Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents different literatures, both local and abroad, that have connections or
Local literature
In the study of John Mark R. Asio (2021). Found that Disaster knowledge is crucial for
accurate decision making and is essential for addressing climate change and land-use change.
However, some vulnerable individuals may not be aware of the link between climate and land-
use change. Everyone, regardless of their status, should prepare for different disasters, as we are
part of an ecosystem that changes over time. The study found that disaster knowledge varies
significantly by community, with factors such as lifestyles and gender affecting vulnerability and
adaptation. While in the study of (Lopez Jr., Mejica, Madrigal et.al 2022) theorized that the
housing unit, and type of housing structure influence their disaster preparedness practices during
disasters such as typhoons. It implies that those household members living in the coastal
communities who are part of the middle-income earners and who have college and higher levels
of educational attainment have more capacity to provide for their household needs. In terms of
educational attainment, the findings were supported by the study of Hoffman and Muttarak
(2017). Furthermore, in the study of Talplacido, Manzon,and Cruz (2022) evaluates disaster
awareness and preparedness among families in flood-prone barangays in San Leonardo. Shows
that residents can achieve disaster awareness and preparedness through technical activities and
programs, such as disaster preparedness seminars or training. It suggests that local government
units should implement disaster risk reduction and management plans, and that knowing one's
opponent and being prepared is crucial for surviving any disaster situation, whether natural or
man-made. In addition in the study of (Bayod, Abawag et. al 2016) using a qualitative
phenomenological research design, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews with
residents showed that community members prepared for disasters through alertness to the alarm
the other hand the in study of Jericho Jims J. Agapito (2021) which focuses on four thematic
areas such as Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Response, and
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery with the used of questionnaires from the members of the
Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council. Results showed that the organization was not
effective and the practices were partially practiced and problem areas identified were the lack of
experience and training in disaster management among the members. In addition the need for
disaster preparedness, not just for the study areas but for the entire Philippines as well, has been
underscored by the past disasters. The survey was conducted among 871 heads of households
Pampanga. Regression analysis showed that environmental attitude has the greatest impact on
disaster preparedness. The results of the study highlight the importance of disaster preparedness
and the need for effective implementation of government regulations to protect the people from
disaster risks, as well as to preserve the natural environment (Ma. Joycelyn A. Go-Monilla &
Ana Liza Dy 2018). However in the study of (Roque E. Galvizo 2022) with the aimed to assess
the integration of disaster risk reduction education and disaster preparedness in the ASEAN
region and public secondary schools in the Division of Butuan City, Caraga Region, Philippines.
A mixed method research design was used, with a questionnaire to measure the integration of
DRR education and disaster preparedness. The findings showed that all disaster preparedness
indicators, including structural resilience, early warning systems, plan implementation, and risk
information and monitoring, were perceived as satisfactory. However, risk information and
monitoring had the lowest mean scores, indicating weak implementation of risk assessments,
monitoring, and evaluation in schools. School policies had the highest impact on DRR education
integration, while organizational structure was less significant. Moreover in the study of
(Alimen, Baynosa, Montehermoso, Escoto 2021) assessed the disaster preparedness of the top 20
corporations in Iloilo City, Philippines, and their resiliency level in case of a disaster. Primary
data was collected through questionnaires and personal interviews, while secondary data was
collected from various offices. The top 20 corporations have experienced flooding due to
typhoon Frank in June 2008, indicating a high degree of exposure to flood-prone areas. The
people within these corporations and physical assets are most vulnerable to such hazards. The
results showed that the top ten corporations in Iloilo City are resilient, but highly vulnerable to
mitigate the impact of such hazards is doubtful. The Philippines ranks second highest in terms of
risks associated with natural disasters (UNU-EHS and ADW-2014 as cited by Andriesse 2018).
A steady population increase, combined with a geography consisting of islands and poor
infrastructure, makes it vulnerable to humanitarian crises (Lum and Margesson 2014). Situated in
the north-west Pacific Ocean, it is the most tropical cyclone-affected country in the world with
an average of 20 annually, of which 6 are classified destructive. It is also found just below the
Inter-tropical Convergence Zone with northeast and southwest monsoons posing threats to its
whole territory with flood and storm surge. These result to casualties and billions of pesos in
damages to structures and houses (Peñalba et al. 2012; Lee and Vink 2015; Cas 2016; Enteria
2016).
Foreign literature
In the study of (Bistha, Raghu Bir (PhD) 2019) examines practices and status of
Nepal. Its specific objectives are to identify preparedness options of households in pre climate
risk and disasters, to assess household preference, choice and behavior to select the preparedness
options and to assess the effectiveness of household preparedness and their choice in pre climate
risk and disasters. The study reveals that indigenous knowledge, skill, and practice play a crucial
role in households' decisions regarding preparedness options. About 70% of households have
indigenous knowledge, with community practice being the most important driver. Most
preparedness options aim to save life from disaster risk. The effectiveness of preparedness
measures is highest for saving life and assets. About 93% of household’s measure reinforcement
and repair of houses, while 1% are negative about their effectiveness. In addition Johny
the level of disaster preparedness among households in the Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan.
Based on an analysis of baseline data collected as part of a project aimed at strengthening the
disaster response in this province, the paper emphasizes the complexities of disaster
resources, and limitations in existing community responses to disasters. The findings reveal that
less economic security, less knowledge of emergencies and emergency plans, being a female
head of household, and having prior disaster experience tended to predict lower levels of
knowledge of hazards and hazard plans, as well as enhancing the livelihood and income security
of affected households, could minimize the negative impact of disasters. Furthermore in the
study of Kim Y & Kim MY (2022) examine current household disaster preparedness and
identifies its predictors in South Korea. A structured online survey was administered to 1,243
participants quota-sampled by age and population from each administrative district. Based on the
anxiety, dispositional optimism, perceived disaster risk, and disaster preparedness knowledge),
policy factor (governmental preparedness), and household disaster preparedness were measured.
The predictors of household disaster preparedness were occupation, economic status, prior
community resilience. The most potent predictor of household disaster preparedness was
Media Applications and Social Media with Social Capital in Disaster Mitigation at the area of
Bogor Regency, Indonesia (Irwan Irwan, Zusmelia Zusmelia, Felia Siska, Thita M. Mazya,
Kevin William Andri Siahaan 2022) examines the impact of conversational applications like
WhatsApp and social media on disaster mitigation in Ciliwung Riverbank, Tugu Utara Village. It
employs Mayfield's and Lasser's social capital theories and employs a post-positivistic paradigm.
Data was collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews, document studies, and
questionnaire distribution. The results showed a strong correlation between conversational media
applications and social capital, with a value above 0.75. This suggests that users of these
platforms build social capital to help each other, build social networks, and foster trust and
cooperation. The study highlights the power of social capital in forming social interaction and
disaster risk among foreign residents in Japan and found that problem recognition and constraint
recognition are the main predictors of motivation to learn about disaster risk. The study also
found that gender and society model of the country of origin affect people's motivation in taking
risk-reduction actions. (Samantha Friedman, Elizabeth Fussell, Mayuko Nakatsuka and Recai
Yucel 2021) The increasing number of highly destructive disasters in regions with the fastest
growth in the Hispanic population in the United States necessitates comprehensive studies on
disaster preparedness. The study uses data from the 2017 American Housing Survey, which
includes a topical module on disaster planning and core measures of housing and neighbourhood
characteristics. Results show that Hispanics are generally less prepared than non-Hispanic
Whites regarding resource- and action-based measures. However, Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians
are more likely to have at least 3 gallons of water per person and are more likely to have flood
preparedness, but do not mitigate the disadvantages faced by Hispanics and Blacks. Indigenous
Institutions and Their Role in Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience: Evidence from the 2009
Tsunami in American Samoa (Andrew Rumbach & Dolores Foley 2014). Explores the role of
indigenous institutions in disaster risk reduction and resilience. It argues that indigenous
knowledge and its integration with western scientific understandings of hazards and risk are
crucial. The study uses data from interviews, village planning meetings, and focus group
discussions to describe how indigenous institutions in Samoa, or the culture of Samoa, structured
imminent disaster threat scenario: The case of super storm sandy in New York City which was
one of the greatest disasters triggered by a natural hazard in NYC in recent decades indicates that
almost 7 out of 14 households engaged in preparedness activities and focuses more on
acquisition of preparedness supplies rather than in developing planning and/or mitigation. On the
study of Tracy N Thomas, Michelle Leender-Griffith, V. Harp (2015) shows that a person having
a better understanding of the risks and necessary actions to take in the event of a disaster can lead
to increased preparedness behaviours. Additionally, the study found that beliefs about the
likelihood and impact of disasters also influenced household preparedness. Participants who
believed that disasters were more likely to occur and would have a significant impact were more
likely to engage in preparedness activities. This indicates that perceptions and beliefs about the
prepare for them. Furthermore, the study identified that certain demographic factors, such as age,
education level, and income, were associated with varying levels of preparedness knowledge and
beliefs. Furthermore (Hiroki Onuma, Kong Joo Shin, Shunsuke Managi, 2016). a study was
conducted to investigate the impact of disaster experience on household preparedness for natural
disasters in Japan. The study aimed to understand how past experiences of disasters affect
people's perceptions of future disaster risks and their level of preparedness in households. The
findings of the study indicated that past disaster experience was positively associated with higher
levels of household preparedness. Participants who had experienced a disaster in the past were
more likely to engage in preparedness activities, such as creating an emergency kit or making
evacuation plans.