Dell Hymes

Dell Hymes (1974) SPEAKING
Dell Hymes created the SPEAKING framework to show how the way we use language. The
way we communicate is largely dependent on the context in which we use the
language. So to speak correctly, we need to know vocabulary and grammar but also cultural
context. The SPEAKING model gives us the 8 components we need to understand to effectively
communicate.
S - Setting and Scene - The setting refers to the time and place while scene describes the
environment of the situation.
P - Participants - This refers to who is involved in the speech including the speaker and the
audience. (The Participants include various combinations of speaker²listener,
addressor²addressee, or sender²receiver.)
E - Ends - The purpose and goals of the speech along with any outcomes of the speech.
A - Act Sequence - The order of events that took place during the speech.
K - Key - The overall tone or manner of the speech. light-hearted, serious, precise, pedantic,
mocking, sarcastic, and so on
I - Instrumentalities - The form and style of the speech being given.
Instrumentalities refer to the choice of channel, e.g., oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual
forms of speech employed, such as the language, dialect, code, or register that is chosen.
N - Norms - Defines what is socially acceptable at the event. loudness, silence, gaze return and
so
G - Genre - The type of speech that is being given. such things as poems, proverbs, riddles,
sermons, prayers, lecture and editorials.
Speech Act theory
Austin (1962) and Searle (1972)

Speech Act According to Austin (1962), speech act is divided into three types they are locutionary act,
illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is the act of saying something. It contains a
statement or information when communicate with others. So, the utterance only has one meaning
without any reference to the hearer. Illocutionary act is the act of doing something. Illocutionary act is
performed with intended meaning behind the utterance. It is contains a requesting, asking, ordering,
advising, etc. Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting someone. The effect of the utterance can bring
someone else do what it is said by the speaker. They tend to talk to make others do what the speaker
means. The three levels of speech act can be used to analyze utterance of human in communication
2. Illocutionary Act Austin (1962), stated that illocutionary act is the act of doing something.
Then, according to Searle (1979), illocutionary act is divided into five categories:
Representatives- commit the speaker believe about sth. , it can be noted by some performative verbs,
such as: state, tell, assert, correct, predict, report, remind, described, inform, assure, agree, guess, claim,
believe, conclude, etc. Examples: The earth is flat. (Stating a fact)
Directives-They express about what they want directly to the hearer. It is commonly appear
with some performative verbs such as: requesting, demanding, questioning,asking, proposing,
advising, suggesting, interrogating, urging, encouraging, inviting, begging, ordering, and etc.
Examples: Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black. (Commanding or ordering)
Commisives-commissives are kind of illocutionary act that is commit the speaker to some
future course of action. Commonly using performative verbs such as: ask, order, command,
request, beg, plead, pray, entreat, invite, permit, advise, dare, defy, and challenge. Examples: I’ll
be back. (promising)
Declaratives-illocutionary acts that change the world via their utterances. As the example
below, the speaker has to have special institutional role, in a specific context such as to
pronounce, declare, baptize and sentence. Examples: I now pronounce you husband and wife.
(Marrying) You are out! (Firing) We find this defendant guilty. (Sentencing)
Expressives-illocutionary act that state what the speaker feels. They express psychological
states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow, surprise, apologize,
thank. Examples: I’m really sorry! (Apologizing) Congratulations! (Congratulating)
Grice’s Maxims and cooperation theory

Grice says that when we communicate we assume, without realising it, that we, and the people
we are talking to, will be conversationally cooperative Grice’s cooperative principle is a set of
norms that are expected in conversations.
Maxim of quantity (quantity of information)

Say as much as needed. (Give the most helpful amount of information).
Maxim of quality (quality of information)
Be truthful and do not say what you believe to be false.
Maxim of relevance
Be relevant and don’t digress
Maxim of manner
Be clear and concise

Put what you say in the clearest, briefest, and most orderly manner.
What goes between the lines:
Implication-implied, but unstated meanings (utalni valamire) Presupposition-what is

assumed or taken for granted (feltételezni valamit) Peter has given up smoking –he smoked

Dell Hymes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dell Hymes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dell Hymes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dell Hymes (1974) SPEAKING

Speech Act theory

Austin (1962) and Searle (1972)

Grice’s Maxims and cooperation theory

Maxim of quantity (quantity of information)

Maxim of quality (quality of information)

Be truthful and do not say what you believe to be false.

Be clear and concise

What goes between the lines:

Implication-implied, but unstated meanings (utalni valamire) Presupposition-what is

You might also like