Brown Aesthetic Group Project Presentation 20240207 082108 0000

GROUP PROJECT
Group 1: presentation
The particulate nature of matter means all matter is
made up of very small tiny discrete particles and is a
complex of extremely small particles and liquid
droplets
Characteristics of particulate nature of matter:
Particles are very small in size.

Particles are continuously moving.
Particles have space in between them and attract each other.
THE ATOMIC THEORY OF MATTER
The atomic theory of matter seeks to explain the nature of matter-the materials of which the
Universe, all galaxies, solar systems and Earth are formed.
First postulated by JOHN DALTON, the atomic theory of matter contends:
Each chemical element is made of fundamental units called ATOMS.
All of the atoms of a given element are identical. Gold, copper, iron, zinc-these are all
individual elements made up of the same atoms. All gold atoms are exactly like all other gold
atoms and unlike any other kind of atom. All copper atoms are exactly like all other copper
atoms and unlike any other kind of atom.
Atoms combine with one another to form more complex units called molecules. All molecules
are made of constituent atoms. All molecules of water are made of two atoms of hydrogen and
one atom of oxygen-no other element ever makes water. All water molecules are exactly like
all other water molecules-they are all made of only hydrogen and oxygen in the atomic ratio of
two to one.
What is the concept of matter and it's type?
Matter is something take up space and
have a mass.
What are the four main ideas of the
particle model?
Any object or substance on Earth is either a solid, a liquid, or
a gas. This we know. When we look beyond the surface, we
discover that much occurs within these solids, liquids, and
gases, even if we cannot see it based on how particles
(molecules and atoms) interact.
The particle model suggests that all substances are composed of particles, these particles are
attracted to each other, these particles are kinetic and move around, and these particles move
more when temperatures increase. These four tenets are used to provide insights into the
properties of solids, liquids, and gases.
While every substance is made up of particles, the particles' movements and the temperature
will determine a substance's property. For instance, gases tend to vary in volume and shape. The
particles move quickly and are far apart from each other. However, a solid's particles are much
closer together, thus forcing them to move (vibrate) in place without excessive kinetic motion.
Matter occurs in four states: solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
Often the state of matter of a substance may be changed by
adding or removing heat energy from it. For example, the
addition of heat can melt ice into liquid water and turn water
into steam.
Matter has mass and takes up space.
The four main states of matter are solids, liquids, gases, and plasma.
Under exceptional conditions, other states of matter also exist.
A solid has a definite shape and volume. A liquid has a definite volume,
but takes the shape of its container. A gas lacks either a defined shape or
volume. Plasma is similar to a gas in that its particles are very far apart,
but a gas is electrically neutral and plasma has a charge.
These are the example of solid,liquid,and gases
solid liquid Gas

Classification of matter:
Kenitic theory:
Kenitos-"to move"
The theory states that "all particles of matte rare in
constant motion.
can be applied to solid, liquid, and gas.
What is matter?
Matter is a substance made up of various types of particles that occupies physical space and
has inertia. According to the principles of modern physics, the various types of particles
each have a specific mass and size.
The most familiar examples of material particles are the electron, the proton and
the neutron. Combinations of these particles form atoms.
Matter explained: Atoms, molecules, elements and compounds

Fundamentally, matter is composed of elementary particles called quarks and leptons, both of
which are considered elementary particles in that they aren't made up of smaller units of matter.
Quarks -- groups of subatomic particles that interact by means of a strong force -- combine into
protons and neutrons. Leptons -- groups of subatomic particles that respond to weaker forces --
belong to a class of elementary particles that includes electrons.
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. A combination of atoms forms a molecule. Large groups
of atoms and molecules form the bulk matter of day-to-day life in the physical world. There are
more than 100 different kinds of atoms listed in the periodic table, with each kind constituting a
unique chemical element.
Atoms and/or molecules in two or more elements can join
together to form a compound. This compound, which is the basis
of matter, may not resemble any of the original ingredients.
For example, sodium and chlorine, two highly poisonous elements that are unstable at
room temperatures, combine to form one of the most common and harmless compounds
known to man called common salt (sodium chloride, or NaCl). Unlike its constituent
elements, salt is highly stable, harmless to humans and even edible.
Protons, electrons and neutrons in matter

All matter consists of atoms, which, in turn, consist of protons,
neutrons and electrons.
Depending on temperature and some other factors, matter can

exist in several states. The three most common states are known
as solid, liquid and gas.
Solíds
In solíd materials, particles are tightly packed, which means they have a high density.
This curtails their movement. Moreover, the electrons in each atom are in constant
motion, so the atom has a small vibration. Nonetheless, its position remains fixed,
which is why solid particles have low kinetic energy.
Liquids
Unlike solids, particles in liquid matter are more loosely packed. This enables them to
flow around each other, which gives the liquid an indefinite shape.
In unconfined gaseous matter, particles are spread out indefinitely since they have a
lot of space between them.
Other states of matter
Less familiar states of matter include plasma and Bose-Einstein
Condensate (BEC).
A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of

pure gases.
PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF MATTER All substances are composed of
matter. Matter is made of particles that are too small to be seen but still
exist and can be detected by other means. Substances have specific
properties by which they can be identified.
Examples of Physical Changes
No new chemical species forms in a physical change. Changing the state of a pure
substance between solid, liquid, and gas phases of matter are all physical changes since
the identity of the matter does not change.
Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foil

Melting an ice cube
Casting silver in a mold
Breaking a bottle
Boiling water
Evaporating alcohol
Shredding paper
Sublimation of dry ice into carbon dioxide vapor
What is a Chemical Change?
A chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials
with different properties and one or more than one new substances are
formed.
It results when a substance combines with another to form a new
substance (synthesis or either decomposes to form more substances).
The oxidation reaction is a chemical change example that causes a
chemical reaction.
They are generally irreversible except by further chemical reactions.
Chemical change examples include chemical reaction which develops the
dye in the colour and creates a chemical change in the hair. There are
three types of chemical changes namely organic, inorganic and
biochemical change.

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GROUP PROJECT

Characteristics of particulate nature of matter:

Particles are very small in size.

First postulated by JOHN DALTON, the atomic theory of matter contends:

Each chemical element is made of fundamental units called ATOMS.

solid liquid Gas

Matter explained: Atoms, molecules, elements and compounds

Protons, electrons and neutrons in matter

Depending on temperature and some other factors, matter can

A gas mixture, such as air, contains a variety of

Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foil

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