Chapter 2, Unit 2, Human Anatomy and Physiology 1, B Pharmacy 1st Sem, Carewell Pharma

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|SkELETAL SYSTEM|
A
CHAPT ER-2| |UNIT- 2
M
•SYLLAUS
R
Division of Skeletal System, Types of bone, solient
A
features functions)of Bones of
and Axial and
H
Appendicula Skeletal System,orgonization skeletol
Musdes Physioloqy ef musde ortracion, Neuo mosular Tunctton!

P
LL
• Skeletal ystem i
It is a syslen that conains a qoup of (tonea) which
a structuralfromework suppor
toqethes form that the
E
2
uuhole body and provide (protechion) to the inteenal orqohs.
W
•
to stand move
It helps stiaigkt, to to perform ny
physical ocivity - Connectie tissu
E
bind musles to bons

It consists of bonis,ctilage) tendons) and ligamarts
R
Cal led mUscoloskel etal system. bind bonu to bon

|so thl
A
• An adult human consist of 206 bones.

.
Bone tissue make up obout (13/.) Of total body eight.
C
Osteoloq !- It Is the bON of Scienca that deal with

study skeletol syshem
Study of bones.
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Page 1 of 17
BONES|
A
Bone is the (hardest) Cannective tissye which mokps
up the body's skeletal ustem and performs various
M
functions SUch move rment,
rode up ftom
protection
t4 stuctural ftramuuark
Calcium ond phosphate.
R
A
tpiphysis -
-Red BOn
H
Marrou
helps in th
P
formati on of
Yellow BONe
Diaphycis - Marrow
blood ).
LL
E
Cartilage
tpiphysis
W
• STRUTURE OF BONE
E
R
It basically ODSst cf tuo ports -

A
0 Diapbycis
tpiphysi:
C
O Diaphyis - It is long, ylind rical and main portion of

(yellouw) bona mayrow
bone. t
ontain tedand
blo0d. fat
elp in
help the prodvcion of
Page 2 of 17
the end part of bond, they

ate sponQy in nature
A
Cortilage is present upon tese epiphycis , olso
bones are CoNnecjed through tois end
f bonQ.
M
TYPES OF BONES:
R
Tbere are majnly six types of bone :
A
O
Long Rones i- they have onger lengths as compare to uidtb.
(eq) femur, fbulajbia, H

srong which support the body.
P bumeuS, radius, ulna.
() Short boneA - they bave almost egual length
usidth. ond
LL
balps in move mant, bones of onkle and uwrist.
e Covpals and Ta sols.

u) fia bones :- tney hove thin ond fiot strucure.
E
eq skull bores, sternuro (protection to intemal
- orqons)
W
( Iveqular bones :- they bave Complicated shapea shich are

different but perform a speific funtion.
E
,
e vertebrol column and -focial bones (profection)
R
some
Sesomoid bones 3- small rounded boneA develop in
tendons , potellae (khee Cap).
A
thesa very small bone foud

(V) Sutural bonOA
!- are
C
uithin tho sutural joints in betueeo tha

boneA
pvesent in Chonjum.
Page 3 of 17
DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
A
The humon skaletol ystem Can bA br0odl divided
M
into tuwo
qoupi
0 Axiad skeleton
R
2 Appendicular skeleton
A
HOMAN skEIETAL SYSTEM 206
H @Carewell pharma
P
APPENDICULAR-126 AXIAL-0
LL
Limbs bones 20) Vertcbrae (verlkbrl colomn)
fore limbs Cervicoy ()

(uppr limbs) 60
@areuepharma
tHumerus (2) - (1+1) Thoracic (12)

E
LUm bar (s)

Radius (2)-(|+)
W
Ulng (2)-(+1)
Carpals ((6) (8 +g)- Coceyx ()
Meta Carpals (to) -(S+S) Skull9
E
Cranium (3) frontal C),

F Phalanges (2s)- (i4 +N)
Porietal (2), Occipital (),
R
lind limbs (lower limbs) 60 pharma

Temporol (a), sphenioid (0,
femur (2)-(1+) Ethmojd ).
A
Tibia (2) -(1+1) Qoewell

faa () Manilla(2), Nasal (2
fibula (2) -(0+) Zy gomatic (2),lacrima(2), bmr

Pakella C2) -(i*)
C
Palatina (2), Inferior conchaa (2), Mandib

Tarsals (4) -(147) Ear 0ssjcde (6) Mellius (2) ,
Meto tarsals 16)
( o)-(S+S) Incus (2), stapu
(a)
F PhalanQu a8) Pectoral () tHyold bonu (1)
Girdle Clavjcle- 2
Scapula Ribs (2 pajrs) -(24)
Pelvi(2) -2 Sternum-)
Page 4 of 17
|APPENDICULAR SKELETON
A
If is the body framework, of Uppr and louwey limbs
ond thejr Supporting girdles incdvcng total 126) bones.
M
they maioly help: in tha
move rment
and peforming Vorjbus
physical acivty
R
they mainky Cansi st of
A
) Uppy limb G0
( Lou limb 60
(n) Pectoral qirdleA 4

H
P
( Pelvic qirdle 2
LL
OUppu limbs total 60 bones
foch uppes limb Consist of 30 bones.

bone)- It s
E
HUmerUs Arm longest bond Of the fore limb.

,
t halps in pull. push lift, rotation et.
W
• Ulna and Radius - hese two present a lower am, racius

is preser ot thumb sida
E
and shorte than Ulva.

- -Humers
R
Carpals thesa Qre 8 irregular shapu
wrist bones helps in rotaion.

A
.Meta carpals - hese

these ore band bon
Ulna
C
formad polm of hand. Radiys (thumb sidi

- apals (e)
Phajanges - these are tioqu bon
Metacarpals(S
Consict of bonA. All
finger ontoin bond Phalanqes
(i4)
Ody bons
Page 5 of 17
)Lower limbs total 6o)

(6 bones
.Eoch louwer limb ontoin 30 bones.
A
.femur is the strongest and longest
M
bone in tha bod
Tibia and fibula are tw0 bones femur
pre sent ,
R
louser region Tibia is larqer
than fibula and present at thumb side.
A
Potellg
Patella is sesamoid bon pvesent
-Tibia
at te
H
knee joint.
.
Tarsas ave bones Of anlcle
P fibula
• Metafarsals are S bon Of Sole.
- Tarsols (7)
PholangeA are bones tha
LL
Melatorsols (5)
form toes (Ainges Of foot)
Phalange (4)
oll fingers ontain 3 bones eKupt
E
thumb wbjch contain

contoin 2 bon
W
) bones
(u)Pecorol Girdletotal (left)
present pajr, in ushich tw) clavicle

E
IH is also in and
Scapula presert, which t
ttach) the bones of Uppar limbs.
R
Clovicle
Clovicle (collar Rone) is( s) hoped long and
A
Darrou) sucture bone, present on both

the side of neck. it Connets th H
C
wi
UpPU limbs with tunk (Tust above ibs).
bonu
Sapua is a Hat tionqular shape
tha conne t clavicle to tha bumerus. 4lumsns)
shoulder blade,
Scapula
Page 6 of 17
vPelvic Girdle
It is hip bones also present in poir. It is an
A
irrequla , arch shopd Struchure up CoxQe
Mode of
M
ibnominahe bones. bone
ip
• up
It is mode of three -Illium
distinck bones sh}ch are seporole
R
in childre), but fuse complefely Pubis Ischium
A
os the child qouws.
H
P
AX\AL SKELETON
LL
those helps
These in the formation
bones which
which helps
Of body axis. It supports and (protecs the stull, neck
E
ond t trunk Jregion het, lng braj
•There are (20) bones io odult and 91

W
boneS in childs.
E
Overtebra! colutan (verte brae)

26 Ribs
) skull faca (9 oonNom
()orgcie Caoe 29-(1212)
Ts Sternum
R
• Hyoid )
Ear asside -) bong O
A
C
0) vERT EBRAL cOLUMN
It is the
the bockbone Of bur bod
body which is made
Mode
Up of vestebrae whjch Conjajn 26 borng. Also nbun as ping.
It provides protection to t spinal cord and ts mumbra.

Page 7 of 17
.Cervical: There are 7 cervical vertebrae ,

extonally for ming the neck region.
A
first vertebrae name is Atlos. Cervical (7)
.ThoracC : There are I2 thoraic verlebae,
M
on whch ibs are Connected.
Thoracie (12)
•
Lumber: TheYe are s
lumber vertebrae,
R
they are srongestF and present above
thoracic. (umbar (s)
th
A
fonmd )
• Sacum: There are (5 Socral vertebrae, Sacrum ()
H
present in the pelvic region
Cocux (1)
Coceyx: lt is the last part of verlebyal
P
Column and formed by ne fusion of 4 Coceyqeal vertebrae.
LL
funcions Of Verkbrae
- Mojntenance
of bod balanca. It forms supporting framework
for the tunk, Of
th body.
E
- lt povide tha protechon to the spinol card and Its mmbran.

- It supports he uppr
W
limbs and heod to malce them freely

movable.
E
SkuLL
R
locoted (over) thQ vertebrol celomn (along the vevticol axis)

Skull of adult human cOmpriseA of 28 bones
A
which immoable exapt mondible.

: The tar ossicle.
C
•
It onsist of cronivm, The -face
•
It belps in tha ptotection Of bron and face.
Page 8 of 17
CRANIUM:
It is spherical box ilke

like strucure
structure tontojn flat ond
A
irequlor shoped 8
bons tha provide proection to
th
M
brain. Parietoy (2)
fronta ()
frontal bona is a thick
plote like strucure tha
R
Sphenoid
forms thu foreheod.
()
A
• Parietod bonus forms the
k- Ocipital ()
Side ond roof of tha slull..Ethmoid
)
H
-Temporal (2)
-two bonQ formstha major
portion of both sides of skull. (Mondible
P
face.
.Temporal bonu ove bony presen
olong the eat and formns iMmovable Tols.
LL
Ocipital bone presen at the bock Of stull and forms bock

Of bead and bose of skull.
• Sphenojd
bo is bot like strucure present in the certe
E
Of the skull.
W
Ethmold bon is present in th angerior pat of skul) and separate

-the nasal Cavity from tho bialn. forms D09l sogtum
nasal
E
•FACE:
R
It is
foial skeleton, also called visceal skul) which
A
fortms
h framework for faco.
they Conjain ( boas which provide protection to eye, mouth
C
and attach t teeth.

All
bon are Immovable except mandible, which hlps
ID
the chewing food.
Page 9 of 17
.Nasal Gones : It provide ftexibity and belp inio the formation)

(2) CF
the Dasol bridq.. It presert in poir (2.
A
.Maxilla:These are the poired bonas of
(2) tho uppas jau. Tbs bone is
BOSS
M
responsibe for holding ttu uper
Nasol (2)
Zyqomatic bones Thece are cheek eth.
(2) bones Qsert
pr2 in pajr Zygomotic (2)
R
(2)
• Lacrimol
(2)
bonea: ptesen na nasal bo, Maxilla (2)
A
SmalJeAi
bo ad support lacoimal
Mondible (i)
qucs esponsible for Iacrimotion.
H
Mandible : It is the strongest as wel lorimal (2)
() 0S lorqes borg,
bona It foms) lowe Nasal (2)
P
jQu) and lceeps tho touje teeth. Palotine (2)
Is
lt th onlu movable bonu of faca. Inferior Nasol
LL
Conha (2)
•Palatin: It forms thy ficor Of
t Vomar(1)
(2) nasol covity
• or
part
1nferi Nasal Con cha It is the of nasal Cauity ond
E
(2)
present io poit.
W
Vomer: It is the part of Dasal avtty and helps tn

in the
C1)
formation of nasol saptum.
E
R
•EAR OSSICLES? tota) (6) bonus.
Thece of the e0r which

elps
A
in preverting ewdrum and MIS

Inus
C
Malleus
tronsmissj00 of SOvDd woveA stopes
•
Mallet
F
Stopes - Sonollest boOng n tha

body.
Page 10 of 17
. HYoID BONE:
It is ocated
bcoted at the middle of
,
eck in butuween
A
gnd forMS
te floor of the oral oiy ttyoid bond
M
It is U- shaped ond
also knouun as linguoJ bonu.
no
R
.Thls bOng attochd with
On othu bons.
A
• IH
hlps in tongk movenent, Swallouing and piodvchon of Sound.
H
P
THORAC IC CAGE
H is also koown as Thorax

LL
•J+ is lies behueon the head and the obdo mus, excdudig
UpPY limbs. help in costaJ breathng
as uell au
E
• It prokcis) the orqans lilke

heat, (ung)
mony blood vessels and nerve passing throvgh the rigion.
W
• It bas three maor parts -

E
- Ribs Nanubrium Tue

- ribs
Semum
R
Strnum
-tboracc veytebO
Body
A
(over in tho pat of

Xipnoid ProeSs
vetebra colu mrn folsa
C
vibs
|•RIBS
There are 12 pars of thoro cje -+foating
vertebroe ibs
hbs and toto! 24 bones.
these ase thin fiat bone, ushich -fror: backside atto chud uith
attoc ud with sterum.
horacic vertebrou and from -fror it
Page 11 of 17
.True kibs are 7 pajr, which CoDNected with sternum

.
false ribs ave gth, gh (o pair hich are conneced witn ibs.
A
. ore
floaling ribs | 4 Dar wbich aree
12th only Conneee wjth
,
horocie vertebrae Dot tibs or not s}ermum.
M
I2 pajrs are tonIeted wih thorode vertebrat (12)
R
Breost bOnd, which is flat ond qive
atjachrnt to the ribs

.
A
fUNCTIONS OF BONES
H
P
,
0 Shape and Support Bones ac as strUchurol fromework which
LL
Support and keeps thy body in shape

,
()
) Proteion Thou
They protrs th intenal orqans like huort, brain el
muscle inteachion hlps
halps in body m0vemn
E
(u) Movemnt Bone and

MOve munt.
e louwe libs
limbs belps io
in
W
(w) Minual sforage Bones also oct as a minerol esewoir,

espcially for Caljum ond phosphoNE.
E
Blood production Bon helps in the prodvchion of (blood) tnOvgh

O
R
bono Marrouw
V) Deoxification tteavy metals and forejgn elemnts are also

A
absorbed by bons tissue, ie. theuy as removed

C
from tho bloocd, and thuu aye eliirokd qradually

pro ceu eUetion.
by t of
Of
Page 12 of 17
SKELETAL MOSCLES
A
M
.Thesa those Musdec which aro tfachud to th
bonos and helps in ovement of bones and joins.
, ,
R
Theso cylindriol shoptd stviafed multinucdeated colls
bouing qroup of muscle fibres.
A
These are vountay in nature, which is cortvol led by
H
Somatic Nevvous System
obou (o7.) of bod

body MasUs.
P
NOu, ts por
om! sAgets,
LL
.These are thoso MUscles which atachud

Syskem (bons) and vesponsible for tha movenat of boduy
procoss reloxotion."
b ucing of Cvochion ad
E
Theca huscki attoched witb bones thro van bundle of

W
Ccllagen fbves alled tendons

E
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE- Of SkELETAL MUSCLES

R
Myofibrils
Tendons
A
.MUscde
Sarcomire
C
Musje fibre
-foscicle
Skektal
MUScle Bosic fundiono!
it- Myosin
unú
Actin. of cells
BoNES
Page 13 of 17
• Muscle tbves structurol unút of skeleto mUScles

co
(wbich are lonq cylidri cels many hurdred
wih of (Ducdei)
A
. Outer lauyes of Skaleal muscdes is
ic epimujsluM.
M
.Peri mysium COVeFS the oufe layee of musle fasicdes.
Endomysium ic a oNnectie tissue laye cover eact individval
mUscle ayers | fibre
R
a ,
SarcolemMa is plasma mamblan ushich Covers myofibrils..
A
Sar coplo sm is cucloplasm of yofibrils and mUscde
fibre.
Stdetol MUsde
H
-Myofibils -Sascomeve
Musde
P
MUScles fascicle fibre
LL
Responsible Actin Thin filament

for contracton Myofilaments
uyosin)
-Thick filanment
and relaxation
E
prolein , and
octin , approx .S om
•Thin filoment are COmposed of proein
W
io diotee fibres
Thick filamnt are Compo sed of yosin protein and

E
approk dimate fibers.

R
Elastic filamerts are Conprisad of titin prolein

A
Inelastic filamerts are of pebulin and ttin proeins.

C
Page 14 of 17
PHYSIOLOGY Of MUSCLE cONTRACTiON
A
procos Contvoct
.MUScle Coroction is th in which MUscdes
t movemnt body
M
relaxe (halpc in Of
and and
,
•
The Controction
corntracion of muscles is ako called mUscle twi fch in
which he length of muscle tibye is chanqes -
R
O Steps iovolved in Musce Controtion:
A
A stimulu for
for Cortacio is qenrted in NS and
muscle
H
neurons
send ths to tyough motor
usclec tovQh
Nouw, fcetylcholine. neurotrancter which is pocked in vessicle is

P
veleasediwto synaptic cleft ond attached on eupior of muscdes.
qenratu acion potential (AP) which tronsfer into tatubule,
LL
.
which rele aso Cat ins into Saroplasmic eticulum
Nouw this ions atlachud with troponin ( prosaut on ocho)
which form head of yosin
ond Enurqy (A0P) attochud ith
E
muyosin's had attachd with

Gos-bdga betuseen acin + yosin. actin's toponin pat)
W
- Affer formation
of coss-bridqs, poutI sttolke
(o whleh acin and myosin
Scurs, sliding oWONer eoch sthr.
vting ATP), CoNTRACTION
(pulling of atin filomard by myosin b
E
OCC
URS..
- After contraction, cat ion is relensed bock ito
R
Sarcoplasnic Reticulom
(s) by Using
itie tonsport.
occurs
Tiropomyosin restord blokaqa of troponin ond belaxotion
A
Slding filamant theory :

C
which MUsde cONraction oceurs

It 1s a muchonism, by
ore
In tis, thin) filoment (actin) and thick) filamert (myos)n)
sliding anohr
Page 15 of 17
{CNS Sarcp
Sarcoplan
A
Yotiulm
M
Neurons
yofibrils
R
plasma munbrong
SarcolemmO
A
Neurotransmitter
H
AH release from naon
veçicles P
Synopic 2
qtnwate
LL
(3ttavel doun to
[acion polentiol
T- tubuleA
E
Ni
(MUSCLE S) f T tubule Sarcroplasm pn()
Ctansvers)
W
a a
's
Ca Relealse Ca+ ions Cat binds troponn
E
into (sarcoplasm)
(ou-bridqes -for)
b/u acio { yosin
R
topoin)
A
whjch is pulling of acin filan
bloked by by myosin by using (

C
toubrds certre
(ropono,osin
1
Restou bloczing
Atehin TMyosin acive tron spot 4 bock
(fhin) (thick) Ralaroti

Page 16 of 17
NEURoMUSCULAR JUNCT ION
A
It is junchion [conne ction buturen the nevron and
mUScles ( skeletal musclea)
M
stimulus of muscle confrocion.
e In this juncion,
bs Message is tronsfer through tu nebroNs (motor
R
neuron
Neuron megsage
Contain dendriles (bod) which tecejve (siq)
A
frem CNS and transter into (muscles) through aNon ternal.
H
-veside
Synaptie
pre ceft
P
-MUScdes
LL
post recaptor
ynaptic NeuIotronsm)ter
• neUrotran smi ttes qes

E
The diffyso into synaptic cdeft and

to the
bindsto the recaptors presut on
th moto end pate,
W
wbich initjats ne pro@SS of

Of exci totion - Contvaction
oupling
(or mUScle controction).
E
R
compleked
A
C
Page 17 of 17

Chapter 2, Unit 2, Human Anatomy and Physiology 1, B Pharmacy 1st Sem, Carewell Pharma

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Chapter 2, Unit 2, Human Anatomy and Physiology 1, B Pharmacy 1st Sem, Carewell Pharma

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CAREWELL PHARMA - A FAMILY OF LEARNING

SEARCH "CAREWELL PHARMA" ON YOUTUBE & WATCH FREE VIDEO LECTURES

Musdes Physioloqy ef musde ortracion, Neuo mosular Tunctton!

bind musles to bons

Cal led mUscoloskel etal system. bind bonu to bon

• An adult human consist of 206 bones.

Osteoloq !- It Is the bON of Scienca that deal with

It basically ODSst cf tuo ports -

O Diaphyis - It is long, ylind rical and main portion of

the end part of bond, they

(eq) femur, fbulajbia, H

balps in move mant, bones of onkle and uwrist.

e Covpals and Ta sols.

eq skull bores, sternuro (protection to intemal

( Iveqular bones :- they bave Complicated shapea shich are

thesa very small bone foud

uithin tho sutural joints in betueeo tha

DIVISIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

Limbs bones 20) Vertcbrae (verlkbrl colomn)

fore limbs Cervicoy ()

tHumerus (2) - (1+1) Thoracic (12)

LUm bar (s)

Cranium (3) frontal C),

lind limbs (lower limbs) 60 pharma

Tibia (2) -(1+1) Qoewell

fibula (2) -(0+) Zy gomatic (2),lacrima(2), bmr

Palatina (2), Inferior conchaa (2), Mandib

ond thejr Supporting girdles incdvcng total 126) bones.

(n) Pectoral qirdleA 4

OUppu limbs total 60 bones

foch uppes limb Consist of 30 bones.

HUmerUs Arm longest bond Of the fore limb.

• Ulna and Radius - hese two present a lower am, racius

and shorte than Ulva.

Carpals thesa Qre 8 irregular shapu

wrist bones helps in rotaion.

.Meta carpals - hese

formad polm of hand. Radiys (thumb sidi

)Lower limbs total 6o)

.Eoch louwer limb ontoin 30 bones.

thumb wbjch contain

present pajr, in ushich tw) clavicle

Darrou) sucture bone, present on both

It is hip bones also present in poir. It is an

ond t trunk Jregion het, lng braj

•There are (20) bones io odult and 91

Overtebra! colutan (verte brae)

0) vERT EBRAL cOLUMN

Up of vestebrae whjch Conjajn 26 borng. Also nbun as ping.

It provides protection to t spinal cord and ts mumbra.

.Cervical: There are 7 cervical vertebrae ,

- lt povide tha protechon to the spinol card and Its mmbran.

limbs and heod to malce them freely

locoted (over) thQ vertebrol celomn (along the vevticol axis)

which immoable exapt mondible.

It is spherical box ilke

Ocipital bone presen at the bock Of stull and forms bock

Ethmold bon is present in th angerior pat of skul) and separate

and attach t teeth.