas. Particles in a solid do not move into the liquid state during
sublimation, because they contain gas. As a solid material sublimates
into a gas, its particles' freedom of movement increases. In the case of
naphthalene balls, the material solid disappears, however, its odor can
be smelled in the air.

Types of Changes:
Physical Change

In many ways, physical changes happen. It can be a shift in an

object's shape or appearance, such as collapsing a sheet of paper
or cutting, bending, or dissolving it.
Because the finishing materials are the same as the beginning
materials, the properties such as color, boiling point, etc.)
should be the same as well.
Since objects do not become a different substance during a
physical change, the transition is typically easy to reverse.
For example, if you dissolve sugar in water you can easily
reverse the change by evaporating the water from the solution.
Once all of the water evaporates, particles of sugar are left.

Chopping a banana

Since cutting a banana only changes its appearance, a new

substance is NOT formed. This gives an example of a physical change.

Coke and Mentos

The mixture of coke and mentos seems like a chemical
transition, but since the gas released is carbon dioxide and it was
present before the foaming happened, it is simply physical change.

Wax

Wax undergoes a physical change when solid wax is melted and

becomes liquid wax.
STEAM
Steam condensation is a physical change inside a cooking pot
as water vapor is transformed into liquid water.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 50

In each of these examples, there is a change in the physical state,

form, or properties of the material, but no difference in the chemical
composition.
Chemical Changes

A chemical change often gives rise to one or more forms

of matter that vary from before the change.
Changing one type of matter (or the inability to change)
into another type is a chemical property.
Examples of chemical properties include flammability,
toxicity, acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of
combustion.
Example:
One of the chemical properties of iron is that it rusts.
The formation of rust is a chemical change because rust
is a different kind of matter than the iron, oxygen, and
water present before the rust formed.
The explosion of nitro-glycerine is a chemical change
because the gases produced are very different kinds of
matter from the original substance. Other examples of
chemical changes include reactions that are performed in
a lab (such as copper reacting with nitric acid), all forms
of combustion (burning), and food being cooked,
digested, or rotting.
Copper and nitric acid undergo a chemical change to form
copper nitrate and brown, gaseous nitrogen dioxide.
During the combustion of a match, cellulose in the match
and oxygen from the air undergo a chemical change to
form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Cooking red meat causes a number of chemical changes,
including the oxidation of iron in myoglobin that results in
the familiar red-to-brown color change.
A banana turning brown is a chemical change as new,
darker (and less tasty) substances form.

Materials change when exposed to certain conditions. You have

observed and learned that leftover food or rejected parts of vegetables will
decay due to action of bacteria. The vegetables were exposed to the action
of bacteria which are found in your kitchen table. If there were exposed to
the action of bacteria which are found in your kitchen table. If there were no
bacteria, the vegetables will just dry up because of warm temperature. “Only
change is permanent on earth!” as we always would hear from our elders.
Everything is matter: the soil, water, and air. Matter has different
properties that make them different from one another. Some types of matters
have properties that make them good materials for producing useful products.
Other types have properties that make them harmful.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 51

Useful materials are materials that has a purpose. It may have

properties such as durability, resistance to water, heat or acid, flexibility,
elasticity and hardness.
Harmful materials are materials considered harmful that may also
bring hazardous. These materials may harm your health, environment and
other organisms.
Materials change when exposed to different temperatures. Our daily
life is made easy because of the changes that matter undergoes. For example,
some of you prefer to eat radish with vinegar, sliced onions and ripe
tomatoes. The taste of the dish is enhanced when you mix all the ingredients.
Fried fish for breakfast has a different taste. Similarly, boiled egg has a
different appearance, texture and taste from scrambled egg. These changes
are useful to our environment and to us. Other useful products are fertilizer,
vitamins, food-milk products, cleansing agents, lotion, shampoo, medicines
and many more. Remember that raw materials are plenty in our environment
that could be turned into useful products that make our life easy and
comfortable.
Water when it undergoes change form one state to another is useful to
life on earth. We use water for drinking, washing clothes, and for many
household, industrial or agricultural uses. Aquatic forms of life also need
water as their habitat. However, when monsoon rains come, many provinces
in Luzon remain flooded. This is a negative effect of heavy rainfall.
Materials can also change resulting in the formation of one or more
new materials or different substance. If physical change involves only a
change in state, size, shape or form, a chemical change involves change in
the composition of matter. Most chemical changes are not reversible, except
through another chemical reaction. For example, the case of mixing baking
soda and vinegar caused the balloon to blow up. The reaction between the
two materials resulted to the formation of water and gas as indicated by the
bubbles. The gas formed is carbon dioxide which could not escape but into
the balloon causing it to be inflated.
There are also changes of matter that are harmful. Rusting of iron,
leaching from decomposing matter, and domestic wastes thrown into bodies
of water releasing odor are harmful. Fossil fuels converted to petroleum
products, kerosene, diesel oil and gasoline enable us to travel fast. However,
such conversion of fuel to energy produce smoke or exhaust from motor that
are detrimental to our health.
It is important to be careful in mixing substances like those that may
cause explosion or fire. We need to be aware too and cautiously read product
labels. We need to take note of precautionary measures in handling products.
Technology and industry have made new products that are useful and harmful
or both.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 52

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Choose one of the major concepts in Lesson 3. Make a Power Point

Presentation which you can use to teach the said concept. Submit as PDF file in the
Google Classroom with proper labels.

Criteria 5 4 3 2
Background Background does not Background does not Background does Background makes
detract from text or detract from text or not detract from it difficult to see
other graphics. Choice other graphics. text or other text or competes
of background is Choice of graphics. Choice of with other graphics
appropriate for this background could background does on the page.
project. have been better not fit project.
suited for the
project.

Text - Font Font formats (e.g., Font formats have Font formatting has Font formatting
Choice & color, bold, italic) been carefully been carefully makes it very
Formatting have been carefully planned to enhance planned to difficult to read
planned to enhance readability. complement the the material.
readability and content. It may be
content. a little hard to
read.
Content All content throughout Most of the content The content is Content is typically
the presentation is is accurate but generally accurate, confusing or
accurate. There are there is one piece of but one piece of contains more than
no factual errors. information that information is one factual error.
might be clearly flawed or It is difficult to
inaccurate. inaccurate. understand the
time period that
was chosen.
Spelling Presentation has no Presentation has 1-2 Presentation has 2- Presentation 4 or
and misspellings or grammatical errors 3 grammatical more grammatical
Grammar grammatical errors. and misspelling. errors and and spelling errors.
misspellings.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 53

Lesson 4

 CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO DUE TO OXYGEN AND

HEAT; SEPARATING MIXTURES

A. Presence of Oxygen
Oxygen plays an important role in the burning process or combustion.
Without oxygen, burning will not take place since oxygen supports
combustion. Thus, the presence or lack of oxygen plays an important role in
chemical change.
The rate of spoilage of food is determined by the amount of oxygen
that interacts with it. More oxygen consumption can cause a more accelerated
spoilage. Therefore, food must be closely wrapped to slow down the rate of
spoilage.
While cutting or destroying the apple, oxygen is released in the air into
the weakened tissue layer of the fruit. Once oxygen is present in fruit cells,
the enzymes (polyphenol oxidase or PPO) in chloroplasts quickly oxidize the
naturally occurring phenolic compounds in the apple tissues into o-quinones
(ortho-quinones), colorless precursors or antecedents of brown-colored
secondary development. O-quinones produce brown color by reacting to form
compounds with amino acids or proteins in the material like the apple fruit.
The browning of the fruit is the start of the food spoilage.
For some cases, apples tend to be browning earlier than others. Nearly
all tissues of plants and other vegetables, root crops such as sweet potatoes,
and eggplant produce PPO. The degree of PPO activity and concentration,
however, can differ based on the form or variety of fruits, and growing
conditions and fruit maturity.
Enzymatic browning can be avoided at home by rubbing freshly cut
apples, bananas, mango and other fruits in sugar or syrup to limit oxygen
diffusion and thereby delay the browning reaction.
• Rusting of iron is another chemical change brought by the action
of oxygen from the air on the iron metal.
• Many materials will even shift also in the absence of oxygen.
B. Application of Heat
Sugar was initially translucent and crystalline. Upon exposure to heat
from the lamp burning alcohol, it melted and became sugar. The melting
allowed the sugar to break down into basic sugars such as fructose and
glucose. This is reflected by the wonderful fragrance that is produced.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 54

Continued heat exposures eventually changed the color of the melted sugar
from white to yellow and then brown, which is completely different from the
original. The further breakdown of the sugar molecules and the formation of
caramel (pulot) are causing this color change. The chemical change modifies
the sugar color along with the sugar's taste and consistency.
Energy as an energy source takes an essential part in chemical change
or reactions. Some of the reactions require heat to begin. For example, the
firewood requires a match when cooking food, and it kindles to get fire to
begin. Certain chemical reactions use or produce heat due to the products or
chemicals involved. There are more proofs that there has been a chemical
change. These include (a) production heat and light; (b) production of gas;
and (c) change in color.
Evidence of Chemical Change
Whenever a material undergoes chemical change, it observes one or
more of these:
1. Formation of a new product. Once both oxygen and water become
applied to a plate, rust begins to grow on the surface. This condition
indicates oxidation, which is a chemical reaction supported by oxygen.
The original material becomes unidentifiable once a new product is
formed.
2. Formation of gas. This proof usually correlates with a new product
being created. Gas formation implies a compositional transition. Of
example, when a object is burned, gas is emitted in the form of smoke
along with the creation of ashes. Bubbles are often formed when
baking soda is combined with vinegar when baking soda starts to
curdle, or lumps form.
3. Release or absorption of heat. There are several cases where the
effect of chemical change is the sudden heating or cooling of a
substance which has experienced chemical change. For example, when
a metal is immersed with an acid, heat is released due to the impact
of the acid as the metal continues to corrode or melt away.
4. Formation of a precipitate. Beyond the foul odor a milk produces as
it spoils, at the bottom of the bottle even strong particles form. They
call these strong substances precipitate. Precipitation occurs when
there is a chemical change.

SEPARATING MIXTURES
Each mixture of substances possesses certain physical properties that
distinguish each other. These substances are easier to separate especially if
their properties are completely different from each other.
Different ways of separating the components of mixtures:

1. Manual separation mixtures are made with components which vary in

size. Pebbles can be manually removed from sugar by using fingers or

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 55

tweezers. A fine mesh screen can also be used to separate sugar from
pebbles.
2. Magnetic separation is a procedure using magnet to distinguish
magnetic components from non-magnetic components. Iron filings are
magnetic, and they can be isolated from the nonmagnetic particles.
3. Filtration is a process capable of separating suspended particles from
liquids. Water can be separated from starch to some extent using
filtration. An ultrafilter can completely isolate components of colloidal
mixture.
4. Decantation and Sedimentation is a process of separating a mixture
of liquids that differ in density. The less dense liquid usually sits on
top. The denser liquid such as water settles at the bottom. In this
mixture, oil can be gently poured out of the glass and retain water.
Using a mixing rod to channel the less dense material into the other
container. Decantation is also used to distinguish cream from milk.
Since cream is less dense than milk, it settles at the top and can be
easily spilled out. Blood is made up of solid corpuscles (red and white
cells) and liquid plasma. Through decantation, plasma can be removed
from the blood. In this result, decantation involves the use of a
centrifuge. A centrifuge is like a dryer for extra-fast spin. This spins
so quickly a substance that the liquid detached from each other. The
heavier particles fall downwards and the lighter particles accumulate
at the top. Doctors use a centrifuge to extract the blood samples and
test. The mixture is left untouched for some time and the solute slowly
settles at the bottom. This is sedimentation. The method of
evaporation is used to isolate a solute immersed in water. A small
volume of salt and water mixture can be heated, and salt stays on the
evaporating dish until water evaporates.
5. Freezing or cooling is a process of separating mixture used for
mixtures made up of two liquid components of varying freezing points.
In the mixture of oil and water, oil has lower freezing point thus,
solidifies first. It is then quickly removed from the water component
that is still in liquid state.
6. Distillation is a method for separating two liquids of different boiling
points. An example of this will be to distinguish alcohol from water. A
distillation apparatus is used to boil the two liquids. Alcohol has a lower
boiling point; thus, it boils faster and escapes the liquid mixture faster
than water. The liquid alcohol is called the distillate.
7. Floatation works for things that are less dense than another substance,
such as pencil shavings that may float in water. When it happens that
the water you are about to use in washing your hands has floating
particles like pencil shavings, you can quickly separate the particles
because they are floating. 8. As you wash the rice that you are about
to prepare, tiny rice bran particles float in the bowl, you can quickly
distinguish the floating particles from each other.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 56

8. Rectification the process of separating mixed gases, and it is a special

distillation form. In order to do this, air will have to be liquefied first.
When the liquid air heats up, each of its elements returns at different
temperatures to the gas phase. For example, at -195.8°C, nitrogen
boils and turns back into gas together with neon and helium. These
gases can then be collected in other containers. The remaining liquid
is mostly oxygen. To further separate the gases, particularly those that
transform back into gas at very near temperature differences, more
precise temperature controls are needed.

 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Proper waste segregation is one of the ways of separating the

components of wastes generated in our homes. Make a poster slogan
1. showing the importance of proper waste segregation. Upload the
picture of your poster in the Google Classroom.

SCORING RUBRIC

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Required The poster All required elements All but 1 of the Several required
Elements includes all are included on the required elements elements were
required elements poster. are included on the missing.
as well as poster.
additional
information.
Labels All items of Almost all items of Many items of Labels are too
importance on the importance on the importance on the small to view OR
poster are clearly poster are clearly poster are clearly no important
labeled with labeled with labels labeled with labels items were
labels that can be that can be read from that can be read from labeled.
read from at least at least 3 feet away. at least 3 feet away.
3 feet away.
Graphics - All graphics are All graphics are related All graphics relate to Graphics do not
Relevance related to the to the topic and most the topic. One or two relate to the topic
topic and make it make it easier to borrowed graphics OR several
easier to understand. Some have a source borrowed graphics
understand. All borrowed graphics citation. do not have a
borrowed have a source citation. source citation.
graphics have a
source citation.
Attractiveness The poster is The poster is The poster is The poster is
exceptionally attractive in terms of acceptably attractive distractingly
attractive in design, layout, and though it may be a bit messy or very
terms of design, neatness. messy. poorly designed. It
layout, and is not attractive.
neatness.
Creativity The poster shows The poster shows The poster shows The poster does
an excellent creativity. minimal degree of not show
degree of creativity. creativity.
creativity.

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 57


MODULE SUMMARY

In Module 2, you have learned the chemistry concepts for

elementary grades, you have also acquired knowledge about the properties
of matter and changes that materials undergo in a given condition.
Lesson 1 discussed about the properties of matter which constitute
matter for all living and non-living things around us. Lesson 2 explained that,
in our everyday lives, things around us have various properties that serve as
a function. In addition, you gained a deeper understanding of how mixtures
are formed and of their special characteristics. Lesson 3 elaborated that when
exposed to certain environments, the properties of materials change whether
they are beneficial or harmful to the environment. Lesson 4 explained the
changes occurring in materials due to the presence of oxygen as well as heat.
You have also discovered the various ways to isolate the components of
mixtures.

 SUMMATIVE TEST

Summative test will be answered on a scheduled date.

REFERENCES

Adduru, Myrna Q. & Catris, Leticia V. (2018). Cyber Science. Revised Edition.
Rex Book Store. Sampaloc, Manila.

Bilbao, Purita P., Jusayan, Shirley R., Morano, Lourdes N., & Tingson, Lea C.
(2019). Teaching Science in the Elementary Grades. Lorimar
Publishing, Inc. Metro Manila.
De Gula, Socorro B. & de Leon, Reynaldo N. (2018). Science in Practical Ways.
The Inteligente Publishing, Inc. Quezon City.

Example of Recover Materials. Retrieved on June 11, 2020 from

https://www.google.com/search?q=examples%20recover%20materials

Harmful Materials. Retrieved on June 11, 2020 from

https://www.google.com/search?q=harmful%20materials%20at%20ho
me&tbm=isch&client

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas

 58

Ochoco, Sheila Marie. (2018). Science in Practical Ways. Inteligente

Publishing, Inc.

Particle Model of Matter. Retrieved on June 14, 2020 from

https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-8/particle-model-of-
matter/06-particle-model-of-matter?id=toc-id-4

Sarte, Evelyn T., Garcia, Ednaliza R., Dela Cruz, Mary Jean G., Arradaza,
Harold A., Salayo, John Vincent D., Lumbre, Ma. Concepcion C.,
Manzanares, Ernest Luigi A. (2019). Science in Our World 6Revised
Edition. Vibal Group. Quezon City.

Villanueva, Lilia R., Battad, Teresita T.,Saclamitao, Felipe O. (2019). Science:

Health, Technology, and Environment. The Bookmark, Inc.

Villona, Hayda M. & Catris, Leticia V. (2018). Cyber Science. Revised Edition.
Rex Book Store. Sampaloc, Manila.

States of States of Matter. Retrieved on June 14, 2020 from

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html

Module II Ocampo, Pajimola & Tandas