02 Biological Classification Ncert Master For Neet-Ug

Chapter 2
Biological Classification
ROBERT H. WHITTAKER (1969)

Organisms Two Kingdom
Classification
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic z Given by Linnaeus
z Divided into Plantae
Monera & Animalia
Unicellular Multicellular
Three Domain of
Protista
Life (Six Kingdom)
With cell wall Without cell wall z This system divide
the Kingdom
Monera into two
Phototrophic Heterotrophic
domain.
Plantae Fungi z Remaining
Kingdom in 3rd
domain.
Characteristics of Five Kingdoms
Five Kingdoms
Characters
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell wall Noncellulosic Present in some Present with Present Absent
(Polysaccharide + chitin (cellulose)
amino acid)
Nuclear Absent Present Present Present Present
membrane
Body Cellular Cellular Multicellular/ Tissue/organ Tissue/organ/
organisation loose tissue organ system
Mode of Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
nutrition (Chemosynthetic and (Photosynthetic) (Saprophytic/ (Photosyn- (Holozoic/
photosynthetic) and and Hetero- Parasitic) thetic) Saprophytic
Heterotrophic (sapro- trophic etc.)
phytic/parasitic)
MONERA
Kingdom Monera
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
(primitive bacteria) (true bacteria)
Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles

(methane producing (salty/marine (present in acidic
bacteria) bacteria) sulphur springs)
On the basis On the basis On the basis

of staining behaviour of structure of nutrition
Autotrophic
Gram-Positive Gram-Negative ○ Photosynthetic
Bacteria Bacteria bacteria
○ Purple-sulphur
bacteria
Cocci Bacilli Spirillum Vibrio
Heterotrophic
(rounded) (capsule) (Spiral) (comma-like)
○ Saprophytic
○ Symbiotic
○ Parasitic
PROTISTA
• True nucleus (membrane bound)
Single celled eukaryotes
• Membrane bound organelles
The boundaries of protistia are not well defined
Photosynthetic Plants
protista
Chrysophytes
This group includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids). Diatoms have left
behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat; this accumulation
over billions of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’. Being gritty, this
soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups. Diatoms are the chief
‘producers’ in the oceans.
Dinoflagellates
Most of them have two flagella; one lies longitudinally and the other
transversely in a furrow between the wall plates. Very often, red dinoflagellates
(Example: Gonyaulax) undergo such rapid multiplication that they make the
sea appear red (red tides).
Euglenoids
Though they are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of
sunlight, they behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms.
Slime Moulds
Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. During unfavourable conditions, the
plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their
tips. The spores possess true walls.
Protozoans
Amoeboid: They move and capture their prey by putting out pseudopodia
(false feet) as in Amoeba. Marine forms have silica shells on their surface.
Some of them such as Entamoeba are parasites.
Flagellated: Free-living or parasitic in nature. The parasitic forms cause
disease such as sleeping sickness. Example: Trypanosoma.
Ciliated: These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the
presence of thousands of cilia.
Sporozoans: The most notorious is Plasmodium (malarial parasite) which
causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering effect on human population.
FUNGI
Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead
substrates and hence are called saprophytes. Those that depend on living
plants and animals are called parasites. They can also live as symbionts—
in association with algae as lichens and with roots of higher plants as
mycorrhiza.
Phycomycetes
Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores
(non-motile). Some common examples are Mucor, Rhizopus and Albugo.
Ascomycetes
Commonly known as sac-fungi, the ascomycetes are mostly multicellular,
e.g., Penicillium, or rarely unicellular, e.g., yeast (Saccharomyces). The
asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium
called conidiophores. Sexual spores are called ascospores.e.g., Aspergillus,
Claviceps and Neurospora.
Basidiomycetes
Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi
or puffballs. The sex organs are absent, but plasmogamy is brought about
by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes.
e.g., Rusts and Smuts.
Deuteromycetes
Commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative
phases of these fungi are known. Some examples are Alternaria, Colletotrichum
and Trichoderma.
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms
commonly called plants.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
This kingdom is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are
multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.
Virus
The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by having an
inert crystalline structure outside the living cell. Viruses contain protein and
genetic material, that could be either RNA or DNA.
Viroids
In 1971, T.O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent that was viroids and
they contain only RNA and strictly found in plants.
Prions
It is a types of infectious protein aggregates that can cause different types of
disease. The most notable diseases caused by prions are bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE) commonly called mad cow disease in cattle and its
analogous variant Cr–Jacob disease (CJD) in humans.
Lichens
A symbiotic form of algae and fungi, in which algae provide food and fungi
provide shelter as well as nutrition to algae.
Lichens are very good pollution indicators—they do not grow in
polluted areas.
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Chapter 2

ROBERT H. WHITTAKER (1969)

Methanogens Halophiles Thermoacidophiles

On the basis On the basis On the basis

The boundaries of protistia are not well defined

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