Instant Download Ebook PDF Biology Today and Tomorrow Without Physiology 6th Edition PDF Scribd
Instant Download Ebook PDF Biology Today and Tomorrow Without Physiology 6th Edition PDF Scribd
Instant Download Ebook PDF Biology Today and Tomorrow Without Physiology 6th Edition PDF Scribd
2.7 Carbohydrates 39
Simple Sugars 39
Oligosaccharides 40
Polysaccharides 40
2.8 Lipids 41
Fatty Acids 41
Triglycerides 42
WITSALUN/Shutterstock.com
Phospholipids 43
Steroids 43
Waxes 44
2.9 Proteins 44
Protein Structure 44
The Structure–Function Relationship 46
2.10 Nucleic Acids 48
4 Energy and Metabolism
Nucleotides 48 4.1 A Toast to Alcohol Dehydrogenase 75
RNA and DNA 48 4.2 Life Runs on Energy 76
Thermodynamics 76
Chemical Bonds Hold Energy 76
3 Cell Structure Work 76
3.1 Food for Thought 53 Energy Transfers Are Inefficient 77
3.2 What Is a Cell? 54 4.3 Energy in the Molecules of Life 77
Components of All Cells 54 Chemical Reactions 77
The Surface-to-Volume Ratio 55 Bond Energy 78
Microscopy 55 Storing and Retrieving Energy in
Cell Theory 57 Organic Molecules 79
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vi CONTENTS
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Contents vii
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viii CONTENTS
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Contents ix
The Last Common Ancestor 15.5 Rise of the Seed Plants 301
of All Life 271 Seed Formation 301
An Early Divergence 271 Seed Dispersal 301
Fossil Evidence of Prokaryotic Cells 271 Wood Production 301
The Great Oxygenation Event 272 15.6 Gymnosperms 302
14.4 Modern Bacteria and Archaea 273 Conifers 302
Structural Traits 273 Cycads and Ginkgos 303
Reproduction 274 15.7 Angiosperms—Flowering Plants 303
Gene Exchanges 274 Floral Structure and Function 303
Ecology and Diversity of Bacteria 275 Flowering Plant Life Cycle 304
Bacteria and Human Health 275 Angiosperm Success 305
Antibiotics 276 Monocots and Eudicots 305
The Archaea 276 Ecological and Economic
14.5 Origin of Eukaryotes 277 Importance 306
Fossil Eukaryotes 277 15.8 Fungal Traits and Diversity 307
A Mixed Heritage 277 Structure of a Fungus 307
The Endosymbiont Hypothesis 278 Lineages and Life Cycles 308
14.6 Protists 279 15.9 Ecological Roles of Fungi 310
Cell Structure 279 Decomposers 310
Free-Living Aquatic Cells 279 Fungal Infections of Plants 310
Algae 281 Fungal Infections of Animals 311
Protists in the Human Body 282 Fungal Infections in Humans 311
Slime Molds 284 Fungal Partnerships 311
Protist Relatives of Animals 284 Human Uses of Fungi 312
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x CONTENTS
16 Animal Evolution
16.1 Medicines from the Sea 317
16.2 T
raits and Evolutionary
Trends 318
Animal Origins 318
Evolutionary Tree of Animals 318
Andrey Armyagov/Shutterstock.com
Early Animals 320
Cambrian Adaptive Radiation 320
16.3 Sponges and Cnidarians 321
Sponges 321
Cnidarians 322
16.4 F latworms, Annelids, and
Mollusks 323
Flatworms 323
Unit 4 ECOLOGY
Annelids 324
Mollusks 324
16.5 Roundworms and Arthropods 326 17 Population Ecology
Roundworms 326
17.1 Managing Canada Geese 351
Arthropods Traits 327
17.2 Characteristics of Populations 352
Arthropod Lineages 328
Population Size and Density 352
16.6 Echinoderms and Chordates 332
Population Distribution 352
Echinoderms 332
Age Structure 354
Chordates 333
Collecting Population Data 354
Invertebrate Chordates 333
17.3 Models of Population Growth 355
Vertebrate Traits and Trends 334
Exponential Growth 356
16.7 Fishes and Amphibians 335
Density-Dependent Limiting Factors 356
Jawless Fishes 335
Carrying Capacity 356
Jawed Fishes 335
Logistic Growth 357
Amphibians 336
Density-Independent Factors 357
Declining Amphibian
Combined Effects of Limiting Factors 357
Populations 337
Human Effects on Carrying Capacity 358
16.8 E
scape from Water—
Amniotes 338 17.4 Life History Patterns 359
Reptiles 339 Biotic Potential 359
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Contents xi
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xii CONTENTS
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Contents xiii
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xiv CONTENTS
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Contents xv
iStockphoto.com/momnoi
The Female Gametophyte Forms 616
The Male Gametophyte Forms 616
Gametophytes Meet 616
29.4 Seeds and Fruits 618
Seeds 618
Unit 6 HOW PLANTS WORK Fruits 618
29.5 Early Development 620
Breaking Dormancy 620
28 Plant Form and Function Early Growth Patterns 620
28.1 Leafy Cleanup Crews 591 29.6 Asexual Reproduction in Plants 622
28.2 Tissues in a Plant Body 592 Agricultural Applications 622
The Plant Body 592 29.7 Plant Hormones 623
Plant Tissues 592 Cell-to-Cell SIgnaling in Plants 623
Eudicots and Monocots 595 Auxin 624
28.3 Stems and Leaves 596 Cytokinin 625
Stems 596 Gibberellin 625
Stem Specializations 597 Abscisic Acid 626
Leaves 598 Ethylene 626
28.4 Roots 600 29.8 Growth Responses 628
External Structure 600 Movement 628
Internal Structure 600 Daily Changes 630
Uptake of Water and Nutrients 600 Seasonal Changes 630
Microbial Partners 601
28.5 Fluid Movement in Plants 602 Appendix I Answers to Self-Quizzes 634
Water Wicks through Xylem 602 Appendix II Periodic Table of the Elements 637
Sugars Flow through Phloem 604 Appendix III A
Plain English Map of the Human
28.6 Patterns of Growth 605 Chromosomes 638
Primary Growth 605 Glossary 639
Secondary Growth 606 Index 652
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PREFACE
The easy, instant availability of information on a global scale is in cirrhosis; and an end-of-chapter Critical Thinking ques-
both facilitating and complicating science education. Biology tion asks students to connect the alcohol flushing reaction with
in particular is a huge field, with a wealth of new discoveries genetically based differences in the alcohol-breakdown pathway.
being made daily, and biology-related issues such as climate (Discussions related to health and the environment are marked
change, gene editing, and the global spread of diseases making in the index with red and blue squares, respectively.)
headlines all the time. In an age when anyone can post anything,
distinguishing fact from opinion is more challenging—and more Section-Based Learning Objectives learning objectives
important—than ever. associated with each section are phrased as activities that stu-
dents should be able to carry out after reading the text.
Biology: Today and Tomorrow presents accurate, up-to-date
content in accessible language, with stunning images and Chunked Content To decrease student cognitive load and
beautiful art that bring the narrative to life. This book fosters facilitate chapter review, concepts have been titled in the core
scientific literacy skills by prioritizing active learning about the narrative of each section.
process of science, and it engages students with a host of real-
world applications that illuminate the relevance of biology in Take-Home Message At the end of each section, a take-home
everyday life. message box that provides a brief summary of section concepts is
useful for study review.
Features of This Edition Highly Visual Learning Beautiful art with extended callouts
As always, the text has been updated with new discoveries and enhances visual learning of complex mechanisms in the new
current research. This edition has been aligned with “Vision chapter-based closer look feature. The feature includes one or
and Change” recommendations: Core concepts emphasized and more figure it out questions designed to engage students in an
explored in every chapter facilitate learning from every perspec- active learning process; an upside-down answer allows a quick
tive (molecular, cellular, ecological, organismal, and so on), and check of understanding.
several new and enhanced features encourage active learning.
On-Page Glossary An on-page glossary includes boldface key
Setting the Stage Each chapter opens with an eye-catching terms introduced in each two-page spread. This spread-based
photo and a brief concepts connections feature that links the glossary can be used as a quick study aid. All glossary terms also
chapter’s content with concepts in previous and future chapters. appear in boldface in the Chapter Summary.
The opening application section explores an interesting current
event or social issue related to the chapter’s topic. For example, Self-Assessment Tools
a discussion of binge drinking on college campuses introduces Many figure captions include a figure it out question. At the end
the concept of metabolism in Chapter 4. This Application of each chapter, self-quiz and critical thinking questions pro-
section links the function of enzymes in the body’s main alcohol- vide additional self-assessment material. Another active-learning
breakdown pathway to hangovers and cirrhosis. Open-ended feature, the in-text digging into data activity, sharpens analytical
discussion questions at the end of each Application section are
skills by asking students to interpret data presented in graphic or
intended to facilitate classroom discussions and critical thinking tabular form. The data presented are relevant to the chapter and
about the Application’s topic. are from published scientific studies.
Emphasis on Relevance An expanded focus on applications
that distinguishes this book allows students to understand the Highlights of Revision Updates
relevance of a topic while learning about it. At every opportu- 1 Invitation to Biology Much-expanded material in a new sec-
nity, opening Application topics are revisited in section content, tion, “The Nature of Science,” includes detailed coverage of
and in end-of-chapter assessments. For example, Section 4.4 pseudoscience and how it differs from science. New Critical
(Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways) includes a paragraph about Thinking questions about cherry-picking climate change data
the role of the coenzyme NADH in the mechanism by which and MMR vaccine pseudoscience.
heavy drinking causes fatty liver; in Section 4.5 (Diffusion 2 Molecules of Life Application section updated with new FDA
across Membranes), a discussion about osmotic pressure ban of PHOs. New content includes current research on
includes the mechanism by which body tissues swell with fluid pathogenesis of amyloid diseases. New figures: bond polarity;
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PREFACE xvii
patterns of protein secondary structure; prion structure changes. packing; mutated flowers from Chernobyl. Closer Look feature:
New Critical Thinking question about how using palm oil as a DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes.
substitute for PHOs is exacerbating deforestation. Closer Look 8 From DNA to Protein New content includes concepts of coding
feature: How protein structure arises. and noncoding strands; a beneficial hemoglobin mutation (HbC);
3 Cell Structure New content includes theory of living systems; and expanded material on epigenetics. New art: how transcription
discussion of nuclear pores, tau tangles, and Alzheimer’s disease. copies a gene into RNA form; comparison of uracil/thymine and
New tables: eukaryotic organelles; collective properties of living ribose/deoxyribose; how transcription produces an RNA copy of
systems. New photographs: micrographs of gut microbiota, a gene; RNA polymerase binding to promoter; alternative splic-
nuclear membrane, and basement membrane. New Critical ing; surface renders of ribosome subunits; effect of a mutation in a
Thinking question about why some meat contaminated with toxic regulatory site; points of control over gene expression; replication
strains of bacteria is not safe to eat even after cooking. Closer of methylated DNA. New table compares features of DNA and
Look features (2): Some interactions among components of the RNA. Closer Look feature: Translation.
endomembrane system; cell junctions in animal tissues. 9 How Cells Reproduce New content includes current research and
4 Energy and Metabolism New content: how heavy drinking paradigms on cytoplasmic division and senescence; concept of
causes fatty liver; fluid balance in the body. New figures: feed polygenic inheritance; Mary Claire-King’s discovery of BRCA1.
conversion ratio; comparing activation energy in energy-releasing New figures: micrograph showing mitosis in a human embryo;
and energy-requiring reactions; enzymes lower activation energy; micrograph of mitotic spindle; fluorescence micrographs of
firefly luciferase. New Critical Thinking question about the checkpoint proteins; different modes of reproduction; meiosis
alcohol flushing reaction and alcohol metabolism. Closer Look halves the chromosome number, and fertilization restores it. New
feature: Examples of membrane-crossing mechanisms. table comparing asexual and sexual reproduction. New Critical
Thinking question about HPV and cancer. Closer Look features
5 Photosynthesis For this edition, expanded material on
(2): Mitosis; meiosis.
photosynthesis and respiration has been separated into two
chapters. New overview section includes discussion of autotrophs, 10 Patterns of Inheritance New content includes current paradigms
heterotrophs, and stomata function. Other new content: special for CF, Huntington’s, progeria, Tay–Sachs, and DMD; and con-
pairs; bacteria that carry out infrared photosynthesis; increased cept of developmental flexibility in plant phenotype. New photos:
efficiency of the Calvin–Benson cycle in engineered plants. New cells lining trachea; seasonal changes in plants; albino iris; IVF.
Digging Into Data activity about CO2 emissions from fossil Closer Look feature: Breeding experiments with the garden pea.
fuels. New figures include atmospheric CO2 level over the last 11 Biotechnology New content includes forensic genealogy case;
800,000 years; correlation between atmospheric CO2 content AquAdvantage Salmon; mechanism, applications, and social
and temperature since 1880; how photosynthesis sustains life; implications of CRISPR gene editing. New figures: Exponential
correlation between light wavelength and energy; red algae amplification of DNA by PCR; photo of Golden Rice; example of
(photosynthetic pigment adaptation). New research correlating CRISPR gene editing. New table lists human genome statistics.
wildfire severity with rising global temperatures is included Closer Look feature: An example of cloning.
with a stunning photo of the 2018 Mendocino complex wildfire. 12 Evidence of Evolution Cetacean evolutionary sequence updated
Closer Look feature: Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, to reflect currently accepted narrative. New art: photo of Dorudon
noncyclic pathway. atrox fossil; stem reptile; plate tectonics; paleogeography Mercatur
6 Respiration New content includes Application about mito- projections. Closer Look feature: Geologic time scale correlated
chondrial diseases, cellular respiration, and oxidative stress; with sedimentary rock in the Grand Canyon.
introductory section comparing aerobic respiration with 13 Processes of Evolution New content includes updated material on
fermentation; glycolysis reactions; ketogenic diet mechanism. antibiotic resistance and overuse of antibiotics in livestock; foren-
New figures: glycolysis reactions, alcoholic fermentation reac- sic phylogenetics case; phylogeny of ST131 superbug. New figures:
tions; lactate fermentation reactions. New Digging Into Data photos of variation in earlobe attachment; genetic drift, bottle-
activity about the reprogramming of brown fat mitochondria by neck, and the founder effect; evolution of ST131. Art updates
dietary fat overload. Closer Look features (2): Aerobic respiration to reflect current research: HbS allele frequency vs. incidence of
continues in mitochondria; food to energy. malaria; sympatric speciation in wheat. New Critical Thinking
7 DNA Structure and Function New content includes introduction question about the EPA’s 2019 approval of medically important
to PCR; expanded material on mutations includes dose- antibiotics in the treatment of citrus greening disease. Closer Look
dependent DNA damage by ionizing radiation, and cancer- feature: How reproductive isolation prevents interbreeding.
causing chemicals in foods and industrial/household products. 14 Prokaryotes, Protists, and Viruses Updated information about
New figures: components of a nucleotide; micrographs of DNA the role of the human microbiome in health and disease and the
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii PREFACE
proposed fossil evidence of early life. Increased emphasis on the thermal homeostasis. New Critical Thinking questions about
ecological importance of bacteria. Updated figures illustrating inducing fibroblasts to become pluripotent, organelle abundance
binary fission and bacteriophage replication. New information in secretory epithelia, effects of vitamin C deficiency on tissues,
about antibiotic mechanisms. Discussion of protists now and benefits of epithelia turnover. Closer Look feature: Structure
organized around ecology, rather than phylogeny. New Critical of human skin.
Thinking questions about the human virome, and the effects 21 How Animals Move Revised art depicting actin-myosin
of pesticides on pollinator microbiomes. Closer Look feature: interactions. New content includes joint injuries and disorders,
Replication of HIV. creatine supplementation. New Critical Thinking question about
15 Plants and Fungi Updated figures depicting plant and fungal effects of prolonged sitting. Closer Look feature: Actin-myosin
life cycles. New table compares plant, fungal, and animal traits. interaction.
New figure illustrating the hyphae in a mushroom. New photo 22 Circulation and Respiration New content includes blood
of peat bog. Updated information about white-nose syndrome transfusions and blood banking, strokes, sleep apnea, and health
in bats. New Critical Thinking question about plant defenses effects of smoking marijuana and of vaping. New Data Analysis
against wheat stem rust. Closer Look features (2): Moss life cycle; question compares effects marijuana and tobacco smoking on
fern life cycle. lung function. New Critical Thinking questions about “canary
16 Animal Evolution New content about and photo of the oldest in a coal mine,” hands-only cardiac resuscitation, and artificial
known fossil animal. New graphic of sea star anatomy. Updated hemoglobin. Closer Look feature: Capillary exchange.
discussion of early H. sapiens migrations. New Critical Thinking 23 Immunity New content includes use of antibodies in research;
question about medicinal compounds derived from spider venom. CAR T cell therapy; role of keratinocytes as immune cells in
Closer Look feature: One model of human evolution. contact allergies; lymphocyte maturation. Much-expanded
17 Population Ecology New content about human overharvesting material on herd immunity, with narrative about an unvaccinated
of horseshoe crabs lowering the carrying capacity of the child contracting measles. New photos: macrophages
environment for migratory red knot sandpipers. Updated nation- attacking parasitic worm; Pap smear comparison; bacteria on
based age structure diagrams. New Critical Thinking questions, mobile phone; mast cell in situ; oral bacteria on a cheek cell;
estimating size of a Canada goose population, predation on complement pore; phagocytosis of fungal cells by a dendritic
horseshoe crabs, effect of house sparrow introduction on bluebird cell; immunofluorescence; cell-to-cell transmission of HIV; baby
populations, factors affecting human population growth. Closer with measles. New art: antigen display by MHC molecules. New
Look feature: Logistic growth. table comparing antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses.
18 Communities and Ecosystems Revised table better depicts the New Critical Thinking questions: Different types of vaccine
variety of interspecific interactions. New content includes preparations; CAR T cell therapy. Closer Look features (3):
biological pest control, biological accumulation and magnifica- Example of inflammation as a response to bacterial infection; an
tion of toxins, nutrient pollution and algal blooms, and ocean example of an antibody-mediated response; an example of a cell-
acidification. Updated coverage of the rise in atmospheric carbon mediated response.
dioxide and added information about the data that indicate this 24 Digestion and Excretion New content includes discussion of
increase is a result of fossil fuel use. New Critical Thinking ques- screening methods for obesity, role of the microbiota in digestive
tions about studying the history of the atmosphere and pollutant health and disease, and importance of basal metabolic rate. New
accumulation in marine mammals. Closer Look feature: The Critical Thinking questions about obesity-related alleles and pay-
nitrogen cycle. ing kidney donors. Closer Look feature: How urine forms.
19 The Biosphere and Human Effects New opening Application 25 Neural Control and the Senses Updated information about con-
about the decline of monarch butterflies. Content reorganized: cussions in football players. New content about neuromodulators,
Deforestation discussed with forest biomes, desertification fibromyalgia. Simplified figure comparing sympathetic and para-
with desert biomes. New content includes current threats to sympathetic effects. Revised figures depicting action potential,
Brazilian rainforest. Updated coverage of acid rain, ozone visual accommodation, organization of the retina. New Critical
depletion, and biodiversity hot spots. New Digging Into Data Thinking questions about head injury, loss of sweetness receptor
activity about marine plastic pollution. New Critical Thinking in carnivores, pain perception in insects, and effects of alcohol on
questions about preserving monarch butterflies, effects of ozone the cerebellum. Closer Look feature: Action potential.
depletion on phytoplankton, and how Brazilian deforestation 26 Endocrine Control Improved illustration of pituitary function.
alters local climate. New content includes hormonal effects of BPA (bisphenol
20 Animal Tissues and Organs New content includes carcinomas, A), phthalates, and light pollution; discovery of insulin. New
hyperthermia, and hypothermia. Revised figure illustrating Critical Thinking questions about action of endocrine disruptors,
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE xix
phthalates and developmental delays, climate change and seasonal New Critical Thinking question about hyperaccumulators in phy-
hormonal changes. Closer Look feature: Two mechanisms of toremediation. Closer Look features (3): Internal structure of a
hormone action. typical eudicot leaf; cohesion–tension theory; and translocation of
27 Animal Reproduction and Development New content about surgi- sugars in phloem from source to sink.
cal deliveries. Improved figure showing changes in hormone levels 29 Plant Reproduction and Development New content includes
during the female reproductive cycles. Contraception, infertility, role of Varroa mites and deformed wing virus in CCD; nastic
and STDs now covered in a final section. New Critical Thinking movements. New photos: Varroa mite on honeybee; pollinators
questions about IVF and female infertility. Closer Look feature: sharing pathogens; embryonic leaves in a peanut; monocot
Hormones and the female reproductive cycle. embryo; and Venus flytrap capturing a fly. Detail added to plant
28 Plant Form and Function New content includes use of sunflowers life cycle art for accuracy. New Critical Thinking question about
in phytoremedation of Hiroshima, Chernobyl, and Fukushima. the keruru as the last surviving dispersal agent for puriri seeds.
New art shows external structure of monocot and eudicot stems. Closer Look feature: Life cycle of a typical eudicot.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
academic advisors
We owe a special debt to the following members of our advisory committee Mimi Bres, Prince George’s Community College
for helping us shape the book’s content. We appreciate their guidance. Evelyn K. Bruce, University of North Alabama
Chantae M. Calhoun, Lawson State Community College
Andrew Baldwin, Mesa Community College Thomas F. Chubb, Villanova University
Gregory A. Dahlem, Northern Kentucky University Julie A. Clements, Keiser University, Melbourne
Terry Richardson, University of North Alabama Francisco Delgado, Pima Community College
Elizabeth A. Desy, Southwest Minnesota State University
Previous Edition advisory members: Josh Dobkins, Keiser University, online
Pamela K. Elf, University of Minnesota, Crookston
Charlotte Borgeson, University of Nevada, Reno Jean Engohang-Ndong, BYU Hawaii
Gregory Forbes, Grand Rapids Community College Ted W. Fleming, Bradley University
Hinrich Kaiser, Victor Valley Community College Edison R. Fowlks, Hampton University
Lyn Koller, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Martin Jose Garcia Ramos, Los Angeles City College
J. Phil Gibson, University of Oklahoma
We also wish to thank the following reviewers: Judith A. Guinan, Radford University
Carla Guthridge, Cameron University
Idris Abdi, Lane College Laura A. Houston, Northeast Lakeview–Alamo College
Susan L. Bower, Pasadena City College Robert H. Inan, Inver Hills Community College
James R. Bray Jr., Blackburn College Dianne Jennings, Virginia Commonwealth University
Randy Brewton, University of Tennessee Ross S. Johnson, Chicago State University
Steven G. Brumbaugh, Green River Community College Susannah B. Johnson Fulton, Shasta College
Jean DeSaix, University of North Carolina Paul Kaseloo, Virginia State University
Brian Dingmann, University of Minnesota, Crookston Ronald R. Keiper, Valencia Community College West
Hartmut Doebel, The George Washington University Dawn G. Keller, Hawkeye Community College
Johnny El-Rady, University of South Florida Vic Landrum, Washburn University
Patrick James Enderle, Georgia State University Lisa Maranto, Prince George’s Community College
Ruhul H. Kuddus, Utah Valley State College Kevin C. McGarry, Keiser University, Melbourne
Dr. Kim Lackey, University of Alabama Ann J. Murkowski, North Seattle Community College
Catarina Mata, Borough of Manhattan Community College Joshua M. Parke, Community College of Southern Nevada
Timothy Metz, Campbell University Elena Pravosudova, Sierra College
Alexander E. Olvido, University of North Georgia Carol Rhodes, Cañada College
Michael Plotkin, Mt. San Jacinto College Todd A. Rimkus, Marymount University
Nathan S. Reyna, Oachita Baptist University Lynette Rushton, South Puget Sound Community College
Laura H. Ritt, Burlington County College Marilyn Shopper, Johnson County Community College
Erik P. Scully, Towson University Jim Stegge, Rochester Community and Technical College
Jennifer J. Skillen, Sierra College Lisa M. Strain, Northeast Lakeview College
Jo Ann Wilson, Florida Gulf Coast University
Previous Edition Reviewers:
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
student and instructor resources
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Acknowledgments
A personalized, fully online digital learning platform of authori-
Writing, revising, and illustrating a biology textbook is a major
tative content, assignments, and services that engages students undertaking for two full-time authors, but our efforts constitute
with interactivity while also offering instructors their choice in only a small part of what is required to produce and distribute
the configuration of coursework and enhancement of the curric- this one. We are truly fortunate to be part of a huge team of very
ulum. MindTap is well beyond an eBook, a homework solution talented people who are as committed as we are to creating and
or digital supplement, a resource center website, a course deliv- disseminating an exceptional science education product.
ery platform, or a Learning Management System. It is the first in
a new category—the Personal Learning Experience. Biology is not dogma; paradigm shifts are a common outcome
of the fantastic amount of research in the field. Ideas about
New for this edition of MindTap: what material should be taught and how best to present that
material to students changes from one year to the next. It is
Why Does This Matter to Me? Immediately capture stu- only with the ongoing input of our many academic reviewers
dents’ attention with the new why does this matter to me? and advisors (previous page) that we can continue to tailor this
activity. This activity connects the upcoming chapter to a real- book to the needs of instructors and students while integrating
world scenario to pique engagement and emphasize relevance. new information and models. We continue to learn from and be
Ensure students have read before class and tee up a lively inspired by these dedicated educators.
in-class discussion.
On the production side of our team, the indispensable Lori
Chapter-level eBook Hazzard orchestrated a continuous flow of files, photos, and
illustrations while managing schedules, budgets, and whatever
Learn It Supplement textbook learning with multimedia else happened to be on fire at the time. Lori, thank you for your
instruction. learn its feature chunked instruction that covers the patience and dedication. Thank you also to Ragav Seshadri, Kelli
most important concepts in each chapter. learn its serve to rein- Besse, and Christine Myaskovsky for your help with photoresearch.
force instruction from the textbook. Assign learn its to ensure Copyeditor Heather McElwain and proofreader Heather Mann,
that your students have read and understand the key concepts your valuable suggestions kept our text clear and concise.
before class.
Thanks to Cengage’s Product Manager Katherine Caudill-Rios,
Chapter Homework Assign chapter homework that encour- Content Manager Brendan Killion, and In-House Subject Matter
ages students to apply what they have learned. Expert Katherine Scheibel.
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
1
1.1 The Secret Life of Earth 3
Invitation
1.4 How Living Things Differ 8
to Biology
1.6 Analyzing Experimental Results 17
The cloud forest that covers about 2 million acres of New Guinea’s Foja Mountains is extremely remote and difficult to access, even for native
people of the region. Explorers are still discovering new species in it.
Concept Connections
Tim Laman/National Geographic Image Collection.
Whether or not you have studied biology, you already have an intuitive understanding of life on Earth because you are part of it. Every one of your experiences
with the natural world—from the warmth of the sun on your skin to the love of your pet—has contributed to that understanding.
The organization of this book parallels nature’s levels of organization, from atoms to the biosphere. Learning about the structure and function of atoms and
molecules will prime you to understand how living cells work. Learning about processes that keep a single cell alive can help you understand how multicelled
organisms survive. Knowing what it takes for organisms to survive can help you see why and how they interact with one another and their environment.
Copyright 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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II.
Solomon Notredame.
"Jos olisit irralla, niin mahtuisitko tästä ikkunasta?" kysyi mies. Hän
supatti hyvin hillitysti, mutta hänen olisi sallinut huutaakin viereisen
piltuun rähinä, puhumattakaan rumasta renkutuksesta, jota hoilattiin
toisessa päässä tallia. "Niinkö? Ota sitte tämä viila. Hivuta viidettä
rengasta, joka jo on kulunut enemmän kuin puolitiehen. Ymmärrätkö,
poika?"
"Kyllä, kyllä", vastasi Jehan taas, hapuillen oljista työkalua, joka oli
pudonnut hänen jalkoihinsa. "Tiedän."
"Ei."
"Hiirakkoni?"
Mies ja vaimo.
"Kovemmin!"
"Jehan de Bault."
"Sanele se markkinajuttusi."
"Niin."
"Talo metsässä."
"Muistatko isääsi?"
"En."
"Äitiäsi?"
"En tiedä."
"En tiedä."
"Kuinka kauvan olit sen miehen mukana, jolta sinut otin?"
"En tiedä."