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PRE-MEDICAL
BIOLOGY
Chapter - 03
Human Reproduction
Biology
CONTENTS
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

HUMAN REPRODUCTION
GAMETOGENESIS
PY
O
C
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
E
PL
FERTILISation AND IMPLANTATION

M
SA
PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC

DEVELOPMENT
PARTURITION AND LACTATION
“An original is a creation by desire. Any reproduction of an originals

motivated be necessity. It is marvelous that we are the only species
that creates gratuitous forms. To create is divine, to reproduce is
human.”

—Man Ray

01
Human Reproduction
3.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

It is located in the pelvis region. It has the following structures:
Male Reproductive System
A pair of
Accessory Accessory External
testes
ducts glands genitalia
sing. testis
Testes are located outside the abdomen

in a pouch called the scrotum. Testes
are oval in shape. 4-5 cm in length and
Bladder 2-3 cm in width.(AIPMT 2011)
Pubic symphysis
Testicular lobules are the
Vas deferens compartments present in the each testis
(250 compartments), each containing 1-3
Urethra
highly coiled tubules called seminiferous
tubules.
Corpus
spongiosum
Anus Scrotum helps in maintaining 2-2.5°C
Bulbourethral
gland Corpus
lower temperature than the internal
Pelvic floor
muscle cavernosum body to produce sperms.
Seminal Epididymis Through the inguinal canal, scrotum

vesicle Urethral remains attached to the abdominal
Prostate Testicle opening cavity.
Fig. 3.1.1 Male reproductive system
Vas (ductus)
deferens Straight tubule (tubuli recti)
Testis covered
Externally
with 3 Head of
by tunica
protective epididymis
vaginalis Seminiferous tubule
coverings
Vasa
efferentia Cavity
Rete testis Visceral layer Tunica

In the middle vaginalis
by the tunica Internally Body of
Parietal layer
albuginea by tunica epididymis
(white fibrous vasculosa Tunica albuginea
membrane) Tail of
epididymis
Fig. 3.1.2 Section of testis
02
Biology
The seminiferous tubule is lined by two cells, which are spermatogonia and Sertoli cells.
seminiferous tubules
Undergoes meiosis to form

Male germ cells or spermatogonia
spermatozoa (sperm cells)
Cells of
Sertoli cells (AIPMT 2010) Provides nutrition to germ cells
Leydig cells or interstitial cells and blood vessels are present in the region outside the
seminiferous tubules (interstitial spaces). Leydig cells synthesise and secrete androgens
(testosterone). (AIPMT 2012)

1 PY
Sperms are carried by a network of
O
tubules (rete testis) from seminiferous
tubules to vasa efferentia. (NEET 2019)
C
E
2
PL
Vasa efferentia conducts sperms to the

epididymis (site of sperm maturation and
storage till ejaculation). (AIPMT 2011)
M
Rete testis
SA
Vasa
Urethra efferentia
3
Vasa deferentia (sing. vas deferens)
arise from epididymis which ascends Accessory
to the abdomen and loops over urinary ducts are
bladder.
Ejaculatory
ducts Epididymis
Vasa
4
Vas deferens unites with the duct deferentia
coming from the seminal vesicle thus
forming an ejaculatory duct, which
opens into urethra.
Urethra originates from the urinary bladder
5 and opens to extend through the penis to

the external opening called the urethral
meatus.
03
Human Reproduction
Male accessory glands are:
• One pair of sac-like structure present near the base of

bladder.
• Produce an alkaline secretion (pH 7.4)
Seminal

vesicles • Alkaline nature neutralises the acidity of the female

reproductive tract.
• Secretion contains fructose, clotting proteins (different

those in the blood), and prostaglandin hormone.
Single large gland

Male • Produces milky secretion with pH 6.5, which contains citric
Prostate

accessory acid, acid phosphatase, amylase, and pepsinogen.
gland
glands • Its secretion nourishes and helps in the transport of

sperm.
• Present in a pair on either side of the membranous

Cowper’s or

urethra.
bulbourethral
glands • Secretes mucus that lubricates the end of penis and

the urethral lining.
Secretions of these glands constitute the seminal plasma which is NCERT

Highlights
rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes. (AIPMT 2012)

The male external genitalia and main copulatory organ is the penis. It transfers the sperm
cells during sexual intercourse.
The tip of the penis is called the glans penis, which is covered by a loose fold of skin, the
foreskin.
Beyond NCERT
The erectile tissues of the penis are three: Two dorsal corpus
cavernosa and one ventral corpus spongiosum. They are
surrounded by fibrous tissue. The penis carries both urine and
sperms.
04
Biology
Vas
deferens
FANTA FACT
Fructose which is present in semen

is used for forensic tests for rape.
The presence of it inside the female
reproductive tract confirms sexual
intercourse.
PY
Fig. 3.1.3 Front view of male reproductive system (AIPMT 2009)
3.2 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

O
C
The female reproductive system has:
E

PL
Female Reproductive System

M
SA
Accessory External Accessory

Ovaries
ducts genitalia glands
Ovaries are the primary female sex

organs and occur in pairs located
Uterine fundus on either side of the abdomen. It
Uterine cavity
Isthmus produces female gamete (ovum) and
Fallopian
ovarian hormones.
Ampulla
tube
Infundibulum
Each ovary is 2-4 cm in length and is
Endometrium Ovary
Myometrium connected to the pelvic wall and the
Fimbriae
Perimetrium uterus by ligaments.
Cervix
Cervical canal
Ovary is covered by a thin epithelium
Vagina
which encloses the stroma of the ovary.
Fig. 3.2.1 Female reproductive Stroma is divided into a peripheral
system cortex and an inner medulla.
05
Human Reproduction
Fallopian tubes are 10-12 cm long, ciliated, muscular,

Fallopian
and tubular structures, that conducts ovum to the tubes
uterus. (oviducts)
It has a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum

that lies near the ovary and has finger-like projections
Uterus
called fimbriae, which collects ovum during ovulation.
(AIPMT 2010) Accessory
ducts are

Ampulla is the wider part located after the infundibulum,
and isthmus is the last, narrow part of the oviduct which Vagina
opens into the uterus.
NCERT
Highlights Ampullary region is the site of Cervix
fertilisation.
It is divided into Uterus opens into

the vagina through Vagina is about
Uterus is shaped fundus
cervix. The cavity 7.5 cm long,
like an inverted (upper dome
of the cervix is the and it facilitates
pear and is also shaped), body or
cervical canal, menstrual flow and
known as the cavity (middle part)
which along with acts as copulation
womb. and cervix (narrow the vagina forms canal during coitus.
and long part). the birth canal.
Uterus wall has three

layers of tissue
Myometrium Endometrium
Perimetrium (outer
(middle layer of (inner glandular
membranous layer)
smooth muscles) layer)
• It exhibits contraction during • It lines

parturition the uterine
cavity and
undergoes
Beyond NCERT cyclic
changes
The surgical removal of the during
uterus is called hysterectomy. menstrual
cycle
06
Biology
3.2.1 EXTERNAL GENITALIA

External genitalia are collectively called vulva and have the following structures.
External genitalia
Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora
• Fleshy folds of

skin which extends
• Cushion of fatty
from mons pubis • These are paired

tissue

surrounding the folds of tissue under
PY
• Covered by skin and
vaginal orifice the labia majora

pubic hair
• Homologous to

scrotum O
C
Clitoris
The opening of the vagina is often
E
covered partially by a membrane called

Urethral opening
PL
Labia minora
the hymen.
Labia majora
M
Vagina
A tiny finger-like structure, which lies
SA
at the upper junction of the two labia

minora above the urethral opening is
called the clitoris.
Anus
Fig. 3.2.2 External genitalia
Beyond NCERT
Vestibular glands are of two types:
1. Skene glands are numerous minute glands present on either

side of the urethral orifice.

2. Bartholin’s glands are paired glands, located on each side of

vaginal orifice.
These glands are homologous to Cowper’s glands in males, which
provides lubrication during coitus.
07
Human Reproduction
3.2.2 MAMMARY GLANDS

These are paired structures (breasts) that contain glandular tissues and a variable amount of fat.
The areola is the pigmented circular area of the skin surrounding the nipple.
The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes containing
clusters of cells called the alveoli; cells of the alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the
cavities (lumens) of alveoli.
The alveoli open into the mammary tubules. The tubules of each lobe combine to form a
mammary duct.
Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is connected to the
lactiferous duct through which milk is sucked out.
Beyond NCERT
The main constituents of human milk are fat droplets, casein, lactose,
mineral salts (sodium, calcium, potassium, and phosphorous) and
vitamins. It is poor in iron.
Suckling generates nerve impulse
Stimulates posterior Nerve impulse

pituitary to release is sent to
oxytocin hypothalamus
Pectoralis major muscles

Impulse
Contraction of inhibits prolactin inhibiting
myoepithelial cells of Fatty tissue hormone and stimulates
mammary glands prolactin releasing
hormone
Lobules
Rib Areola
Nipple
Milk forced Prolactin secretion
Milk duct
increases from
into ducts anterior pituitary
Skin
Chest Blood vessel

wall
Suckling by Circulates to alveoli

the baby and promotes
Fig. 3.2.3 Mammary glands lactation
08
Biology
3.3 GAMETOGENESIS
Gametogenesis is the process of production of gametes from the male and female primary
sex organs (gonads). It consists of three phases: Multiplication phase, growth phase, and
maturation phase.
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Process of formation of sperms Process of formation of ovum
2 stages: Foetal life- Formation

2 stages: Formation of of primary oocyte and adult/
spermatids and spermiogenesis reproductive life- Formation of
ovum
PY
The primary male sex organ is the testis and the female sex organ are the ovaries.
O
The male gamete is the sperm and the female gamete is the ovum.
C
3.3.1 SPERMATOGENESIS
E
PL
Type A
spermatogonia
Mitosis
M
Type B
spermatogonium
SA
Type A
spermatogonium
Primary
spermatocytes
Secondary
spermatocytes
Meiosis II
Spermatids
(2 stages of
differentiation)
Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa
Lumen
Fig. 3.3.1 Representation showing spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules
09
Human Reproduction
At puberty in males, Sperms are finally

spermatogonia (germ cells) released in the lumen
cells present in seminiferous 1 7 of seminiferous tubules
tubules of the testis produce by the process of
sperms. spermiation.(NEET 2018)
Spermatogonium is a diploid Then sperm heads get

2 6 embedded in the sertoli cells.
cell with 46 chromosomes.
(NEET 2015)
Spermatids undergo process
Some spermatogonium develop as 3 5 of transformational change
primary spermatocytes (diploid), (spermiogenesis) to produce
and undergo meiosis I to form spermatozoa (sperms).
secondary spermatocytes (haploid/
23 chromosome) .(AIPMT 2008) 4
Secondary spermatocyte
undergoes meiosis II to form 4
haploid cells called spermatids
Flowchart showing the process of spermatogenesis
The whole process of spermatogenesis is under regulation by the hypothalamic hormone,

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the production of the follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH).
Stimulates
LH stimulates FSH acts on
GnRH level anterior pituitary
Leydig cells Androgens initiate Sertoli cells to
increases at to release
to release spermatogenesis support the
puberty gonadotropins-
androgens spermiogenesis
LH and FSH
Flowchart showing hormonal control of spermatogenesis
The male gamete, sperm, is divided into a head, neck, mid piece, and tail. The complete
sperm is covered by the plasma membrane. It is 0.06 mm long.
Tail Midpiece Head
Neck Nucleus
Axial filament Mitochondrion
Proximal centriole Acrosome
Fig. 3.3.2 Structure of a sperm
10
Biology
• Is oval in shape

• Has an elongated

haploid nucleus
(Anterior or first part)
(consists of
chromosomes) • Has axial filaments
Middle piece

• Has an acrosome • Helps in the move-

(cap-like structure); it • Has mitochondria in ment of sperm in
Head

is the anterior portion large numbers the fluid medium
Tail
of the head filled with • Provide energy for • The tail has a last

lytic enzymes that sperm motility part as an end piece
help in fertilisation which has only

(AIPMT 2010) naked filament

• Acrosome is formed

by Golgi bodies
• Neck is present

behind the head
The secretions of the accessory ducts are essential for the maturation and motility of sperms.
PY
Semen consists of seminal plasma and sperms.
A healthy male ejaculates around 200-300 million sperms during coitus.
O
Beyond NCERT
C
Mitochondrial formation in the sperms of some insects is called
E
Nebenkern sheath.
PL
M
3.3.2 OOGENESIS
SA
Primary Primary Developing

Blood Ovum
vessels Follicle Follicles Secondary Ovum
Primordial
Follicle
Graafian
Follicle
Corpus
Albicans
Ruptured
Follicle
Corpus Luteum
Germinal Epithelium
Developing Tunica Albuginea Liberated Ovum
Corpus Luteum
Fig. 3.3.3 Cross section representation of ovary
11
Human Reproduction
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Secondary oocyte completes
Plasma meiosis-II in the fallopian tube
membrane only if fertilisation occurs.

(NEET 2020, AIPMT 2015)

Fig. 3.3.5 Structure of an ovum
Ovum is a spherical structure with a diameter of 0.2 mm. It has three membranes- outer
corona radiata formed of follicle cells, the middle is the zona pellucida, and the innermost
layer is the plasma membrane. (NEET 2020)

Oogenesis Follicle development
Oogonium Primordial
Mitosis follicle
Primary oocyte
arrested in Primordial
prophase I follicle
Before birth
Childhood - ovary inactive
From puberty to menopause
Primary
follicle
Primary oocyte
Growing
Meiosis I follicle
Mature
Secondary oocyte follicle
First polar
body (dies)
Secondary oocyte, arrested

Ovulation
in metaphase II, Ovulated
Meiosis II
(completed only
if fertilized)
Zygote Corpus
luteum
Second polar
body (dies)
Fig. 3.3.4 Representation showing oogenesis in the ovary
12
Biology
Oogenesis starts at the female fetal stage; millions of oogonia (germ cells/
gamete mother cells) form in each ovary. It is a pre-birth process during the fetal
development.
Oogonia (46 chromosomes) start dividing in the fetus; enter into prophase-I of
meiosis, and stops division there. These cells are called the primary oocytes
(diploid).
Primary oocyte then gets enveloped by granulosa cells and is called the primary
follicle.
Out of a million primary follicles, only 60,000-80,000 follicles survive in each ovary
till puberty.
At this stage, the primary follicles develop more granulosa layers and new theca,
PY
and then are called secondary follicles. Later it transforms into the tertiary follicle
(having fluid-filled cavity antrum).
O
Tertiary follicle has primary oocyte that grows in size and completes meiosis I,to
C
produce a large secondary oocyte (23 chromosomes/ haploid) and a first tiny polar
body. The secondary oocyte enters into meiosis II and gets arrested at metaphase-II.
E
At this stage, the tertiary follicle changes into a mature follicle or a Graafian
PL
follicle. (NEET 2013)

M
Secondary oocyte (at metaphase-II) inside the Graafian follicle develops new layer
SA
around it called the zona pellucida.
Graafian follicle then ruptures to release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the
ovary (this process is called ovulation).
Secondary oocyte completes meiosis II during fertilisation to release ovum

(haploid) and second polar body; polar bodies degenerate.
1. During spermatogenesis, one spermatogonium produces four

spermatozoa (sperms), while one spermatid develops into one NCERT

sperm. One primary spermatocyte produces 4 sperms and one Highlights
secondary spermatocyte produces 2 sperms.

2. During oogenesis, one oogonium produces only one ovum.
13
Human Reproduction
Phases of gametogenesis
Fig. 3.3.6 Diagram showing comparative analysis of spermatogenesis and oogenesis
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN

Question : How many spermatozoa will be produced from 50
primary spermatocytes, and how many ova will be produced
from 50 primary oocytes?
Solution : One primary spermatocyte produces 4 sperms by
the process of spermatogenesis, while one primary oocyte
produces only one ovum by the process of oogenesis.
Therefore, 50 primary spermatocytes will produce 200 sperms (50 × 4), and 50 primary
oocytes will produce 50 ova.
14
Biology
3.4 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

It is the cycle of events in human females and other primates (monkeys, apes) that bring out
changes in the ovary and uterus of the female. It is controlled by the endocrine hormones.
The start of the menstrual cycle at puberty (14-15 years) is termed as menarche and the
end of the cycle at the age of 45-50 years is called menopause.
It is a repetitive cycle; one

Cycle starts from the
cycle is completed in 28-29
menstruation
days
PY
One cycle has 4 phases-
the Menstrual phase
Ovulation occurs in the
middle of each cycle
O
(bleeding phase), follicular
phase (proliferative phase),
It is an indicator of healthy
reproductive phase of the
C
female
ovulatory phase, and luteal
phase (secretory phase)
E
Flowchart showing characteristics of the menstrual cycle

PL
Period from puberty to menopause is called reproductive period of the female life.
M
Phase Days Events Hormonal changes

SA
Menstrual 1st - 5th Endometrium breaks; bleeding Progesterone decrease;

phase (menstruation) begins; ovum estrogen decreases
remains unfertilised (NEET 2013)
(NEET 2018)
Follicular 6th - 13th Endometrium rebuilds FSH and estrogens secretion
phase begins and starts increasing
Ovulatory 14th day (mid Ovulation occurs FSH and LH at peak;
phase of the cycle) estrogen is also at high level
(NEET 2020)
Luteal phase 15th - 28th Endometrium thickens; uterine Progesterone secreted by the
or secretory (AIPMT 2012) glands become secretory corpus luteum (NEET 2014)
phase
Table 3.4.1 Summary of the four phases of the menstrual cycle
15
Human Reproduction
Phases
Gonadotropic
Hormone Levels
Ovarian
cycle
Ovarian
Hormone
Levels
Uterine
cycle
Phases of the
Uterine Cycle
Days 1 7 14 21 28
Fig. 3.4.1 Diagram showing events of the menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase
• Endometrium lining of the uterus breaks down and menses occurs.

• Decrease in the level of LH (luteinising hormone) leading to a

degeneration of the corpus luteum.

• Decrease in the level of progesterone.

• GnRH levels are controlled by estrogen and progesterone. (NEET 2016)

Follicular phase
• Level of gonadotropins (FSH and LH) increase stimulating the

development of primary follicle to the Graafian follicle. (NEET 2016)

• Estrogen is released by the growing follicles.

• Endometrium starts re-building.

16
Biology
Ovulatory phase
• Levels of FSH and LH are at their peak

• LH surge (NEET 2015)

• Rupture of the Graafian follicle and release of the ovum (ovulation)

Luteal phase or Secretory phase
• Ruptured Graafian follicle develops as the corpus luteum

• Secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum

• In absence of fertilisation, corpus luteum degenerates and becomes

corpus albicans. Progesterone level decreases; disintegration of the
endometrium marking the beginning of a new menstruation cycle
PY
In the presence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum does not degenerate and level of
progesterone remains same.The continuous release of progesterone is essential for the
maintenance of the endometrium and implantation of the fertilised ovum.
O
During pregnancy, there is no menstruation.
C
Beyond NCERT
E
Relaxin and inhibin are two hormones that are also released by
PL
the corpus luteum. Relaxin inhibits the contraction of the uterine

muscles and helps in the later stages of pregnancy. Inhibin inhibits
M
the secretion of FSH and LH. (NEET 2016)

Corpus luteum is also called the yellow body as it is yellow in
SA
colour due to the pigment lutein.
3.5 FERTILISation AND IMPLANTATION

Fertilisation is the fusion of the haploid male gamete (sperm) with the haploid female gamete (ovum).
Sperm nucleus Zona pellucida
Cytoplasm of ovum
Follicle
cell
Acrosome
First polar body

Egg nucleus
Fig. 3.5.1 Diagram showing fertilisation of egg
17
Human Reproduction
NCERT
The discharge of semen into the female’s vagina is called Highlights
insemination.
Sperm reaches to the fallopian tube by swimming through the uterus
Fertilisation occurs, if the ovum is also released at the same time
Fertilisation occurs in the ampullary region of the fallopian tube (NEET 2016)
Sperm makes contact with the zona pellucida of the ovum
Only one sperm enters the ovum, as acrosome induces changes in the membrane
of the ovum to block entry of more sperms
Lytic enzymes of the acrosome helps in the entry of sperms into the ovum
Entry of sperm marks the completion of meiosis II in the secondary oocyte to

release haploid ovum (ootid) and the second polar body (NEET 2019)
Nucleus of ootid and sperm fuse to form a diploid zygote
Flowchart showing events of fertilisation
Beyond NCERT
1. The activation of sperm occurring in the female genital

tract by the secretions of the female genital tract is called

capacitation. (NEET 2017)
2. Sperm has several lytic enzymes in the acrosome called as

sperm lysins. These are:

(a) Corona penetrating enzyme: Dissolves corona radiata.

(b) Zona lysine or acrosin: Digests zona pellucida.

(c) Hyaluronidase: Acts on follicle cells.

3. At the point of entry of sperm into the egg, a projection forms, which is called

fertilisation cone or cone of the reception.
18
Biology
Sex determination of the embryo

It gets decided at the fertilisation stage.
Human female has the XX sex chromosome, and the human male has the XY sex
chromosome.
So, all haploid ovum has X chromosomes, and sperms have either X or Y chromosomes.
Therefore, the gametic fusion will produce either XX zygote or XY zygote, depending on the
condition, whether the X chromosome of sperm fuses with the X chromosome of ovum or
the Y chromosome of sperm fuses with X chromosome of ovum.
XX zygote will develop into the female and the XY zygote will develop into a male. Hence,
the presence of the Y-chromosome of sperm will determine the sex of the baby.
Zygote is a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes. It is a single cell that divides further to form
an embryo. Fertilisation is followed by a series of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote called
cleavage.
PY
After fertilisation, the cleavage starts in the zygote as it moves through the isthmus
of the fallopian tube (oviduct) towards the uterus for implantation
O
Cleavage occurs in the zygote to form the 2, 4, 8, 16 celled stages. These daughter
C
cells are called blastomeres
E
PL
The 8 to 16 blastomeres stage is called the morula. It is a solid mass of cells that
looks like a mulberry fruit
M
SA
The morula transforms into a blastocyst (blastula) which is a 64 celled stage
The blastocyst develops a cavity called blastocoel in it, and its cells get arranged
into the outer layer of cells called the trophoblast and inner cell mass
Embryo at this stage gets implanted (attached) to the endometrium of the uterus
through the trophoblast and uterine cells cover it
The inner cell mass starts developing as an embryo
The implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall leads to pregnancy
Flowchart showing stages of growth of the embryo
19
Human Reproduction
Morula
4 cell Stage 8 cell Stage (72Hours)
2 Cell Stage
Early Blastocyst
(48Hours)
Blastocyst
Zygote (4 Days)
Implanted
Blastocyst
Fertilization
Ovum
Fig. 3.5.2 Diagram showing transport of ovum, stages of growth of embryo in the fallopian tube
3.6 PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

The further development of the embryo and progression of pregnancy is marked by the
formation of placenta.
Placenta is the structural and functional unit that establishes a common connection between
the foetus and the mother. It is formed by the interdigitation of the chorionic villi and uterine
tissues.
Chorionic villi are the finger-like projections of the trophoblast that are grown into the tissues
of the uterus wall.
Placenta is connected to the embryo through the umbilical cord that helps in the transport of
nutrients and other substances to and from the embryo.
20
Biology
PY
Fig. 3.6.1 Diagram representing human foetus in the ovary
Beyond NCERT O
C
1. Amnion is the extra-embryonic or the fetal membrane that is lined

with an ectoderm and covered with mesoderm. (NEET 2018)

E
2 Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the embryo at the site

PL
other than the uterus. (NEET 2015)

M
Act as a medium of transport between

SA
mother and foetus

Functions of the
Supplies oxygen and nutrients to the foetus

placenta
Takes carbon dioxide and waste from the foetus to

remove them
Acts as a barrier between the mother and

the foetus
Secretes hormones like estrogens, progesterone, hCG (human

chorionic gonadotropin) and hPL (human placental lactogen)
Flowchart showing functions of the placenta
During pregnancy, the female body has an increased secretion of estrogens, progestogen,
cortisol, prolactin, and thyroxine which is essential for the growth of the embryo.
21
Human Reproduction
Heart is formed after one month of fertilisation
Limbs and digits are formed by the end of the second month
The major organs like heart, liver, kidneys, and genital organs gest well developed
by the end of the first trimester (first 3 months or 12 weeks)
Foetus develops first movement and hair on the head during the 5th month
Body gets covered by fine hair by the end of second trimester (24 weeks). The
eyelids separate, and eye lashes also appear by this time
The foetus is ready for delivery by the end of 9 months
Flowchart showing features of embryonic development by the months of pregnancy
During development, the inner cell mass gets differentiated into three germ
layers: Outer layer is the ectoderm; middle layer is the mesoderm; inner layer NCERT
is the endoderm. This germ layered structure is called the gastrula the process Highlights
of development of these layers is called gastrulation. These germ layers have

the capacity to develop all the tissues and organs of the body (stem cells).
3.7 PARTURITION AND LACTATION

Gestation period is the average duration of pregnancy (period from conception to birth). It
is approximately 9 months in humans.
Parturition is the process of delivery of the foetus at the end of pregnancy. It is also called
childbirth.
Parturition Lactation
• Process controlled by neuroendocrine • The first milk produced by

mechanism the mother after the birth is
• Foetal ejection reflex- Signals induced by the called colostrum, which is

placenta and the foetus to initiate uterine the yellowish milk and full of
contractions for child birth (AIPMT 2012) nutrients and antibodies, which

• The reflex stimulates the release of oxytocin develops resistance in the new-

from the pituitary of the mother (NEET 2015) born baby
• Oxytocin increases uterine contractions to • Lactation is the process of

many fold and continue its secretion till the production of milk by the
childbirth through the birth canal mammary glands towards the
• Umbilical cord and the placenta are removed end of pregnancy and after

after the birth childbirth.
22
Biology
TIPS & TRICKS
 Human are sexually reproducing and viviporous.

Male reproductive system :
(i) Pair of testes, (ii) Accessory ducts, (iii) Accessory glands, (iv) External genitalia
 Each testis has about 250 testicular lobules.
 Each lobule contains about 2-3 seminiferous tubules.
 Semineferous tubule is lined by spermatogonia and sertoli cells.
 Spermatogoia produce sperms by meiosis while sertoli cells provide nutrition.
 Leidig's cells present outside the seminiferous tubules secrete androgens.
 Male external genital organ is called penis.
PY
Female reproductive system :
(i) Pair of ovaries, (ii) Female accessory ducts (Pair of oviducts, Uterus, Vagina), (iii) External
genitalia, (iv) Pair of mammary glands
 Ovaries produce ovum and some steroid hormones.
O
C
 Uterus is made of perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium.
E
 Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperms in the testis.

PL
 Normal sperm has head, neck, middle piece and tail.

 Oogenesis is the formation of ovum in the ovary.
M
 The reporductive cycle of female primates is called menstrual cycle.

SA
 Only one ovum is released per menstrual cycle from either of the two ovaries.
 The cyclical changes during menstural cycle are controled by pituitary and ovarian hormones.
 Fertilization occurs at the junction of isthmus and ampulla of oviduct to form zygote.
 Sex of the embryo is determined by presence of X or Y chromosome.
 Zygote divides mitotically to form blastocyst that gets implanted in the uterus resulting in
pregnancy.
 After gestation period of nine months the foetus get ready for delivary.
 Process of child birth is called parturition which is controlled by cortisol, estrogens and
oxytocin.
 Mammary glands secrete milk after child birth to feed the new born.
 Colostrum is thick, pale yellow coloured milk secreted by mammary glands, soon after the
birth of the baby for few days.
 Colostrum is rich in antibodies that can provide passive immunity to the delicate new-born.
23
Exercise - I
1. Primary sex organ differ from the 6. The primary regulator of Leydig cell
secondary sex organs in all the following secretion is:
except: (1) FSH releasing factor
(1) They produce gametes (2) Androgen-binding protein
(3) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
(2) They secrete sex hormones
(4) Follicle stimulating hormone
(3) They are concerned with the
conduction of gametes 7. Testosterone is secreted by:
(4) Testes in male and ovaries in female (1) Leydigs cells (2) Sertoli cells
are the examples of primary sex (3) Pituitary gland (4) Testis
organs
8. Outer coat of seminiferous tubules is
composed of fibrous connective tissue
2. The organ which produces gametes are
called:
called ..A.. and which neither produces
(1) Tunica propria (2) Lamina propria
gametes nor hormones are called ..B.. .
(3) Plica semilunaris (4) Tunica albuginea
Here A and B represent.
(1) A – primary sex organs; 9. At the time of sexual excitation, crura
B – Secondary Sex organs muscles in penis:
(1) Relaxed (2) Contracted
(2) A – Secondary sex organs;
(3) Collapsed (4) None
B – Primary Sex organs
(3) A – Tertiary sex organs; 10. Scrotal sacs of man are connected with
B – Secondary Sex organs the abdominal cavity by:
(1) Inguinal canal (2) Haversian canal
(4) A – Secondary sex organs;
(3) Vagina cavity (4) Spermatic canal
B – Tertiary Sex organs
11. Partitions of testis develop from: -
3. Gubernaculum is the ligamentous (1) tunica vasculosa
connective cord which connects: (2) tunica albuginea
(1) Testis to kidney (3) tunica vaginalis
(2) Testis to scrotum (4) rete testis
(3) Ovary to abdominal wall 12. Which is not a secondary sex organ ?
(4) Testis to Abdominal cavity (1) Vagina (2) Penis
(3) Prostate gland (4) Mammary gland
4. The tunica albuginea is a covering
around the: 13. If testes of a male are not transferred
from abdominal cavity to scrotal sac
(1) Testes (2) Kidneys
then:
(3) Uterus (4) Epididymis
(1) Person dies
(2) Absence of male characters
5. Testosterone is a/an:
(3) Development of male reproductive
(1) Steroid (2) Protein
system will not occur
(3) Octapeptide (4) Glycoprotein (4) Sperms will not form
24
14. Penile urethra traverses through: 22. Which one is unpaired gland in male
(1) Corpora cavernosa reproductive system ?
(2) Corpus spongiosum (1) Seminal vesicle (2) Cowper's gland
(3) Prostate gland (4) Lacrimal gland
(3) Corpus callosum
(4) Corpus striatum 23. Sugar fructose is present in the
secretion of:
15. Cryptorchidism is a condition of testes: (1) Seminal vesicle (2) Perineal gland
(1) Unable to descend in scrotal sacs (3) Cowper's gland (4) Bartholin's gland
(2) Unable to produce sperms
24. What would happen if vas deferens of
(3) Having been surgically removed
man are cut?
(4) Having remained undeveloped (1) Semen is not formed
(2) Spermatogenesis does not occur
16. Sertoli cells are found in:
(3) Semen is without sperms
(1) Testis of mammal (4) Sperm are non motile
(2) Ovary of mammal
(3) Testis of Ascaris 25. Leydig cells are found in:
PY
(1) Seminiferous tubules
(4) Pancrease of frog
(2) Testis
17. Which of the following controls the (3) Ovary
function of Sertoli cells ?
O (4) Epididymis
C
(1) FSH (2) ICSH 26. Temperature in scrotum necessary for
(3) Oestrogen (4) Testosterone sperm formation should be:
E
(1) 2oC above than body temperature

PL
18. Cauda epididymis leads to: (2) 2oC below than body temperature
(1) Rete testis (2) Vas efferens (3) 8oC above than body temperature
M
(3) Vas deferens (4) Ejaculatory duct (4) 8oCbelow than body temperature
SA
19. Major part of semen is secreted by: 27. Accessory glands of male reproductive
system are:
(1) Seminal vesicle (2) Prostate gland
(1) Prostate and seminal vesicles
(3) Cowper's gland (4) Bartholin's gland
(2) Prostate, Bartholin’s and seminal
vesicles
20. In male, the acidity in the urethra is
(3) Seminal vesicles and Bartholin’s
neutralized by the secretions of:
(4) Prostate, Cowper’s and seminal
(1) Cowper's gland (2) Bartholin glands
vesicles
(3) Perineal glands (4) Leydig cells
28. Epididymis is:
21. Seminal plasma contains the secretions of: (1) Network of sinuses between
(1) Follicles, uterus and prostate gland seminiferous tubules and vasa
(2) Prostate, Cowper's and Bartholin's efferentia
(2) Intermidiate structure between rete
gland
testis and vasa effferentia
(3) Seminal vesicle, uterus and prostate
(3) A long coiled tube between vasa
gland efferentia and vas deferens
(4) Seminal vesicle, prostate and (4) Connection between vas deferens
Cowper's gland and seminal vesicle
25
29. Which of the following releases inhibin Answer codes:

to control spermatogenesis ? (1) A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 5, E = 4
(1) Rete testis (2) Follicular cells (2) A = 3, B = 1, C = 4, D = 2, E = 5
(3) Leydig's cells (4) Sertoli cells (3) A = 2, B = 4, C = 3, D = 5, E = 1
(4) A = 3, B = 1, C = 2, D = 5, E = 4
30. Spermatogenesis and sperm
36. Correct sequence of different layers of
differentiation are under the control of:
uterine wall is (respectively from outside
(1) FSH to inside) :-
(2) TSH (1) Perimetrium → Endometrium →
(3) Progesterone Myometrium
(4) Parathyroid Harmone (2) Myometrium → Perimetrium →
Endometrium
31. Testes descend into scrotum in
(3) Endometrium → Myometrium →
mammals for: Endometrium
(1) Spermatogenesis (4) Perimetrium → Myometrium →
(2) Fertilization Endometrium
(3) Development of sex organs
37. Penis is male external genitalia which
(4) Development of visceral organs
has three cylindrical masses of erectile
32. Which cells are found in between tissue. The erect penis shows:
spermatogonia? (1) Two dorsal corpus spongiosum and
(1) Germinal cells (2) Epithelial cells one ventral corpora cavernosa
(2) Two dorsal corpora cavernosa and
(3) Sertoli cells (4) Lymphatic space
one ventral corpus spongiosum
33. Secondary sex organ is: (3) Two ventral corpora cavernosa and
(1) Testis (2) Ovary one dorsal corpus spongiosum
(3) Beard (4) Vasa deferens (4) One dorsal corpora cavernosa and
two ventral corpus spongiosum
34. Formation of sperms occurs in: -
38. Abdominal ostium is the aperture
(1) rete testis present in: -
(2) seminiferous tubules (1) oviduct
(3) Both (1) & (2) (2) fimbriated fallopian funnel
(4) Mediastinum testis (3) ovary
(4) cloaca
35. Match the following:
39. Which is not correct about sertoli cells ?
Set I Set II
(1) It is situated in between the
A. Inguinal 1. Network of channels germinal epithelial cell
canal after seminiferous (2) It is related with the nutrition of
tubules sperm
B. Rete 2. Androgen (3) It forms blood testis barrier
(4) It secretes testosterone
testis
C. Leydig 3. For descending of 40. Bartholin’s glands occur in: –
(1) Females and produce oestrogen for
cells testis
regulating secondary sexual
D. Prepuce 4. Dorsal bundles of characters
spongy tissues (2) Males and form liquid part of semen
E. Corpora 5. Terminal skin of penis (3) Females and help in vestibular lubrication
(4) Males and produce alkaline fluid for
cavernosa
neutralising urethral acidity.
26
41. Synthesis of testosterone by Leydig cells 50. Identify the odd one from the following:
is stimulated by: (1) Labia minora (2) Fimbriae
(1) GH (2) TSH (3) FSH (4) ICSH (3) Infundibulum (4) Isthmus
42. Function of prostate glands is: 51. Endometrium is lining of:

(1) Storage of semen (1) Testis (2) Urinary bladder
(2) Provide motility to sperms (3) Uterus (4) Ureter
(3) Formation of sperm
52. Bartholin's glands occurs in:
(4) Release of hormones
(1) Females and help in vestibular
43. Which one of the following is not a male lubrication
accessory gland ? (2) Females and produce oestrogen for
(1) Seminal vesicle regulating secondary sexual
characters
(2) Ampulla
(3) Prostate (3) Males and form liquid part of
spermatic fluid
(4) Bulbourethral gland
(4) Males and produce alkaline fluid for
44. The head of the epididymis at the head neutralising urethral acidity.
of the testis is called:
PY
53. Which of the following is not related to
(1) Cauda epdidymis (2) Vas deferense
vulva ?
(3) Caput epididymis (4) Gubernaculum
45. If the epididymis is being removed, then

O (1) Mons-pubis
(3) Labia majora
(2) Clitoris
(4) Cervix
C
what will happen ?
54. The wall of the uterus has three layers
(1) Short life span of sperm
of tissue. The layer which undergoes
E
(2) Early cross the pathway

cyclical change during menstrual cycle
PL
(3) Sperm will be incapable for

is:
fertilization
(1) Perimentrium (2) Myometrium
(4) Functional maturation is early
M
(3) Endometrium (4) Both (2) & (3)

46. When do both LH & LSH attain a peak
SA
55. Labium majora of a female mammal is

level in a menstrual cycle. homologous to:
(1) In last week of the cycle (1) Scrotal sac (2) Prostate gland
(2) In mid of the cycle (3) Epididymis (4) Seminal vesicle
(3) During Initial days of cycle
(4) On 4th day of cycle 56. ‘Spermiogenesis’ is a process in which: -
(1) spermatocytes give rise to
47. Development of foetus takes place in: spermatozoa
(1) Vagina (2) Uterus (2) spermatogonium produces a
(3) Ovary (4) Oviduct spermatid
(3) Spermatids are changed into
48. The mitotic division start as the zygote
spermatozoa
moves through the ______ of the oviduct
(4) dormant spermatozoa become
called cleavage towards the uterus.
active just before ejaculation
(1) Isthmus (2) Ampulla
(3) Fimbriae (4) Infundibulum 57. Abnormal conditioning when the
mammary glands of man become female
49. Lower narrow end of uterus is called: like is called:
(1) Urethra (2) Cervix (1) Feminization (2) Gonochorism
(3) Fundus (4) Vulva (3) Gynacomastism (4) Gynoecism
27
58. Expanded proximal part of oviduct in 66. First menstruation begins at puberty
female is: and is called:
(1) Uterus (2) Ampulla (1) Menses (2) Menopause
(3) Isthmus (4) Infundibulum (3) Menarche (4) Implantation
59. When both ovary are removed from

67. In Human, duration of menstrual cycle is:
human then which hormone is
decreases in blood ? (1) 21 days (2) 28 days
(1) Oxytocin (3) 38 days (4) 40 days
(2) Prolactin
68. Stages in menstrual cycle are:
(3) Estrogen
(1) Recovery and proliferative phase
(4) Gonadotrophic releasing factor
(2) Proliferative and secretory phase
60. Correctly matched pairs are: (3) Proliferative, secretory and
1. Clitoris - Erectile body in female menstrual phase
homologous to penis of male
(4) Recovery phase, secretory phase and
2. Sexual intercourse - coitus
phase of menstrual flow
3. Colostrum - Secretion found in
seminal fluid 69. Cessation of menstrual cycle is called:
4. Areola - Pigmented circular area
(1) Ovulation (2) Menopause
around the nipple.
(3) Menarche (4) Menses
Answer codes:
(1) 1 and 2 are correct 70. Phase of menstrual cycle in human that
(2) 2 and 4 are correct lasts for 7-8 days is:
(3) 1 and 3 are correct
(1) Follicular phase (2) Ovulatory phase
(4) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
(3) Luteal phase (4) Menstruation
61. Womb is the another name of:
71. Stem cells are found in: -
(1) Vagina (2) Cervix
(3) Oviduct (4) Uterus (1) Ectoderm
(2) Endoderm
62. Identify the structure belongs to female (3) Inner cell mass
external genitalia:
(4) Mesoderm
(1) labia minora (2) Fimbriae
(3) Infundibulum (4) Isthmus 72. Progesterone level falls leading to:
63. Which temporary endocrine gland forms (1) Gestation (2) Menopause
in ovary after ovulation ? (3) Lactation (4) Mensturation
(1) Corpus callosum (2) Corpus albicans
(3) Corpus luteum (4) Corpus striata 73. If menstual cycle is 30 days & bleeding
start on Ist day then ovulation occur on:
64. Corpus luteum secretes: (1) 14th day (2) 18th day
(1) LH (2) Oxytocin (3) 30th day (4) 16th day
(3) Progesterone (4) FSH
74. Pregnancy hormone is:
65. Corpus luteum is:
(1) Estrogen (2) Progesterone
(1) Excretory (2) Endocrine
(3) Oxytocin (4) FSH
(3) Digestive (4) Reproductive
28
75. Some important events in the human 79. The following graph of relative
female reproductive cycle are given concentration of the four hormones
below. Arrange the events in a proper present in the blood plasma of a woman
sequence: during her mestural cycle. Identify the
A - Secretion of FSH, hormones. A, B, C and D.
B - Growth of corpus luteum,
C - Growth of the follicle and oogenesis,
D - Ovulation,
E - Sudden increase in the levels of LH
(1) ADCEB (2) BACDE
(3) ACEDB (4) CADBE
76. Which one of the following statements (1) A– FSH, B– Progesterone, C– LH,
is incorrect about menstrual cycle ? D – Oestrogen
(1) The first menstruation begins at the (2) A– LH, B– Progesterone, C– FSH,
puberty and is called menarche. D – Oestrogen
(2) Lack of menstruation may also occur (3) A– FSH, B– Oestrogen, C– LH,
PY
due to some factors like stress, poor D – Progesterone
health. (4) A– LH, B– Oestrogen, C– FSH,
(3) Corpus luteum secretes large D – Progesterone
amounts of progesterone which is
O 80. Match the hormones in column I with
C
essential for maintenance of their functions in column II. Choose the
endometrium answer, which given the correct
E
(4) In absence of fertilisation, corpus combination of the two columns.

luteum degenerates in luteal phase
PL
Column I Column II
and new folicles starts developing Perpare endometrium wall for
immediately due to progesterone. A. FSH 1.
implantation
M
Develops female secondary

77. Ovulation in the human female normally B. LH 2.
SA
sexual characters
takes place during the menstrual cycle: C. Progesterone 3. Contraction of uterine wall
(1) At the end of the proliferative phase D. Oestrogen 4. Development of corpus luteum
(2) At the mid secretory phase 5. Maturation of Graafian follicle
(3) Just before the end of the A B C D
seecretory phase (1) 5 4 1 2
(4) At the beginning off the proliferative (2) 4 5 2 1
phase (3) 4 3 2 5
(4) 5 1 2 4
78. The cause of sudden increase of the LH
hormone in the middle of the cycle 81. Which of the following hormone initiates
(about 14th day) is: a metabolic rise that results into the
(1) Negative feedfack of progesterone rupture of graafian follicle?
on the hypothalamus (1) Prolactin (2) HCG
(2) Negative feedback of estrogen on (3) FSH (4) LH
the anterior lobe of pituitary
(3) Positive feedback of FSH on the 82. Level of estrogen and progesterone are
overy minimum at the time of:
(4) Positive feedback of estrogen on the (1) Follicular phase (2) Ovulation
anterior lobe of pituitary (3) Secretory phase (4) Menses
29
83. What is the oligospermia condition? 89. Acrosome formation in spermatogenesis

(1) If sperm count is 40 to 120 milion/ml occurs in which stage?
(2) If sperm count is < 20 million/ml (1) spermiogenesis
(3) If sperm count is < 60 million/ml (2) First meiotic division
(4) If sperm count is 20 million to 40 (3) growth phase
million/ml (4) spermiogenesis
84. For normal fertility:
90. How many polar bodies are produced
(1) Atleast 60% sperm must show
during the entire process of oogenesis in
vigrous motility
unmarried/virgin human female?
(2) Atleast 40% sperm must have
normal shape and size (1) Three (2) Two
(3) Atleast 30% sperm must have (3) Four (4) One
normal activity and function
91. During spermatogenesis how many
(4) Atleast 40% sperm must show
sperms are formed from a single primary
vigrous motility or 60% sperm must
spermatocyte:
have normal shape and size
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 8
85. Which piece of a sperm is called power
house ? 92. How many secondary spermatocytes
(1) Head piece (2) Neck piece will form 400 spermatozoa?
(3) Middle piece (4) Tail piece (1) 100 (2) 400 (3) 40 (4) 200
86. "Spermiogenesis" is a process in which: 93. Which hormone acts on uterine

(1) Spermatids change into myometrium during parturition?
spermatozoa (1) LH
(2) Spermatogonia produce a spermatid
(2) Estrogen
(3) Spermatocytes give rise to
(3) Relaxin
spermatozoa
(4) Oxytocin
(4) Dormant spermatozoa become
active just before ejaculation. 94. The head of a mature sperm is mainly
87. In gametogenesis, reduction division composed of:
take place during: (1) Elongated nucleus and acrosomal
(1) Multiplication phase material
(2) Growth phase (2) Mitochondria, cytoplasm & nucleus
(3) First maturation division (3) Two centriole & the axial filament
(4) Second maturation (4) All of the above
88. Correct order of spermatogenesis is: 95. Cytoplasm of ovum does not contain:
(1) Primary Spermatocytes → Spermatogonia (1) Ribosomes (2) Mitochondria
→ Spermatid → Sperm (3) Goldi bodies (4) Centrosomes
(2) Spermatogonia → Spermatid →
Spermatocytes → Sperm 96. First meiotic division during Oogenesis
(3) Spermatid → Spermatogonia → occurs in:
Spermatocytes → Sperm (1) Oogonia
(4) Spermatogonia → Primary Spermatocytes (2) Second polar body
→ Secondary Spermatocytes → (3) Primary oocytes
Spermatid → Sperm (4) Secondary oocytes
30
97. The minute cells which separate from 103. The process of spermatogenesis and
the developing ova during their oogenesis in most vertebrates are under
maturation are called the influence of which hormone:
(1) Primary Oogonia (1) Oxytocin (2) FSH
(3) ACTH (4) LH
(2) Secondary Oogonia
(3) Polar bodies 104. Number of eggs released in the life time
(4) Primary spermatogonia of a woman is approximately :
(1) 4,00,000 (2) 450
98. Which of the following is haploid ? (3) 4000 (4) 1,60,000
(1) Primary spermatocytes & primary
105. A glycoprotein non-cellular membrane
Oocytes
which normally surrounds the ovum of a
(2) Secondary spermatocytes & secondary mammal:
Oocytes (1) Corona radiata
(3) Spermatogonia and Oogonia (2) Jelly envelope
(4) Spermatogonia and secondary (3) Zona pellucida
oocyte (4) Granulosa membrane
PY
99. How many sperm and ova will be formed 106. Which one holds corona radiata cells
from 50 secondary oocytes and 50 together ?
secondary spermatocytes ?
O (1) Lipoprotein
C
(1) 50 ova & 200 sperm (2) Liposaccharide
(3) Oligosaccharide
(2) 50 ova & 100 sperm
E
(4) Mucopolysaccharide
(3) 100 ova & 200 sperm
PL
(4) 100 ova & 400 sperm

107. Which is the correct sequence of layers
in the mammalian egg from outside to
M
100. Polar body is produced during the

inside?
formation of:
SA
(1) Zona pellucida, corona radiata,

(1) Sperm (2) Secondary oocyte plasma membrane
(3) Oogonium (4) Spermatocytes (2) Corona radiata, zona pellucida,
plasma membrane
101. A human female has the maximum (3) Plasma membrane, zona pellucida,
number of primary oocytes in her corona radiata
ovaries: (4) Corona radiata, Plasma membrane,
(1) At menopause Zona pellucida,
(2) At Puberty
108. Oocyte is liberated from ovary under the
(3) At Birth influence of LH, after completing:
(4) Early in her fertile years (1) Meiosis I and after liberating second
polar bodies
102. Eggs librated from ovary in human is: (2) Meiosis I and before liberating
(1) Secondary oocyte stage second polar bodies
(2) Primary oocyte stage (3) Meiosis II and liberating second polar
(3) Oogonial stage bodies
(4) Mature ovum stage (4) Meiosis II after release of first polar
body
31
109. Stage of embryo development at which 116. Site of fertilization in mammal is:
implantation occurs in human female is: (1) Ovary (2) Uterus
(1) Morula (2) Zygote (3) Vagina (4) Fallopian tube
(3) Blastocyst (4) Gastrula 117. Acrosome reaction in sperm is triggeres:
(1) Capaciation
110. Identify the stage of sperm formation
(2) Release of zona lysin
during which the cytoplasmic volume of
(3) Influx of Na+
spermatid reduces:
(4) Release of fertilizin.
(1) Spermiogenesis
(2) Spermatidogenesis 118. Part of sperm involved in penetrating
egg membrane is:
(3) Spermatocytogenesis
(1) Tail (2) Acrosome
(4) Spermiation
(3) Middle Piece (4) Centriole
111. Secondary egg membrane is formed by: -
119. If Cowper’s gland is removed, then
(1) Oocyte (2) uterus which of the following would be
(3) oviduct (4) ovary affected?
(1) Sexual attraction
112. At what stage of life is oogenesis (2) Capacitation of sperms
initiated in a human female ?
(3) Copulation and fertilization
(1) At puberty (4) Hardness of penis
(2) During menarch
120. Which one of the following is incorrect ?
(3) During menopause
(1) Fertilization follows capacitation
(4) During embryonic development
(2) Cleavage of fertilized ovum results in
113. The acrosome plays a role in: blastula
(3) Fusion of sperm and ovum occurs in
(1) Fussion of nuclei of gametes
fallopian tube
(2) Motality of sperm
(4) Cleavage leads to increase in the
(3) Penetration of sperm in to ovum mass of protoplasm
(4) All of the above
121. Which of the following enzyme helps
114. The change in a mammalian sperm sperm to penetrate zona pellucida ?
which prepares it to fertilize the ovum is (1) Hyaluronidase
termed: (2) Neuraminidase
(1) Maturation (2) Preparation (3) Acrosin/zonalysin
(3) Capacitation (4) etamorphosis (4) Corona penetrating enzyme
115. Fertilization is: 122. Why do all copulations not lead to

fertilisation and pregnancy ? The root
(1) Union of diploid spermatozoa with
cause is .......
diploid ovum to form diploid zygote
(1) Due to numerous sperms and one
(2) Union of haploid sperm with haploid
ovum
ovum to form haploid zygote
(2) Due to less progesterone
(3) Union of haploid sperm with haploid
(3) Ovum and sperms are not
ovum to form diploid zygote transported simultaneously to the
(4) Union of diploid sperm with haploid ampullary region.
ovum to form triploid zygote (4) Due to non-formation of corpus luteum
32
123. Intermixing of cytoplasm of sperm and 131. The first movements of the foetus and
egg is known as: – apperance of hair on the head are
(1) Syngamy (2) Karyogamy usually observed during the:
(3) Amphimixis (4) Plasmogamy (1) 3rd month (2) 4th month
(3) 5th month (4) 8th month
124. Clevage starts in zygote:
(1) In Uterus 132. Archenteron is cavity in:
(2) In Fallopian tube (1) Blastula (2) Gastrula
(3) In Vagina (3) Zygote (4) Morula
(4) Cervix
133. Blastopore is the pore of:
125. Which of the following releases inhibin (1) Archenteron (2) Blastocoel
to control spermatogenesis?
(3) Coelom (4) Albumin cavity
(1) Rete testis
(2) Sustentacular cells 134. Morphogenetic movements can be seen
(3) Leydig’s cells (4) Follicular cells in:
(1) Marula (2) Blastula
126. Which of the following characteristics
PY
(3) Gastrula (4) Placenta
does not belong to cleavage ?
(1) Decrease in size of blastomeres. 135. Gastrulation is a process of:
(2) Rapid mitotic cell division.
(3) Interphase of very short duration.
O (1) Formation of archenteron
C
(2) Migration of prospective
(4) Differention of blastomeres. endomesodermal cells
(3) Differentiation of three primary germ
E
127. Which hormone is secreted in women

layers
PL
only during the pregnancy?

(4) All of the above
(1) Progesterone (2) hPL
M
(3) Estrogen (4) Thyroxin 136. Correct sequence in development is:

(1) Fertilization → Zygote → Cleavage
SA
128. In male, penis is covered by a loose fold

→ Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
of skin called as: -
(2) Fertilization → Zygote → Blastula
(1) Foreskin
→ Morula → Cleavage → Gastrula
(2) Urethral meatus
(3) Fertilization → Cleavage → Morula
(3) External genitalia
→ Zygote → Blastula → Gastrula
(4) Fimbriae
(4) Cleavage → Zygote → Fertilization
129. What is true for cleavage ? → Morula → Blastula → Gastrula
(1) Size of embryo increases 137. Stage of embryonic development in
(2) Size of Blastomeres decrease which differentiation of cell occurs:
(3) Size of Blastomeres increase (1) Blastula (2) Morula
(4) Size of embryo decreases (3) Gastrula (4) Neurula
130. Three germ layers are formed during 138. Solid ball of cell produced by repeated
which stage of Embryonic development: cleavage is called:
(1) Morula (2) Blastrula
(1) Gastrula (2) Blastula
(3) Gastrula (4) In any two stages
(3) Morula (4) Neurula
33
139. Which of the following statements is 147. The 16 cells stage of the human embryo is:
wrong? (1) Smaller than the fertilized egg
(1) Mammary lobes contain clusters
(2) Same size as the fertilized egg
called as alveoli.
(2) The last part of the oviduct is called (3) Two times of the size of the fertilized egg
as ampulla. (4) Four times the size of the fertilized egg
(3) Stroma of ovary is divided into two
zone 148. Match the following and choose the
(4) Uterus is also called as womb. correct
options:
140. In which stage of development the
embryonic cells form the germinal layers Set-I Set-II
by the movement: Embedding of
(1) Morula (2) Blastula A. Trophoblast (i) blastocyst in the
(3) Gastrula (4) Nerula endometrium
Group of the cells that
141. In which phase of menstrual cycle B. Cleavage (ii) would differentiated as
Graafian follicle is transformed into
embryo
corpus luteum?
(1) Proliferative phase Inner cell Outer layer of blastocyst
C. (iii)
(2) Luteal phase mass attached to the endometerium
(3) Growth phase
(4) Follicular phase D. Implantation (iv) Mitotic division of zygote
142. In human embryo the extra embryonic (1) A-ii, B-i, C-iii, D-iv
membrane are formed by: (2) A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i
(1) Inner cell mass (2) Trophoblast (3) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii
(3) Formative cells (4) Follicles cells (4) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i
143. During preganancy, the urine of female
would contain: 149. After one month of pregrancy, the
(1) LH (2) Progesterone embryo’s ..A.. is formed. By the end of
(3) FSH (4) HCG the ..B.. month of pregnancy , the foetus
develops limbs and digits. By the end of
144. During fertilization, a sperm comes in
..C.. most of the major organ systems
contact with which layer of the ovum?
(1) Jelly coat are formed for example, the limbs and
(2) Vitelline membrane external genital organs are well-
(3) Perivitelline space developed. By the end of ..D.. the body
(4) Zona pellucida is covered with fine hair, eyelids
separate, and eyelashes are formed.
145. Which germ layer develops first during Here A to D refers to
embryonic development ?
(1) A–heart, B–second, C–first
(1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm
trimester, D–second trimester
(3) Endoderm (4) Both (2) and (3)
(2) A–heart, B–second, C–first month,
146. The fertilized egg in human female is D–second month
implanted in the uterus after:
(3) A–heart, B–second, C–first week,
(1) One month of fertilization
D– second week
(2) Two months of fertilization
(3) Three weeks of fertilization (4) A–heart, B–fourth, C–first trimester,
(4) About seven days of fertilization D–second trimester
34
150. Find out the incorrect match w.r.t. 153. In parturition process, which of the
development in humans: following does not happen:
(1) By the end of 24 weeks – Eye lids (1) Oxytocin Hormone is secreted by
separate and eyelashes are formed posterior pituitory
(2) By the end of 8 weeks – Appearance (2) Relaxin hormone responsible for
of hair on head and first movement narrowing of pelvic cavity
of foetus (3) Progesterone hormone secretion is
(3) By the end of 12 weeks – Limbs and stopped
external genital organs are well (4) Vigorous contractions of the uterus
developed
(4) By the end of 4 weeks – Heart is 154. The expulsion of completely developed
formed foetus from the uterus is known as:
(1) Ovulation (2) Oviposition
151. Placenta is the region where: (3) Gestation (4) Parturition
(1) Foetus is attached to mother by
spermatic cord
155. Which of the following placental
(2) Foetus is provided with mother's
PY
hormone takes over the function of LH
blood
and maintains corpus luteum of
(3) Foetus receives nourishment from
pregnancy ?
mother's blood O (1) Human chorionic somatomammotropin
C
(4) Foetus is covered by membranes.
(2) Human chorionic corticotropin
152. Villi of human placenta develop from: (3) Human chorionic thyrotropin
E
(1) Chorion (2) Allantois (4) Human chorionic gonadotropin

PL
(3) Yolk sac (4) Amnion

M
ANSWER KEY
SA
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 1 3 2
Que. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. 2 4 3 4 1 1 3 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 3 4 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 1
Que. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
Ans. 3 1 4 3 1 3 3 4 3 4 4 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 3 4 4 2 3
Que. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 4 1 4 3 1 4 4 2 4 3 1 3 4 1 4 3 4 4 1 4 3 3 2 2 2
Que. 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
Ans. 3 1 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 2 2
Que. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
Ans. 4 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 4 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 4 3 4 2 2 1 2
Que. 151 152 153 154 155
Ans. 3 1 2 4 4
35
Exercise - II
1. Fructose is present in the secretion of: 8. Read the following statement carefully
and choose the incorrect statements:
(1) Corpus spongiosum
(1) The secretions of prostate glands
(2) Seminal vesicles also helps in the lubrication of the
(3) Bartholin gland penis.
(2) The stroma of ovary divided into two
(4) Prostate gland
zones – a peripheral cortex and an
inner medulla.
2. The part of fallopian tube closer to
(3) In between seminiferous tubules
ovary: leydig cells and some
(1) Ampula (2) Isthmus immunologically competent cells are
(3) Infundibulum (4) Fundus present.
(4) By the end of the second month of
3. Each testis has how many testicular pregnancy, the foetus develops
limbs and digits.
lobules:
(1) 100 (2) 150 (3) 250 (4) 750 9. Ovulation is:
(1) Releasing of secondary oocyte from ovary
4. The glans penis is covered by a loose (2) Releasing of primary oocyte from ovary
(3) Releasing of polar body
fold of skin is called:
(4) Releasing of graffian follicle
(1) Foreskin (2) Spermatic cord
10. For normal fertility, how many
(3) Gubernaculum (4) Fimbriae percentage of sperm must have normal
shape and size:
5. The fimbriae help in: (1) 50 % (2) 25 % (3) 40 % (4) 60 %
(1) Collection of the ovum after ovulation
11. In which duration of menstrual cycle
(2) Maintain the shape of ovary both LH & FSH attain a peak level:
(3) Provide the path to sperm during (1) In last week
(2) Middle of cycle
fertilization
(3) Initial days of cycle
(4) Release of ovum from ovary. (4) 4th day of cycle
6. Which statement is wrong ? 12. Which statement is not correct ?

(1) In the absence of fertilization, the
(1) Mammary lobes containing clusters
corpus luteum degenerates
of cells called alveoli (2) During pregnancy all events of
(2) Uterus is also called womb menstrual cycle stop
(3) The secretion of LH & FSH decreases
(3) The last part of the oviduct is called
gradually during the follicular phase
Ampulla
(4) The menstrual flow results due to
(4) Stroma of ovary divided into two breakdown of endometrial lining
zones - cortex and medulla
13. In which phase of menstrual cycle
7. Spermatogenesis start at puberty due to Graffian follicle transform as the corpus
significant increase in the secretion of: luteum.
(1) GnRH (2) Ertrogen (1) Luteal (2) Proliferation
(3) Oxytocin (4) Progesterone (3) Follicular (4) Growth
36
14. Which hormones is essential for 21. Which hormone level reaches peak
maintenance of the endometrium? during the luteal phase of menstrual
(1) FSH (2) LH cycle?
(1) Luteinising hormone
(3) Progesterone (4) Testosterone
(2) Progesterone
(3) FSH
15. Which of the following is an indicator of
(4) Estrogen
normal reproductive phase and extends
between menarche and menopause? 22. Placenta contains:
(1) Only chorionic villi
(1) Menstruation cycle (2) Estrous cycle
(2) Only uterine tissue
(3) Ovulation (4) Implantation (3) Chorionic villi + uterine tissue
(4) Trophoblast + chorionic villi
16. Fertilization takes place at:
23. The average duration of human
(1) Cervix
pregnancy is about nine months which is
(2) Ampullary region of fallopian tube called:
(3) Infundibulum region of fallopian tube (1) Gestation period (2) Parturition
(3) Lactation (4) Implantation
PY
(4) Uterus
24. Parturition is induced by:
17. The embryo with 8 to 16 blastomeres is (1) A complex neuroendocrine mechanism
called:
O (2) A simple neuroendo crine mechanism
C
(1) Morula (2) Blastula (3) A neuro exocrine mechanism
(3) Gastrula (4) Foetus (4) A physio-chemical mechanism
E
25. Which hormon acts on the uterus during

18. During fertilization, a sperm comes in
PL
parturition ?
contact with which layer of the ovum. (1) Oxytocin (2) LH
(1) Jelly coat (3) Estrogen (4) Relaxin
M
(2) Zona pellucida 26. Which gland of female undergo

SA
(3) Vitelline membrane differentiation during pregnancy ?

(4) Perivitelline space (1) Thyroid (2) Mammary
(3) Pituitary (4) Thymus
19. Function of placenta is:
27. Which is correct for colostrum ?
(1) Supply of O2 to embryo (1) It contains severel antibodies
(2) Removal of CO2 produced by the embryo (2) It produced during the last days of
lactation
(3) Produces several hormones
(3) It is a pheromone
(4) All of above (4) It is white in colour
20. The first sign of growing foetus may be 28. Placenta acts as an endocrine tissue and
produces several hormones like:
noticed by:
A.Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
(1) Listening to the heart sound
B. Human placental lactogen (hPL)
carefully through the stethoscope C.Estrogens D.Progesterone
(2) Apperance of hair E. FSH F. LH
(3) Apperance of head (1) A, B, E & F (2) B only
(4) Apperance of eye lids (3) A, B & C (4) A, B, C & D
37
29. Which of the following group of 30. In mammals the female secondary
hormones are produced in women only sexual characters are developed mainly
during pregnancy ? by the hormone
(1) hCG, hPL relaxin (1) Relaxin
(2) Estrogen, progesterone, hCG (2) Estrogens
(3) Cortison, prolactin, thyroxine (3) Progesterone
(4) Prolactin, progesterone, hCG (4) Gonadotropins
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 1
Que. 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 1 4 1 2
38
Exercise – III (Previous Year Questions)

(AIPMT 2007) 7. Secretions from which one of the
1. In the human female, menstruation can following are rich in fructose, calcium
be deferred by the administration of: and enzymes ?
(1) FSH only (1) Male accessory glands
(2) LH only (2) Liver
(3) Combination of FSH and LH (3) Pancreas
(4) Combination of estrogen and progesterone (4) Salivary glands
8. Which one of the following statements
(AIPMT 2008) about morula in humans is correct ?
2. In humans, at the end of the first (1) It has more cytoplasm and more
meiotic division, the male germ cells DNA than an uncleaved zygote
differentiate into the:- (2) It has almost equal quantity of
(1) Spermatids cytoplasm as an uncleaved zygote
(2) Spermatozonia but much more DNA
(3) Primary spermatocytes (3) It has far less cytoplasm as well as
PY
(4) Secondary spermatocytes less DNA than in an uncleaved
zygote
(AIPMT 2009)
O (4) It has more or less equal quantity of
3. Foetal ejection reflex in human female is
cytoplasm and DNA as in uncleaved
induced by:
C
zygote
(1) Release of oxytocin from pituitary
(2) Fully developed foetus and placenta 9. The second maturation division of the
E
(3) Differentiation of mammary glands mammalian ovum occurs:

PL
(4) Pressure exerted by amniotic fluid (1) In the Graafian follicle following the
first maturation division
4. A change in the amount of yolk and its
(2) Shortly after ovulation before the
M
distribution in the egg will effect: ovum makes entry into the Fallopian
SA
(1) Pattern of cleavage tube

(2) Number of blastomeres produced (3) Until after the ovum has been
(3) Fertilization penetrated by a sperm
(4) Forrmation of zygote (4) Until after nucleus of the sperm has
fused with that the ovum
(AIPMT 2010)
10. Which one of the following statements
5. The part of fallopian tube closest to the
about human sperm is correct ?
ovary is
(1) Acrosome serves no particular function
(1) Ampulla (2) Isthmus
(2) Acrosome has a conical pointed
(3) Infundibulum (4) Cervix
structure used for piercing and
6. Signals from fully developed foetus and penetrating the egg resulting in
placenta ultimately lead to parturition fertilization
which requires the release of: (3) The sperm lysins in the acrosome
(1) Estrogen from placenta dissolve the egg envelope facilitating
(2) Oxytocin from maternal pituitary fertilization
(3) Oxytocin from foetal pituitary (4) Acrosome serves as a sensory
(4) Relaxin from placenta structure leading the sperm towards
the ovum
39
11. Sertoli cells are found in: (1) (I) Perimetrium, (II) Myometrium, (III)
(1) Pancreas and secrete cholecystokinn Fallopian tube
(2) Ovaries and secrete progesterone
(2) (II) Endometrium, (III) Infundibulum,
(3) Adrenal cortex and secrete adrenaline
(4) Seminiferous tubules and provide (IV) Fimbriae
nutrition to germ cells (3) (III) Infundibulum, (IV) Fimbriae, (V)
12. Vasa efferentia are the ductules leading Cervix
from: (4) (IV) Oviducal funnel, (V) Uterus, (VI)
(1) Epididymis to urethra Cervix
(2) Testicular lobules to Rete testis
(3) Rete testis to epididymis 17. The testes in humans are situated
(4) Vas deferens to epididymis outside the abdominal cavity inside a
13. Seminal plasma in human males is rich pouch called scrotum. The purpose
in:
served is for
(1) Ribose and potassium
(2) Fructose and calcium (1) Providing a secondary sexual feature
(3) Glucose and calcium for exhibiting the male sex
(4) DNA and testosterone (2) Maintaining the scrotal temperature
14. The first movements of the foetus and lower than the internal body
appearance of hair on its head are temperature
usually observed during which month of
(3) Escaping any possible compression
pregnancy?
(1) Third month (2) Fourth month by the visceral organs
(3) Fifth month (4) Sixth month (4) Providing more space for the growth
15. In human female the blastocyst: of epididymis

(1) Forms placenta even before
18. If for some reason, the vasa efferentia in
implantation
(2) Gets implanted into uterus 3 days the human reproductive system get
after ovulation blocked, the gametes will not be
(3) Gets nutrition from uterine transported from:
endometrial secretion only after
(1) Vagina to uterus
implantation
(4) Gets implanted in endometrium by (2) Testes to epididymis
the trophoblasts cells (3) Epididymis to vas deferens
(4) Ovary to uterus
(AIPMT 2011)
16. The figure given below depicts a 19. What happens during fertilisation in
diagrammatic sectional view of the humans after many sperms reach close
female reproductive system of humans.
to the ovum ?
Which one set of three parts out of I -
IV have been correctly identified ? (1) Cells of corona radiata trap all the
(AIPMT 2011) sperms except one
(2) Only two sperms nearest the ovum
penetrate zona pellucida
(3) Secretions of acrosome helps one
sperm enter cytoplasm of ovum
through zona pellucida
(4) All sperm except the one nearest to
the ovum lose their tails
40
20. Given below is an incomplete table 24. Which one of the following statements
about certain hormones, their source is false in respect of viability of
glands and one major effect of each on mammalian sperm?
the body in humans. Identify the correct (1) Sperms must be connected in a
option for the three blanks A, B and C: - thick suspension
Gland Secretion Effect on Body (2) Sperm is viable for only up to 24 hours
A Oestrogen Maintenance of secondary (3) Survival of sperm depends on the pH
sexual characters of the medium and is more active in
Alpha Cells of is B alkaline medium
Raises blood sugar level
lets of Langerhans (4) Viability of sperm is determined by
Anterior C Over secretion its motality.
pituitary leads to gigantism
(AIPMT Mains 2012)
Options
A B C 25. The secretory phase in the human
(1) Ovary Insulin Vasopressin menstrual cycle is also called:
(2) Ovary Insulin Calcitonin (1) Follicular phase and lasts for about 13 days
(3) Ovary Glucagon Growth hormone (2) Luteal phase and lasts for about 6 days
PY
(4) Placenta Glucagon Calcitonin (3) Follicular phase lasting for about 6 days
(4) Luteal phase and lasts for about 14 days
21.
(AIPMT 2012)
The Leydig cells as found in the human
O (NEET 2013)
C
body are the secretory source of: 26. Which one of the following is not the
(1) Glucagon (2) Androgens function of placenta ? It:
E
(3) Progesterone (4) Intestinal mucus (1) Secretes estrogen

PL
(2) Facilitates removal of carbon dioxide

22. In a normal pregnant woman, the and waste material from embryo
amount of total gonadotropin activity
M
(3) Secretes oxytocin during parturition

was assessed. The result expected was: (4) Facilitates supply of oxygen and
SA
(1) High level of circulating HCG to nutrients to embryo

stimulate estrogen and progesterone
synthesis 27. Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of:
(2) High level of circulating FSH and LH (1) FSH
in the uterus to stimulate (2) Oxytocin
implantation of the embryo (3) Vasopressin
(3) High level of circulating HCG to (4) Progesterone
stimulate endometrial thickening
28. What is the correct sequence of sperm
(4) High level of FSH and LH in uterus to
formation?
stimulate endometrial thickening
(1) Spermatogonia, spermatocyte,
spermatozoa, spermatid
23. Signals for parturition originate from:
(2) Spermatogonia, spermatozoa,
(1) Fully developed foetus only
spermatocyte, spermatid
(2) Both placenta as well as fully
(3) Spermatogonia, spermatocyte,
developed foetus
spermatid, spermatozoa
(3) Oxytocin released from maternal
(4) spermatid, spermatocyte,
pituitary
spermatogonia, spermatozoa
(4) Placenta only
41
(AIPMT 2013) 35. Which of the following cells during

29. The main function of mammalian gametogenesis is normally diploid ?
corpus luteum is to produce: (1) Secondary spermatocyte
(1) Extrogen only (2) Primary polar body
(2) Progesterone (3) Spermatid
(3) Human chorionic gonadotropin (4) Spermatogonia
(4) Relaxin only
(Re-AIPMT 2015)
(AIPMT 2014) 36. Ectopic pregnancies are referred to as:
(1) Pregnancies terminated due to
30. The shared terminal duct of the hormonal imbalance
reproductive and urinary system in the (2) Pregnancies with genetic abnormality
human male is: (3) Implantation of embryo at site other
(1) Urethra than uterus
(2) Ureter (4) Implantation of defective embryo in
(3) Vas deferens the uterus
(4) Vasa efferentia
37. Which of the following events is not
associated with ovulation in human
31. Select the correct option describing
female?
gonadotropin activity in a normal
(1) LH surge
pregnant female:
(2) Decrease in estradiol
(1) High level of FSH and LH stimulates (3) Full development of Graafian follicle
the thickening of endometrium. (4) Release of secondary oocyte
(2) High level of FSH and LH facilitate
implantation of the embryo. 38. In human females, meiosis-II is not
(3) High level of hCG stimulates the completed until:
synthesis of estrogen and (1) Birth
(2) Puberty
progesterone.
(3) Fertilization
(4) High level of hCG stimulates the
(4) Uterine implantation
thickening of endometrium.
39. Which of the following layers in an antral
(AIPMT 2015)
follicle is acellular?
32. Hysterectomy is surgical removal of: (1) Zona pellucida (2) Granulosa
(1) Mammary glands (2) Uterus (3) Theca (4) Stroma
(3) Prostate glands (4) Vas-deference (NEET 2016)
40. Fertilization in humans is practically
33. Which of these is not an important
feasible only if:
component of initiation of parturition in
(1) The sperms are transported into
humans ? vagina just after the release of ovum
(1) Release of prolactin in fallopian tube
(2) Increase in estrogen and (2) The ovum and sperms are
progesterone ratio transported simultaneously to
(3) Synthesis of prostaglandins ampullary isthmic junction of the
(4) Release of oxytocin fallopian tube
(3) The ovum and sperms are transported
34. Capacitation refers to changes in the: simultaneously to ampullary - isthmic
(1) Sperm after fertilization junction of the cervix.
(2) Sperm before fertilization (4) The sperms are transported into
(3) Ovum before fertilization cervix within 48 hrs of release of
(4) Ovum after fertilization ovum in uterus.
42
41. Select the incorrect statement: 46. Identify the correct statement on
(1) FSH stimulates the sertoli cells 'inhibin':-
which help in spermiogenesis (1) Inhibits the secretion of LH, FSH and
Prolactin.
(2) LH triggers ovulation in ovary
(2) Is produced by granulose cells in
(3) LH and FSH decrease gradually ovary and inhibits the secretion of FSH.
during the follicular phase (3) Is produced by granulose cells in
(4) LH triggers secretion of androgens ovary and inhibits the secretion of LH.
from the Leydig cells (4) Is produced by nurse cells in testes
and inhibits the secretion of LH.
42. Which of the following is incorrect (NEET 2017)
regarding vasectomy ?
(1) Vasa deferentia is cut and tied 47. Capacitation occurs in:
(1) Rete testis
(2) Irreversible sterility (2) Epididymis
(3) No sperm occurs in seminal fluid (3) Vas deferens
(4) No sperm occurs in epididymis (4) Female Reproductive tract
43. Which of the following dipicts the correct 48. GnRH, a hypothalamic hormone, needed
in reproduction, acts on:
pathway of transport of sperms ?
(1) anterior pituitary gland and
PY
(1) Rete testis → Vas deferens → stimulates secretion of LH and FSH.
Efferent ductules → Epididymis (2) posterior pituitary gland and
(2) Efferent ductules → Rete testis →
Vas deferens → Epididymis
O stimulates secretion of oxytocin and FSH.
(3) posterior pituitary gland and
C
stimulates secretion of LH and relaxin.
(3) Rete testis → Efferent ductules → (4) anterior pituitary gland and
Epididymis → Vas deferens stimulates secretion of LH and
E
(4) Rete testis → Epididymis → Efferent oxytocin.

PL
(NEET 2018)
ductules → Vas deferens
49. Hormones secreted by the placenta to
maintain pregnancy are:
M
44. Match Column-I with Column-II and

(1) hCG, hPL, progestogens, prolactin
select the correct option using the (2) hCG, hPL, estrogens, relaxin, oxytocin
SA
codes given below: (3) hCG, hPL, progestogens, estrogens

(4) hCG, progestogens, estrogens,
Column I Column II glucocorticoids
a Mons pubis i Embryo formation
50. The difference between spermiogenesis
b Antrum ii Sperm and spermiation is:
Female external (1) In spermiogenesis spermatids are
c Trophectoderm iii
genitalia formed, while in spermiation
d Nebenkern iv Graffian follicle spermatozoa are formed.
Codes: (2) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are
formed, while in spermiation
a b c d
spermatids are formed.
(1) iii i iv ii (3) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa from
(2) i iv iii ii sertoli cells are released into the
(3) iii iv ii i cavity of seminiferous tubules, while
(4) iii iv i ii in spermiation spermatozon are
formed.
45. Several hormones like hCG, hPL, (4) In spermiogenesis spermatozoa are
formed, while in spermiation
estrogen, progesterone are produced by:
spermatozoa are released from
(1) Fallopian tube (2) Pituitary sertoli cells into the cavity of
(3) Ovary (4) Placenta seminiferous tubules.
43
51. Match the items given in Column I with (NEET 2020)

those in column II and select the correct
option given below: 55. Which of the following hormone levels
Column-I Column-II will cause release of ovum (ovulation)
Breakdown of from the graffian follicle ?
a. Proliferative Phase i. endometrial (1) High concentration of Progesterone
lining (2) Low concentration of LH
b. Secretory Phase ii. Follicular Phase (3) Low concentration of FSH
c. Menstruation iii. Luteal Phase (4) High concentration of Estrogen
a b c 56. Meiotic division of the secondary oocyte
(1) iii i ii
(2) iii ii i is completed:
(3) ii iii i (1) At the time of copulation
(4) i iii ii (2) After zygote formation
(NEET 2019) (3) At the time of fusion of a sperm with
52. Select the correct sequence for an ovum
transport of sperm cells in male (4) Prior to ovulation
reproductive system.
(1) Seminiferous tubules → Vasa 57. Match the following columns and select
efferetia Epididymis → Inguinal the correct option.
canal → Urethra
Column-I Column-II
(2) Testis → Epididymis → Vasa
(a) Placenta (i) Androgens
efferentia → Vas deferens →
Ejaculatory duct → Inguinal canal → (b) Zona pellucida (ii) HumanChoronic
Urethra → Urethral meatus Gonadotropin
(3) Testis → Epididymis → Vasa (hCG)
efferentia → Rete testis → Inguinal
canal → Urethra (c) Bulbo-urethral (iii) Layer of the
(4) Seminiferous tubules → Rete testis
glands ovum
→ Vasa efferentia → Epididymis →
Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct →
Urethra → Urethral meatus (d) Leydig cells (iv) Lubrication of
the Penis
53. Extrusion of second polar body from egg
nucleus occurs: (a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) before entry of sperm into ovum (1) (i) (iv) (iii) (iv)
(2) simultaneously with first cleavage (2) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(3) after entry of sperm but before (3) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
fertilization
(4) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(4) after fertilization
(NEET 2020 (Covid-19))
(NEET(UG) 2019 (Odisha)) 58. In human beings, at the end of 12 weeks
54. No new follicles develop in the luteal
(first trimester) of pregnancy, the
phase of the mensturual cycle because:
(1) Follicles do not remain in the ovary following is observed: -
after ovlation (1) Eyelids and eyelashes are formed
(2) FSH levels are high in the luteal (2) Most of the major organ systems are
phase formed
(3) LH levels are high in the luteal phase
(3) The head is covered with fine hair
(4) Both FSH and LH levels are low in
the luteal phase (4) Movement of the foetus
44
59. Select the correct option of haploid cells (NEET 2022)

from the following groups: – 64. At which stage of life the oogenesis
(1) Primary oocyte, Secondary oocyte, process is initiated?
Spermatid (1) Puberty
(2) Secondary spermatocyte, First polar (2) Embryonic development stage
(3) Birth
body, Ovum
(4) Adult
(3) Spermatogonia, Primary spermatocyte,
Spermatid 65. Which of the following statements are
(4) Primary spermatocyte, Secondary true for spermatogenesis but do not
spermatocyte, Second polar body
hold true for Oogenesis?
(a) It results in the formation of haploid
60. Match the following columns and select
gametes
the correct option: –
(b) Differentiation of gamete occurs
Column - I Column - II
after the completion of meiosis
Human chorionic
(a) Ovary (i) (c) Meiosis occurs continuously in a
Gonadotropin
mitotically dividing stem cell
Estrogen &
(b) Placenta (ii) population
Progesterone
PY
(d) It is controlled by the Luteinising
(c) Corpus luteum (iii) Androgens
hormone (LH) and Follicle
(d) Leyding cells (iv) Progesterone Only
Stimulating Hormone (FSH) secreted
(1) (a)–(iv), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(i)
(2) (a)–(i), (b)–(ii), (c)–(iii), (d)–(iv)
O by the anterior pituitary
C
(3) (a)–(i), (b)–(iii), (c)–(ii), (d)–(iv) (e) It is initiated at puberty
(4) (a)–(ii), (b)–(i), (c)–(iv), (d)–(iii) Choose the most appropriate answer
E
from the options given below:

(NEET 2021) (1) (c) and (e) only
PL
(2) (b) and (c) only

61. Receptors for sperm binding in (3) (b), (d) and (e) only
M
mammals are present on: (4) (b), (c) and (e) only
(1) Corona radiata
SA
(2) Vitelline membrane 66. Given below are two statements :

(3) Perivitelline space Statement I :
(4) Zona pellucida The release of sperms into the
seminiferous tubules is called
62. Which of these is not an important spermiation.
component of initiation of parturition in Statement II : Spermiogenesis is the
humans? process of formation of sperms from
(1) Increase in estrogen and spermatogonia.
progesterone ratio In the light of the above statements,
choose the most appropriate answer
(2) Synthesis of prostaglandins
from the options given below :
(3) Release of Oxytocin
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II
(4) Release of Prolactin
are correct
(2) Both Statement I and Statement II
63. Which of the following secretes the
are incorrect
hormone, relaxin, during the later phase (3) Statement I is correct but
of pregnancy? Statement II is incorrect
(1) Graafian follicle (2) Corpus luteum (4) Statement I is incorrect but
(3) Foetus (4) Uterus Statement II is correct
45
(Re-NEET 2022) 69. Given below are two statements : one is

labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is
67. Arrange the components of mammary labelled as Reason (R).
gland. (from proximal to distal) Assertion (A) :
(a) Mammary duct During pregnancy the level of thyroxine
(b) Lactiferous duct is increased in the maternal blood.
(c) Alveoli Reason (R) :
(d) Mammary ampulla Pregnancy is characterised by metabolic
(e) Mammary tubules changes in the mother.
Choose the most appropriate answer In the light of the above statements,
from the options given below : choose the most appropriate answer
(1) (c) → (a) → (d) → (e) → (b) from the options given below :
(2) (b) → (c) → (e) → (d) → (a) (1) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is
the correct explanation of (A)
(3) (c) → (e) → (a) → (d) → (b)
(2) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is
(4) (e) → (c) → (d) → (b) → (a)
not the correct explanation of (A)
68. How many secondary spermatocytes are (3) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
required to form 400 million spermatozoa ? (4) (A) is not correct but (R) is corrects
(1) 50 million (2) 100 million
(3) 200 million (4) 400 million
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 4 4 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 4
Que. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. 3 4 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 3 4 4 2 4 1 3 4
Que. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69
Ans. 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 3 3 3 1
46
PY
O
C
E
PL
M
SA
47

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FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FERTILISation AND IMPLANTATION

PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC

PARTURITION AND LACTATION

“An original is a creation by desire. Any reproduction of an originals

3.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male Reproductive System

Testes are located outside the abdomen

Seminal Epididymis Through the inguinal canal, scrotum

Fig. 3.1.1 Male reproductive system

Rete testis Visceral layer Tunica

Undergoes meiosis to form

Sertoli cells (AIPMT 2010) Provides nutrition to germ cells

Vasa efferentia conducts sperms to the

Urethra originates from the urinary bladder

5 and opens to extend through the penis to

 Male accessory glands are:

• One pair of sac-like structure present near the base of

Single large gland

• Present in a pair on either side of the membranous

Secretions of these glands constitute the seminal plasma which is NCERT

3.2 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Female Reproductive System

Accessory External Accessory

Ovaries are the primary female sex

 Fallopian tubes are 10-12 cm long, ciliated, muscular,

 It has a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum

opens into the uterus.

It is divided into Uterus opens into

Uterus wall has three

• It exhibits contraction during • It lines

3.2.1 EXTERNAL GENITALIA

Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora

covered partially by a membrane called

at the upper junction of the two labia

side of the urethral orifice.

3.2.2 MAMMARY GLANDS

Suckling generates nerve impulse

Stimulates posterior Nerve impulse

Pectoralis major muscles

Chest Blood vessel

Suckling by Circulates to alveoli

Process of formation of sperms Process of formation of ovum

2 stages: Foetal life- Formation

Fig. 3.3.1 Representation showing spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules

At puberty in males, Sperms are finally

Spermatogonium is a diploid Then sperm heads get

Flowchart showing the process of spermatogenesis

 The whole process of spermatogenesis is under regulation by the hypothalamic hormone,

Flowchart showing hormonal control of spermatogenesis

Tail Midpiece Head

Proximal centriole Acrosome

Fig. 3.3.2 Structure of a sperm

Primary Primary Developing

Secondary oocyte, arrested

follicle. (NEET 2013)

around it called the zona pellucida.

Secondary oocyte completes meiosis II during fertilisation to release ovum

Male accessory glands are:

Fallopian tubes are 10-12 cm long, ciliated, muscular,

It has a funnel-shaped structure called the infundibulum

The whole process of spermatogenesis is under regulation by the hypothalamic hormone,

3.4 MENSTRUAL CYCLE

the secretion of FSH and LH. (NEET 2016)

other than the uterus. (NEET 2015)