Properties and Applications of Zeolites
Properties and Applications of Zeolites
Properties and Applications of Zeolites
Zeolites
Content
1. Discovery
2. Structure
3. Formation and synthesis
4. Application
Discovery
1756 Zein - to boil
Axel Fredrick Cronstedt Lithos - a stone
Stilbite
Structure
-H2O
H2O
Structure
Si, Al, Be, Mg, P, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ga, Ge, Co, B, Li, As
Definition
1. Crystalline substance.
2. Framework consists of linked tetrahedra.
3. Tetrahedron consists of O atoms surrounding the
cation.
4. Framework contains open cavities.
5. Cavities are usually occupied by H2O molecules and
extra-framework cations that are usually exchangeable.
6. The channels are large enough to pass the guest
species.
7. The framework may be interrupted.
Composition
3D Framework
4-connected net
http://iza-structure.org
245
50
Building units
ZSM-5
Zeolite
Socony
Mobil-five
ZSM-5
Materials FeS-1
MnS-1
Mutinaite
[As-Si-O]-MFI
[Ga-Si-O]-MFI
[Fe-Si-O]-MFI
NU-4
TSZ-III
ZBH
Encilite
AZ-1
TSZ
ZKQ-1B
TS-1
USI-108
ZMQ-TB
NU-5
TZ-01
USC-4
AMS-1B
FZ-1
LZ-105
Bor-C
Boralite C
Silicalite
Formation
Deposits
Natural zeolites
Mixing
NaAl(OH)4+Na2SiO3+NaOH +template, 250C gel formation
Ageing
Nan(AlO2)x(SiO2)yNaOH·zH2O 25-1750C
Hydrothermal crystallization
Nan(AlO2)x(SiO2)y·zH2O
Filtration
Calcination 400-9000C
Synthesis
Composition
Concentrations and reactant ratio
Order of mixing
Temperature
Ageing time
Crystallization time
pH
Stirring/No stirring
Seeding
Templates
Hypothetical zeolites
Various
Many T-atoms
actives
centers
Kt-
exchange
Adsorbents
Molecular sieves
Catalysis
Kt-exchange
Applications: catalysis
Applications: catalysis
Zeolite Y (FAU) 300 000 t
Applications: catalysis
H-ZSM-5 (MFI)
“Polyester” industry
Applications: catalysis
Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Process
5.5 A
H-ZSM-5 (MFI)
Applications: catalysis
Methanol to Olefins (MTO) Process
H-SAPO-34 (CHA)
Applications: Chemical oxidation
TS-1 (MFI)
Applications: Photo-oxidation
Zeolite Y (FAU)
Application: “Ship in a bottle” complex
Applications: “Ship in a bottle” complex
Zeolite Y (FAU) Photo-catalysts
2,4,6-triphenylthiapyrylium cation
Applications: Kt-exchange
Zeolite A (LTA)
1,400 000 t
Ca2+, Mg2+
Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+
Applications: Kt-exchange
Clinoptilolite
(HEU)
500 000 t
134Cs, 137Cs, 90Sr
Applications: Medicine
Applications: Agriculture
Applications: Adsorption
Clinoptilolite (HEU)
Zeolite A (LTA)
Applications: Anion adsorption
Ag+-Zeolite+NaI→Na+-Zeolite+AgI↓
Applications: Adsorption
Applications: Molecular sieves
Applications: Molecular sieves