Polymers: Acids Phosphate
Polymers: Acids Phosphate
Polymers: Acids Phosphate
P
polymers nucleotides phosphate
-
of
·
C H P S
N
Sugar
·
O pentose
DNA RNA ribose
>
-
dioxyribonuclies acid
RNA >
- ribonucleic acid DNA deoxyribose
B
-nitrogenous base
I I
DNA RNA ·
adenine
RNA
genomic DNA
DNE
t
+ guanine
DNA RNA
Me r
cytosine
·
DNA RNA
Ct m BNA
thymine
·
RNA uracil
·
ATP :
ADENOSINE
P
G
4
-
P
oxygen · 5
triphosphate *
L
↓
oxygen
⑰
-
O
A
- S
"I
m
·
I
· -
2
typesat nitrogenous bases :
made C and N :
one or two
rings af
up
pyrimidine purine
(one ring) (two rings)
M -
m L
3 H bonds
c
↑
- 2 H bonds
↓
a
polynucleotide strand
suger of another :
5' end
!
FOR DNA
P
↳ this is a Strand NOT MOLECULE
5
O
p
2 condensation
*
·
a
P
50
p
i
3
z end
RNA
a I MRNA
OR
·
dEO E
*
TRNA
TEs
the DNA double helix
&E
It one molecule of DNA has 22 % adenine ,
m
determine the %. content of cytosine .
one complete
loop of DNA :
: . 22 %
of T as XA = T
10 base pairs
remainder = 100 -
(22 + 22) = 56
-
A = === T
C + G = 56 :. c = E =
28 %
or
-
C G
:
3
↑ I
-
O
complementary base
pairing
A = T
&
(hydrogen bonds) >
- 2
↑
antiparallel Strands
-
c = G
&
-
G = C
-
A - T
- 31
-
purine ramidine
+ ↑
5
sugar-phosphate
backbone
I
.
9 DNA molecules :
no I has 23 % A 23 %. A 27 C 81
46
. -
127 H bonds
separate first
29 % A 21 % E
63
T-
molecule 2, H
less bonds bonds 29 %. T 21 % G bonds
which (II
require more
energy to H bonds
break
Large, long molecule can store lods of information
Strong (covalently bonded) sugar phosphate backbone - gives strength and structural
stability to the molecule
Double stranded helix - bases protected from outside change as they are on the
inside of the molecule
Two strands joined by lots of H bonds
The bases are joined by weak H bonds
There are 4 different bases - allowing huge variety in genetic information
The complementary base pairing allows accurate copying for new molecules and
formation of the correct protein.
I ↓
-
1.
n Separate strands by
- A breaking H bonds (DNA helicase)
T-
T
-
A
-
G
2 nucleotide base
Complementary
-
....
.
I I I ↓
-
C
G -
.
3 DNA nucleotides
= 2
are joined
C
-
-
G
=
T
A T A
n
-
.
c
2
-
-
G
G
-
called semi-conservative
one
original strand replication
DNA primase
DNA
I
polymerase
DNA
ligase
limitations : extends an
main
enzyme : exisiting
strand start
forms phosphodiester , not a new one ,
new
polynucleotide
Strand
molecule
&
primase Synthesis can oligonucleotide
primer :
bond
leadinged of the phosphodiester
- laggingand
*
the DNA extends
polymerase now
these and
primers synthesises the
new Strand
complementary
/
Okazaki
fragments
on the
lagging strand
.
by DNA
ligase
&
MESELSON -
STAHL
3 theories of DNA
replication :
a) ↳
disperie
conservative semi conservation a e
& &
:3 . .
bacteria in mechanism where N-Source "N
grow the has
·
a
·
extract some bacteria and them in a medium where the N-Source
grow
was N : allow one cell division
allows
you to tell between
original and new
DNA
DNA and
extrac t some bacteria ,
lyse the cells ,
extract the
antrifuge on
restrictive medium
a
gel
CONTROLS
Spin speed
·
concentration
get
·
of
time
T
D
-
-
all IN I
all
CELL DIVISION KEYWORDS
cell)
a
or to
form
cytoplasmic >
-
cytokinesis zygote in
haploid (n)
·
diploid (2n)
MITOSIS ME1OSIS
6
2
genetically identical daughter cells
.
·
4
(genetically different) daughter
Its each other and the original) cells
2n >
- 2n 2n - n
n >
-
n
O
in
fertilisation
- >
gamete
① no mitosis - >
Zygate
(
n -
I
adult stage >
-
plant
mitosis
- admit
meiosis stage animal
=
④
-"O
-
② mitosis
- S
O
↳
I >
- admst
mitosis stage ->
fungi
O