A Preliminary Survey of Traditional Organic Piscicides From Local Flora of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 7 Issue 1, January-February 2023 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
A Preliminary Survey of Traditional Organic Piscicides from

Local Flora of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India
Dr. Dulal Kumar De1, Dr. Ramaprasad Bhattacharya2, Sreyashri Giri3, Bratati Bhanja4
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, India
2
JDPI, Bikash Bhavan, Kolkata, India
3,4
Research Scholar, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, India
ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Dr. Dulal Kumar

The present work is an extensive field work in different Blocks of De | Dr. Ramaprasad Bhattacharya |
Paschim Medinipur district and review of published literature Sreyashri Giri | Bratati Bhanja "A
concerning piscicidal properties of locally available plants growing in Preliminary Survey of Traditional
this district. It will provide comprehensive information for further Organic Piscicides from Local Flora of
Paschim Medinipur District, West
research. Due to presence of safe phyto-chemical, these plants would
Bengal, India" Published in International
be an eco-friendly alternative of synthetic chemical substances to Journal of Trend in
reduce the chemical hazards in the environment. The present study Scientific Research
provides only preliminary report and may be the source for further and Development
scientific and analytical research to evaluate the efficacy of the toxic (ijtsrd), ISSN:
as well as safe properties of these plants. Total 90 no. of plant species 2456-6470,
belonging to 81 no of Genus, 46 no of Families are enumerated Volume-7 | Issue-1,
alphabetically with scientific names, common Names, ecological February 2023, IJTSRD52759
status, parts used and chemical nature. Traditional plant piscicides pp.822-844, URL:
used by tribes in this district has also been studied. No such work has www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52759.pdf
yet been done in this district.
Copyright © 2023 by author (s) and
KEYWORDS: Herbal Piscicides, Traditional plant piscicide, Paschim International Journal of Trend in
Medinipur District, West Bengal Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
INTRODUCTION
A piscicide is a chemical substance, which stupefy best eco- friendly alternative of unsafe chemical
and or poison the fish. Though traps and nets are pesticide in aquaculture to control fish fry predators
important tools used for capture fishes from rivers and unwanted fishes from aquaculture ponds. These
and streams but use of various plants as fish poison are valuable one due to the properties of eco -friendly,
(called Herbal piscicide) is also a very old practice in ease of availability, high efficiency, less toxicity to
the history. The main objective of this work is to non-targeted animals and rapid biodegradability
provide information of unknown or less known (Yunis Aj et al, 2014). Plant parts of different
Piscicidal plant taxa and their botanical identities in Piscicidal plants can be applied directly in the form of
the district of Paschim Medinipur and to give aqueous extract or extract dissolved in alcohol
information about the effects of these herbal fish (Ekpendu EA, et al., 2014). In some cases dried plant
toxins to human beings and other carnivores. It would products are applied after soaking in water overnight
be important to have an awareness regarding the as piscicidal. Generally plnat extracts are called
poisonous plants which, when used in the proper, botanicals but when toxic to fish called Piscicide
prescribed dose, for stupefying fishes and would be (Fafioye OO, 2005). Indigenous people of all over the
ready information to the fishermen for fish farming world use various fish poisons to kill or stupefy the
and partsused as piscicide. This data will help fishes (Jeremy So.2002). In India, most rural
Botanist, Ethno-Botanists, Fishermen, Biochemists communities depend on the wild resources to meet
and Scientists of other allied disciplines for their their food needs during food crisis period and also use
research programme. Herbal piscicides are also the as additional food supplements (Jawale CS, 2018).
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD52759 | Volume – 7 | Issue – 1 | January-February 2023 Page 822
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
Since ancient periods Tribal people used to use been identified as piscicidal plants in Paschim
various plant products for fish poisoning (Murthy EN Medinipur District, West Bengal. Several plants
et al., 2010). Though at present some unhealthy belonging to different families, having a number of
chemicals are used for this purpose, but still tribals compounds (Saponins; tannins, alkaloids, steroids,
are using this easy and simple method for fishing in alkenylphenols; di and tri terpenoids; and others) with
remote areas (Kumar V. et al, 2003). Many research high pesticidal activity are used to control predatory
works are going on for documenting many fish toxins fish; disease causing insects such as mosquito larvae
and their use (Sharma S.K 1997). So far literature and harmful fresh water snails (Tiwari S., et al.2003).
surveyed, no such information about picicidal plants It has been proved that saponin and rotenone are not
has yet been published. The tribal communities in this harmful to human beings if they are used
district are Santal, Lodha (Sabar), Munda, Oraon, scientifically. The plant products degrade easily
Bhumijs and Kherias. Besides agriculture, hunting within 7-12 days and are considered environment
and the collection of forest products, fishing is an friendly as they act as manures following
alternative source of food for Tribes in this district. biodegradation (Chakroff M. 1976). But when
They not only collect fish for food but also earn chemicals like agriculture pesticides are used for this
money by selling them in daily markets. During field purpose, it creates health hazards. Poisoning is
survey, it has been noted that Tribal of this district generally done in stagnant pools or slow flowing
use indigenous knowledge by using plant products streams and rivers which allow the pounded part of
available surround the areas for fish stupefying and plant to concentrate without being washed away or
fish killing purpose and poisoning is generally done diluted by current. Sometimes streams are partly
in stagnant pools or slow flowing streams and rivers blocked to slow down the flow of water. Most
which allow the pounded part of plant to concentrate icthiotoxic plant poisons initially works as stupefying
without being washed away or diluted by current. or paralysing agent and later lead to death of the fish.
Sometimes streams are partly blocked to slow down Piscicidal plants used in fishing actually stupefy the
the flow of water. During the survey period, five no. fishes without killing the whole fish stock (Dalela,
plant species like Persicaria orientalis (L.)Spach, R.C. et al., 1978). Saponin is one of the group of
Euphorbia antiquorum L., Euhorbia nerrifolia L., glucosides found in many plant species with known
Acacia auriculiformis A.Cunn ex Benth., Croton foaming properties when mixed with water Saponins,
banplandianum Baill. have been identified which are toxins normally break down in the digestive system
traditionally used by the Tribes in this district as fish and enter the bloodstream. Fishes take in saponins
toxin. Among these five plant species, Persicaria directly into their blood stream through their gills.
orientalis L and Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn ex The toxins act on the respiratory organs of the fish.
Benth. are used profusely by the tribes. During Saponins also cause the breakdown of red blood cells
conversation with the Ethnic people, it has also been that help the toxin to spread quickly. Fishes that are
noted that now- a- days they are very much interested washed away into fresh water revive and can return to
to use the chemical piscicide rather herbal one due to their pre-toxic condition. Because of this, the
unavailability of some plants and quick action of fisherman would have to gather the stunned fish
chemical piscicide. Many fishermen of this district quickly as they floated to the surface. Neuwinger
are generally using unhealthy chemicals like postulated that saponins permeabilize the gill
agriculturally used pesticides in pond for fish epithelial cells of fish allowing essential electrolytes
poisoning. Piscicidal plants products actually stupefy to escape (Neuwinger, H. D. 1994). Plants containing
the fishes without killing the whole fish stock when rotenones are the second utilized fish poison.
these are used in limited dose in limited time (Kamal Rotenone is an alkaloid toxin, in a group called
kishor HN, et al. 2009). Biochemical compounds flavonoids and stuns fish by impairing their oxygen
present in piscicidal plants stun the fishes when it consumption. Vickery and Vickery claims that
passes through its gills or ingested directly. The fishes saponins are generally only toxic to cold-blooded
come to the surface because of lack of dissolved animals (Vickery, M.L. et al. 1981) and saponins may
oxygen and during this period fishes exhibit abnormal offer an attractive alternative for Rotenone in fish
behaviours due to asphyxia, haemorrhages in internal management projects since the latter is somewhat
organs or nervous breakdown. (Das SK, et al. 2018, toxic to small mammals. Relatively little is known
Murthy EN et al., 2010). Generally Saponin and about how most fish poisons work on a molecular
Rotenone containing plants are used for this purpose. level, with the possible exception of rotenone.
Chopra et al. reported 112 species of plants having Rotenone is known to inhibit NADH-Q reductase in
piscicidal action from different states of India. the mitochondrial electron transport chain (Stryer, L.,
(Chopra RN, et al. 1958) and 90 no. of plants have 1995), and this prevents the mitochondria from using
NADH as a substrate. Electron transfer is virtually includes Species of Eucalyptus and Sal (Shorea
halted, and the organism cannot produce enough robusta L). Forest is located on the North West side
ATP, which leads to asphyxia and paralysis, followed of the Midnapore Town. The average annual
by death (Neuwinger, H.D, 1994). Although rotenone precipitation is 2,111mm. According to the 2011
is known to be toxic to nearly all animals, but it census Paschim Medinipur district has a population of
decays in Sunlight and in air (Merck Index, 1989), so 5,943,300 (Wikipedia 2018; District Census 2011;
do not cause much harm to mammals and other non- Census 2011). Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 19.1
target species. When rotenone is used to treat large % while Schedule Tribes (ST) are upto 14.9% of total
reservoirs, the treatment is carried out at times of low population of the District. 12.2% people live in urban
water, and out flow from the reservoir is cut off so areas while 87.8% live in the rural areas. (Census,
that the rivers or waterways are not poisoned. 2011). Fig 1,2 show the location of West Midnapore
According to literatures surveyed (Bhattacharya, S, District in West Bengal & Figure 3 shows the Blocks
(1976-93); Kirtikar, K. R et al.,1935; Chopra, R.N et of Paschim Medinipur District(mapsofindia,2020).
al., 1956; Chopra, R.N., et al. 1969; Chatterjee, A., et
al.1991-2001; Pal, D.C. et al.1998; Negi, S,S. et al.
2007) these Piscicidal plants have immense medicinal
values.
Methodology: During the survey period, from June,
2019 to May, 2020, extensive field studies were
carried out in more tribal reach areas of this district.
For betterment regular field visits were carried out in
the study area. Selection of area was based on tribal
population or tribal richness. Near about twenty
blocks of this district have been covered for this
survey work. Data were collected on seasonal basis,
i,e. pre monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter
during the survey period. Standard questionnaire were
used. Information was collected by conversation with
the knowledge providers. Plants use in fishing were
collected and identified on the basis of vernacular
name, regional floras and published literature (Prain,
D, 1963; Bennet, S.S.R, 1987). They are enumerated
alphabetically with scientific names, vernacular
names, family and used parts (Table-1&2). Extensive Fig- 1 West Bengal in India
literature survey was done to verify the name of
plants and their use in fish poisoning. The
methodologies described by Jain (1999), Chadwick
D.J. et al. (1994) were adopted for this investigation.
By using the standard methods (Martin, 1995) of semi
structured questionnaires, interviews and
participatory appraisals, collection of information
from the tribes (Santals, Lodhas and Oraon) and local
communities of this region was carried out.
Herbarium sheets of all collected specimens have
been prepared according to standard method (Jain S
K, et al., 1977) and preserved in the Herbarium of
Dept. of Botany, Midnppore College (Autonomous),
Midnapore for further study.
Study area: The District of Paschim Medinipur is
located in the South- Western part of West Bengal. It
is at 23 meters above Sea level. The climate of this
district follows a hot tropical monsoon weather
pattern. Soil types near Kangsabati River are alluvial,
whereas towards Rangamati are lateritic. Vegetation Fig-2 Location of Paschim Medinipur district
Fig-6 Persicaria orientalis (L.)Spach
Fig-3 Blocks of Paschim Medinipur district
Fig-7 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunnex Benth.
Fig-4 Croton banplandianum Baill
Fig-5 Euhorbia nerrifolia L Fig-8 Euphorbia antiquorum L
Results:
Table 1: List of available Piscicidal Plant in Paschim Medinipur District with their Family, Habit,
Habitat, Ecological Status, Flowering and Fruiting Period and Used Parts
Scientific Fl &
Sl. Hab Habit An/B/P
Name of Family Ecological status Fr. Used Part Reference
No. it at er
Plants Period
Justicia Acanthace Common, Dec- Petr T.
1. S T Per Leaves
adhatoda L. ae Cultivated,Wild Apr T.(1999)
Alangium
Alangiacea Mar- Agharkar
2. salvifolium UT T Per Common,Wild Root bark
e July S.P.(1991)
(L.f.) Wang.
Achyranthes Amarantha An to Sept- Ashraf, M. et
3. H T Common, Wild Whole plant
aspera L. ceae per Apr al.. (2010).
Agave
Frequent, Oct- Chiotha SS et
4. sisalana S T Per Leaves
Amaryllida Cultivated Mar al.(1991)
Perr.
ceae
Crinum
April – Roots,
5. asiaticum H T Per Frequent, Wild Pedro (1990)
July Leaves
(L.)
Agharkar
Anacardium
Frequent, Dec- (1991),
6. occidentale S T Per NR
Anacardiac Cultivated May Bombay
L.
eae (1953)
Semecarpus
Frequent, Wild, June- Agharkar
7. anacardium T T Per NR
Cultivated Feb S.P.(1991)
L.f.
Centella
Common, July – Chopra R.N.
8. asiatica Apiaceae H T Per NR
Cultivated,Wild Jan et al. (1933)
L.(Urb.)
Adenium
obesum Frequent, Whole Bark,
9. CH T Per
Roem & Cultivated year Leaves
Schett
Alstonia
Common, Oct- Bandaru N. et
10. scholaris UT T Per Latex
cultivated,Wild Feb al., (2016)
(L.) R.Br.
Holarrhena
pubescens Frequent, Oct – Murthy E.N.
11. T T Per Stem bark
Wall. Ex Wild, Cultivated Mar et al. (2010)
G.Don. Apocynace
Nerium ae Common, Feb – Leaf,Fruit,B Ashraf M. et
12. S T Per
oleander L. Cultivated Oct ark al., (2010)
Plumeria Frequent, Apri- Dey Abhijit,
13. UT T Per Leaves
rubra L. Cultivated Sept et al. (2015).
Rauwolfia
Sinha M.K. et
serpentina Frequent, Mar – Stem,
14. S T Per al. (2010),
(L.) Benth. Wild, Cultivated Dec Leaves
Pedro (1990)
Ex Kurz.
Cascabela Pericarp, Envis (2017),
Common, C Whole
15. thevetia (L.) S T Per stem, Singh S.K. et
ultivated year
H. Lippold leaf,Bark al., (2010)
Amorphopha
llus
Common, Apri- Agharkar S.P.
16. campanulatu Araceae S T Bi Corn
Wild, Cultivated Dec (1991)
s Blume. ex.
Decne.
Ashraf M. et
Calotropis
Asclepiada Common, Jan- al., (2010),
17. procera US T Per Root, Latex
ceae Wild, Cultivated Aug Katewa SS. et
Aiton
al.,(2008)
Yucca
Asparagac Frequent, Apr- Sinha M.K. et
18. filamentosa S T Per NR
eae Cultivated June al. (2010)
L.
Tag Hui., et
Ageratum
Abundant, Aug- al. (2005),
19. conyzoides H T Ann Whole Plant
Wild Nov Das S. et
L.
al.(2003)
Chromolaen
a odorata Envis (2017),
Abundant, Sept-
20. (L.)R.M. S T Per Leaves Lamba S.S.
Wild Feb
King &H. (1970),
Rob.
Asteraceae
Tag Hui., et
al. (2005),
Acmella
Namsa Nima
oleracea Abundant, Aug- Whole plant,
21. H T Ann D,et al.
(L.) Wild Jan leaves, twigs
(2011),
R.K.Jansen.
Nimachow G.
et al.(2008)
Tridax
Abundant, Whole Ambasta S.P.
22. procumbens H T Ann Leaves
Wild year (2006),
L.
Ayyanar M. et
Senna alata Wild, Aug- al. (2010),
23. S T Per Leaves
(L.)Roxb. common Mar Colonel B. et
al., (1955)
Caesalpini Sinha M.K. et
Cassia aceae Common, Mar – al. (2010),
24. UT T Per Stem bark
fistula L. Wild Dec Ayyanar M. et
al.(2010)
Senna
Abundant, July – Sinha M.K. et
25. sophera (L.) WH T Ann NR
Wild Dec al. (2010)
Roxb.
Ayotunde
Carica Common, Whole
26. Caricaceae S T Per Seed E.O. et al.
papaya L. Cultivated year
(2011)
Calophyllum
Calophylla Frequent, Apri- Colonel B. et
27. inophyllum H T Per NR
ceae Cultivated Nov al., (1955)
L.
Terminalia
arjuna
Common, Mar – Joshi P.
28. (Roxb.) T T Per Stem bark
Cultivated Dec (1986)
Wight &
Combretac
Arn.
eae
Terminalia
Frequent, Pedro (1990),
bellirica Mar –
29. T T Per Wild, Karnel, Bark Chopra R.N.
(Gaertn.) Feb
Cultivated et al (1933)
Roxb.
Cuscuta
Common, Nov – Malla B. et al.
30. reflexa CH T Per NR
Wild Mar (2011)
Roxb. Convolvul
aceae Hazarika R. et
Ipomoea Whole al., (2015),
31. S Aq. Per Common Wild Leaves
carnea Jacq. year Wanule
D.D.(2012)
Heda N.K. et
Costus al. (2009),
Frequent, June – Tuberous
32. speciosus (J. Costaceae H T Per Kulkarni
Wild Nov root stock
Koenig) Sm. D.K.et al.
(1990)
Dioscorea
esculenta Dioscoreac Frequent, Oct – Malla B. et al.
33. CH T Ann/Per NR
(Lour.) eae Wild Dec (2011)
Burkill
Shorea
Dipterocar Common, Feb – Mishra R. et
34. robusta T T Per Stem bark
paceae Wild,Cultivated July al., (2014)
Gaertn.
Diospyros Frequent, Mar – Murthy E.N,
35. Ebenaceae T T Per Fruit
melanoxylon Wild, cultivated July et al. (2010)
Roxb.
Chrozophor
a rottleri
Abundant, Feb – Joshi P.
36. (Geiseler) H T Ann Leaves
Wild April (1986)
A.Juss. ex
Spreng.
Satya V. et al.
Euphorbia (2010),
Frequent, Jan-
37. antiquorum S T Per Whole plant Ramanayaka
Wild July
L. J.C. et.al.
(2006)
Euphorbia Abundant, Feb – Yadav R.P. et
38. H T Ann Latex
hirta (L.) Wild Dec al. (2013)
Euphorbia
Common, Jan- Whole plant, Das S. et al.,
39. neriifolia US T Per
Wild, Cultivated June Latex (2003),
(L.) Euphorbiac
Euphorbia eae
pulcherrima Frequent, Oct – Stem bark, Yadav R.P. et
40. S T Per
Willd. Ex Cultivated Jan Latex al. (2013)
Klotzsch
Kumar A. et
Euphorbia Infrequent, May- al., (2010),
41. WS T Per Latex
tirucalli L. cultivated Oct Tiwari S. et
al.(2006)
Jatropha Frequent, Mar – Chopra R.N.
42. S T Per NR
curcas L. wild Oct et al. (1933)
Jatropha
Common, Apr – Leaf, Stem, Singh D. et al.
43. gossypifolia US T Per
Wild Aug Bark (2002)
L.
Common, Ashraf M.,et
Ricinus Sept- Leaves,
44. S T Per Wild, al. (2010),
communis L. Mar Seeds
Cultivated Pedro (1990)
Abrus Ferdous,
Common, Oct-
45. precatorius CS T Per Seed Zannatul
wild May
L. et al. (2018)
Acacia
Common, Dec- Mishra et
46. auriculiform T T Per Fruit
Cultivated Mar al.(2014)
is Benth
Albizia
Common, Mar- Dominic R. et
47. lebbeck (L.) T T Per Bark,Leaf
Wild, Cultivted Dec al.(2012)
Benth.
Albizia Sinha M.K. et
procera Common, July- Leaf,Stem al.(2010),
48. T T Per
(Roxb.) Cultivated, Wild Aug bark Rai P.K. et al.
Benth. (2010)
Lathyrus Frequent Oct. - Agharkar S.P.
49. H T Ann NR
sativus L. Cultivated, Nov. (1991)
Butea Fabaceae Patil M. V., et
monosperma Mar- Whole plant, al. (2006),
50. T T Per Frequent, Wild
(Lam.) Oct Stem, Bark Mishra R. et
Taub. al., (2014)
Acacia
Oct- Negi KS. et
51. pennata (L.) SS T Per Frequent Wild Seed
Jan al. (2009)
Willd.
Chopra R.N.
Guilandina Mar – Pulped fruit, et al. (1933),
52. CS T Per Frequent, Wild.
bonduc L. May stem Lamba
S.S.(1970)
Entada
Dec.- Nadkarni
53. scandens T T Per Infrequent Wild. Seeds
April K.M. (1996)
(L.) Benth.
Erythrina
Frequent, Feb – Pawar S.,et al.
54. suberosa UT T Per Bark
Cultivated July (2004)
Roxb.
Ramanayaka
Crotalaria Oct –
55. H T Ann Frequent, Wild. Leaves J.C. et
spp Dec
al.(2006)
Mimosa Whole Sinha M.K. et
56. H T Per Comon, Wild Leaves
pudica L. year al.(2010)
Pongamia
Frequent, Wild, Arpi- Root, Ambasta S.P.
57. pinnata (L.) UT T Per
Cultivated Dec Leaves (2006)
Pierre
Pterocarpus
Frequent, Wild, Aug- Heda N.K. et
58. marsupium T T Per Bark
Cultivated April al. (2009)
Roxb.
Tamarindus Common, April – Singh N.P.
59. T T Per Seed husk
indica L. Cultivated, Wild Mar (1988)
Bhagya B. et
Tephrosia
Oct – Beans,Roots al.(2009),
60. purpurea S T Per Abundant, Wild
Mar ,Seeds Lamba
(L.) Pers.
S.S.(1970)
Pradhan
Bark, leaves, B.K.et al.
Juglans Juglandace Infrequent, March-
61. T T Per rind of (2008),
regia L ae Cultivated June
unripe fruit Negi KS. et
al. (2009)
Clerodendru
m Feb – Colonel et al.,
62. Lamiaceae S T Annual Frequent,Wild NR
infortunatum July (1955),
L.
Yumnam J.Y.
Barringtonia
May- Seed,Root, et al. (2013),
63. acutangula T T Per Frequent, Wild
Oct Bark, Fruit Moyon W.A.
(L.) Gaertn. Lecythidac
et al. (2017)
eae
Tag Hui., et
Careya
Feb- Root, Bark, al. (2005),
64. arborea UT T Per Frequent, Wild,
July Leaves Heda N.K. et
Roxb.
al. (2009)
Gloriosa July- Chopra R.N.
65. Liliaceae CH T Per Infrequent, Wild Leaves
superba L. Dec et al. (1933)
Sinha M.K. et
Strychnos
Loganiacea Mar- al. (2010),
66. nux-vomica UT T Per Frequent,Wild Seeds,Fruits
e Dec Ashraf M. et
L.
al., (2010)
Bombay
Ammannia Sept- (1953),
67. Lythraceae H S.Aq Annual Common, Wild, Whole plant
baccifera L. Dec Agharkar S.P.
(1991)
Grewia Frequent, Wild, Whole
68. Malvaceae UT T Per NR Pedro (1990)
asiatica L. Cultivated year
Martynia Martyniace July – Sinha M.K. et
69. H T Annual Frequent, Wild Leaves
annua L. ae Aug al. (2010)
Azadirachta
Common, Mar- Malla B., et
70. indica A. Meliaceae T T Per NR
Wild,Cultivated, July al. (2011)
Juss.
Tinospora
cordifolia Menisperm Mar –
71. CH T Per Common, Wild Branches Pedro (1990)
(Willd.) eceae Dec
Miers
Moringa Kamble
Moringace Common, Jan – Seed, Root
72. oleifera UT T Per Manoj T.,
ae Cultivated, May bark
Lam. et al. (2014).
Olax April-
Heda N.K. et
73. scandens Olacaceae SS T Per Frequent, Wild, Decem Leaves
al.(2009)
Roxb. ber
Mishra
Ludwigia Onagracea Whole
74. WH S.Aq. Per Common, Wild Whole plant Rajni.,et al.
perennis L. e year
(2014)
Argemone Papaverace Whole Bark, Leaf, Sinha M.K. et
75. H T Annual Common, Wild
mexicana L. ae year Fruit al. (2010),
Cleistanthus
Heda N.K. et
collinus Young
Phyllantha Sept- al. (2009),
76. (Roxb.) UT T Per Frequent, Wild tender shoot,
ceae April Nadkarni
Benth.ex Fruit, Bark
K.M.(1996)
Hook.f.
Plumbago Plumbagin Frequent,Cuultiva Sept- Agharkar S.P.
77. S T Per NR
indica L. aceae ted, Wild Mar (1991)
Petr T.T.
Polygonum
Aquati Oct – (1999),
78. hydropiper H Annual Frequent, Wild Whole Plant
Polygonac c Dec Tag Hui., et
L.
eae al. (2005)
Persicaria Choudhary
Aug-
79. orientalis H T Per Common, Wild Whole Plant R.K. et al.,
Dec
(L.) Spach (2011)
Haldinia
Murthy E.N.
cordifolia Frequent, June-
80. T T Per Bark et al.
(Roxb.) Cultivated May
(2010).
Ridsdale Rubiaceae
Nagi K.S.et
Randia Fruit,
April- al.(2009),
81. spinosa S T Per Frequent, Wild Unripend
Dec Ignacimuthu
(Poir.) fruit
S. et al.(2006)
Envis (2017),
Narasimhan
Aegle
Common, May- P.L.
82. marmelos Rutaceae T T Per Root bark
Cultivated, Wild Mar et al., (1991),
(L.) Correa
Joshi P.
(1986)
Sapindus Lamba S.S.
Common,Cultivat Apr-
83. mukorossi T T Per Fruit (1970), Pedro
ed Dec
Gaertn. (1990)
Sapindacea
Schleichera
e
oleosa Feb – Joshi P.
84. T T Per Frequent, Wild, Fruit
(Lour.) Aug (1986),
Oken
Nagi K.S.et
Madhuca
al. (2009),
longifolia Frequent, Wild, Dec – Seeds,Oil
85. Sapotaceae T T Per Kulkarni, D.
(J.Konig) Cultivated July cake,Stem
K.,et al.
J.F. Macbr.
(1990)
Mahajan
R.T.et al.,
Datura Common, Wild, Aug-
86. H T Per Leaves (1989),
metel L. Cultivated May
Sinha M.K. et
al. (2010)
Solanaceae Jawale C.S.,et
Cestrum
Frequent, July – al.(2012).
87. nocturnum H T Per Leaves
Cultivated Nov Jawale C.S. et
L.
al. (2010)
Solanum Whole Mahajan R.T.
88. H T Ann Common, Wild Berries
nigrum L. year et al.(1989),
Kulkarni, D.
Holoptelea
Frequent, Sept – Leaves, K.,et al
89. integrifolia Ulmaceae T T Per
Cultivated Feb Stem bark (1990),
Planch.
Joshi P.(1986)
Lantana Verbenace Whole Khare C.P.
90. S T Per Abundant, Wild NR
camara L. ae year (2007)
H- Herb, S= Shrub, T= Tree, S.Aq- Semi aquatic, Aq- Aquqtic, Per- Perenial, Ann- Annual, Bi- Bi annual, NR-
Not Reported
Key: R-rare(less than 5 trees per 100m²); C-common (between 5-15 trees per 10mt²); Abundant (above 15 trees
per 100mt²)
Table 2: List of Common name and Chemical Ingredients of Piscicidal Plant in Paschim Medinipur
District
Sl. Scientific Name of
Common Name
No Plants
Hussain A. Zahir, et al.
1. Abrus precatorius L. Kuch phal, Latumoni, Ratti Alka, Flav, Sapo
(2014).
Acacia auriculiformis Akash moni, Australian wattle,
2. Flav, Sapo, Ster Sharma, Nidhi, et al.(2017
Benth Bengali babul
Acacia pennata (L.) Zothantluanga James H. et
3. Rusty mimosa, Agla bel, Biswal Flav, Ster
Willd. al.(2020).
Apang, Prickly chaff flower, Puth Srivastav Praven
4. Achyranthes aspera L. Alk, Flav, Sapo
kanda Kumar.(2014).
Acmella oleracea Toothache plant, Akarkara, Para Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
5. Tiwari.H.P. et al (1990).
(L.)R.K.Jansen. cress Triter
Adenium obesum
6. Adenium, Desert rose, Kudu Alk, Flav, Sapo Kalva S. et al. (2019).
Roem & Schett
Aegle marmelos (L.)
7. Bel, Wood apple, Holy fruit tree Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Veer Babita, et al. (2019).
Correa
8. Agave sissalana Perr. Bans keora, Sisal Sapo, Ster Santos J.D.G.et al. (2015).
Ageratum conyzoides Dochunti, Uchunti, Appa grass, Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
9. Jadav N et al. (2019).
L. Visadodi Triter
Alangium salvifolium Ans phal, Sageleaved alangium,
10. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter Ratra M. et al. (2105).
(L.f.) Wang. Akola
Albizia lebbeck (L.)
11. Sirish, Frywood Alka, Flav, Sapo Lawan, S. A. et al. (2017).
Benth.
Albizia procera Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Wankhade, M.S. et al.
12. Sada Sirish, White siris, Koroi
(Roxb.) Benth. Triter (2015).
Alstonia scholaris (L.) Mistry Dhruti, et al.
13. Chatim, Devil tree, Chitvan Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
R.Br. (2016).
Ammannia baccifera Banmarich, Blistering ammania, Aiyalu Rajasekaran, et al.
14. Alka, Flav, Sapo
L. Dadmari, (2011).
Amorphophallus
15. campanulatus Blume. Mancachu, ole Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Firdouse S. et al. (2011).
ex. Decne.
Anacardium
16. Kaju badam, Cashew nut Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Bastos T M, et al. (2019).
occidentale L.
Argemone mexicana Seal kanta, Satyanashi, Mexican Hossain, Md Faruq, et
17. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter
L. poppy al.(2012).
Azadirachta indica A.
18. Nim, Nimbay Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Ramadass N, et al. (2018).
Juss.
Barringtonia
Arumugam Kathirvel, et
19. acutangula Hijal, Nichul, Indian oak Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
al. (2012).
(L.)Gaertn.
Butea monosperma Padghan Santosh V.
20. Palash, Dhak, Flame of the forest Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
(Lam.) Taub. (2018).
Calophyllum Kathchampa, Sultan champa, Umamagheswari K.
21. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
inophyllum L. Indian laurel (2017).
Calotropis procera Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Moustafa A M Y. et al.
22. Akanda
Aiton Triter (2010).
Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
23. Careya arborea Roxb. Kamber, Kumbi, Pilu Matte R. S. et al. (2015).
Triter
Alorkpa Esther Jemima, et
24. Carica papaya (L.) Penpe, Papaya, Papita Alka, Flav, Sapo
al. (2016).
Cascabela thevetia Kalke, Peeli kaner, Yellow S Seetharaman et al
25. Alka, Flav, Sapo
(L.) H. Lippold oleander (2017).
Bandarlathi, Amaltash, Indian Bargah Rohit Kumar, et
26. Cassia fistula L. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
laburnum al. (2017).
Centella asiatica Thankuni, Brahma manduki,
27. Flav, Sapo, Ster, Triter Roy, Arpita, et al. (2018).
L.(Urb.) Spadeleaf
Hasnu hana, Rat ki rani, Night Tyagi, Chandra, et al.
28. Cestrum nocturnum L. Alka, Flav, Sapo
bloom jasmine (2017).
Chromolaena odorata
Alk, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Odutayo, Foluke
29. (L.)R.M. King &H. Siam weed, devil weed
Triter Odunlami, et al.(2017).
Rob.
Chrozophora rottleri
Narmadaa, T., et
30. (Geiseler) A.Juss. ex Suryavarti Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter
al.(2012).
Spreng.
Cleistanthus collinus
Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Thamburaj, Suman, et
31. (Roxb.) Benth.ex Parasi, Garari
Triter al.(2013).
Hook.f.
Clerodendrum Hazarika, Animesh, et al.
32. Ghentu, Bhant, Hill glory bower Alka, Sapo, Ster, Triter
infortunatum L. (2017).
Costus speciosus (J. Khayyat, Suzan, et al.
33. Kemuk, Kend Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
Koenig) Sm. (2017).
Nagdal, Nagdan, Spiderlily, Ban
34. Crinum asiaticum (L.) Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Pittu, Vishnu, et al. (2018)
lily
35. Crotalaria spp Shon, Ban sutra Alka, Flav, Sapo Soni Balram,. (2014).
Gautam, Tapsya, et al.
36. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Swarnalata, Amar bel Flav, Sapo, Ster, Triter
(2015).
Muthusamy Anitha, et al.
37. Datura metel L. Dhutura Flav, Sapo, Ster, Triter
(2014).
Dioscorea esculenta Salunke Chetana Anand,
38. Kanta alu, Indiatic yam Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
(Lour.) Burkill et al.(2018).
Diospyros
39. Kendu, Malabar ebony Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Janapati, Yasodha. (2012).
melanoxylon Roxb.
Entada scandens (L.)
40. Gila, queensland bean Alka, Flav, Sapo Dey Sk. et al. (2013).
Benth.
Erythrina suberosa Ahmed, Zubair, et al.
41. Palte madar/piri, Pangra Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter
Roxb. (2020).
Euphorbia neriifolia Swamy, Mallappa, et al.
42. Manasa sij, Patton ki send Flav, Sapo, Triter
(L.) (2012).
43. Euphorbia tirucalli L. Lanka sij, Milk bush Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Sultan S, et al. (2016).
Euphorbia Besagas, Ronnie, et
44. Bajbaran, Tiktasij, Tridhara Alka, Flav, Sapo,
antiquorum L. al.(2018)
Dudhilata/ bara dudhe, Barokarni, Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
45. Euphorbia hirta (L.) Asha S., et al. (2015).
Asthema herb Triter
Euphorbia
46. pulcherrima Willd. Ex Lalpata Rauf Abdur, et al. (2013).
Triter
Klotzsch
Ulat chandal/bishalanguli, Thirumal, Sivakumar, et
47. Gloriosa superba L. Alka, , Flav, Sapo, Triter
Agnisikha, al. (2019).
Khanal Dharma Prasad, et
48. Grewia asiatica L. Phalsa Flav, Sapo, Ster, Triter
al. (2016).
Mehra Bhavana, et al.
49. Guilandina bonduc L. Jangli bean, Kat karanj, Fever nut Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
(2015).
Haldinia cordifolia
50. Haldu, Kelkadam, Yellow teak Alka, Flav, Sapo Prakash Ved, et al. (2015).
(Roxb.) Ridsdale
Holarrhena pubescens Kurchi/ Indra jab, Kutaja, Ivory Saha Santanu, et al.
51. Alka, Flav, Ster, Triter
Wall. Ex G.Don tree (2019).
Holoptelea Nata karaja, chilbil, badam tree, Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Kumar, Suman, et al.
52.
integrifolia Planch. jungle corck tree, Triter (2013).
Mascarenhas, M. E., et al.
53. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Bara kalmi, Behaya Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter
(2017).
Sada veranda, Bag veranda, Physic Oyama, Mashanty, et al.
54. Jatropha curcas L. Alka, Flav, Sapo
nut, (2016).
Seth Ruchi et al.(2010),
Jatropha gossypifolia Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
55. Lal veranda, Ratanjoti, Cotton leaf Saini Vijayta, et al.
L. Triter
(2015).
Thakur NirmlaDevi, et al.
56. Juglans regia L. Walnut Alka, Flav, Sapo
(2011).
Gupta Abhishek, et al.
57. Justicia adhatoda L. Basak. Bakas Alka, Sapo, Ster, Triter
(2014).
Vut vairabi/sebani lata, Raimuniya,
58. Lantana camara L. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Raj, Sushma. (2017).
Lantana
59. Lathyrus sativus L. Grass peaJangli matar, Alka, Flav, Al-Snafi, Ali. (2019).
Ludwigia perennis L.
60. Ban labanga, Alka, Flav, Ster Giri R. S. et al. (2015).
Ref
Madhuca longifolia Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Annalakshmi, R. et
61. Mahul, Mahua, Mowra butter tree
(J.Konig) J.F. Macbr. Triter al.(2012).
Bagh nakh, Hatha-jori, Snake’s Kalaichelvi, K et al.
62. Martynia annua L. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter
head (2016).
63. Mimosa pudica L. Lajjabati, Chui mui, Touch me not Alka, Flav, Rote Mohan S.M, et al. (2015)
Moringa oleifera Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
64. Sajne, Drum stick tree, Sohajna Gupta, Jaya. et al. (2014).
Lam. Triter
Karabi, Kaner, Sweet scented Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
65. Nerium oleander L Santhi, R. et al.(2011).
oleander Triter
Naik, Raghavendra et al.
66. Olax scandens Roxb. Badru Alka, Sapo, Triter
(2014).
Persicaria orientalis Ansari, Prawej et
67. Panimarich, Bon kunhiar Alka, Sapo
(L.) Spach al.(2017)
Kaur Darshpreet. et al.
68. Plumbago indica L. , Sadachita Chitrakmool, Fire plant Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster
(2016).
69. Plumeria rubra L. Kathgolap, Champa, Pagoda tree
Triter
Polygonum Packurmul, Water pepper, Sharif, Shahjabeen. et al.
70. Flav, Sapo, Ster
hydropiper L. Marshpepper (2014)
Yadav, Rahul, et al.
Pongamia pinnata Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
71. Karanj, India beech tree (2011), Dhandapani R. et
(L.) Pierre Triter
al. (2008).
Pterocarpus Piasal, Malabar kino, Indian kino Subramanian, Ramya.et
72. Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter
marsupium Roxb. tree. al. (2008).
73. Randia spinosa (Poir.) Maniphal, Kshudikarhar Alka, Flav, Sapo Sridhar V, et al. (2018).
Rauwolfia serpentina Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Ramya Devi, K. A., et al.
74. Sarpagandha, Chandra, Snake root
(L.) Benth. Ex Kurz. Triter (2015).
Rerhi, Eranda, Krapata, Castor oil Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, More, Pushpalata et al.
75. Ricinus communis L.
plant Triter (2014).
Sapindus mukorossi
76. Reetha, Indian soap berry, Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Bibi George et al. (2014).
Gaertn.
Schleichera oleosa
77. Kusum, Ceylon oak Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter Tiwari, Neha et al.(2017).
(Lour.) Oken
Semecarpus Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
78. Bhela, Marking nut tree
anacardium L.f. Triter
79. Senna alata (L.)Roxb. Dadmari, Prapunnad Alka, Flav, Sapo, Triter Karthika, Ck. et al.(2016).
Senna sopheera (L.) Chavan Chetan, et al.
80. Kalkasunda Flav, Sapo
Roxb. (2011).
Shorea robusta Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
81. Sal Marandi RR, et al. (2015).
Gaertn. Triter
Kakmachi, Mokoi, Black night
82. Solanum nigrum L. Alka, Flav, Sapo Gogoi, Pronob. (2012).
shade
Strychnos nux-vomica
83. Kuchila, Snake wood Alka, Flav, Ster Patel, Dinesh, et al.(2012).
L.
Gomathi A.C. et al.
84. Tamarindus indica L. Tentul, Imli, Tamarind Alka, Flav, Sapo
(2018).
Tephrosia purpurea Rayalu, Jayasimha. et
85. Ban neel, Sarphanka, Wild indigo Alka, Flav, Ster, Triter
(L.) Pers. al.(2013).
Terminalia arjuna Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster, Mandal, Shreya et al.
86. Arjun, Arjuna
(Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Triter (2013).
Terminalia bellirica Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
87. Bahera, Belliric myrobalan Jalpa Ram, et al.(2015)
(Gaertn.) Roxb. Triter
Tinospora cordifolia Lata gulancha, guduchi, Giloy, Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster,
88. Kaur, G. et al. (2016).
(Willd.) Miers Moon creeper Triter
89. Tridax procumbens L. Tridaksha, Targanda, Coat-button Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Sawant, R. et al. (2013).
90. Yucca sp. L. Yucca Alka, Flav, Sapo, Ster Sobia, A. et al. (2013).
Alka: Alkaloid, Flav: Flavonoid, Sapo: Saponin, Ster: Steroid, Triter: Triterpenoid, Rote: Rotenone
Graphical Representation:
Graph 1: Graphical representation of no. of plants in families
Graph 2: Graphical representation of Ecological Status
Graph 3: Graphical representation of Life cycle
Graph 4: Graphical representation of habitat
Graph 5: Graphical representation of habitat
Graph 6: Graphical representation of Chemicals
Graph 7: Graphical representation of Used parts.

Discussions: From this survey 90 no of plant species piscicidal chemical components. Again in respect of
belonging to 81 no of Genus and 46 no of families ecological status, most plants are common and found
have been identified as piscicidal plants in Paschim to grow in wild condition and some are locally
Medinipur district. Most of the piscicidal plants are threatened. So we should preserve these plants in
common, perennial, terrestrialand prefers to grow in their natural condition and become easily available to
wild condition represented graphically in Graph 2, 3, local fisherman as an alternative of harmful
4. In respect of family most of the plants are under chemicals. It is important to note that, these piscicidal
Fabaceae followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae plants have more important medicinal values also.
and has been represented in Graph-1. Among the Thus the plants have potential use in medicines,
prats used as piscicide leaves are in highest position agriculture and industry. After analysis, if any such
represented in Graph 7. In respect of phytochemicals compound is obtained could be commercially
most of the plant contain saponin and flavonoid, exploited in sustainable manner to improve the
represented in Graph 6. From grah-5 Herbs, Shrubs socioeconomic condition of the locals. The present
and Trees are in equal numbers which contain study provides only preliminary report and leaves
room for further scientific and analytic research to Sciences. 12(2): 192-200
evaluate the validity of the toxic as well as safe DOI:10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_222_19.
properties of these plants. [3] Rajasekaran, A., Sivakumarll, V.,
Conclusion: The present study aims to document the Darlinquine, S. (2011). Evaluation of wound
ethnobotanical knowledge of Santal and Lodha tribe healing activity of Ammannia baccifera and
of Paschim Medinipur district on fishing. These tribes Blepharis maderaspatensis leaf extracts on
have rich ethnobotanical knowledge of using plants in rats. Rev.bras.farmacogn.22(2): 418-427
fishing. These plant/ plant products stupefied or killed DOI:10.1590/s0102-695x2011005000207
fishes. Though it is a preliminary report, but extensive [4] Alorkpa, E. J., Boadi, N. O., Badu, M., Saah,
study is going on in our laboratory under the financial S. A. (2016). Phytochemical screening,
assistance of DSTBT, West Bengal. These studies antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of
will scientifically confirm the toxic property of these assorted Carica papaya leaves in Ghana.
plants. As plant toxins have an impact on the wider Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(6):
aquatic environment, so precaution should be taken 193-198.
by using limited doses of plant products in a restricted
area. This data regarding poisonous plants may be [5] Al-Snafi, Ali. (2019). Chemical Constituents
fruitful in developing an eco-friendly method to and Pharmacological Effects of Lathyrus
protect fishes from the aquaculture ponds without Sativus- A Review. 11(6) 1-10,
using any hazardous chemicals. Many more ethno- DOI:10.22159/ijcpr.2019v11i6.36338.
botanical piscicidal plants are yet to be reinvestigated [6] Ambasta, S.P. (1986). The useful plants of
with proper fish species and bioassay method in India, CSIR New Delhi pp918, Published and
laboratory to verify their biocidal potential and printed by National Institute of Science and
poisonous phytochemicals. There is a huge scope for communication and information resource.
the researcher to study on piscicidal plants. Threats to 110012. 5th reprint.
biodiversity are a common feature in the last few
decades. The above- mentioned plants are also not [7] Annalakshmi, R., Uma, R., Chandran G. S.,
escape from various threats both anthropogenic and Sahayam C. S., Charles A.(2012). Evaluation
natural. Related government departments and NGOs of physicochemical constants and
should joined hand to give public awareness of the phytochemical analysis of Madhuca
importance of diversified biodiversity, conservation longifolia. Int J Nat Prod Res. 1.(3).64-66.
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sustainable utilization of these bio-resources on other Azam S., Mahmud Md. K., Azad S, B., Ullah
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locals. antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract
Acknowledgements: The authors would like to of Persicaria orientalis leaves in rodents.
acknowledge the support of the West Bengal Journal of basic and clinical physiology and
Government through the Dept. Of Science and pharmacology. 28(2). 171-179.
Technology and Biotechnology, Kolkata for financial 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0018.
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A Preliminary Survey of Traditional Organic Piscicides From Local Flora of Paschim Medinipur District, West Bengal, India

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A Preliminary Survey of Traditional Organic Piscicides from

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Dr. Dulal Kumar

Fig-6 Persicaria orientalis (L.)Spach

Fig-3 Blocks of Paschim Medinipur district

Fig-7 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunnex Benth.

Fig-4 Croton banplandianum Baill

Fig-5 Euhorbia nerrifolia L Fig-8 Euphorbia antiquorum L

Graph 1: Graphical representation of no. of plants in families

Graph 2: Graphical representation of Ecological Status

Graph 3: Graphical representation of Life cycle

Graph 4: Graphical representation of habitat

Graph 5: Graphical representation of habitat

Graph 6: Graphical representation of Chemicals

Graph 7: Graphical representation of Used parts.

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