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She defines Anxiety Disorder as “the experience of prolonged, excessive worry about circumstances
in ones life”. According to Expert Consensus Guidelines and AACAP, the beginning treatment for
all children with OCD must be either CBT alone, or a combination of CBT and SSRI drug,
depending of the severity of symptoms and comorbid conditions (Freeman, 2007). However,
although there are some uniform symptoms, there are miscellaneous symptoms that differ from
person to person; therefore, it is important to note that the disorder can present itself differently from
individual to individual. Krzanowska M. Kuleta Psychology 2017 TLDR The classifications of OCD
and OCDRs in the DSM-5 and the upcoming ICD-11 are reviewed, as well as the rationale and
research leading to the creation of this new class of disorders are described. In many situations,
physicians fail to make the diagnosis. It is thought to be two or three times more common than
schizophrenia or manic depression. Parents and family members role in controlling and observing the
actions and behaviors of children is vital. The Amercian Academy of Family Physicians (2006)
describes Obsessive Compulsive disorder as “an illness that causes people to have unwanted
thoughts (obsessions) and to repeat certain behaviors (compulsions) over and over again”. Even if
the actions themselves are somewhat safe, their constant presence in daily life is damaging. In order
to actually be classified as having obsessive- compulsive disorder, one's symptoms must fall under
specific categories. The actions which OCD forces people to perform can begin as something
harmless but grow into obsessions that disrupt daily life, and this problem needs to be addressed.
According to the article entitled “Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Part 2,” which was a part of the
Harvard Mental Health Letter, an important aspect of this particular anxiety disorder is a need for
control. Common obsessions include safety, contamination, doubting of perception or memory, need
for symmetry or order, scrupulosity and unwanted sexual thoughts. This perfectionism may interfere
with the person’s ability to complete tasks, because their standards are so rigid. Discussing Antisocial
Personality Disorder ASPD Words 5 Pages In the past ASPD has also been called moral insanity and
psychopathic inferiority History of Antisocial Personality Disorder, Pt Unit 2 Study Guide Words 2
Pages Answers 1. Scientists believe that the causes of Obsessive Compulsive disorder are both
biological and psychological. Affecting an estimated between 1 and 4 % of youth, it is considered a
fairly common disorder in children and adolescents. In about 15 percent patients, the symptoms
deteriorate over time, despite adequate treatment. Foa Psychology Depression and Anxiety 2011
TLDR This study suggests that the concept of the “pure obsessional” may be a misnomer, as these
obsessions were factorially associated with mental compulsions and reassurance?seeking in these
samples, which may have implications for DSM?5 diagnostic criteria. In people suffering from
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or OCD, there are lower levels of serotonin; low levels of serotonin
may cause obsessions and compulsions (Giddens, 2009). Cause And Effect Essay On Drug Addiction
Words 6 Pages Addiction is the reliance on a routine. Expand 33 Save What do patients do with
their obsessive thoughts? M. Freeston R. Ladouceur Psychology Behaviour Research and Therapy
1997 165 Save. 1 2 3 4 5. Related Papers Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers Tables Ask This
Paper 9 Citations 52 References Related Papers Stay Connected With Semantic Scholar Sign Up
What Is Semantic Scholar. They point out that although everyone has daily routines and habits for
people with OCD the patterns of behavior get in the way of their daily lives. The prevalence of the
disorder is on the rise according to recent reports. This makes them appear restless and pre-occupied
by unreasonable thoughts. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage
cookies. Decker Medicine, Psychology Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 2004 TLDR This
essay deals not only with his psychiatric nosology, specifically the demarcation of dementia praecox
(schizophrenia) and manic-depressive insanity (bi-polar disorder), but with many other aspects of
Kraepelin’s psychiatry. Within the article entitled “Associations between miscellaneous symptoms
and symptom dimensions in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorders,” it is estimated that 2 to 3
percent of people with this disorder will struggle with it throughout their lifetimes as a chronic
condition (Storch, et al. 2008). Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is often a very complex
process. Though SSRI drugs have good outcomes for OCD symptoms, very few drugs have been
approved by FDA for use in children less than 8 years of age. This is 100% legal. You may not
submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you.
The diagnosis of OCD is mainly based on clinical presentation and history elaboration. Within the
article entitled “The Phenomenology of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder,” OCD is diagnosed by the
elements listed within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Spitzer and Dieter,
1997). Furthermore, Anderson continues his contradicting tone against attention by stating that:
When forced to multitask, the overloaded, literature review obsessive compulsive disorder. The
author outlines its historical context, developments in both physical and psychological symptoms in
addition to positive modifications in health attitudes and behaviors, meditation, and other practices
that foster mindfulness. Obsessive compulsive disorder is caused by biological and psychological
factors. However, in those children and adolescents in whom they themselves have identified their
obsessions and compulsions are useless, the success rates are higher because they have increased
motivation (Brasic, 2012). The cause of obsessive-compulsive disorder is not definitively known
however several theories ranging from genetics to environment have been proposed and supported.
Physical examination findings are often normal except for some findings in the skin due to
compulsions. These cause so much distress in the individual that it impairs social functioning. There
are several different types of therapy available, that can help a person learn to control, and eventually
beat their obsessive- compulsive disorder. The symptoms usually begin in young age, between 10- 24
years (Dell'Osso et al, 2006). Salkovskis David Westbrook Psychology Behaviour Research and
Therapy 1989 184 3 Excerpts Save The manipulation of responsibility in obsessive-compulsive
disorder. R. Shafran Psychology British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1997 TLDR The results are
interpreted as providing support for a cognitive-behavioural formulation which emphasizes the role
of responsibility appraisal in obsessive-compulsive disorder. We use cookies to create the best
experience for you. The group who received treatment improved more than a comparison group who
waited for 3 months. When these are the exclusive symptoms, they constitute uncomplicated OCD.
However, recent recognition of the condition has led to enhanced understanding of various treatment
modalities (Piacentini and Bergman, 2000). Severe cases of obsessions and compulsions often lead
to extreme mental states or harmful physical conditions. I strongly believe that being informed about
this condition’s manifestations, people can better seek appropriate treatment. Zare Seyed Mousa Kafi
Masouleh Psychology Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 2022 Objective: One of the difficult comorbidity
of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) to manage is bipolar disorder (BD). Keep on browsing if
you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. They point out that although everyone has
daily routines and habits for people with OCD the patterns of behavior get in the way of their daily
lives. Teachers, parents, pediatricians and school counsellors play an important role in the
identification of OCD in children and referring them to a child psychiatrist in a timely manner
(NAMI, 2005). Lady Macbeth: That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements.
Depending on the severity of the disorder, these particular symptoms can become severe enough to
impact a person’s daily quality of life. Etiology The exact cause of OCD is not yet understood. The
most common symptom of the disorder, according to National Alliance of Mental Illness (2012), is
that, individuals suffering from OCD tend to double-check things excessively and repeatedly.
Cognitive therapy techniques are sometimes used when treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as
well. Patients who have suicidal risk or complex comorbid conditions may require admission and
management. The most obvious symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be logically
divided between compulsive behavior and obsessive ideas and thoughts. They might be presented
with a dirty toilet and forced to utilize it without being allowed to clean the toilet extensively
beforehand.
Specific predictors for good prognosis are unknown. Whether manual therapy or therapy based on
waiting list and whether family should be involved in therapy or whether just relaxation therapy
must be provided for children is a much debated topic. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci., 256(8),
464-75. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the
Allen Institute for AI. The researcher states that Obsessive Compulsive disorder or OCD causes
severe mental exhaustion and distress. Starcevic V. Brakoulias Psychology Current Opinion in
Psychiatry 2014 TLDR OCPD is yet to be conceptualized consistently and in the manner that would
make a clear and well supported distinction between its core and peripheral features, which would
give a better insight into the way in which OCPD relates to other disorders. The group who received
treatment improved more than a comparison group who waited for 3 months. Chronic and severe
obsessive compulsive disorder however can go beyond the behavioral and medication therapy and
can include surgically implanting neurostimulator that functions as deep brain stimulation to stimulate
a specific area of the brain. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded papers as your own,
that is cheating. Also you. The person feels that there are so many elements out of their control and
that the only control they possess is through their rituals and obsessive behaviors. There are a myriad
of different psychological disorders including depression disorder, bipolar disorder, personality
disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders (Green, 2003). You can download the paper by
clicking the button above. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely,
please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Below is the assessment description to follow:
Literature Review. Krzanowska M. Kuleta Psychology 2017 TLDR The classifications of OCD and
OCDRs in the DSM-5 and the upcoming ICD-11 are reviewed, as well as the rationale and research
leading to the creation of this new class of disorders are described. The activity does not damage the
tissues of the brain but induces brain and vagus nerve stimulation. According to the National
Institute for Mental Health report, the OCD disorder affects boys between the age of 6 and 15 years,
while girls, the disorder tends to manifest mostly between the age of 20 and 30 years. There is also
some evidence that dopaminergic transmission pathway abnormalities also can contribute to OCD.
By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. However,
recent recognition of the condition has led to enhanced understanding of various treatment
modalities (Piacentini and Bergman, 2000). The disorder is common among all ages and it is
transmitted both biologically and psychologically with environmental factors playing a big role in the
way it advances. Let us write or edit the research paper on your topic. However, by the end of the
study, it was determined that group therapy has limitations and is often inconsistent in terms of its
effectiveness. For example, a younger child may have thoughts related to harm and an older child
may have obsessions of contamination (AACAP, 2011). The most obvious symptoms of Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder can be logically divided between compulsive behavior and obsessive ideas and
thoughts. The Amercian Academy of Family Physicians (2006) describes Obsessive Compulsive
disorder as “an illness that causes people to have unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and to repeat
certain behaviors (compulsions) over and over again”. OCD is one of the common mental disorders
with about two percent of the United States of America adults suffering from the disorder. Upload
Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel Previous Carousel
Next What is Scribd. Similarly, individuals suffering with PTSD experience anxiety, particularly
towards a specific situation with distressing symptoms involving intrusive thoughts, panic attacks
and avoidance. For cases that have been diagnosed at childhood, the link to gene inheritance from
their family is stronger than for cases where OCD developed during adulthood.
The best way they can be advised is to find like Marna the occupation, the cross stitching, that will
play the role of not only the one that reduces the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms but will
be also the work or business for the person. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study Words 6
Pages Overview Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is recognized within the 5th edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders as a mental disorder involving obsessive
thoughts and repetitive behavior. Nurses have a major role to play in the evaluation and management
of patients with OCD. OCD covers many disorders within the description, but I will focus on the
following factors: lack of symmetry, excoriation skin-pickingand enhanced avoidance habits.
AACAP. (2011). Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder In Children And Adolescents. There are several
treatment options for managing obsessive-compulsive disorder including medications, psychotherapy,
surgery and ECT. Behavioral Therapy: Exposure And Response Prevention Words 1 Pages Exposure
and response prevention therapy is a behavioral therapy. The treatment modalities covered include
behavioral modification, drug therapy psychotherapy, surgery, and experimental therapies. Chronic
and severe obsessive compulsive disorder however can go beyond the behavioral and medication
therapy and can include surgically implanting neurostimulator that functions as deep brain
stimulation to stimulate a specific area of the brain. This is 100% legal. You may not submit
downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. In this essay, various aspects of the
disorder will be discussed with reference to suitable literature. Codependency and Substance Use
When literature review obsessive compulsive disorder comes to substance abuse, codependency
refers to the obvious and harmful emotional participation of a person in the life of an addict Drug
Addiction Treatment, These people tend to ignore, deny, justify, and empower the addict. Eur Arch
Psychiatry Clin Neurosci., 256(8), 464-75. The symptoms of this disease are highly dangerous since
they affect people’s entire routines and lifestyles. Individuals with OCD tend to be extra cautious in
whatever they do for fear of harming themselves or others around them. Share to Twitter Share to
Facebook Share to Pinterest. The report also indicated that the disorder affect people from all races,
ethnic groups, and sexes in almost equal measure. Expand 2 Save New diagnostic perspectives on
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and its links with other conditions V. Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is classified currently on its own, and it features an individual's
preoccupation with obsessive thoughts and the display of compulsive behaviors triggered by anxiety-
provoking stimuli. For instance, an individual with OCD may end up double checking switches,
locks and other electrical appliances 20 times before feeling satisfied that everything is in order. OCD
victims can be treated through medication and specified therapies. Expand 151 1 Excerpt Save
Inflated responsibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Psychometric studies of a semiidiographic
measure J. Rhe?aume R. Ladouceur M. Freeston Helene Letarte Psychology 1994 An excessive sense
of responsibility has been attributed a key role in recent models of obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD). As each of the six studies, the research was based on data preparation, research screening,
and blogger.comted Reading Time: 10 mins Abstract. The causes of OCD are determined by
obsessive beliefs, overlapping symptoms, and associated cognitive dimensions. This is 100% legal.
You may not submit downloaded papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. This particular form
of treatment is often used, according to Norton and Whittal, as “group-based treatments for anxiety
remain popular because of their cost-effectiveness and efficient use of resources (Norton and
Whittal, 2004). In majority of the cases, OCD develops in young adulthood or even adolescence, but
the patient may seek help at an older age. Let us write or edit the research paper on your topic. When
these are the exclusive symptoms, they constitute uncomplicated OCD. The thoughts, images and
impulses of the individual lead to actions.
The Amercian Academy of Family Physicians (2006) describes Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as
“an illness that causes people to have unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and to repeat certain behaviors
(compulsions) over and over again”. Expand 10 PDF 1 Excerpt Save The Obsessive-Compulsive
Dimension I. Taddei M. Valentini M. Pasquini Psychology 2018 TLDR Heterogeneous aspects of
OCD have led to a search for OCD subtypes that might be associated with different aetiologies or
treatment responses, as symptomatic presentations and comorbidity patterns differ widely among
patients. In 1965 OCD was seen as an intractable and deteriorating condition, with little hope of
improvement. As each of the six studies, the research was based on data preparation, research
screening, and blogger.comted Reading Time: 10 mins Abstract. The minimum time our certified
writers need to deliver. Having OCD brings serious risks to people’s life functions. The performance
of various task (compulsions) is aimed at easing the victims from the obsession related worry, fear or
apprehension. Sturm, R. (2009). Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children: The role of nurse
practitioners. It can be any lucky object, a good luck charm, an heirloom object, etc. Sel. Other
problems associated with OCD include loss of interpersonal relationships and loss of functioning of
the individual (Greenberg, 2011). Conclusion This mental disorder can easily be confused with a
person’s personality of being a perfectionist, keen to details, caring, loving or fearful but when
diagnosed and distinguished from personality traits, it can be managed and hence avoiding some
uncontrolled repeated actions. Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word
definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. In order to actually be classified as
having obsessive- compulsive disorder, one's symptoms must fall under specific categories. The
treatment is provided in an outpatient setting and the main stay of treatment is serotoninergic
antidepressant treatment. The individual who suffers from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
eventually realizes that the obsessive feeling and thoughts he or she is currently having distorts
reality, and they feel incapable to control them because they go through the same motions again and
again (Mental Health America). There is a trend towards predominance on right side. The causes of
OCD are determined by obsessive beliefs, overlapping symptoms, and associated cognitive
dimensions. Primarily, within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the two
main aspects that make up OCD include obsessions and compulsions. Ameringen B. Patterson W.
Simpson Psychology Depression and Anxiety 2014 TLDR Changes in the diagnostic criteria and
grouping of these disorders may have significant clinical implications, and will be reviewed in this
article. The DSM-IV-TR criteria for compulsions are as follow (APA, 2000). In severe cases,
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has used. Victims often strive to suppress these symptoms through
compulsions or actions that ultimately suppress their obsessions, providing quick relief. This
gradually habituates the apprehension and with time reduces the anxiety levels, with time the victims
will leave at ease without countering their thoughts with repetitive actions (compulsions).
Therapeutic treatment is the most efficient for children and adolescent. Even school work and
relationship with friends and members of the family are affected (NAMI, 2005). The person feels
that there are so many elements out of their control and that the only control they possess is through
their rituals and obsessive behaviors. Though SSRI drugs have good outcomes for OCD symptoms,
very few drugs have been approved by FDA for use in children less than 8 years of age. Thurkington
(2009) describes OCD in the Encyclopedia of Medicine as a type of anxiety disorder. OCD with
onset at a young age is distressing, can be persistent, can cause impairment of the functioning and
proper development of the child. They must teach the patient various alternative strategies to handle
stress related to their thoughts.
Adolescents and children frequently feel ashamed and also get embarrassed about their problem,
although they might not realize that they have a disorder and need to seek medical help. If you
cannot write an essay yourself for any of the. Exposure is a technique where the patient is presented
with the element that causes an increase in their anxiety. It can be any lucky object, a good luck
charm, an heirloom object, etc. Sel. False and fixed beliefs that evidence is not responsive to are
Delusions. Delusion Disorder Analysis Paper Words 1 Pages Delusion Disorder Analysis and its
Subtypes Introduction Delusional Disorder is one of the mental illnesses listed in the DSM-V. This
process can be effective for those that are dealing with OCD specifically, but is not very effective for
those that are struggling with multiple psychological disorders like depression and personality
disorders along with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Harvard Mental Health Letter, 2005). OCD is
commonly associated with other comorbid conditions and it is very important to identify even the
comorbid conditions for effective clinical management. Because of this, it is very important to take
into account the type of treatment that is most appropriate for children who are young. Pregnancy
and premenstrual period can exacerbate the symptoms of OCD in women. OCD is a chronic disorder
which is associated with significant impairment in the functioning of the individual and leads to
distress (Stum, 2009). Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature,
based at the Allen Institute for AI. The individuals perform poorly in academics despite high
intelligence levels (NAMI, 2005). Anderson tone especially seems adverse from what his true
argument is. For others, the disorder begins in adolescence or early adulthood. OCD can be managed
though behavioral therapy using a technique called “ exposure and ritual prevention” that involves
learning to live with the associated anxiety without performing the associated behavior for example,
where a person is encouraged not to counter check whether he or she had locked the house properly
when the obsessive thought strikes him on leaving the house. This particular form of treatment is
often used, according to Norton and Whittal, as “group-based treatments for anxiety remain popular
because of their cost-effectiveness and efficient use of resources (Norton and Whittal, 2004). They
must also educate and encourage the family of the patient to take part in the therapeutic program of
the patient (Fleury et al, 2012). Secondly, individuals with OCD tend to feel over obsessed with
certain things. There are several different types of therapy available, that can help a person learn to
control, and eventually beat their obsessive- compulsive disorder. Compulsive hair pulling can lead to
hair loss and compulsive skin picking can lead to excoriation of the skin (Brasic, 2012).
ReferencesClark, D. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for OCD. Delusional disorder is also a
positive symptom of schizophrenia. Veale Alison Roberts Psychology British medical journal 2014
TLDR This clinical review summarises the evidence on how to recognise, assess, and manage people
with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Additionally, this particular study found that patients who
developed OCD as teenagers or adolescents tended to have a more severe form of this anxiety
disorder in comparison to those who develop obsessive compulsive disorder as adults(Butwick and
Gmitrowicz, 2008). The author focuses on Obsession compulsive disorder. People with this disorder
may emotionally withdraw when they are not able to control a situation. OCD in children and
adolescents affects social development. Some thoughts may not lead to actions, but the thoughts
cause lot of disturbance to the patient and the patient may not be able to discuss with other persons.
Scientists believe that the causes of obsessive compulsive disorder are both biological and
psychological.
She defines Anxiety Disorder as “the experience of prolonged, excessive worry about circumstances
in ones life”. Because of this, it is very important to take into account the type of treatment that is
most appropriate for children who are young. Expand 1 Save The Role of Stress in Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder: A Narrative Review. Obsessions are thoughts, fears, and images that
constantly appear in one’s mind. Jennings Psychology 2015 TLDR The results supported the
hypotheses that each syndrome had a similar relationship with NINA and that the individual
syndromes are separable by unique symptoms. Expand Save Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and
Bipolar Disorder Comorbidity: A Comparative Study Mohammadrasoul Khalkhali Safarali Vaghari
R. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies. The combination
of these two strategies leads to extinction of the fear response. The nature and severity of symptoms
must also be evaluated. These obsessive thoughts make the person anxious and scared and they keep
trying to get rid of these feelings by performing certain behaviors. There is actually not much
research pertaining to treatment of OCD in this age group (Williams et al, 2010). This makes them
appear restless and pre-occupied by unreasonable thoughts. You can download the paper by clicking
the button above. Thus, OCD symptoms mainly occur due to impairment in the inhibition of specific
orbitofrontal-subcortical circuitry that are involved in the regulation of autonomic responses and
strong emotions. Chronic and severe obsessive compulsive disorder however can go beyond the
behavioral and medication therapy and can include surgically implanting neurostimulator that
functions as deep brain stimulation to stimulate a specific area of the brain. The defensive
mechanisms used in obsessive-compulsive behaviors are unconscious. Affecting an estimated
between 1 and 4 % of youth, it is considered a fairly common disorder in children and adolescents.
Without proper medical attention, OCD often provokes other mental and physical diseases, such as
depression, anxiety, indigestion, and dermatitis. It is stated however that the type of obsessive
compulsive behaviors was impacted by the age that the patient developed the disorder. The first step
in identifying and treating OCD is a thorough evidence-based assessment. In children however, OCD
is more prevalent among Whites. Schirmbeck M. Zink Medicine, Psychology Frontiers in
Pharmacology 2013 TLDR It has been hypothesized that genetic risk-factors dispose patients with
schizophrenia to develop OCS and preliminary results suggest an involvement of polymorphisms in
the BDNF gene and an interaction between markers of SLC1A1 and the gene DLGAP3 as well as
GRIN2B. ASPD can be a difficult disorder to live with and affects everyone associated or coming
into contact with the person with this. Answers 1. OCD is characterized as an overwhelming buildup
of anxiety towards external objects or situations with symptoms involving recurrent intrusive
thoughts, panic attacks, and avoidance. Between 40-65 percent of childhood cases are linked to
genetic inheritance. Medical models, when applied to psychological disorders, assume that these
mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy. This
gradually habituates the apprehension and with time reduces the anxiety levels, with time the victims
will leave at ease without countering their thoughts with repetitive actions (compulsions). By using
our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. According to the
Epidemiological Catchment Area Study, the lifetime prevalence of OCD is estimated to be 2.5
percent (Brasic, 2012). By continuing, you agree to our Terms and Conditions. There is also some
evidence that dopaminergic transmission pathway abnormalities also can contribute to OCD. Keep
on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.